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This article discusses research that examines how people have adopted a more questioning attitude towards police officers, preferring to rely less on the socialized beliefs of previous generations and more on respect for individual freedom of thought and action, privacy and civil liberties. A consequence of these changes in attitudes is that there no longer exists wholehearted support for the police in all their areas of activity. The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of basic training for police recruits on their level of social skills and to assess the degree of such skills among a sample of police officers of varying service and rank, in an attempt to identify the areas of most need in terms of social skills training within the service.

Presents an analysis on the concepts of duopolies. Details on the significance of social intelligence skills; Relations between market relationships and motivations; Distinctions between duopolistic and monopolistic markets.

The development of a diagnostically based curriculum for a group of five year old, psychosocially deprived, mentally retarded children is described. The effects of the treatment on personal and social adjustment and on changes in intelligence and language are presented for the first year experimental and control groups following both their kindergarten and first grade experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that in his comments at the retirement dinner, Caleb Perry Patterson of the University of Texas, emphasized as his theme the responsibility of social scientists to adjust to the changing conditions of the changing world. This was before the launching of Sputnik and the clamor to meet this challenge to American scientific leadership, but the theme that Patterson was developing seems particularly appropriate at this time. The launching of the Soviet satellite caused a national concern which demanded a quick technological retaliation. Several hasty steps were taken, including emphasis on scientific research, increased appropriations for the satellite program and the creation of an office of scientific co-ordination. In this time of world crisis and international tensions which influence all of the policies, it becomes increasingly important that we create and develop social intelligence. A second present responsibility of the social sciences is in the field of teacher education.

The article presents a discussion on the state of industrial education and manual training. The organization of divisions of industrial education within state education departments and other educational programs undertaken were proofs on the emphasis of the promotion of industrial education in the United States. The ideals of industrial education can only be stated in terms of social intelligence, social appreciation, and social service. The manual training movement was very effective in directing attention to the right relation between theory and practice in education.

The article presents a comparative analysis of the decision-making performance of individuals working alone, under majority rule and as members of discussion groups. According to the author, the general consensus regarding the matter is that group judgments are superior to individual judgments on certain types of intellectual problems. A study conducted by the author to settle the issue finds that major decisions, when deadlocks are evenly divided between right and wrong answers, are not significantly different from those made by the average individual. Meanwhile, group decisions that are reached through cooperative deliberation are significantly superior to those made by individual members working along and to majority rule.

The article discusses a study regarding sex differences in social memory tasks. The three names-and-faces memory tasks used in the study were the George Washington University Social Intelligence Test (GWU), the miniature life situation and a new memory-for-names-and-faces picture test developed by the authors. Statistical analysis did not show significant differences between observers and participants in the miniature life situation. Furthermore, highly significant sex differences favoring women were obtained on all social memory tasks.

A brief survey of the literature on the relationships between expectations, evaluations and performances precedes a theoretical elaboration of the concept of "expectations" as it has been used by Berger, Cohen, Zelditch and associates. The proposals that make up the elaboration are discussed and specific areas of empirical research arising from them are indicated. Finally, the theoretical advantages of the elaboration are illustrated: first, it can be used to explain the resistance to change that expectations, under a variety of circumstances, have been reported to offer and second, it permits treatment of the concept of "strength of an expectation" in a systematic fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of errors made in social intelligence tests. In order to obtain internal evidence concerning the validity of the test as well as to analyze further the concept of social intelligence, a study of the errors made on the test by 321 women graduate students was undertaken. The first test is a multiple-choice test of judgment in social situations. Test II is a test of memory for names and faces. Test III presents 12 poses representing different emotional states. Test IV consists of a series of statements concerning human behavior. The purpose of analyses of errors usually is to show specific points at which practice is needed in order to improve the ability in question. The recognition of names, faces, and emotional states in the facial expression or utterances of individuals, and the knowledge of topics of current interest might reasonably be factors in social intelligence, the detailed items in this test seem to have little relationship to the overt sociability of an individual.

The article reports that personality is a very complex affair. It is difficult to define and seems to comprehend many factors. Women coming from the better grade homes tend to be more expressive emotionally than those coming from homes of a lower socio-economic status. The correlation is .34. The same is not true of the men; the relationship between emotional expressiveness and socio-economic status being of no practical significance for them as indicated by the correlation of .25. Women who are academically industrious tend to be less pleasing than others to their fellow students. The most important finding, however, is that social intelligence or knowledge is of more importance to men than it is to women, both with relation to a pleasing personality and to social adjustment. It is of more significance to men with respect to social adjustment than it is with respect to pleasantness to others. The relationship, and the significant difference of the importance of social intelligence for men and women, may indicate the need for a change in the social education of men.

