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This work reports the development of low-cost and rapid multiplexed colorimetric assay of antioxidants (total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids and anthocyanins) in wines at daisy-shaped fluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs). The desired fluidic patterns were formed on paper by pen drawing and colorimetric reagents were immobilized at the 6 peripheral test zones. The sample was added at the central sample zone, migrated to the test zones and reacted with the immobilized reagents producing characteristic colors that were captured and analyzed. The paper-based approach was applied to the analysis of several wine samples and the results were statistically correlated to standard solution-based colorimetric assays, indicating that it could be reliably used for ranking wines according to their antioxidants content. In addition, the paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly. [Display omitted] • Daisy-shaped paper-based analytical devices (PADs) were fabricated by pen drawing. • The PADs were used for a sextuple antioxidant/phenolics/anthocyanins/flavonoids assay. • Reagents were added to the 6 peripheral test zones and sample was added to the central sample zone. • The results of the assay for 18 wines correlated well with those of solution-based assays (R2 > 0.97). • The paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is mainly distributed in Shanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan province of China. It is also found in Korea and Japan. Its dried roots and rhizomes are used as medicinal herbs and have been used to treat hyperglycemia and various inflammatory disorders. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review of the developments in the studies involving the extraction and purification, structure analysis, pharmacological effects, and potential applications of polysaccharides obtained from Polygonum cuspidatum. Additionally, the possible future research directions of this plant are discussed. This article used " Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide (PCP)" and " Polygonum cuspidatum " as the keywords and gathered relevant data on Polygonum cuspidatum using electronic databases (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. Excluding irrelevant and repetitive documents, 278 documents were finally included, of which 88 were in Chinese and 190 were in English. The CiteSpace software was used to visualize the trends and keywords in this research field. We concluded that the main extraction methods for Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide are water extraction and alcohol precipitation, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microjet extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography and column chromatography are also commonly used in the separation and purification of PCP. PCP has antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant effects. This paper provides an updated and deeper understanding of PCP, serving as a theoretical foundation for the further optimization of polysaccharide structures and the development of PCP as a novel functional material for clinical application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai., a commonly used herb, is known as "Guan Zhong" in China, "Oshida" in Japan and "Gwanjung" in Korea. It has long been used for parasitic infestation, hemorrhages and epidemic influenza. The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma. Besides, possible trends, therapeutic potentials, and perspectives for future research of this plant are also briefly discussed. Relevant information on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma was collected through published materials and electronic databases, including the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. 109 papers included in the article and we determined that no major information was missing after many checks. All authors participated in the review process for this article and all research paper are from authoritative published materials and electronic databases. 130 chemical components, among which phloroglucinols are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from D. crassirhizoma. D. crassirhizoma with its bioactive compounds is possessed of extensive biological activities, including anti-parasite, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, bone protective, immunomodulatory, anti-platelet and anti-hyperuricemia activity. Besides, D. crassirhizoma has special toxicology and pharmacokinetics characterization. D. crassirhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicine having a long history of application. This review mainly summarized the different chemical components extract from D. crassirhizoma and various reported pharmacological effects. Besides, the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma also be analysed in this review. However, the chemical components of D. crassirhizoma are understudied and require further research to expand its medicinal potential, and it is urgent to design a new extraction scheme, so that the active ingredients can be obtained at a lower cost. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morels (Morchella spp.), which are cultivated only in a few regions of the world, are edible mushrooms known for their various properties including antioxidation, immune regulation, antiinflammation, and antitumor effects. Polysaccharides from Morchella are principally responsible for its antioxidant activity. This paper reviews the extraction, purification, structural analysis and antioxidant activity of Morchella polysaccharides (MPs), providing updated research progress. Meanwhile, the structural-property relationships of MPs were further discussed. In addition, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, the major factors responsible for the antioxidant activity of MPs were summarized including scavenging free radicals, reduction capacity, inhibitory lipid peroxidation activity, regulating the signal transduction pathway, reducing the production of ROS and NO, etc. Finally, we hope that our research can provide a reference for further research and development of MPs. • Possible mechanisms of antioxidant activity of Morchella polysaccharides (MPs) are reviewed and proposed. • This paper examines the relationship between MPs' antioxidant activity and their extraction, structure and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructus