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Collagen-based hydrogels are commonly used in mechanobiology to mimic the extracellular matrix. A quantitative analysis of the influence of collagen concentration and properties on the structure and mechanics of the hydrogels is essential for tailored design adjustments for specific in vitro conditions. We combined focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and rheology to provide a detailed quantitative atlas of the mechanical and nanoscale three-dimensional structural alterations that occur when manipulating different hydrogel's physicochemistry. Moreover, we study the effects of such alterations on the phenotype of breast cancer cells and their mechanical interactions with the extracellular matrix. Regardless of the microenvironment's pore size, porosity or mechanical properties, cancer cells are able to reach a stable mesenchymal-like morphology. Additionally, employing 3D traction force microscopy, a positive correlation between cellular tractions and ECM mechanics is observed up to a critical threshold, beyond which tractions plateau. This suggests that cancer cells in a stable mesenchymal state calibrate their mechanical interactions with the ECM to keep their migration and invasiveness capacities unaltered. The paper presents a thorough study on the mechanical microenvironment in breast cancer cells during their interaction with collagen based hydrogels of different compositions. The hydrogels' microstructure were obtained using state-of-the-art 3D microscopy, namely focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). FIB-SEM was originally applied in this work to reconstruct complex fibered collagen microstructures within the nanometer range, to obtain key microarchitectural parameters. The mechanical microenvironment of cells was recovered using Traction Force Microscopy (TFM). The obtained results suggest that cells calibrate tractions such that they depend on mechanical, microstructural and physicochemical characteristics of the hydrogels, hence revealing a steric hindrance. We hypothesize that cancer cells studied in this paper tune their mechanical state to keep their migration and invasiveness capacities unaltered. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of cancer immunotherapy has imparted a transformative impact on cancer treatment paradigms by harnessing the power of the immune system. However, the challenge of practical and precise targeting of malignant cells persists. To address this, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising solution for enhancing targeted drug delivery in immunotherapeutic interventions, owing to their small size, low immunogenicity, and ease of surface modification. This comprehensive review delves into contemporary research at the nexus of NP engineering and immunotherapy, encompassing an extensive spectrum of NP morphologies and strategies tailored toward optimizing tumor targeting and augmenting therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, it underscores the mechanisms that NPs leverage to bypass the numerous obstacles encountered in immunotherapeutic regimens and probes into the combined potential of NPs when co-administered with both established and novel immunotherapeutic modalities. Finally, the review evaluates the existing limitations of NPs as drug delivery platforms in immunotherapy, which could shape the path for future advancements in this promising field. This paper reviews recent advances in various nanoparticle-enhanced tumor immunotherapy strategies as delivery vehicles for immune agents. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel NIR probe based on oxazolonaphthoimidazo[1,2- a ]pyridine-malononitrile (ONIM) conjugate linked by vinyl linkage was designed and synthesized for the detection of cyanide ion. [Display omitted] • An orange emitting sensor ONIM (712 nm) with D-π-A framework is synthesized. • The ONIM emission is retained in the solid state. • ONIM could sense cyanide ion without interference of other anions. • Sensing mechanism of cyanide sensing was confirmed by 1H NMR and DFT calculations. • Live cell imaging in human breast cancer cell MDA-MB 231 and as solid state sensor was achieved. Cyanide is undoubtedly dangerous and fast acting chemical employed in various industrial applications with toxic side effects, which raises urgent need for its monitoring. In this context, oxazolonaphthoimidazo[1,2- a ]pyridine-malononitrile (ONIM) conjugate linked by vinyl linkage was designed, synthesized and characterised by FT-IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. The developed probe has been evaluated for the colorimetric and fluorometric detection of cyanide ion. An obvious color change with unique rapid " turn-off " fluorometric response was observed within 5 s upon addition of CN– thus reflecting its better acuteness and sensitivity over other competing anions. The developed probe exhibits a detection limit of 9.54 nM which is very low in comparison to maximum permitable amount of cyanide in drinking water (1.9 µM). The probe is stable within the p H range of 2–9 and suitable for the recognition of CN– in the p H range of 7 to 10, specially at neutral p H conditions. The chemodosimetric approach based detection mechanism was authenticated by 1H NMR titration and DFT calculations. The solid state applications were established by utilising ONIM impregnated TLC plates and filter paper in cyanide recognition. The solid state emissive behaviour of ONIM offers on-spot detection of the cyanide anion. Additionally, the practicability of ONIM has been extended in live cell imaging of CN– in human breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231), which revealed a " turn-off " fluorescence response for the probe in the presence of CN– ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal sulfide nanoparticles are synthesized for their biomedical applications, including cancer drug targeting. This paper reports a novel nanocomposite made of praseodymium sulfide nanoparticles and poly-cyclodextrin. The praseodymium sulfide nanoparticles were synthesized hydrothermal, autoclaving the nitrate precursors at 150 °C for 18 hours. The material is characterized using XRD and