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THE UZBEKS BELONG TO THOSE TURKIC-SPEAKING PEOPLES WHO HAVE A RICH LITERARY TRADITION. THE STUDY OF THE OLD UZBEK LITERARY LANGUAGE (SOMETIMES REFERRED TO INCORRECTLY AS "CHAGATAY") IS OF THE UTMOST IMPORTANCE FOR DETERMINING THE PERIOD OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UZBEK LITERARY LANGUAGE. IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR ESTABLISHING ITS RELATIONSHIP TO (1) UZBEK DIALECTS, (2) RELATED TURKIC LANGUAGES, PARTICULARLY UIGHUR, AND (3) NON-RELATED LANGUAGES, SUCH AS TAJIK (CENTRAL ASIATIC PERSIAN) AND ARABIC. THE FORMATION OF THE OLD UZBEK LITERARY LANGUAGE DATES BACK TO THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES. A LARGE PART OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY LITERATURE REMAINS UNSTUDIED TO THIS DAY. WHILE THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE OF THIS PERIOD WAS "HIGH STYLE" AND NOT INTELLIGIBLE TO THE BROAD MASSES OF THE PEOPLE, AT ITS BASE LAY A FOLK LANGUAGE HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY LEXICAL BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC AND TAJIK. THE GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE WAS AND STILL IS MORE STABLE, REVEALING A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CASE FORMS OF OLD UZBEK AND MODERN UZBEK. THE UNUSUAL NATURE OF THE DIALECT MAP OF UZBEK IS BEST EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF THE COMPLEXITY OF THE ETHNO-GENETIC PROCESS UNDER WHICH THE UZBEK NATION WAS FORMED. CERTAIN LOCAL DIALECTS HAVE RETAINED CLEAR TRACES OF LINGUISTIC INTERACTION BETWEEN MEMBERS OF VARIOUS TURKIC TRIBAL GROUPS DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THEIR JOINT EXISTENCE. ALSO A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IS THE VERY PROLONGED LINGUISTIC CONTACT WITH NON-TURKIC ETHNIC ELEMENTS. RESULTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THIS SUBSTRATUM ARE CLEARLY APPARENT NOT ONLY IN THE LEXICAL SPHERE BUT ALSO IN PHONETICS, AND TO SOME EXTENT, IN THE GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF UZBEK. THIS STUDY, TRANSLATED BY HELEN CHAVCHAVADZE OF CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND EDITED FOR CONTENT BY ANDREE S. SJOBERG OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, APPEARED ORIGINALLY IN "VOPROSY FORMIVORANIJA I RAZVITIJA NACIONAL'NYX JAZYKOV (PROBLEMS OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL LANGUAGES," M.M. GUXMAN, EDITOR, MOSCOW, 1960. (AMM)

This work is a revised edition of the author's "Spoken Uzbek," originally written for class use at Indiana University in 1952-53. Comprised of 25 lesson units and five review units, the format follows the general outline of the earlier ACLS (American Council of Learned Societies) "Spoken Language" courses: basic sentences are presented in build-up sequence in dialog form, in English and a phonemic transcription of Uzbek; the new structures presented in the basic sentences are analyzed and practiced; and conversation and discussion exercises are provided. The first five units also include pronunciation exercises based on a contrastive analysis of Uzbek and English. Uzbek-English and English-Uzbek vocabularies, a grammatical and phonological index, and a bibliography are appended. For related materials in Uzbek, see ED 014 068, "Uzbek Structural Grammar," and ED 015 465, "Uzbek Newspaper Reader." (AMM)

A DEFINITION OF THE RANGE OF INFLUENCE OF THE UZBEK TEACHER AS AN AGENT OF SOCIOCULTURAL CHANGE IN SOVIET UZBEKISTAN AND A DETERMINATION OF THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER IN TRANSMITTING NEW VALUES AND REINTERPRETING TRADITIONAL CULTURES WERE THE MAJOR PURPOSES OF THE STUDY. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH WAS USED WHEREIN HISTORICAL-CULTURAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODS WERE USED. POLICIES AND METHODS WHICH SOVIET AUTHORITIES PURSUED OVER A 40-YEAR PERIOD IN UZBEKISTAN HAVE MET WITH QUALIFIED SUCCESS. THE MAJOR CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY WAS THAT THE SCHOOL WAS PERFORMING SPECIFIC AND VITAL ROLES OF CHANGE. THE FORMULATION OF THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF THIS POSITION INTO A THEORY THAT DEFINES A MODEL FOR SOCIOCULTURAL CHANGE IS A GENUINE POSSIBILITY, BUT WILL DEPEND UPON FURTHER WORK IN THIS FIELD. (HB)