Choerospondiatis is the dried and mature fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill. It has been used for a long time in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine, first recorded in the ancient Tibetan medicine book "Medicine Diagnosis of the King of the Moon" in the early 8th century. Fructus Choerospondiatis shows multiple pharmacological activities, especially in treating cardiovascular diseases. This paper reviews the progress in research on the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, clinical studies, and quality control of Fructus Choerospondiatis. This review aims to summarize current research and provide a reference for further development and utilization of Fructus Choerospondiatis resources. The sources for this review include the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China (2020), theses, and peer-reviewed papers (in both English and Chinese). Theses and papers were downloaded from electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Scholar, Springer, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.The search terms used were " Choerospondias axillaris ", " C. axillaris ", " Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill", "Fructus choerospondiatis", "Guangzao", "Lapsi", and "Lupsi". Fructus Choerospondiatis contains polyphenols, organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, and other chemical components. These ingredients contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities such as antioxidant activity, protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-myocardial fibrosis, heart rhythm regulation, anti-tumor, liver protection, and immunity enhancement. It also affects the central nervous system, with the ability to repair damaged nerve cells. Fructus Choerospondiatis , with its various chemical compositions and pharmacological activities, is a promising medicinal resource. However, it remains under-researched, particularly in pharmacodynamic material basis and quality control. These areas require further exploration by researchers in the future. [Display omitted] • This is the first review systemically summarized Choerospondiatis Fructus (CF). • The cardiovascular effect of CF was reviewed, which accords to its traditional use. • The structure-activity relationship of chemical constituents in CF was summarized. • The clinical uses of major prescriptions containing CF were summarized. • The possible quality control components of CF were summarized for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.), a member of the Pandanaceae family, has been consumed as food and medicine since ancient times. The current paper provides an overview of the botanical profile, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of P. amaryllifolius. Information regarding P. amaryllifolius was collected from online sources (using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ACS, and CNKI) as well as traditional textbooks. Over 100 compounds have been identified, including its characteristic components 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Pandanus alkaloids. Several therapeutic uses of P. amaryllifolius , such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities, have been demonstrated in modern pharmacological studies. Additionally, it could be applied in various fields, including food, energy, material, and the environment. Continued research on P. amaryllifolius can contribute to the development of new drugs and therapies for various diseases. And further studies are needed to improve its utilization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C.Y.Wu (CS) is a widely studied plant that shows potential in treating urinary diseases. Previous studies have focused on its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary and evaluation of the existing literature on CS. It also suggests future research directions to increase our understanding of its medicinal value. 129 pieces of literature were selected from several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan-fang Database, and Google Scholar, and were analyzed. Forty-five active compounds of CS have pharmacological effects such as lowering uric acid, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and kidney protection. The potential mechanisms of these effects may be related to inhibiting transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) activation, reducing inflammatory factors such as IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2, IFN-γ, and IL-6 levels, suppressing the activation of NF-κB, JAK/STAT pathway, enhancing the clearance of ROS, MDA DPPH·, and O 2 ̇ −, and regulating the expression of apoptosis-related pathways and proteins. This paper also discusses the quality control of CS and its efficacy and safety in treating urinary diseases. The study concludes that CS has a high potential for treating urinary diseases. Future studies should focus on observing the metabolic changes of CS active compounds in vivo and investigating the effects of CS on key signaling pathways. Additionally, more standardized and reasonable clinical studies and safety evaluation experiments should be conducted to obtain more clinical data. [Display omitted] • The mechanism of CS treatment in urinary disease was summarized. • Summarized the role of active constituents or sites of CS in underlying mechanisms. • It presents conclusions about the cytokine changes observed in patients after applying CS. • The assistant therapy action and side effect evaluation of CS were discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major polyphenols in Rosmarinus officinalis L. primarily consist of phenolic acids, phenolic diterpenes, and flavonoids, all of which have pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial characteristics. