Search

A study has been made of the transpassive dissolution of mild steel in sodium nitrate solution over a range of current densities from 2 to 100 A cm-2. The dissolution current efficiency and the anode potential free from the electrolyte IR component were measured in a flow cell; optical and scanning electron microscopy were then used to examine the sample surfaces after the dissolution tests. The results show that during the early stage of transpassive dissolution, the mild steel is covered with a compact, electronically conductive Fe3O4 film, and the current is consumed mainly in oxygen generation on the film/electrolyte interface. With increasing anode potential and current density, this film is gradually broken and the underlying metal surface becomes exposed to the electrolyte. At this stage, iron dissolution begins at a high rate. The film rupturing process is strongly dependent on nitrate concentration; the higher this is, the lower is the current density required to rupture the film.

The temperature dependence of the phosphorescence spectra, decay rates and the S0 → T2(3nπ*) absorption spectra were studied for aromatic carbonyl molecules in mixed organic crystals. The energy separation, ΔET, between the 3ππ* lowest excited triplet (T1) states and the higher 3π* states (T2) was estimated for several systems from the temperature dependence of the phosphorescence spectra and decay rates. It was found that the decay rates of the aromatic carbonyl molecules in the mixed crystal systems studied are determined by (1) thermal population to the 3nπ* states and (2) increased radiationless transition rates at higher temperatures.

Detailed single-crystal E.P.R. studies of the lowest excited triplet states (T1) of a series of aromatic carbonyl molecules, such as acetophenone, substituted acetophenones and substituted benzaldehydes, were made using 1,4-dibromobenzene and durene as hosts. Signs and magnitudes of the zero field splittings (ZFS), directions of the principal axes of the ZF tensor, and the orientations of the guest molecules with respect to the host molecules were determined for a series of aromatic carbonyl molecules. The results obtained are consistent with the 3ππ* assignment of the T1 states of the systems studied here. Comparisons of the observed ZFS and those estimated from the Hayashi-Nagakura analysis were made for several systems. Hyperfine interactions and spin distributions were investigated in the case of 4-fluoroacetophenone. The large spin density at the 4 position (ρ4 = 0·28) was discussed in terms of the 3ππ* assignment and compared with those of the related triplet state molecules and radical anions.

Replication of herpes simplex virus in WI-38 cells was inhibited by phosphonoacetic acid, as measured by decreased virus cytopathogenic effect and incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine in virus-infected cells. The drug appeared to have no effect on adsorption, penetration, or release of the virus nor on the synthesis of ribonucleic acid or protein. It appeared to inhibit virus deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.

Hereditary, or biologic, deafness in children is a matter of concern to laymen, otologists and educators alike. However, the general attitude is one of resignation to and acceptance of a problem which admits of no easy solution. Various investigators, notably Taylor1 and Mosher,2 have emphasized the importance of certain drugs as etiologic factors. Both of these authors implicated the drug quinine, the former on the basis of its known effect on uterine musculature, the latter on the basis of lesions observed in the cochleas of fetal guinea pigs. Maternal endocrine lacks have been discussed at great length. More recently vitamin deficiencies have been blamed for the development of hearing defects in the neonatal and early postnatal periods.The present study was undertaken on the basis of recent comprehensive studies3 which indicate clearly that allergy is definitely hereditary. Differences of opinion relate more to the immediacy of transmission than to the