THIS GRAMMAR OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGES, THE MOST IMPORTANT IN THE SOUTHEASTERN GROUP OF TURKIC LANGUAGES, IS BASED ON THE EDUCATED DIALECT OF TASHKENT IN UZBEKISTAN, USSR. UZBEK IS SPOKEN TODAY BY APPROXIMATELY SEVEN MILLION PEOPLE IN UZBEKISTAN AND ADJOINING REPUBLICS OF SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA, AND IN UZBEK COMMUNITIES SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE EAST. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF UZBEK AND ITS MAIN DIALECTS ARE DESCRIBED BRIEFLY IN THE INTRODUCTION, WHICH ALSO INCLUDES A SECTION OF NOTES AND REFERENCES TO MATERIALS ON UZBEK PUBLISHED IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN, AND GERMAN. FOLLOWING SECTIONS DEAL WITH PHONOLOGY, PHONOTACTICS AND MORPHOPHONOLOGY, FORM AND FUNCTIONAL CLASSES, DERIVATION, INFLECTION, PHRASE STRUCTURE, AND CLAUSE STRUCTURE. TABLES IN THE TEXT PRESENT CONSONANT PHONEMES, ALLOPHONES OF THE VOWEL PHONEMES, AND THE UZBEK ALPHABET WITH CORRESPONDING CYRILLIC ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONEMIC EQUIVALENTS. THIS TEXT IS PUBLISHED BY INDIANA UNIVERSITY AND MAY BE ORDERED FOR $3.50 FROM THE EDITOR, URALIC AND ALTAIC SERIES, RAYL HOUSE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA 47401. (AM)

THIS READER IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF THE JOURNALISTIC TYPE OF LANGUAGE IN USE IN THE UZBEK-SPEAKING AREAS OF SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA (TURKESTAN). PART ONE, AN OUTLINE OF THE GRAMMAR OF UZBEK, PRESENTS THE ORTHOGRAPHY, PHONETICS, AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE PRESENT-DAY WRITTEN LANGUAGE (WHICH IS ALSO CALLED "LITERARY UZBEK"). PART TWO CONTAINS TEXTS EXCERPTED FROM 1958-1960 ISSUES OF THE STALINABAD NEWSPAPER "SOVETI TOJIKISTON" AND THE TASHKENT NEWSPAPER "KIZIL UZBEKISTAN." GRAMMATICAL NOTES TO THE TEXTS ARE CONTAINED IN PART FOUR. AN UZBEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY AND A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPRISE PART FIVE. THE UZBEK PRESENTED HERE IS BASED ON THE TASHKENT DIALECT AND APPEARS THROUGHOUT IN CYRILLIC SCRIPT. THIS VOLUME MAY BE ORDERED FROM THE EDITOR, URALIC AND ALTAIC SERIES, RAYL HOUSE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA 47401, FOR $2.00. (AMM)

In the half-century of existence of the USSR, tremendous successes have been achieved in the development of scientific research in all aspects of Oriental studies, resting on the firm foundation of the Marxist-Leninist philosophical approach. This is vividly evidenced by the achievements of the Orientalists of our republic, whose leading center is the Abu Raikhan Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences, Uzbek SSR.