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have found that rosemary polyphenols have the potential to decrease the severity of intestinal inflammation. The beneficial effects of rosemary polyphenols were associated with anti-inflammatory properties, including improved gut barrier (increased mucus secretion and tight junction), increased antioxidant enzymes, inhibiting inflammatory pathways and cytokines (downregulation of NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasomes, STAT3 and activation of Nrf2), and modulating gut microbiota community (increased core probiotics and SCFA-producing bacteria, and decreased potential pathogens) and metabolism (changes in SCFA and bile acid metabolites). This paper provides a better understanding of the anti-inflammatory properties of rosemary polyphenols and suggests that rosemary polyphenols might be employed as strong anti-inflammatory agents to prevent intestinal inflammation and lower the risk of inflammatory bowel disease and related diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Red wines had up to 60 times higher levels of phenolic compounds than white wines. • Hydroxycinnamic acids were a characteristic of white wines. • Anthocyanins were responsible for the highest variations between varieties. • Epicatechin and some phenolic acids could be a terroir characteristic of Fruška Gora. • Domestic and autochthonous Fruška Gora varieties showed great biological potential. This paper presents a comprehensive study of commercially available monovarietal red and white wines from Fruška Gora mountain in Serbia, conducted to characterize their chemical and biochemical properties. Namely, 72 wines of 18 different Vitis vinifera varieties, including international, domestic and autochthonous ones, were assessed. Phenolic profile of wines was determined qualitatively, using spectrophotometric methods, and quantitatively, using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV/VIS methods. Quantified phenolic compounds pointed out differences between red and white wines, where some compounds stood out as distinctive characteristic of analyzed varieties, while others served as chemotaxonomic markers of the Fruška Gora region. Antioxidant and inhibitory properties towards acetylcholinesterase were evaluated for all wines and their relation to phenolic composition was investigated. This study is valuable since chemical and biochemical properties of domestic and autochthonous Fruška Gora varieties are reported for the first time. Also, international varieties studied herein gave distinctive information about the terroir of Fruška Gora region, which is scarce in scientific literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane material has excellent performance and is widely used as railpad in railway, but it is prone to aging and fatigue during long-term service, resulting in a decrease in its performance. In order to improve the aging and fatigue resistance of polyurethane railpad, as well as the efficiency of screening antioxidant, this paper first used quantum chemical method to calculate three types of grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants. Then, polyurethane elastomer railpads with grafted preferred hindered phenolic antioxidants were prepared, and thermal oxidative aging experiments and thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging experiments were conducted. The research results indicate that 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid molecules have better antioxidant properties. When the degradation rate is less than 20%, the activation energy of polyurethane railpads with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants is about 20% higher than that of ungrafted materials. After 200 days of thermal oxidative aging, polyurethane railpads with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants maintain high tensile strength and elongation at break, while maintaining stable static stiffness. Their carbonyl index and loss tangent increase only by 10% and 14.8%, respectively, while unmodified samples increase by 29.4% and 26.4%. Scanning electron microscopy also shows a significant reduction in surface cracks on polyurethane railpads grafted with hindered phenolic antioxidants. ● Quantum chemical screening of hindered phenol antioxidant for polyurethane railpad. ● Prepared polyurethane railpad with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidant. ● Developed thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging testing machine. ● Conducted thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging experiment. ● Aging properties of polyurethane railpad improved obviously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides have a wide range of applications due to their excellent antioxidant activity. However, the low purity and unclear structure of polysaccharides have led some researchers to be skeptical about the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. The current reports on the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides are sporadic, so there is an urgent need to systematically summarize the antioxidant effects of polysaccharides with clear structures and the relationships between the structures to provide a scientific basis for the development and application of polysaccharides. This paper will systematically elucidate the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides, including the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage, degree of branching, advanced conformation and chemical modification. For the first time, the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides is related to their chemical structure through histogram and radar map, and further studies using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. We critically discussed how the source, chemical structure and chemically modified groups of polysaccharides significantly contribute to their antioxidant activity and summarized the current research status and shortcomings of the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides. This review provides a theoretical basis and new perspective for further research on the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides and the development of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence and development of many diseases are closely related to oxidative stress. In this context, accumulating evidence suggests that Nrf2, as the master switch of cellular antioxidant signaling, plays a central role in controlling the expression of antioxidant genes. The core molecular mechanism of polysaccharides treatment of oxidative stress-induced diseases is to activate Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, promote nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and up-regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, recent studies have shown that other signaling pathways in which polysaccharides exert antioxidant effects, such as PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, JNK/Nrf2 and NF-κB, have complex crosstalk with Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, may have direct effects on the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. This