shows an orthorhombic crystal system with high crystallinity. The size and morphology of the nanomaterial were optimized. The material shows a rod-shaped morphology, as seen in the TEM image, with 150 ± 3 nm length and 25 ± 5 nm width. Particle size analysis supports this size range. The colloidal particles were stable in the aqueous medium without precipitation at neutral pH. The elements in the material in the polymer-coated form and their electronic states are studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry confirms that the material contains about 18.5% of the weight of the polymer. The material has an observable magnetic property at room temperature due to the praseodymium element. The UV–vis–NIR absorption spectrum of the material shows a long absorption range that extends to 1200 nm. The drug 5-fluorouracil is encapsulated in the nanoparticles through host: guest association, and its release profile is analyzed. The release is modulated at a slightly acidic pH, indicating the pH-tunability. The nanoparticles and 5-fluorouracil were taken in the w/w ratio of 2:1 (2/1 mg in 1 mL of deionized water). Further, the in vitro anticancer activity of the drug-encapsulated material is screened on breast cancer and non-cancerous cell lines. The IC 50 values are reported, and the advantageous properties of the material as drug carriers are discussed. • Drug carrier nanorods are designed using praseodymium sulfide and poly-cyclodextrin. • The nanoparticles are weakly magnetic with low saturation. • It shows a long tail absorption band that extends up to the NIR-II wavelength range. • The encapsulated 5-fluorouracil is released continually for more than 10 days. • Drug-containing Pr2S3 nanoparticles are selectively active on MCF-7 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a nanostructured conductive film possessing nanozyme features was straightforwardly produced via laser-assembling and integrated into complete nitrocellulose sensors; the cellulosic substrate allows to host live cells, while the nanostructured film nanozyme activity ensures the enzyme-free real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) released by the sames. In detail, a highly exfoliated reduced graphene oxide 3D film decorated with naked platinum nanocubes was produced using a CO 2 -laser plotter via the simultaneous reduction and patterning of graphene oxide and platinum cations; the nanostructured film was integrated into a nitrocellulose substrate and the complete sensor was manufactured using an affordable semi-automatic printing approach. The linear range for the direct H 2 O 2 determination was 0.5–80 μM (R2 = 0.9943), with a limit of detection of 0.2 μM. Live cell measurements were achieved by placing the sensor in the culture medium, ensuring their adhesion on the sensors' surface; two cell lines were used as non-tumorigenic (Vero cells) and tumorigenic (SKBR3 cells) models, respectively. Real-time detection of H 2 O 2 released by cells upon stimulation with phorbol ester was carried out; the nitrocellulose sensor returned on-site and real-time quantitative information on the H 2 O 2 released proving useful sensitivity and selectivity, allowing to distinguish tumorigenic cells. The proposed strategy allows low-cost in-series semi-automatic production of paper-based point-of-care devices using simple benchtop instrumentation, paving the way for the easy and affordable monitoring of the cytopathology state of cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Release of Tumor-derived Exosomes (TDEs) is involved in intercellular information exchange. • Tumor-derived Exosomes (TDEs) can negatively regulate the tumor microenvironment. • Tumor-derived Exosomes (TDEs) inhibit peritumour immune cells and create an immunosuppressive environment. Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs), as topologies of tumor cells, not only carry biological information from the mother, but also act as messengers for cellular communication. It has been demonstrated that TDEs play a key role in inducing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). They can reprogram immune cells indirectly or directly by delivering inhibitory proteins, cytokines, RNA and other substances. They not only inhibit the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells, but also remodel M2 macrophages and inhibit T cell infiltration to promote immunosuppression and create a favorable ecological niche for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Based on the specificity of TDEs, targeting TDEs has become a new strategy to monitor tumor progression and enhance treatment efficacy. This paper reviews the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the immunosuppressive effects induced by TDEs to establish a theoretical foundation for cancer therapy. Additionally, the challenges of TDEs as a novel approach to tumor treatment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

—This paper investigates a dual-side, dual-mode reflective cross-polarization converter for biosensing applications. The converter consists of a polyimide substrate with a modified dumbbell-shaped resonator on one surface and its complementary slot on another. The overall volume is 8.25μm × 8.25μm × 2.47 μm with dual-band operation of 6.39268–7.311692 THz and 9.783001–23.53473 THz for PCR≥80 % for front signal incidence and two full widths at half maximum (FWHM) bands i.e. 11.71594–12.26761 THz & 19.12042–19.87691 THz for back signal incidence. The periodicity is ∼λ o /6, and substrate thickness is ∼λ o /19 at 6.39268 THz. This device has performance stability for incident angle (θ)≤30o. The performance of this device can be tuned from dual-band operation to single-band by varying the chemical potential of the graphene strip for signal incidence from both sides. This device can classify cancer or tuberculosis-infected cells concerning healthy cells by using the variations in their corresponding refractive indices that lead to changes in the band edge frequencies. This device can differentiate between infected and healthy cells or different refractive indices with a high sensitivity of ∼5 THz/RIU. This device has merits of dual side sensing, wide operating bandwidth, multiple frequencies for