Resume/AbstractLa complexite linguistique de l’URSS rend l’etude de la relation entre langue et politique de l’Etat des plus interessants. La politique de russification du regime tsariste ayant ete abandonnee par les Bolcheviks apres 1917, le gouvernement sovietique rejette toutes les accusations de russification. A la place, on affirme qu’il y a eu “sovietisation” des langues nationales. On a mis en place des reformes variees, dont deux changements majeurs de l’ecriture. Nombre de mots russes se sont introduits dans les langues nationales, sans s’etre conforme aux regles internes de la prononciation et de l’orthographe.L’attitude russe envers les langues turques est passee d’un laissez-faire desinvolte prerevolutionnaire, lequel negligeait les langues indigenes, a une tutelle sovietique attentive, ou les langues reconnues se sont vues accorder des droits egaux. En prenant l’exemple du developpement linguistique dirige de l’uzbek on peut affirmer qu’il s’agit la de la methode de modernisation linguistique...

Study of the history of the working class of Uzbekistan in the period of developed socialism holds an important place in the research activity of Uzbek historians. Problems of the quantitative and qualitative changes in the working class in that period have not yet been adequately studied. (1) This article makes an attempt to reveal certain changes in the structure of the working class of Uzbekistan resulting from current progress in science and technology.

Resume/AbstractHamid Alimjan etait un poete et publiciste Uzbek e minent durant les annees 1930 et 1940. A l’apogee de sa carriere il etait president de l’Union des Ecrivains sovietiques de l’Uzbekistan, de 1939 a 1944. Alimjan est surtout repute pour sa poesie pleine de sensibilite sur les themes de l’amour et de la nature et pour ses vers patriotiques. Il a decrit aussi des recits, des drames, des poemes sur des themes folkloriques, des memoires, ainsi que des articles litteraires et politiques.Alimjan est ne a Jizak le 12 decembre 1909. En 1923 apres avoir termine ses etudes primaires dans sa ville natale, il est devenu etudiant a Samarcande, ou il recut son education secondaire et superieure, qu’il termina en 1931. Des son jeune âge, Alimjan montra un grand talent pour la poesie. Il commenca a composer des vers dans son adolescence et bientot se fit publier dans les journaux et revues de la region. A dix-sept ans il commenca a travailler pour un journal et publia son premier recueil de vers en 1929.Du...

The diet of the Uzbek people is varied and quite rich. It is related both to the natural and economic features of the country.

The rise in the jointly owned wealth of the collective farms has created large opportunities for extensive housing construction. Many Uzbek kishlaks have already been transformed into modern settlements with utilities. With each passing year this process takes on broader scope. Today housing construction involves the use of modern equipment and the very latest building materials. New principles of home layout, corresponding to the rising cultural demands of the rural population, are being introduced more and more broadly. However, the change in the way of life, both public and private, and the appearance of modern norms do not yet mean the complete disappearance of ethnic traditions. They continue to exist to this day. Traditional features may be traced in settlement patterns, in the use of certain building materials, in the components of the dwelling and its floor plan, in the external decoration of homes, and in certain customs and rituals associated with folk architecture.

Resume/AbstractUne comprehension complete de la litterature du Moyen Turc Oriental (EMT) par suite de son caractere profondement islamique, demande une connaissance profonde de l’erudition islamique. Est-ce que le systeme lexical de l’uzbek litteraire moderne (MLU), la langue la plus proche de l’EMT, donne aux Uzbeks un acces direct a leur heritage islamique classique? Une analyse comparative du contenu du lexique de l’EMT et du lexique du MLU, tel qu’il est consigne dans le dictionnaire de Borovkov, donne une resultat surprenant: le MLU est tres pauvre en termes islamiques et son systeme lexical n’a pas de contenu islamique.

Resume Numerous State academic and observatory libraries and archives keep a large number of manuscripts, correspondence and other materials of great interest for the history of astronomy. They contain ancient manuscripts—in Russian, Latin, Arabic, Tadjik, Uzbek, Georgian, Armenian and other languages—concerning the history of astronomy. Many investigations were published and many documents were deciphered and annotated for publication (Lomonosov, Biruni, Nasseredin Tusi, O. Khajam, Ulughbegh, Shirakatsi and many others). I should like to mention particulary the investigations carried out under the guidance of our colleague Dr. V. L. Czenakal on the history of astronomy in Russia in the eighteenth century and on scientific relations with European astronomers (British, French and German). Though many interesting papers, memoirs and documents were published, many others are not yet deciphered and await investigators and editors. Correspondence of astronomers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is of great interest. It is very desirable to have international co-operation in an exchange of microfilms, so as to publish in full the letters of both correspondents. Soviet scientists plan to publish a preliminary short account of the Russian treasures relating to the history of astronomy.