suggests a new strategy for designing polysaccharides as modulators of Nrf2-dependent pathways to target the antioxidant response. Therefore, in this work, we investigate the crosstalk between Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and other antioxidant signaling pathways of polysaccharides by regulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. For the first time, the structural-activity relationship of polysaccharides, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic linkage, is systematically elucidated using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. This review also summarizes the application of antioxidant polysaccharides in food, animal production, cosmetics and biomaterials. The paper has significant reference value for screening antioxidant polysaccharides targeting Nrf2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sonotrode-based extraction was used for the recovery of bioactive compounds from CBS and CPH. • The RSM coupled to BBD was used to optimize the CBS and CPH extraction. • Optimum conditions were 15 min, 80 % amplitude, and 50 % ethanol. • Identification of 39 compounds in CBS and 40 compounds in CPH by LC-ESI-qTOF-MS. • The main classes of bioactive compounds were organic acids, fatty acids, glycosides, flavonoids and procyanidins. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) and cocoa bean shell (CBS) are by-products obtained during pre-processing and processing of cocoa beans. Several bioactive compounds have been identified in these by-products that can be used for commercial applications as a way to promote the circular economy. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to recover bioactive compounds from CPH and CBS by sonoextraction process, to determine the type, content, and antioxidant activity in optimized extracts. To achieve our purpose, an optimization strategy using Box-Behnken Design coupled response surface methodology (MRS) was applied. The extraction conditions were optimized. The results obtained for CBS were: TPC (193 mg GAE/g), TEAC (1.02 mmol TE/g), FRAP (1.02 mmol FeSO4/g) and ORAC (2.6 mmol TE/g), while for CPH, the reported values were: TPC (48 mg GAE/g), TEAC (0.30 mmol TE/g), FRAP (0.35 mmol FeSO 4 /g) and ORAC (0.43 mmol TE/g) under the optimized conditions: Time (X A): 15 min, Amplitude (X B): 80 %, Ethanol (X C): 50 %. The LC-ESI-qTOF-MS analysis results allowed the identification of 79 compounds, of which 39 represent the CBS extract, while 40 compounds were identified in CPH extract. To conclude, sonotrode based extraction could be considered as an efficient and fast alternative for the recovery of bioactive substances from CBS and CPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean acidification has become increasingly severe in coastal areas. It poses emerging threats to coastal organisms and influences ecological functioning. Donax faba , a dominant clam in the intertidal zone of the Bay of Bengal, plays an important role in the coastal food web. This clam has been widely consumed by the local communities and also acts as a staple diet for shorebirds and crustaceans. In this paper, we investigated how acidified conditions will influence the physiology, biochemical constituents, and energetics of Donax faba. Upon incubation for 2 months in lowered pH 7.7 ± 0.05 and control 8.1 ± 0.05 conditions, we found a delayed growth in the acidified conditions followed by decrease in calcium ions in the clam shell. Although not significant, we found the digestive enzymes showed a downward trend. Total antioxidant was significantly increased in the acidified condition compared to the control. Though not significant, the expression level of MDA and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST, GPX, and APX) showed increasing trend in acidified samples. Among nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, there was no significant difference between treatments, however, showed a downward trend in the acidified conditions compared to control. Among the minerals, iron and zinc showed significant increase in the acidified conditions. The above results suggest that the clam growth, and physiological energetics may have deleterious effects if exposed for longer durations at lowered pH condition thereby affecting the organisms involved in the coastal food web. [Display omitted] • Daily growth rate & calcium concentration have significantly decreased in acidified condition. • Total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes showed an upward tendency. • Nutrient composition in clams has altered in acidified condition compared to control. • Prolonged exposure to OA will cause deleterious effects on clams thereby upsetting the intertidal food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) layer material MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) is a promising electrode material in capacitive deionization (CDI) because of its advantages of large capacitance, high conductivity and abundant active sites. However, MXene nanosheets have a large number of metastable metal atoms, which are easy to react with dissolved oxygen and form metal oxides, resulting in structural instability and attenuation of electrochemical performance of MXene. Moreover, the inherent defects of MXene layered structure that are easy to stack, seriously limiting its application in CDI. In this paper, MXene fully coated by WS 2 antioxidant film with mesoporous structure was designed and successfully prepared by hydrothermal method to form a 3D mutually supported heterostructure, so as to improve the structural stability and CDI performance of MXene. The heterostructure performs abundant mesoporous, excellent electrical conductivity, good hydrophilicity and excellent cyclic stability. Therefore, the WS 2 @MXene composite demonstrates high specific capacitance (217.0 F g−1) and retention rate of 90.51 % after 1000 GCD cycles. The hybrid AC//WS 2 @MXene cell composed of AC anode and WS 2 @MXene cathode shows excellent desalination capacity (39.1 mg g−1). The retention rate of the cell is still 94.9 % after 40 desalting cycles, which is better than that of AC//MXene cell (84.4 %). [Display omitted] • MXene fully coated by WS 2 antioxidant film with mesoporous structure is constructed. • WS 2 @MXene electrode shows excellent desalination capacity of 39.1 mg g−1. • The retention rate of the AC//WS 2 @MXene cell keeps 94.9 % after 40 desalting cycles. • Morphology and structure of WS 2 @MXene confirm the enhanced structural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Antioxidant activity, a critical molecular characteristic, contributes to free-radical scavenging in the oxidatively-stressed biosystems and outside. • Natural and synthetic products antioxidant potentials are predicted through theoretically (DFT), and experimentally through use of DPPH, FRAP and ABTS-assays. • HOMO-LUMO, molecular-electrostatic-potential, hydrogen-transfer, single-electron-proton-transfers, sequential-proton-loss-electron-transfer, thermochemical parameters, i.e., free-energy change, enthalpy-change bond-dissociation enthalpy, proton-dissociation-enthalpy, ionization potential, proton-affinity, electron-transfer-enthalpy, inductive and resonance effects have been attributed towards contributing to the prediction of antioxidant activity. • Fundamentals and comparative have been drawn to validate the theoretical and experimental approach. Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting biological systems from oxidative stress, which is implicated in a wide range of diseases. Computational methods have become increasingly valuable in studying the mechanisms of antioxidants, with density functional theory (DFT) being a popular approach. This review provides an overview of the theoretical basis of DFT and its application to molecular systems. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using DFT for studying antioxidants and explores the relationship between antioxidant activity and molecular structure. The paper also highlights the importance of solvation effects in determining antioxidant efficacy and suggests DFT-based methods for incorporating solvation effects into calculations. Case studies of specific antioxidants are presented to illustrate the role of the solvent environment in determining the antioxidant efficacy. Finally, it discusses the relationship between antioxidant activity and certain DFT parameters, and suggests future directions for research. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the use of DFT in studying antioxidants, and sheds light on the future of computational studies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connarus semidecandrus Jack (Family: connaraceae) is a medicinal plant known for its wide distribution throughout Southeast Asia. Renowned for its diverse therapeutic properties, it has been traditionally used for treating fever, skin irritation, and colic. Numerous individuals suffer from skin issues, including wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and inflammation, due to environmental factors. Although many drugs are available to treat skin problems, chemical drugs have many shortcomings and side effects. Therefore, natural products are attractive potential medicines for alleviating skin troubles. We recently showed that Connarus semidecandrus Jack ethanol extract (Cs-EE) has anti-alopecia potential. This paper aims to explore the potential skin-protective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of Connarus semidecandrus Jack in UVB-induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Before utilization, Cs-EE was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and was preserved at a temperature of −20 °C. The phytochemical constituents of Cs-EE were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Sequentially, HaCaT cells were exposed to varying concentrations of Cs-EE prior to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Evaluations of cellular responses in HaCaT cells, including assessments of cell viability, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, and gene and protein expressions, were carried out. To explore the specific signaling pathway involved, we conducted a luciferase assay in addition to validating these pathways using Western blot analysis. Nitric oxide (NO) and intracellular reactive oxygen species were decreased. Melanin production through the activation of melanocytes by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) was also inhibited by Cs-EE. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of key factors such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 exhibited a remarkable decrease. In addition, the phosphorylation of TAK1 within the signaling cascade exhibited a decline, and the activities of the transcription factor AP-1 were decreased according to a luciferase reporter assay. Taken together, these findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-apoptotic effects of Cs-EE indicate the compound's potential usefulness as a natural component in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. [Display omitted] • Connarus semidecandrus Jack ethanol extract (Cs-EE) shows radical scavenging activity. • Cs-EE reduces UVB-induced cell death and apoptosis. • Cs-EE reduces the expression of genes involved in UVB-induced inflammatory response and wrinkle formation. • Cs-EE downregulates α-MSH-induced melanogenic responses of melanocyte. • Cs-EE inhibits AP-1 activity via suppression of TAK1/MKK3/6/p38 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a reactive oxygen species (ROS), excessive production of H 2 O 2 contributes to the development of several diseases such as, inflammation, cancer, and respiratory diseases. Supplementation with endogenous or exogenous antioxidants can scavenge ROS and reduce the oxidation of cellular molecules, thus alleviating the generation of diseases. Therefore, the determination of H 2 O 2 content and its antioxidant activity is of great importance in disease diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, a ratiometric SERS sensor with a flexible cellulose membrane was designed for quantitative detection of H 2 O 2 and assessment of antioxidant activity. First, gold seeds were reduced on bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM) and Au NPs were smoothly deposited on the bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM) using halides to reduce the reduction potential in the growth solution to form a flexible BCM@Au NPs SERS substrate. Afterwards, the oxidation of H 2 O 2 was used to convert 3-mercaptophenylboronic acid (3-MPBA) to the corresponding phenol form 3-hydroxyphenylethanol (3-HTP). The change of substance resulted in a good linear relationship between the intensity ratio corresponding to the two Raman shifts of 881 cm−1 and 995 cm−1 and the H 2 O 2 concentration with a detection limit of 0.0186 μM. This opens up a new method for the detection of H 2 O 2 with high sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, this