The article deals with attraction between different personality types. Various data were secured, on about two hundred students taking a compulsory course in elementary psychology. The ratings and scores on various measures for each student were then compared with the ratings and scores on the same measures of the friend whose name was given, when that friend was among the subjects studied. A fact that throws some light upon sex differences in friendships is that 38 of the 61 women showed reciprocal friendships, or about 62 per cent. Among the men, however, 18 of the 48, or about 38 per cent showed reciprocal friendships. Such a difference in the number of reciprocal friendships may indicate that women are less prone to give affection unless they receive it in return from the same individual; their friendships are perhaps more personal in nature, while the men show indications of greater hero worship than the women. Combined with the fact that the friends indicated by the men have more pleasing personalities, are better adjusted, and have a higher social intelligence, the fewer reciprocal friendships may indicate that the men more than the women desire to get on by attaching themselves to persons who have more social influence than they have.

The article discusses some cultural-lag problems which social science has solved. It states that mankind has been exposed to natural and technical dangers since history, which have increased with greater amount of interdependence created by specialization. Natural deaths have resulted from factors like wild animals, storms, earthquakes, and bacteria, while technical deaths have resulted from industrial accidents with technological progress of the Industrial Revolution. The article cites evidences of the use of social intelligence being effective in meeting several cases of crises. It says that dealing with deaths due to typhoid, lynching, tuberculosis, diarrhea, and air and railway fatalities have been less successful struggles with cultural lag.

This paper describes an attempt to construct a scale to measure social insight by means of verbal response. We begin with the working hypothesis that social insight is the ability to recognize in principle in a given situation, the existence and operation of specific substitute responses such as projection, rationalization, regression, sublimation, transference, etc and the need of some specific stimulus to adjust group conflicts or tensions, such as a humorous remark to relax a dangerous intensity, a suggested compromise to attain temporary agreement, a face saving remark to avoid embarrassment and to preserve status or to discover the missing part required to complete a pattern of thought, the ability to recognize these mechanisms in principle and to apply these formulas in specific social situations like a conference between two or more persons, is not the same as "ability to get along with people," often used as a definition of social intelligence. It is possible that social insight may have other aspects than the two mentioned. However, we believe that an approach may be made to an operational definition of social insight by limiting the study to these aspects. In this connection, it is evident that we may use to advantage in the measurement of verbal response the distinction made in symbolic logic between, the expressive function of language and the representative function of language. Certain Freudian categories are available to describe the former and we find in semantical and in syntactical analysis useful categories to describe the latter.

In this article the author focuses on the treatment of routine interaction and the problem of collaboration by the socialists. According to the author very few of the writers have any conception of the extent to which a free life is based, and must be, upon effective social conditioning. The fact that practically every habit is also a discipline in social collaboration is ignored in academic studies. He remarks that success in work and living depends on, the development of effective routine relationships with other people, and these are based on social convenience and not on any necessity or truth, and the development of intelligent understanding. The author argues that the intelligent development of civilization is impossible except upon the basis of effective social collaboration and that such collaboration will always be dependent upon semi-automatic routines of behavior made valuable by personal association and high sentiment. The most intelligent adaptation will remain ineffective until transformed from logic and the abstract into the human and actual routine with deep emotional attachment.

The article focuses on social participation and social intelligence. Measures of abstract intelligence, more accurately called mental ability, have been developed and improved until now they provide reliable and valid tools which are a useful supplement to individual diagnosis in clinics, schools, and social agencies, for college entrance, and vocational guidance. Yet it is a commonplace of observation that persons capable of solving abstract mathematical equations are not always good companions and that successful salesmen may be unable to understand problems that require capacity for abstract thinking. Obviously something other than superior mental ability is involved in good social adjustments and in the ability to get along with one's associates. The present study of participation and social intelligence is offered for discussion as an exploratory investigation. It is based upon some facts and some hypotheses about these facts that seem to suggest fruitful leads for further research.

The article focuses on the various roles played by human beings in their life. the term "role." One's role is the part one plays in social interaction. Life may be viewed as drama but it is serious drama that is not to be confused with make-believe. Various roles are played "for keeps": years of planning and effort may have been expended, one's personality has been profoundly and permanently affected, and the consequences constitute the joy or the bitterness of life. These experiences in the various roles that a person enacts in his design for living provide the raw material from which the texture of new insight can be woven. "Insight" does not suggest any occult or preternatural power, of course. Insight develops in a social context. It is social intelligence, acquired through participation in social interaction, beginning with the earliest years of life. From the moment of birth, if not before, the child assumes a specific role in his family. The first glimmerings of insight stem from the time when he begins to realize that his behavior is related to and has an effect upon others.