In 1956, under the leadership of the Communist Party, the people of our country achieved a fundamental victory in the area of the socialist system of ownership. By launching the rectification campaign in 1957, they also achieved fundamental victories on the ideological front and the political front, and it was in that year that they overfulfilled the First Five-Year Construction Plan. In this manner the more than 600 million people of our country, under the leadership of the Communist Party, clearly recognized their own future and responsibility. They have dealt a blow to the evil wind of anti-Party, anti-people, and antisocialism whipped up by the bourgeois rightist elements and have at the same time corrected or are in the process of correcting some deficiencies and errors which the Party and the people themselves had carried over from the old society or which had been caused by their subjectivism. The Party has become more united and the spiritual demeanor of the people has become more enthusiastic. The relationship between the Party and the masses has greatly improved. We have now seen an upsurge of activism and creativity of the masses on the production front that we never saw before. The people of the entire country are stimulated by the slogan to catch up with or overtake Great Britain in fifteen years or a little longer in the field of steel and other major industrial products. A new high tide of production has taken, or is now taking, shape. There is a need for making certain changes in the work methods of the Central Committee and local Party committees in order to accommodate this situation. The several tens of articles stated herein are not all new. Some have been accumulated over many years and some are newly offered. They are the result of consultations by central and local comrades in January 1958, first at the Hangchow Conference and later at the Nanning Conference. Most of these articles were brought to my mind by the speeches of the comrades at the conferences and were mulled over and written down by me. A portion are a direct record of the views of the comrades. One important article (concerning rules and systems) was formulated by Comrade Liu Shaoch'i along with local comrades and drafted by him; only a portion are offered directly by me. What are discussed herein are not solely work methods. A few are work tasks, and a few are theoretical principles. But work methods are primary.

Political development, viewed broadly as the process by which the political system increases its capacity to meet existing needs and new goals of society, relies to a great extent on the ideological and organizational strengths the system can generate. (1) A strong ideology can play an effective role in creating new values and symbols to modify or replace the old ones and to redefine the nation's collective goals and priorities in support of development and modernization. In this respect ideology can be used to generate social and political movements and release untapped human and material energies for constructive purposes. (2) Once a society is ideologically mobilized and committed to a new course of action, organizations will be required to harness and channel the newly released energies for orderly and effective task performance and goal attainment. (3) Intensive and systematic use of ideology and organization for developmental purposes is best demonstrated in what David E. Apter characterizes as the "mobilization model" of political development. (4)

Edgar Snow reported recently that during his trip to China in 1970 Premier Chou En-lai patiently explained to him that it was misleading to classify individual cadres in the Party and the government administration as "military" or "nonmilitary." Chou stated emphatically that "we are all connected with the army, and the army connects all of us" (The New Republic, May 22, 1971, p. 9). This brief statement in fact pointed out one of the most unique and significant characteristics of the Chinese military and its broad nonmilitary role in Communist China's nation-building. In contrast with the Western model of military institutions, which stresses a high degree of professional specialization, organizational differentiation, and political neutrality, the Chinese military is marked by its multifunctionality, structural diffuseness, and strong politicization.

This article is based on the belief that despite the presence of intangible factors in public urban renewal decisions, cost-benefit analysis is a used tool for measuring the efficiency of such decisions. The first part of this paper presents a theoretical framework for measuring the costs and benefits to society of an urban renewal project. Later parts of the paper bring out the practical problems of measurement through a case study of the East Stockton (California) Urban Renewal Project. In this residential slum clearance project, four factors were found to be critical in determining the efficiency of public urban renewal expenditures: (1) the savings in local government expenditures, (2) the value of prerenewal structures demolished, (3) the value assigned to net intangible benefits, and (4) the social cost of capital. Recognizing the specific nature of the conclusions, the article concludes by stressing the need for extending the analysis to types of urban renewal projects other than residential slum clearance.

The effect of up to 0·20 wt.-% additions of silver on the anodic corrosion of 4·5 wt.-% antimony–lead alloy, when corroded in sulphuric acid at potentials exceeding the PbO2/PbSO4potential has been established. Silver reduces significantly both the rate and magnitude of corrosion in silver–antimony–lead alloys. The corrosion resistance of these alloys is shown to be concentration-dependent increasing with increase of silver content.Microstcuctures indicate. that in 4·5 wt.-% antimony–lead alloys, corrosion takes place by the selective dissolutwn of antimony-rich phase, which forms a continuous network in as-cast and a discontinuous network in homogenised–quenched alloys. Whereas, in silver–4·5 wt.-% antimony–lead alloys, corrosion takes place mostly by the oxidation of lead-rich phase and no preferential attack of the antimony-rich phase occurs zn homogenised–quenched alloys. An electron-beam microprobe has been used to establish the distribution and location of silver and antimony at, or in the vicinity of, grain and mterdendritic boundaries, and in the grain interior of the anodically corroded as-cast and homogenisedquenched ternary alloy.The distribution and location of silver and antimony in ternary alloy structure, morphology, type of distribution of phases, nature and type of corrosion attack as revealed by the microstructures, form the basis m explaining the mechanism by which silver inhibits anodic corrosion of these alloys in sulphuric acid.