SERS platform was successfully used for the determination of antioxidant activity. It is promising to be applied to disease diagnosis and efficacy evaluation. [Display omitted] • Au NPs were successfully grown on BCM by using halides. • A novel flexible membrane SERS sensor for H 2 O 2 ratiometric detection was developed. • New ratiometric SERS sensor sensitively detects targets with just one Raman probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinidia Lindl. belongs to the family Actinidiaceae. Plants of this genus are popularly known as kiwifruits and are traditionally used to treat a wide range of ailments associated with digestive disorders, rheumatism, kidney problems, cardiovascular system, cancers, dyspepsia, hemorrhoids, and diabetes among others. This review discusses the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical profile, and known pharmacological properties of Actinidia plants, to understand their connotations and provide the scientific basis for future studies. The data were obtained by surveying journal articles, books, and dissertations using various search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Web of Science. The online databases; World Flora Online, Plants of the World Online, International Plant Names Index, and Global Biodiversity Information Facility were used to confirm the distribution and validate scientific names of Actinidia plants. The isolated metabolites from these species were illustrated using ChemBio Draw ultra-version 14.0 software. Ten (10) species of Actinidia genus have been reported as significant sources of traditional medicines utilized to remedy diverse illnesses. Our findings revealed that a total of 873 secondary metabolites belonging to different classes such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alcohols, ketones, organic acids, esters, hydrocarbons, and steroids have been isolated from different species of Actinidia. These compounds were mainly related to the exhibited antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, anti-angiogenic, anticinoceptive, anti-tumor, and anticancer activities. This study assessed the information related to the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological properties of Actinidia species, which indicate that they possess diverse bioactive metabolites with interesting bioactivities. Actinidia plants have great potential for applications in folklore medicines and pharmaceuticals due to their wide ethnomedicinal uses and biological activities. Traditional uses of several Actinidia species are supported by scientific evidences, qualifying them as possible modern remedies for various ailments. Nonetheless, the currently available data has several gaps in understanding the herbal utilization of most Actinidia species. Thus, further research into their toxicity, mechanisms of actions of the isolated bioactive metabolites, as well as scientific connotations between the traditional medicinal uses and pharmacological properties is required to unravel their efficacy in therapeutic potential for safe clinical application. [Display omitted] • This paper reviewed the botanical characterization, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological properties of Actinidia species. • It also established correlation between the isolated secondary metabolites, pharmacological effects, and ethnomedicinal uses. • The present study demonstrates the ethnopharmacological evidence that can aid in development of new drugs for future clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smilax china L., an extensively used traditional Chinese medicine, is known as Baqia in China. It has been used to treat various inflammatory disorders, particularly pelvic inflammation. The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological effect and actual and potential applications of S. china. Besides, the possible tendency and perspective for future research of this plant are discussed, as well. This article uses " Smilax china L." " S. china " as the keyword and collects relevant information on Smilax china L. plants through electronic searches (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. 134 chemical constituents, among which steroid saponins and flavonoids are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from S. china. S. china with its active compounds is possessed of wide-reaching biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, detoxify nicotine, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-hyperuricaemia, anti-hypertension, promoting skin wound and barrier repair and anti-bacterial activity. Besides, S. china is also applied to other fields, such as food industry and detection technology. Based on the review of the existing phytochemical studies on Smilax china L., the structural characterization of Smilax china L. extract can continue to be the focus of future research. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated some of the traditional uses of Smilax china L. extract, while other traditional uses still need to be confirmed by research. [Display omitted] • S.china is a common natural medicinal plant with multiple therapeutic effects. • The phytochemical components of S.china have various biological activities. • S.china has effects on other fields, especially food industry, detection technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are a natural treasure trove; their secondary metabolites participate in several pharmacological processes, making them a crucial component in the synthesis of novel pharmaceuticals and serving as a reserve resource foundation in this process. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the risk of progression to hepatitis and liver cancer. The "Treatise on Febrile Diseases," "Compendium of Materia Medica," and "Thousand Golden Prescriptions" have listed herbal remedies to treat liver diseases. Chinese herbal medicines have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD owing to their efficacy and low side effects. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during NAFLD, and the impact and potential mechanism of ROS on the pathogenesis of NAFLD are discussed in this review. Furthermore, common foods and herbs that can be used to prevent NAFLD, as well as the structure-activity relationships and potential mechanisms, are discussed. Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI database, Google Scholar, and WanFang database were searched for natural products that have been used to treat or prevent NAFLD in the past five years. The primary search was performed using the following keywords in different combinations in full articles: NAFLD, herb, natural products, medicine, and ROS. More than 400 research papers and review articles were found and analyzed in this review. By classifying and discussing the literature, we obtained 86 herbaceous plants, 28 of which were derived from food and 58 from Chinese herbal medicines. The mechanism of NAFLD was proposed through experimental studies on thirteen natural compounds (quercetin, hesperidin, rutin, curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, salvianolic acid B, paeoniflorin, ginsenoside Rg1, ursolic acid, berberine, honokiol, emodin). The occurrence and progression of NAFLD could be prevented by natural antioxidants through several pathways to prevent ROS accumulation and reduce hepatic cell injuries caused by excessive ROS. This review summarizes the natural products and routinely used herbs (prescription) in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Firstly, the mechanisms by which natural products improve NAFLD through antioxidant pathways are elucidated. Secondly, the potential of traditional Chinese medicine theory in improving NAFLD is discussed, highlighting the safety of food-medicine homology and the broader clinical potential of multi-component formulations in improving NAFLD. Aiming to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. [Display omitted] • Relationship between oxidative stress and NAFLD was mentioned. • Traditional use of herbs and prescription were mentioned. • Structure-activity relationship and mechanism of natural compounds were summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis of four pyrazoline derivatives. • Anti-oxidant, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase activities were screened. • DFT/B3LYP quantum chemical computation method was applied. • Prediction of drug-likeness and ADMET profile with the aid of in silico methods. • Molecular docking analysis reinforced the experimental results. One of the major features of medicinal chemistry, is the synthesis of novel compounds, and the assessment of their biological activities for potential therapeutic applications. As a contribution to this filed of interest, the present work examines the effects of newly synthesized pyrazoline derivatives. To this end, four pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant activities and enzymatic inhibitory in vitro against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase. All the synthetized compounds 2a–2d all displayed a moderate to potent antioxidant activity. For the enzymatic inhibitory activity, compound 2a exerted the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition with an IC 50 value of (IC 50 = 3.93 ± 0.52 µM) which is twice greater than the standard drug, Galantamine (IC 50 = 6.27 ± 1.15 µM), whereas, compound 2a was determined as the best inhibitor among the synthesized compounds for the tyrosinase enzyme with an IC 50 value of (32.65 ± 2.30 μM). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the compound's properties, and molecular docking studies were conducted to discuss potential interactions between the most active compound (2a) and active sites of proteins AChE (PDB: 1ACL) and tyrosinase (PDB: 2Y9X). Based on in silico predictions of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) and pharmacokinetic parameters, it is suggested that these compounds could potentially exhibit favorable oral bioavailability. The paper offers promising insights into the therapeutic potential of these pyrazoline derivatives, particularly compound 2a. It encourages further investigation into the practical application of these findings, possibly leading to new therapeutic avenues in the treatment of diseases associated with acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants can help trap and neutralize free reactive oxygen species to reduce their damage. Thus, it is important to evaluate the content of antioxidants in foods and drugs. In this paper, a simple and sensitive colorimetric sensing platform for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) detection was developed based on the peroxidase-like nanozyme of nonstoichiometric copper selenide nanoparticles (Cu 2- x Se NPs). The Cu 2−x Se NPs with copper vacancy structures can accelerate intramolecular charge transfer and effectively catalyze the oxidation of chromogenic substrate colorless 3,3′5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB), exhibiting that they had good peroxidase-like activity. Base on the good activity of Cu 2−x Se NPs peroxidase mimics, a colorimetric sensing array combining UV–vis spectrometer, naked eye and smartphone-based digital image analysis for three typical antioxidant acids (ascorbic acid (AA), gallic acid (GA) and citric acid (CA)) were realized and the platform was successfully used for evaluating the TAC in the medical tablets, beverages and fruit juices. [Display omitted] • Nonstoichiometric Cu 2- x Se nanoparticles with copper vacancy exhibit good peroxidase-like activity. • A colorimetric array for three antioxidant acids is realized based on Cu 2- x Se peroxidase mimics. • The sensing array is used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of medical tablets, beverages and fruits. • This simple strategy provides a general platform for dietary antioxidant assessment in food and pharmacy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A callus culture from Annurca apple was reported in this paper for the first time. • Apple callus cultures accumulated interesting secondary metabolites. • Annurca callus cultures showed a remarkable antioxidant activity. • The bioactivity of the callus cultures extracts positively affected wound healing. Today, plant cell cultures represent a valid alternative method to produce secondary metabolites. Here, we developed a protocol to obtain callus cultures from the pulp of the Italian apple variety, named Annurca. To increase the accumulation of bioactive compounds, yeast extract was used as elicitor. This elicitor induced a remarkable increase in total polyphenol content, with chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, and epicatechin being the most abundant. The antioxidant potential of extracts from the callus cultures was investigated and results showed that the use of the elicitor improved the protective antioxidant effect of the extracts on UVA-stressed