Summary I nformation about 21 petroleum salesmen was used to determine the relation of certain test scores to three criteria of proficiency in selling. A sales quota criterion was more predictable than ratings. Tests which gave significant differences between high- and low-producing salesmen were the Otis Test of Mental Ability, four scales of the Bernreuter Personality Inventory, Tact and Diplomacy of the Moss-Hunt Social Intelligence Test, and the Sales Manager scale of the Strong Interest Test. The scales of the Washburne S-A Inventory did not differentiate between either the production or the ratings of salesmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the use of test battery on the selection of technical magazine editors. The study has performed five psychological tests in 1947 to 66 technical magazine editors employed at McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. including the Otis Test of Mental Ability, Moss Social Intelligence Test, and Michigan Vocabulary Profile Test. The study concludes that the Michigan Vocabulary Profile Test and Personnel Classification Test have demonstrated significant differences between low- and high-rated editors at McGraw. Moreover, Bernreuter Personality Inventory pattern analysis suggest the qualitative differences between the editors in two criterion groups.

The article presents a study designed to devise and evaluate a measure of differential accuracy in interpersonal prediction which would be free from response bias, appraise the relevance of predictive accuracy to the concept of "social intelligence", and identify personality correlates of predictive accuracy and social intelligence. In an effort to appraise the hypothesis that interpersonal predictive accuracy can be considered as a meaningful reflection of "social intelligence," two measures of predictive accuracy were developed. One of these, Stereotype Accuracy, capitalizes upon the respondent's knowledge of normative behavior in the group in question. The other, Differential Accuracy, is based on precise predictions regarding persons across situations, and hence is largely free from response bias. These predictive accuracy measures were included in a multitrait-multimethod matrix, and were correlated with reputational measures of "academic" and of "social" intelligence and with an objective measure of academic intelligence. In order to obtain a clearer understanding of the nature of "social intelligence," the latter scores were also correlated with a variety of personality variables and sociometric ratings.

The chief purpose of this report was to consider the evidence bearing on the relationship of intelligence to delinquency. The bulk of the available evidence indicated that the intelligence of delinquents assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scales was in the Normal range as measured by largely perceptual-motor tasks (Performance scale), although in the high Dull Normal range when measured by largely verbal skills (Verbal scale). It was suggested, however, that the "true" incidence of intelligence in delinquency may not be significantly different from the general population. A secondary purpose of this report was to investigate the utility of .the assumption that a Performance score substantially greater than a Verbal score on the `Wechsler scales was diagnostic of delinquency. The evidence argued against this assumption when applied uncritically though there were suggestions that this discrepancy may be diagnostic of some learning disabilities whether or not they occur in a delinquent context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on personality traits and formation in adolescent girls. In the present study various personality traits in a group of preadolescent and adolescent girls attending a summer camp were studied in relation to the presence of similar or dissimilar traits in pairs of friends. Comparisons were made of pleasingness of personality, steadiness of emotional responses, social adjustment, introversion- extroversion, intelligence, socio-economic status, and social intelligence, All correlations were positive, indicating that birds. of a feather flocked together, especially as concerned pleasingness of personality, adjustment, and social intelligence. The correlation for introversion extroversion was one of the lowest. They suggest that intelligence and scholarship as well as prejudice regarding intellectual questions, not a part of the student's immediate experience, were relatively unimportant, but that degree of neuroticism and social intelligence play some role in the selection of friends.

This article presents an author's response to Professor George Geiger's statements that "the very methods of intelligent inquiry have been excluded from prosperous contact with whole segments of human experience, those of human decision..." The author finds Geiger's argument satisfying and also a crucial point at which it presents a difficulty. Accordingly, the statement highlights the argument (1) that scientific method can come into effective relationship with values only as its hypothetical temper and its experimental, operational test come to be realized in the processes of human choice and decision, and; (2) that this imperatively needed relationship has been, and is still, blocked by the persistent and institutionalized conjuring of absolutes and mystical certainties. The author further adds emphasis to the conclusion that scientific method can come into full play in relation to values only as decision and choice become the focus of methodological attention.

The article deals with social intelligence. The great majority of accurate historical works are still filled with meaningless details with respect to dynasties and dynastic succession and changes, battles, diplomatic negotiations, and personal episodes and anecdotes of gentlemen, which have almost no significance in explaining how our present institutions and culture came about, in indicating their possible defects, and in aiding us more intelligently to plan for a better future. History may have some value as literature, even if its content is not accurate or relevant, but it can safely be asserted that it has only literary significance unless it furnishes us with a clear understanding of the genesis of civilization as a totality. The historian who would attempt to make his subject more original, attractive and significant encounters the same obstacles which beset the innovator in any field. This is well stated in the preface to Anatole France's "Penguin Island." In the days of the older anthropologists and cultural historians it was assumed that the thinking of primitive man was altogether different in kind from that of modern man.