The history institutes of the academies of science of the Central Asian republics and of Kazakhstan, the Kazakh and Kirgiz affiliates of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Central Committee of the CPSU, jointly with the archives offices of the councils of ministers and central government archives of the Kazakh, Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmenian, and Kirgiz SSRs have initiated large-scale publication of documents on the history of the Civil War in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It is planned to publish two volumes, to be included in the USSR-wide series of documentary publications, Pages from the History of the Civil War in the USSR [Iz istorii grazhdanskoi voiny v SSSR].

In obtaining an abundance of foodstuffs for the population and raw materials for industry orchards and vineyards occupy an important place. The directives of the 20th Congress of the CPSU for the Sixth Five-Year Plan provided for new orchards and vineyards in the collective and state farms of the Ukrainian SSR on an area of 325,000 hectares, the Moldavian SSR — 137,000 hectares and the Georgian SSR — 38,000 hectares. It was also planned to extend orchard-growing and grape-growing in the Uzbek and Armenian SSR, in Rostov region and the Krasnodar area. These tasks are being successfully fulfilled. In 1956-1957 alone in the USSR 133,400 hectares of vineyards were planted. By 1957 the vineyards area was expanded up to 500,000 hectares and orchards (including berry-growing) up to 2,900,000 hectares. As the well-being of the population increases the need to develop orchards and grape-growing also grows.

The growth of socialist industry in Uzbekistan on the basis of modern equipment and the systematic improvement of working conditions constitute the foundation for a continuous rise in man-hour output, which in turn results in an increase in the workers' wages, improvement in their material welfare, growth in their culture, and transformation of their mode of life. Socialist relationships have taken shape in the home lives of Uzbek workers and are continuing to develop. Fundamental changes are occurring in culture and home conditions, along with active elimination of vestiges of patriarchal-feudal and bourgeois modes of life, which were retained in the form of old customs adhered to by prerevolutionary peasants and craftsmen in some families to this very day.

The study of the life of an infant of the culturally and economically retarded nationalities of our Union, in particular the Tatars and Bashkirs, is of undoubted interest, especially in rural conditions. In 1925, Dr. V. A. Tushnov made a report on the basis of the material collected by the children's consultation on examination of the life of an infant in a Tatar mountain family. Kazan. Dr. Gershenovich, Mirkis (Tashkent) and Raukhvarger (Alma-Ata) made a report regarding the examination of the Uzbek child's life. According to these authors, Uzbeks, as well as Tatars and Bashkirs, have many harmful customs that negatively affect the normal development of an infant: Uzbeks early feed, chew, are afraid of the sun, vegetables, the child sleeps in a bishek (cradle).

The growth of the working class in the republic is also proceeding through spontaneous hiring. From 1954 to 1958 the number of persons thus introduced into the Uzbek economy was 148,086.

The results of a study of physical characteristics of the rock of Kirgizia, Tadzhik S.S.R. (without the Pamir), the Uzbek S. S. R. (without Ustyurt), and Kazakhstan (to the south of latitude 44°), in which four principal parameters — density, velocity, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistivity — were determined. Comparison of many different studies revealed the main trends in these parameters, which were correlated with basic geologic features of the rock.—C.E. Sears

Agricultural production is carried out in our country under diverse soil, climatic, and geographical conditions. As a rule, in areas with favorable natural and economic conditions, more output is produced per unit of input or fewer resources and less labor is expended on the production of a unit of output than in areas with relatively worse conditions. Thus, on the average for 1965-1967, the yield of grain crops on collective farms in the Moldavian SSR was 23.5 centners; in the Ukrainian SSR—19.2; Tadjik SSR—6.0; Uzbek SSR—6.8; and Turkmen SSR—7.2. During the same period, the enterprise cost of production of a centner of grain was less than 5 rubles on the collective farms of the RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Moldavian SSR, while this cost was over 10 rubles on collective farms in the Tadjik, Uzbek, and Turkmen union republics.