keratinocytes. Furthermore, the extracts from the elicited callus cultures were able to speed up the process of healing after 24 h. Our results suggest that extracts obtained from elicited apple callus cultures can represent a promising alternative to chemically synthesised bioactive compounds for their use in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The progressive release of antioxidants is less efficient. • The total addition of the antioxidant in the feed is more efficient. • The antioxidant should be administered at the onset of oxidation. Lipid oxidation is a cause of food spoilage, and antioxidants are used to retard it, but the timing of administration is important for this effect. The research aims to evaluate the protective efficiency against oxidative deterioration through the prolonged or complete addition of antioxidants without retention in the matrix. For this purpose, three modes of administration of the synthetic antioxidant BHT and oregano essential oil were evaluated: 100, 50, and 25 in which 100 % was incorporated at the beginning, 50 % in two aliquots, and 25 % in 4 aliquots. After adding the aliquots, all treatments reached 0.02 w/w of antioxidant in oil. An accelerated oxidation study was performed at 60 °C for 12 days, and chemical indicators (Peroxide and Conjugated Dienes value) along with volatiles (2-Heptenal and 2,4-Decadienal EE) were assessed. The order of protection shows that the initial addition of antioxidants yielded the highest efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the structural characterization and biological activities of Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSPs) for their role as antioxidants and anti-melanogenesis agents in skin healthcare protection. Three neutral polysaccharides (BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3) with molecular weights of 269.121 kDa, 57.389 kDa, and 28.153 kDa were extracted and purified. Their structural characteristics were analyzed by ion chromatography, GC–MS, and 1D/2D NMR. The results showed that BSP-1, which constitutes the major part of BSPs, was composed of α-D-Glcp, β-D-Glcp, β-D-Manp, and 2- O -acetyl-β-D-Manp, with the branched-chain accompanied by β-D-Galp and α-D-Glcp. BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3 can enhance the total antioxidant capacity of skin fibroblasts with non-toxicity. Meanwhile, BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3 could significantly inhibit the proliferative activity of melanoma cells. Among them, BSP-1 and BSP-2 showed more significance in anti-melanogenesis, tyrosinase inhibition activity, and cell migration inhibition. BSPs have effective antioxidant capacity and anti-melanogenesis effects, which should be further emphasized and developed as skin protection components. [Display omitted] • Three antioxidant polysaccharides (BSP-1, BSP-2, and BSP-3) were isolated from Bletilla striata. • BSPs can enhance the intracellular T-AOC of skin fibroblasts with non-toxicity. • BSPs have antiproliferative effects on B16F10 cells. • BSP-2 and BSP-3 significantly inhibit melanogenesis, tyrosinase activity and cell migration of B16F10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing a high-performance ultraviolet shielding film is an effective way for addressing the growing problem of ultraviolet radiation. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve a combination of multifunctional, excellent mechanical properties and low cost. Here, inspired by the multiscale structure of biomaterials and features of lignin, a multifunctional composite film (CNF/CMF/Lig-Ag) is constructed via a facile vacuum-filtration method by introducing micron-sized cellulose fibers (CMF) and lignin-silver nanoparticles (Lig-Ag NPs) into the cellulose nanofibers (CNF) film network. In this composite film, the microfibers interweave with nanofibers to form a multiscale three-dimensional network, which ensures satisfactory mechanical properties of the composite film. Meanwhile, the Lig-Ag NPs are employed as a multifunctional filler to enhance the composite film's antioxidant, antibacterial and ultraviolet shielding abilities. As a result, the prepared CNF/CMF/Lig-Ag composite film demonstrates excellent mechanical properties (with tensile strength of 133.8 MPa and fracture strain of 7.4 %), good biocompatibility, high thermal stability, potent antioxidant and antibacterial properties. More importantly, such composite film achieves a high ultraviolet shielding rate of 98.2 % for ultraviolet radiation A (UVA) and 99.4 % for ultraviolet radiation B (UVB), respectively. Therefore, the prepared CNF/CMF/Lig-Ag composite film shows great potential in application of ultraviolet protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acacia catechu contains polyphenolic compounds such as catechin and tannins, which exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that have the potential to be used in food packaging applications. In this study, chitosan-based (CH) antioxidant films were developed with the incorporation of calcium carbonate (CC) and Acacia catechu (CT). The films were fabricated by the solvent-casting method, and the effects of the different concentrations of Acacia catechu were analyzed. The physicomechanical, antioxidant, and UV shielding properties of the films were determined. The addition of Acacia catechu and calcium carbonate has significantly increased the tensile from 2.30 MPa to 4.95 MPa, respectively, for neat CH and CH/CC/CT-4 film. At the same time, there is a reduction in the elongation at break from 26.75 % in neat CH film to 12.11 % in CH/CC/CT-4 film. The CH/CC/CT-4 film has shown the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 0.440 mg Trolox/g dried weight of the film and 2,2 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 93.05 %. The UV transmittance of CH/CC/CT-4 film was 0.46 %, the lowest compared to the rest of the fabricated films. These active properties depict that CH/CC/CT-4 film has the potential to be utilized for the packaging of light and oxygen-sensitive food products. • Chitosan-based films containing calcium carbonate and Acacia catechu were prepared. • CH/CC/CT-4 film has shown 93.05 % DPPH radical scavenging activity and 0.440 mg TEAC/g dw ferric reducing antioxidant power. • CH/CC/CT-4 film has the lowest UV transmittance of 0.46% at a wavelength of 377 nm. • The developed CH/CC/CT-4 film can be utilized for the packaging of oxygen and light-sensitive food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]