The article presents information on the effects of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory's social introversion on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale picture arrangement (PA) performance. Clinicians generally assume that the PA subtest measures a S's ability to comprehend and size up a total situation. Since the subject matter of the test nearly always involves some human or practical situation it is further assumed that PA performance reflects social intelligence or, as general intelligence applied to social situations. The high PA score often found in narcissistic character disorders to their characteristically facile social anticipations. Similarly, it is felt that psychopathic character disorders frequently have a conspicuously high PA score, especially the shrewd schemer who can quickly size up a social situation and manipulate it for his own end.

The article presents a clinical appraisal of the features of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, which is supposed to be useful in assessing personal-social competence. The Maturity Scale employs an informant acquainted with the subject's abilities and attainment. The use of the Social Quotient provides, as does the Intelligent Quotient (IQ), a global estimate of functioning and, in so doing, may obscure specific strengths and weaknesses as measured by the eight Vineland categories mentioned in the article.

The article examines whether there is a required special talent for social studies. Psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike suggested that there might be a social intelligence, if the objective of social studies is to develop people who will understand human motivation and behavior. However, there is difficulty in recognizing talent in the social studies. It is because there are various hypotheses of mental development. One is that intelligence exhibits unitary growth in childhood, and then differentiates into separate abilities at about the beginning of adolescence.

The article reports on a replication of introversion, extroversion and social intelligence. Clinicians have periodically suggested that Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Picture Arrangement (PA) subtest scores may measure "social intelligence." However, despite the potential usefulness of such a conceptualization for clinical practice, apparently very little empirical effort has been expended towards its verification. The results of this study seemingly contradicted current hypotheses concerning the interpretation of the WAIS PA subtest as a measure of some aspect of social intelligence.

The article cites the study which determines the perceived characteristics of elected representatives. It uses 88 subjects composed into 11 eight-man groups that perform ingroup activities prior to intergroup problem solving through representatives. Each group has ranked its members in order with respect to preference for a representative. The members evaluate each other in terms of social tactfulness, intellectual competence, and procedural skills. The study concludes that the election of a member as a representative is base on the procedural skills and intellectual competence he possess.

Numerous studies by sociologists in urban, rural, and college communities have shown that participation in organized community activities is related to such individual and background factors as intelligence, "social intelligence," family status, income, education, and occupation. Although the present study does not deal with a rural sample, it does treat a field in which rural sociologists seem to be especially interested and in which they have contributed most of the solid research. This study was designed to explore the possible existence of a relationship between certain other facets of personality and participation in organized activities in a college community. The aspects of personality here studied were the three measured by the Bernreuter Personality Inventory, namely, "stability," "self-sufficiency," and "dominance." The indexes of participation included‐average number of hours per week devoted to college activities, leadership activities, and the prestige ratings of activities participated in.

The article discusses the social aim of education in the U.S. in 1917. Accordingly, this age has been regarded as the social age considering its deviation from individualism and institutionalism. The school has adopted developments to assert its social obligations. One cited is the formulation of school's spirit aimed to promote the individual's usefulness to himself in labor and leisure and to society in leading and being led. Giving social intelligence is its one way to achieve social actions.

The article discusses WAIS PA performance and participation in extracurricular activities. In using the Wecbsler scales to assess personality characteristics, clinicians generally assume that the Picture Arrangement subtest (PA) is a measure of social intelligence. Schafer for instance, attributes the high PA score often found for Ss labeled narcissistic character disorders to their characteristically facile social anticipations. Psychopathic character disorders frequently have a conspicuously high PA score, especially the "shrewd schemer" who can quickly size up a social situation and manipulate it for his own end.

The article presents a comment on estimating W.A.I.S. IQ from progressive matrices scores. In using the Wecbsler scales to assess personality characteristics, clinicians generally assume that the Picture Arrangement subtest (PA) is a measure of social intelligence. Schafer for instance, attributes the high PA score often found for Ss labeled narcissistic character disorders to their characteristically facile social anticipations. Psychopathic character disorders frequently have a conspicuously high PA score, especially the "shrewd schemer" who can quickly size up a social situation and manipulate it for his own end.

The article reflects on the mind's intellectual capacity and ability that separates human being from any other living things. It has been thought by great philosophers that the idea of man and animals are radically different and thus making men more superior above any other living things. Moreover, the author reiterated that major abundance of wisdom is apt to harden the heart and would shut down the emotional side of the human brain.

The article discusses the essence of creative imagination in the lives of mankind. Creative imagination enables to reveal the interesting form and possibilities of the future. This encourages an individual to be constructive in the way he wishes to be. Moreover, this had been instrumental in making the world a significant piece of statuary. Furthermore, it enables to stimulate and guide an individual and the world into the right paths in the pursuit of enjoyment and future achievement.

Discusses the importance of the direction derived from broad mind outlook for the preservation of society. Sources from society derive its sanction; Doubts associated with methods derived from representative and official classes; Reasons for the failure of method derived from hereditary classes.