To Khamze Khakimzade belongs one of the most distinguished places in the history of the development of social-political philosophical thought of Uzbekistan in the twentieth century. Basing himself on the progressive ideas of Russian educators and having embodied in his works the best traditions and aspirations of the Uzbek people, Kh. Khakimzade advanced and solved a number of vitally important pedagogical problems. He was a genuine friend of the Russian people and valued highly Russian culture and literature. He labored many years continuously and fruitfully in making this culture familiar to Uzbeks, calling on them, especially the Uzbek young people, to study the Russian language in which many outstanding works of world literature are written. Kh. Khakimzade is a disciple and fervent follower of progressive Russian educators and above all, of K. D. Ushinsky, whose educational ideas reigned over the minds of the majority of leading workers in Russian schools and over education in the second half of the n...

The village of Qïzïl Qujašis situated in the district of Okťabŕ, about three miles from Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. I collected material on the dialect of this village from the Uzbeks Xamidov εnver (51 years old) and Eaxmatov Qulmet (49 years old), during their stay in Vienna in August, 1944. Neither of them had ever left their native village, where they had worked as agricultural labourers. Their parents also lived in the same village. These two Uzbeks had never gone to school and were illiterate.

Broad preparations are now under way for the forthcoming elections to the supreme Soviets of the union and autonomous republics and the local Soviets of working people's deputies. As we know, elections will take place on March 3 in the RSFSR, the Ukrainian, Belorussian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Moldavian, Latvian, Tajik and Turkmenian union republics, and on March 17 in the Georgian, Azerbaijan, Lithuanian, Kirgiz, Armenian and Estonian union republics.

This paper is dedicated to the people in Uzbekistan, known and unknown, whose future depends on peace and stability in the region. I wrote this paper with two different readers in mind: for the first reader, this paper provides an introduction to the current struggle in Uzbekistan between the traditional values of the non-governmental form of Islam and the modern values of the secular government; for the second reader, who is familiar with this struggle, this paper presents and defends one side of the debate—the traditional values of the independent form of Islam. A discussion of the dilemma posed by this struggle, which is common in many emerging nations, is beyond the purpose of this paper. In the interest of fairness, however, a response would be in order on the problems faced by a newly emerging government with a predominantly Muslim population with the different trends and the varying degrees of fervor and activism one is witness to in such populations. In other words, the current Uzbek regime should also be evaluated in terms of realpolitik. In this way, both sides of the Uzbek question might be revealed for all interested readers.

(1965). Two outstanding figures in modern Uzbek literature: Qadiri and Cholpan. Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 49-52.

The geographical area with which we are concerned includes the AmuDar'ya Delta, the Kpychak, Khodzheili and Kungrad rayon (s) (district(s))in the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Republic, and Novyi Urgench, Gurlen, andMangyt in the Khorezmskaya oblast' (Khwarizm province) of the UzbekSoviet Socialist Republic.1, The geographical area with which we are concerned includes the Amu Dar'ya Delta, the Kpychak, Khodzheili and Kungrad rayon (s) (district(s)) in the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Republic, and Novyi Urgench, Gurlen, and Mangyt in the Khorezmskaya oblast' (Khwarizm province) of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.1 The Uzbek S .S .R. was established on Karakalpakia is an autonomous unit incorporated within the Uzbek S .S .R. It has a population of approximately 587,000.' "The Khorezmskaya oblast in the southwest part of Uzbekistan, along the left bank of the lower course of the Amu Dar'ya, is densely populated, and surrounded by vast expanses of sand."4 Rain is rare in the region. The deeper one penetrates the desert toward Khvvarizm, along the Amu Dar'ya, the blue sky brightens, and on the right stretch the sands of the Kizil Kum, yellowish-grey, and then orange, while to the left are the grey sands of the Kara Kum. Tugai, strips of low-lying greenery, trees, shrubs, and vines, like miniature jungles, give colour to the othervvise drab landscape.

The history of humanity covers a great number of great events but none which produced so great an influence on the course of world development as did the October Socialist Revolution of 1917. This revolution radically changed society’sentire political and economic set-up. The experience of the Soviet State has shown that only after the October Revolution were the necessary conditions created in the Soviet Union for the transformation of the country’sbackward regions into progressive industrial regions with highly developed industry and agriculture, science and culture. One of the republics of the Soviet Union, the Uzbek Republic (or Uzbekistan) can serve as an illustration of this.