sensing purposes, and high sensitivity over previously reported sensors. • Bi-directional Cross polarization converter with incident angle (θ) stability for θ≤30o, thickness and 8.25×8.25×2.47µm3. • Front signal has PCR≥80% for ∼6.39-7.32 THz & ∼9.78-23.53 THz. • Back signal has PCR≥50% for ∼11.72-12.27 THz & ∼19.12-19.88 THz. Graphene chemical potential reconfigures this to single band. • Can be used as Biosensor to detect cancer, tumour, malaria, tuberculosis, Leukemia with high sensitivity of ∼5 THz/RIU. • Proposed refractive index sensing method utilizes fL or fH instead of fr, resulting in more accurate sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For clinical applications, a sensor of cancer cells should exhibit high sensitivity, have a small and robust sensing structure, and exhibit good anti-interference. This paper presents a novel biosensor for the recognition and concentration detection of biotin receptor (BR)-overexpressed cancer cells. This biosensor uses a hydrogel composed of biotin-quantum dots (BQDs) grafted onto oxidized sodium alginate with carboxymethyl chitosan (BQDs-g-OSA/CMCS) and a double optical fiber ball (DOFB) sensing structure. The developed BQDs-g-QSA/CMCS hydrogel exhibited specific recognition capabilities for cancer cells and an excellent fluorescence stability. Meanwhile, the proposed DOFB structure was small and presented a strong robustness and integrated fluorescence excitation and reception, which are favorable for in vivo sensing. In addition, in-depth study of the sensing performance of the sensor was conducted by utilizing streptavidin (SV) protein and BR-overexpressed cancer cells (leukemia cells, K562). The experimental results revealed a linear relationship between the photoluminescence intensity of the sensor and concentrations of SV and K562, with minimum detection concentrations of 1.62 nM and 1.0 × 103 cells/mL, respectively. In addition, the specificity of the sensor was confirmed through investigation of the its response to another BR-overexpressed cancer cell type (lung cancer cells, A549) and normal cells (human gastric mucosal epithelial, GES-1). The sensor exhibited similar responses to A549 as to K562 cells but not to GES-1 cells, which indicates its specificity toward cancer cells with BR overexpression. In summary, the proposed sensor offers important potential for applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment. • A QD/ hydrogel coated double fiber optic ball (DOFB) cancer cell sensor with high sensitivity, strong specificity and good stability was developed. • The proposed DOFB biosensor is small in size, strong in robustness, integrated fluorescence excitation and reception, which are particularly suited for in vivo sensing. • The prepared QDs-doped hydrogel not only can specifically recognize cancer cells, but also has good fluorescence stability. • The DOFB biosensor can effectively and specifically detect the biotin receptor protein and the biotin receptor-overexpressed cancer cells A549, the minimum detection concentrations are 1.62 nM and 1.0×103/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new series of schweinfurthin G derivatives were synthesized. • Thirteen new derivatives were tested against KB, Hep3B, A549, MCF7, HEK293. • Four compounds showed sub-micromolar IC 50 values on KB, Hep3B, A549, MCF7. Schweinfurthin G, one of the most potent of the schweinfurthins containing a hexahydroxanthene moiety, was found to exhibit strong cytotoxicity against A549 and KB cell lines with the IC 50 values of 0.8 μM and 0.6 μM, respectively. In this paper, a new series of schweinfurthin G derivatives modified on the isoprenyl side-chain were synthesized from schweinfurthin G using multicomponent reactions. The cytotoxicity of all the synthetic compounds was evaluated against four human cancer cell lines (KB, Hep3B, A549, MCF7) and one non-cancerous cell line (HEK293), which enabled to perform in-depth structure–activity relationships on a still poorly explored part of the molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Distinct invasion patterns of blood immune cells correlate with the cancerous stage of breast tumor disease. • Convolutional neural network (CNN) enables reliable detection of invasion patterns with approximately 86% accuracy. • Aggressive breast cancer tumors are associated with weaker immune cells for invading cancer cells. • Simple blood-based method provides complementary insights into tumor nature without pre-processing. Interaction of immune system and cancer cells plays a crucial role in defining the physical and chemical characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. Consequently, monitoring and analyzing these interactions may prove essential for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. While standard techniques assessing cellular interaction are technically complicated and usually expensive, engineering solutions can be employed to introduce novel methods and effective techniques. In this paper, we presented a new blood-based breast cancer hallmark for people suspected of breast tumor disease (BTD) by time-lapse microscopy imaging from the interaction between the patient's blood and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The detection protocol is based on the quantifying invasion of the WBCs to the breast cancer cell line. Many cytological, molecular, and immunofluorescent assays were carried out to approve the hypothesis. Blood immune cells showed meaningful invasion patterns to breast cancer cell lines in reverse correlation by the cancerous stage of the patients. Hence, we believe that the immune system is cognizant of the neoplastic nature of breast tumor disease. To eliminate all the human-related limitations, a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture was used for invasion recognition. The proposed CNN architecture showed an accuracy of approximately 86%, making it a reliable, fast, and easy way for intelligent detection of invasion patterns to decide on the tumor stage. Results made us present the hypothesis that people with more aggressive breast cancer tumors have less strong immune cells to invade cancer cells which could be a start in the clinical use of the cellular-based immune system