Defining the response classes A (17 to 20 sec.) and B (27 to 30 sec.) in terms of within-chain delay, 80 4th-grade boys practiced mirror drawing. It was found that the behavioral change involved in learning B after learning A is different from that involved in learning A after learning B. The directional characteristics of this behavioral change are explained as partly due to the extra-experimental condition of the-faster-the-better reward contingency.

Recent reports1 recording the results of irradiation of the eustachian orifice and tube have focused attention on disease of this structure in children in relation to the improvement of their hearing and the presumed effect of such disease in childhood on the development of deafness in adult life. In the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, at Mt. Airy, there are in residence 540 children. The assigned causes of deafness in these children are: biologic defect, 53 per cent; meningitis, 17 per cent; trauma, 14 per cent; contagious diseases (such as measles, scarlet fever and their sequelae), 15 per cent and incidental causes, 1 per cent.In a previous report2 true congenital deafness was shown to be a relatively unusual condition, since an insignificant number of the children in this group had parents who were born deaf. In consequence the term "biologic defect" was substituted to fulfil the requirements of statistical

Cell-free Staphylococcus aureusextracts have been prepared which actively incorporate amino acids into protein. The requirements for amino acid incorporation of this preparation were strongly suggestive of de novo protein synthesis, since it showed an absolute requirement for ribosomes, 105,000 × gsupernatant fluid, energy source, and magnesium ion. The stability of these extracts was greatly improved by use of dithiothreitol instead of mercaptoethanol as a sulfhydryl protecting reagent. Data were presented to show that the binding of aminoacyl-soluble ribonucleic acid to ribosomes did not require guanosine triphosphate and supernatant enzyme. The major characteristic which distinguishes this system from other cell-free systems is the much higher magnesium concentration required to maintain ribosomes intact and to obtain the maximal incorporation of amino acids. Addition of polyuridylic acid, polyadenylic acid, or polycytidylic acid caused about 60-fold, 30-fold, or 4-fold stimulation of the incorporation of phenylalanine, lysine, or proline, respectively. Studies by density gradient sedimentation indicated that radioactive polyuridylic acid or polyadenylic acid was associated with the monosomes. This complex can actively synthesize polypeptides. On the other hand, the nascent protein synthesized under the direction of endogenous messenger ribonucleic acid was associated with both polysomes and monosomes.

A direct numerical procedure is developed for analyzing the refraction of a flexural wave which impinges on a finite region of variable mechanical impedance in an elastic bar. This region is approximated by a set of uniform impedance elements, regarded as Timoshenko beams, to which the methods of geometric acoustics are applied. The analysis is performed for an infinite harmonic wave train and is extended to the case of a pulse by means of numerical Fourier synthesis. Numerical results are obtained for several examples in which experiments were performed and the calculated pulses are in close agreement with those observed experimentally. It is found that the contribution of the continuing interaction between propagating and nonpropagating waves accumulates within a nonuniform region and can significantly affect the net pulses of transmission and reflection.

Several halogen derivatives of isoquinoline were prepared and their electric dipole moments determined. The dipole moment of isoquinoline forms an angle of approximately 110° with the bond common to both rings of the molecule.

[The text of the following article was broadcast in Mandarin by the Anhwei Provincial Radio service. The author was identified as a soldier - a member of "a certain PLA unit." The full title is "The Imperialists Will Never Lay Down Their Butcher Knives: Thoroughly Expose the Ugly Features of the Big Renegade Liu Shao-ch'i in Spreading the Illusion of Peace and His Serving the Imperialists." It suggests that the views of the president of the Republic concerning the international order and Western "imperialism" have differed from those of Mao Tse-tung.]