The year 1924 saw the constitution of the USSR in full operation on lines which were to remain substantially unchanged till 1936. The USSR included in its federal embrace the four original constituent republics, the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the White Russian SSR and the Transcaucasian SFSR, to which were to be added in the following year the Uzbek and Turkmen SSRs. The constitutional structure of each of these republics with its pyramid of Soviets was patterned on that of the USSR itself; the constitution of the USSR had followed the model of the original constitution of the RSFSR.1 Since the RSFSR accounted for two-thirds of the total population of the USSR2 and occupied 95 per cent of its total area, it was not surprising that the USSR should sometimes have seemed not so much a federal union of equal republics as a device to enable the RSFSR to assert and legitimize its ascendancy over the other republics. In form the principle of equality was observed. In practice the USSR inevitably appeared as the heir of the old RSFSR rather than as the joint creation of all the republics.

The predecessors of the present-day Tajiks (Tojik)1, the Soghdians and the Baktrians, had their own state and their own culture as early as the first millenium B.C. In the 6th century B.C. they resisted attacks by the armies of Cyrus and Darius, while in the 4th century B.C. they stood up against raids staged by the forces of Alexander the Great. They withstood attempts to bring about their arabisation following the Arab invasion in the 7th century A.D., and soon afterwards, at the end of the 9th century, they formed the powerful Samanid state, which lasted for a century and which brought Tajik culture to an unprecedented height. Throughout that period, the political, economic and cultural history of the Tajiks was closely linked with the history of Western Iran. The flourishing of Tajik literature between the 10th and 15th centuries started in fact under Samanid rule, and the founder of its greatness was undoubtedly Rudaki, a native of Panjrud, which was not far from Panjikent in present-day Tajikistan; the noted Iranian literary historian Sa’id Nafisi calls Transoxania the cradle of poetry in the Persian language. However, besides the Tajiks, contribution was made to the continued development of this literature by members of Turkic tribes in Central Asia, writing in Persian (in the dari language) 2, as well as authors from Afghanistan, northern India, Azerbayjan and, of course, primarily from Iran, which contributed such great literary figures as Sacdl and Hāfiz. This literature, originating between the 10th and 15th centuries, should therefore be viewed as Persian-Tajik literature, forming part of the cultural heritage of both the Tajiks and the West Iranians, as well as of the Eastern Turks, and consequently also part of the Uzbek, Afghan, Indian (Urdu), and Azerbayjani cultural tradition.

The Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR is working on problems arising from the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU and those concrete tasks which stand before the national economy of the Uzbek SSR. The creation of economic administrative regions in Uzbekistan has also to a considerable degree determined the main directions of the scientific activity of the institute. In connection with this the institute is paying particular attention to problems of expanded reproduction and perspectives of the complex development of the whole national economy of the republic as well as of individual economic regions. This finds expression in the theoretical elaboration of questions of calculation and analysis of the social product and national income for individual economic regions, in the scientific analysis of intra-regional and inter-regional balances of the national economy of the republic, in determining the main directions of its development (taking into account technical prog...

Tashkent State Public Library of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic recently celebrated its 75th anniversary. Founded in 1870, it is now an important centre of culture and science in the Soviet East. The years of the library's existence may be divided into two periods, each differing widely from the other. Until the revolution, the library was hardly ever used by the local population, but by officials of the Tsarist administration, and Russian officers.

In August 1924, Anabibi Safaeva set off from her home city of Khiva, which was then the capital of the Xorezm People's Republic, to study in Tashkent, which was the administrative center of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Safaeva traveled with some 160 students in a convoy of three boats down the Amu River toward the Aral Sea. However, misfortune befell Safaeva: her boat was attacked by basmachi s, a bandit or rebel gang. 1 The basmachi s killed all twenty-two of the men in Safaeva's group and carried off the women as captives. By the time that Safaeva was rescued, more than two months later, there was no longer a Xorezm People's Republic or a Turkistan Republic; instead, Safaeva's Khivan home was now in Uzbekistan, and Tashkent, the goal of her academic pilgrimage, had become the capital of Uzbekistan.