for cancer investigation. As WBCs were isolated from the blood with no pre-processing, this method would shed new light as a simple complementary method for better clarification of tumor nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and accurate identification of tumor boundaries is critical for the cure of glioma, but it is difficult due to the invasive nature of glioma cells. This paper aimed to explore a rapid diagnostic strategy based on a label-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique for the quantitative detection of glioma cell proportion intraoperatively. With silver nanoparticles as substrate, an in-depth SERS analysis was performed on simulated clinical samples containing normal brain tissue and different concentrations of patient-derived glioma cells. The results revealed two universal characteristic peaks of 655 and 717 cm−1, which strongly correlated with glioma cell proportion regardless of individual differences. Based on the intensity ratio of the two peaks, a ratiometric SERS strategy for the quantification of glioma cells was established by employing an artificial neuron network model and a polynomial regression model. Such a strategy accurately estimated the proportion of glioma cells in simulated clinical samples (R 2 = 0.98) and frozen samples (R 2 = 0.85). More importantly, it accurately facilitated the delineation of tumor margins in freshly obtained samples. Taken together, this SERS-based method ensured a rapid and more detailed identification of tumor margins during surgical resection, which could be beneficial for intraoperative decision-making and pathological evaluation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the current situation of cancer related fibroblasts promoting malignant development of cancer through FOXO1 protein/LIF signal, and explore the strategy of cancer treatment. Recent studies have shown that the expression of the protein forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) is increased in CAFsCAFs (Cancer-associated fibroblasts). This led researchers to investigate whether FOXO1 is involved in the role of CAFs in lung cancer. The results of the study revealed that FOXO1 is indeed upregulated in CAFs, and it positively regulates the transcription of another protein called LIF. Notably, LIF is also upregulated in both CAFs and lung cancer cells. These changes in protein expression were associated with the overexpression of FOXO1 in CAFs. Conversely, silencing FOXO1 in CAFs suppressed their effects on cancer cells and transplanted tumors. The study revealed that the downregulation of LIFR in cancer cells abolished the impact of CAFs overexpressing FOXO1 on cancer cell behavior. This suggests that the FOXO1/LIF signaling pathway is involved in mediating the malignant development of lung cancer induced by CAFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apoptosis signal-regulated kinase 1 (ASK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP3K) family, whose activation and regulation are intricately associated with apoptosis. ASK1 is activated in response to oxidative stress, among other stimuli, subsequently triggering downstream JNK, p38 MAPK, and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling, which participate in the initiation of tumor cell apoptosis induced by various stimuli. Research has shown that ASK1 plays a crucial role in the apoptosis of lung cancer, breast cancer, and liver cancer cells. Currently, the investigation of effective ASK1 activators is a hot topic in research on tumor cell apoptosis. Synthetic compounds such as human β-defensin, triazolothiazide derivatives and heat shock protein 27 inhibitors; natural compounds such as quercetin, Laminarina japonica polysaccharide-1 peptide and theabrownin; and nanomedicines such as cerium oxide nanoparticles, magnetite FeO nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles can activate ASK1 and induce apoptosis in various tumor cells. This review extensively investigates the roles and activation mechanisms of ASK1, explores its impact on a variety of apoptotic signaling pathways, and discusses the potential therapeutic applications of various ASK1 activators in cancer treatment. In addition, this paper provides an in-depth discussion of the future development of this field and proposes a promising method for further research and clinical progress. [Display omitted] • The activation and regulation of ASK1 are closely related to cell apoptosis. • Activated ASK1 can trigger various downstream apoptotic signaling pathways. • Exploring ASK1 activators is a hot topic in tumor cell apoptosis research. • ASK1 activators include synthetic compounds, natural compounds, and nanomedicines. • ASK1 activators have great potential for the treatment of malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of how nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer theragnostic, which combines diagnostic and therapeutic methods to customize cancer treatment. The study examines the unique attributes, uses, and difficulties linked to different types of nanoparticles, including gold, iron oxide, silica, Quantum dots, Carbon nanotubes, and liposomes, in the context of cancer treatment. In addition, the paper examines the progression of nanotheranostics, emphasizing its uses in precise medication administration, photothermal therapy, and sophisticated diagnostic methods such as MRI, CT, and fluorescence imaging. Moreover, the article highlights the capacity of nanoparticles to improve the effectiveness of drugs, reduce the overall toxicity in the body, and open up new possibilities for treating cancer by releasing drugs in a controlled manner and targeting specific areas. Furthermore, it tackles concerns regarding the compatibility of nanoparticles and their potential harmful effects, emphasizing the significance of continuous study to improve nanotherapeutic methods for use in medical treatments. The review finishes by outlining potential future applications of nanotechnology in predictive oncology and customized medicine. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fabrication of cobalt doped-cerium oxide nanocomposites (Co/CeO 2 NCs) by solid combustion method. Synthesized cobalt doped CeO 2 nanocomposites and pure CeO 2 were confirmed by UV–Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction study (XRD), BET analysis and transmission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). The bandgap energies of CeO 2 , 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%Co/CeO 2 NCs were 3.02, 2.98, 2.81 and 2.80 eV, respectively. The 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values of CeO 2, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 % of Co-doped CeO 2 were 57.02, 38.65, 35.33 and 39.87 μg/mL, respectively. The oxidation state of Cobalt and Cerium was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The Co/CeO 2 NCs exhibited a zone of inhibition against bacteria and fungi. Thus, Co/CeO 2 NCs can be used as a biomaterial for controlling pathogenic bacteria, fungi and lung cancer cell lines. • Co/CeO 2 NCs were prepared by solid combustion method. • The Co/CeO 2 NCs exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties compared to pure CeO 2. • Cytotoxicity of these Co/CeO 2 NCs against A549 lung cancer cells was evaluated by MTT assay. • Co/CeO 2 NCs (0.50 %) showed potent MTT assay activity, IC50 < 35.33 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Design strategy for synthesis of 1,3,5 tri substituted triazine derivatives. • Synthesis and characterization of 1,3,5 tri substituted triazine derivatives using NMR, IR, HR-MS and HPLC methods. • NRU cytotoxicity assays. • Binding mode determination in dynamic state using molecular dynamics simulations. • SAR generation for synthesized derivatives. Morpholine substituted 1,3,5-triazines have been recently recognized as potent inhibitors of PI3K-mTOR kinase signalling pathway. In this paper, we have performed synthesis and in vitro anti-cancer activity of trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives against the A549 (Lung cancer) and MCF-7 (Breast cancer) cell lines. All synthesized analogs showed good inhibitory activity against both cell lines. Out of ten compounds, only two compounds, benzyl-4-(4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (Compound 6b), shows 9.61 µM anticancer activity against A549 cell line and 22.68 µM activity against MCF-7 cell lines. Similarly, benzyl-4-(4-morpholino-6-thiomorpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (Compound 6c) shows 39.70 µM anticancer activity against A549 cell line and 12.88 µM activity against MCF-7 cell lines. It shows that compound 6b is a potent inhibitor for A549 lung cancer cell line, and compound 6c shows excellent inhibitory activity for MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (9.16 µM and 12.88 µM, respectively). Both compounds (Compound 6b and Compound 6c) did not show toxicity to the non-cancerous HaCaT (Immortalized human keratinocytes) cells. Additionally, molecular descriptors of all synthesized compounds (6a-j) were calculated. After in vitro studies, the potent compounds 6b and 6c were validated using molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies and informed their binding affinities and conformational stability in the binding cavity. Structure-based drug design approach was followed for designing compounds based on potential ligand-receptor interaction. The result shows that triazine analogs serve as lead structures for generating new anti-cancer drugs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Src kinase family, is intricately linked to the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases, with a particularly pronounced association with cancer. Hck not only directly impacts the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of cancer cells but also interacts with JAK/STAT, MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, CXCL12/CXCR4, and other pathways. Hck also influences the tumor microenvironment to facilitate the onset and progression of cancer. This paper delves into the functional role and regulatory mechanisms of Hck in various solid tumors. Additionally, it explores the implications of Hck in hematological malignancies. The review culminates with a summary of the current research status of Hck inhibitors, the majority of which are in the pre-clinical phase of investigation. Notably, these inhibitors are predominantly utilized in the therapeutic management of leukemia, with their combinatorial potential indicating promising avenues for future research. In conclusion, this review underscores the significance of the mechanism of Hck in solid tumors. This insight is crucial for comprehending the current research trends regarding Hck: targeted therapy against Hck shows great promise in both diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors. Further investigation into the role of Hck in cancer, coupled with the development of specific inhibitors, has the potential to revolutionize approaches to cancer treatment. [Display omitted] • Hck is closely associated with a variety of solid tumors and hematological tumors. • Hck directly modulates cancer cell behavior, influencing proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. • Hck's involvement in key signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment is crucial for cancer progression. • Hck inhibitors are in preclinical development and show promise in combination with other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose deep learning models for classification of cancer cells belonging to different organs on holographic images. • We present self-supervised pretraining and hyperparameter tuning for efficient training on biomedical holographic datasets. • Perform extensive experiments with self-supervised frameworks and compared self-supervised learning with supervised learning and proved the effectiveness of the former for holographic images classification. • Proposed work can be an effective tool for the automatic classification of cancer cells for medical diagnosis using self-supervised learning. Image-based stain-free elliptical cancer cell classification is challenging, due to the inter-class morphological similarity. In this paper, we address the classification of different types of cancer cell lines (lung, breast, bladder, and skin) by utilizing self-supervised learning, and compare it with supervised learning based on