[On July 10, 1964, a group of Japanese socialists (JSP) held an interview with Mao Tse-tung in which he further clarified his theory of intermediate zones. An account of the interview was published in Sekai Shuho on August 11, 1964, and republished in abridged form by Pravda on September 2. What follows is an unabridged version of the Japanese article, taken mostly from the English translation of the Pravda version, which appeared in The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, September 16, 1964.* For the reaction of the CPSU to Mao's remarks, see The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, September 16, 1964, pp. 3-6.]

[In August 1946 the American journalist Anna Louise Strong interviewed Mao Tse-tung in his cave at Yenan. The transcript is noteworthy for what is apparently the first published reference to the concepts of "paper tiger" and (implicitly) "intermediate zone."

The following is a table of contents that we have prepared for Selected Writings of Chairman Mao. Most of these articles have been translated in the reports of the U.S. Joint Publications Research Service, Nos. 49826 and 50792 (Translations on Communist China, Nos. 90 and 109); no tables of contents are provided, however, and the materials have not attracted the attention that they warrant.

This statement is said to have been made by Mao Tse-tung in September 1967 after he had made an inspection tour of five provinces in northern and central China (August-September 1967). It would appear to be his most comprehensive known commentary on the Cultural Revolution. It may first have been published in a Red Guard publication called Shao Shan, although this is uncertain. (Shao Shan is the name of the town in which Mao Tse-tung was born.) Our translation was made from the text as reprinted in I-chiu-liu-pa fei-ch'ing nien-pao (1968 Yearbook on Chinese Communism) (Taipei: Institute for the Study of Chinese Communist Problems, 1968), pp. 773-775.

In the last issue of this journal we published a collection of Lin Piao's writings, speeches, and instructions from the 1966-1967 period — the peak of the Cultural Revolution. In this issue we are presenting his statements and directives covering the subsequent period from January 1968 until his death in September 1971. The documents contained in these two issues have been gathered from a variety of sources in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and this country. Some were "top secret" documents for internal circulation within the Chinese Communist Party hierarchy, and some originated with Red Guard sources. As far as we can ascertain, these two sets of materials represent the most comprehensive collection of Lin's works currently available in the West. The significance of documents of this type was discussed in the last issue. Suffice it to note here that no student seriously concerned with the political process in China today can afford to overlook these documents. To say the least, few source materials to date are more revealing of the ideological debates, policy conflict, and power politics within the Chinese political leadership than those which we have been able to collect for the last two issues.

If the drama of Mao Tse-tung's tireless striving for the ideal of continuing the revolution and the transformation of Chinese society is fascinating to the Western student of Chinese politics, the accompanying struggle over policy and power is probably even more so. One recent development in this drama of course is the widely-noted and startling rise and fall of Lin Piao, the official successor-designate to Mao up until his mysterious death on September 13, 1971.

Ring openings of γ- and δ-lactones were effected with potassium amide or hydrazine to form γ- and δ-hydroxyamides, which were cyclodehydrated with sulfuric acid to give γ- and δ-lactams, respectively. These products are, respectively, phthalimidines and 3,4-dihydroisocarbostyrils having no substituent on nitrogen or having the N—NH2group. The possible linear dehydration of the δ-hydroxyamides was not observed. The δ-hydroxyamides exhibited, on mass spectrometry, a type of carbon–carbon cleavage that has apparently not been reported for ordinary alcohols. An example of the "orthoeffect" in mass spectra of o-disubstituted benzene derivatives is also discussed.

Stress pulse propagation along homogeneous but nonuniform bars is investigated. The bars have two uniform end sections of different diameter joined by a finite transition region. When a pulse is incident on the transition it is distributed over an infinite network of paths leading to transmission and reflection. In the analysis the transition is approximated by a set of discrete steps in area. A finite set of paths which contribute significantly to the pulses of reflection and transmission are identified and included in the calculations for the two pulses. The basic analysis is suitable for elastic pulses of arbitrary shape and is reformulated in harmonic form for use in viscoelastic bars. Calculated and experimental results are found to be in good agreement.