convolutional neural network. Digital holography in a microscopic configuration was used to obtain stain-free quantitative phase images representing the intracellular content and morphology of cells. The performance of self-supervised learning in natural images shows promising results, and consistently closes the gap between self-supervised and supervised learning. The ability of self-supervised learning to effectively utilize unlabeled data for training is instrumental in the biomedical domain, where labeled data is scarce. Our goal is to study different self-supervised frameworks of biomedical holographic data, and determine how they can be utilized to advance liquid biopsy for the detection of cancer cells. After extensive experimentation, we conclude that self-supervised learning improves the classification performance on cancer cell datasets, and outperforms supervised learning when training data is limited, which is mostly the case in biomedical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high mortality rate makes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) a difficult cancer to treat. When surgery is not possible, liver cancer patients are treated with chemotherapy. However, HCC management and treatment are difficult. Sorafenib, which is a first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma, initially slows disease progression. However, sorafenib resistance limits patient survival. Recent studies have linked HCC to programmed cell death, which has increased researcher interest in therapies targeting cell death. Pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory mode of programmed cell death, may be targeted to treat HCC. Pyroptosis pathways, executors, and effects are examined in this paper. This review summarizes how pyroptosis affects the tumor microenvironment (TME) in HCC, including the role of cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 in regulating immune responses. The use of chemotherapies and their ability to induce cancer cell pyroptosis as alternative treatments and combining them with other drugs to reduce side effects is also discussed. In conclusion, we highlight the potential of inducing pyroptosis to treat HCC and suggest ways to improve patient outcomes. Studies on cancer cell pyroptosis may lead to new HCC treatments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the therapeutic perspectives of polyphenols and chitosan as potential anticancer agents in the mouthwash formulations. Taking into account the high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among oral cancers, this discussion will concentrate on the potential advantages of these compounds in oral care, focusing on their impact on improving oral health and cancer prevention. According to the data, it appears that the mixture of BACs extract and chitosan may increase the efficiency of the apoptosis of cancer cells while reducing the undesired side effects. The cytotoxicity assays demonstrate a significant reduction in squamous carcinoma cell viability after incubation with BACs extract, with a marked decrease observed over 24–72 hours up to 76%. The anti-cancer properties of the BAC extract are related to luteolin, which is a predominant compound. The addition of 0.025% chitosan reduced the metabolic activity of cancer cells by 37.5%, suggesting a synergistic interaction between the compounds. This research highlights the potential of BACs and chitosan in modulating important molecular targets associated with cancer cell. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment model that involves using light sources to excite photosensitizers (PSs), generating reactive oxygen species. This method is considered a potential treatment for tumors. However, the non-selective toxicity of traditional PSs to both tumors and normal tissues hinders the advancement of PDT. This lack of selectivity is a major obstacle in the development of effective PDT. The activatable PS can only function in a specific environment, which enhances the selectivity and safety of PDT. In this paper, we focus on GGT (γ-glutamyltranspeptidase) overexpressed in liver cancer as the biological target. We designed and synthesized the activatable PS BrCy-Glu by modifying the substrate of GGT (l -glutamic acid) onto the brominated hemicyanine PS (BrCy-OH). The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect of BrCy-Glu is inhibited, which leads to low fluorescence quantum yield and singlet oxygen yield. However, in the presence of GGT, it can undergo selective hydrolysis and be converted into BrCy-OH through a series of elimination reactions. This process is accompanied by a significant increase in fluorescence quantum yield and singlet oxygen yield. In vitro studies demonstrate that BrCy-Glu is suitable for precise fluorescence identification of liver cancer and selective eradication of cancer cells under light conditions. [Display omitted] • A new near infrared photosensitizer was developed for imaging and treatment of cancer cells with high GGT enzyme expression. • This new activatable near infrared photosensitizer can only play a role in specific tumor microenvironment, which enhances the effectiveness and safety of PDT. • The new strategy of killing liver cancer by activating photosensitizer tracing and photodynamic therapy may be very important for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting and neutralizing Pd2+ ions are a significant challenge due to their cytotoxicity, even at low concentrations. To address this issue, various chemosensors have been designed for advanced detection systems, offering simplicity and the potential to differentiate signals from different analytes. Nonetheless, these chemosensors often suffer from limited emission response and complex synthesis procedures. As a result, the tracking and quantification of residual palladium in biological systems and environments remain challenging tasks, with only a few chemosensing probes available for commercial use. In this paper, a straightforward approach for the selective detection of Pd2+ ions is proposed, which involves the design, synthesis, and utilization of a propargylated naphthalene-derived probe (E)-N'-((2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)naphthalen-1-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide (NHP). The NHP probe exhibits sensitive dual-channel colorimetry and fluorescence Pd2+ detection over other tested metal ions. The detection process is performed through a catalytic depropargylation reaction, followed by an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process, the detection limit is as low as 11.58 × 10−7 M under mild conditions. Interestingly, the resultant chemodosimeter adduct (E)-N'-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide (NHH) was employed for the consecutive detection of CN− ions, exhibiting an impressive detection limit of 31.79 × 10−8 M. Validation of both detection processes was achieved through 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and density functional theory calculations. For real-time applications of the NHP and NHH probes, smartphone-assisted detection, and intracellular detection of Pd2+ and CN− ions within HeLa cells were studied. This research presents a novel naphthalene derivative for visually detecting environmentally toxic Pd2+ and CN− ions. The synthesized probe selectively binds to Pd2+, forming a chemodosimeter. It successfully detects CN− ions through colorimetry and fluorimetry, offering a low detection limit and quick response. Notably, it's the first naphthalene-based small molecule to serve as a dual probe for toxic analytes - palladium and cyanide. Moreover, it effectively detects Pd2+ and CN− intracellularly in cancer cells. [Display omitted] • Probe NHP selectively detects Pd2+ and forms chemodosimeter adduct NHH , showing a specific turn-on response to CN- ions. • The "off-on-off" ESIPT process led to the dual-channel detection of Pd2+ and CN− in an ethanol-H 2 O solution. • Consecutive detection, first of Pd2+ and then of CN-, showed naked-eye visibility, rapid response, and a low detection limit. • The study explored both on-site smartphone-based detection and intracellular detection of Pd2+ and CN- within HeLa cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Three substituted-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine ligands were synthesized and used to react with zinc o/m/p-hydroxybenzoate to obtain nine new complexes. • All the complexes show better antiproliferative effect than commercial cisplatin in vitro against three cancer cell lines and most of them exhibit a good inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. • Based on the UV spectroscopy, circular dichroism and molecular docking, it is found that these complexes can bind to DNA with high affinity and mainly in intercalation mode, thus affecting the replication and transcription of DNA and exerting an anti-proliferative effect. Terpyridine metal complexes are well known for their wide range of biological activities, among which the anticancer effect has received increasing attention. In this paper, nine zinc terpyridine complexes were synthesized by using zinc o / m / p -hydroxybenzoate and three 4′-(substituted phenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine ligands, and the structures of these complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, 1 1 H NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS.. In order to study their antiproliferative activities, four cell lines were selected for in vitro cellular experiment: human esophageal cancer cell line (Eca-109), human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (Bel-7402) and human normal liver cells (HL-7702). The results show that they possess standout inhibitory effect on the proliferation activity against the cancer cells but less cytotoxicity to normal cells, being superior to cisplatin, a commonly used drug in clinical practice. Bacteriostatic experiment also shows that most complexes have a good inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus , with the minimum bacteriostatic concentration is as low as 20 μg/mL. The strong affinity between these complexes and CT-DNA was verified by UV spectrum, and the main binding mode of intercalation was found by circular dichroism. Molecular docking study reveals that these complexes bind to the double-stranded DNA mainly by intercalation, giving the binding capacity sequence as ATAT < GCGC. And they bind to G-quadruplex mainly through electrostatic force, with the binding capacity of 2A5R > 2KKA > 1CN0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A 9 K is cytostatic in human cancer cells causing mitochondrial depolarization. • A novel in vivo Zebrafish toxicity assay shows that A 9 K is safe at low doses. • A 9 K delivers nucleic acids to 2D cancer cell cultures and penetrates 3D cancer spheroids. • The uptake of FITC-labelled A 9 K is driven by an active endocytic mechanism. Designed peptides are promising biomaterials for biomedical applications. The amphiphilic cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP), A 9 K, can self-assemble into nano-rod structures and has shown cancer cell selectivity and could therefore be a promising candidate for therapeutic delivery into cancer cells. In this paper, we investigate the selectivity of A 9 K for cancer cell models, examining its effect on two human cancer cell lines, A431 and HCT-116. Little or no activity was observed on the control, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). In the cancer cell lines the peptide inhibited cellular growth through changes in mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential while remaining harmless towards HDFs. In addition, the peptide can bind to and protect nucleic acids while transporting them into both 2D cultures and 3D spheroids of cancer cells. A 9 K showed high efficiency in delivering siRNA molecules into the centre of the spheroids. A 9 K was also explored in vivo , using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) development toxicity assay, showing that the peptide is safe at low doses. Finally, a high-content imaging screen, using RNA interference (RNAi) targeted towards cellular uptake, in HCT-116 cells was carried out. Our findings suggest that active cellular uptake is involved in peptide internalisation, mediated through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These new discoveries make A 9 K attractive for future developments in clinical and biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Co-doped NiO nanoparticles were syntheses using an easy and eco-friendly and green route. • Formation of Co-doped NiO nanoparticles confirms using PXRD, UV–Vis, FESEM, EDX, and Raman analyses. • Toxicity effect of synthesized nanoparticles was tested on human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells. • Cobalt doped nanoparticles displayed a higher cytotoxic activity than pure nanoparticles. The present paper presents a green method for the synthesis of pure and 1, 3, and 5% Co doped NiO nanoparticles (Co-NiO-NP) by using the aqueous extract of Salvadora persica. The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed through PXRD, UV–Vis, FESEM, EDX, and Raman analyses. The results of PXRD, EDX, and UV–Vis affirmed the existence of well doped cobalt within the nickel oxide structure, which caused an increase in its particle size. According to PXRD finding, NiO have a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. FESEM images showed pseudo-cubic form for nickel oxide nanoparticles which this morphology changes with doped process. Raman outcome were assigned to the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode of NiO. UV–Vis outcomes presented a blue shift in the adsorption peak of NiO NP after the doping of cobalt ions into nickel oxide structure. According to the performed MTT test on the toxicity effect of synthesized nanoparticles on human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells, cobalt doped nanoparticles displayed a higher cytotoxic activity than pure nanoparticles. Therefore, we can approve the applicability of our synthesized nanoparticles in biological implementations and cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review delves into the intricate world of the Quinoline scaffold, unravelling its pivotal role as a molecular cornerstone in the relentless battle against cancer, poised to emerge as an indispensable pharmacophore in the forefront of cutting-edge drug development. [Display omitted] • Mechanisms of Quinoline Anticancer Action. • Therapeutic Promise & Implications. • Quinoline-Based Compounds Review. This article includes a thorough examination of the inhibitory potential of quinoline-based drugs on cancer cells, as well as an explanation of their modes of action. Quinoline derivatives, due to their various chemical structures and biological activity, have emerged as interesting candidates in the search for new anticancer drugs. The review paper delves into the numerous effects of quinoline-based chemicals in cancer progression, including apoptosis induction, cell cycle modification, and interference with tumor-growth signaling pathways. Mechanistic insights on quinoline derivative interactions with biological targets enlightens their therapeutic potential. However, obstacles such as poor bioavailability, possible off-target effects, and resistance mechanisms make it difficult to get these molecules from benchside to bedside. Addressing these difficulties might be critical for realizing the full therapeutic potential of quinoline-based drugs in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is among the most common malignancies for men, with limited therapy options for last stages of the tumor. There are some different options for treatment and control of prostate tumor growth. However, targeting some specific molecules and cells within tumors has been attracted interests in recent years. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has an important role in the initiation of various malignancies, which can also expand the progression of tumor and facilitate invasion of malignant cells. By regulating immune responses and distinct changes in the metabolism of cells in the tumor, TME has substantial effects in the resistance of cancer cells to therapy. TME in various solid cancers like prostate cancer includes various cells, including cancer cells, supportive stromal cells, immunosuppressive cells, and anticancer inflammatory cells. Natural products including herbal-derived agents and also other natural compounds have been well studied for their anti-tumor potentials. These compounds may modulate various signaling pathways involved in TME, such as immune responses, the metabolism of cells, epigenetics, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM). This paper provides a review of the current knowledge of prostate TME and complex interactions in this environment. Additionally, the potential use of natural products and also nanoparticles loaded with natural products as therapeutic adjuvants on different cells and therapeutic targets within prostate TME will be discussed. [Display omitted] • This review highlights the effects of natural products and nanoparticles loaded with natural products on prostate tumor microenvironment • The role of tumor microenvironment on the development, invasion, and also therapeutic resistance of prostate cancers has been discussed • The possible synergic effects of natural products on the prostate cancer therapy by anticancer modalities discussed • Promising role of nanocarriers for delivery of natural products has been discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has developed rapidly and has wide applications in biomedicine, single-cell science and other fields. SICM scanning speed is limited by the conventional raster-type scanning method, which spends most of time on imaging the substrate and does not focus enough on the target area. In order to solve this problem, a target region focused (TRF) method is proposed, which can effectively avoid the scanning of unnecessary substrate areas and enables SICM to image the target area only to achieve high-speed and effective local scanning. TRF method and conventional hopping mode scanning method are compared in the experiments using breast cancer cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells as experimental materials. It was demonstrated that our method can reduce the scanning time for a single sample image significantly without losing scanning information or compromising the quality of imaging. The TRF method developed in this paper can provide an efficient and fast scanning strategy for improving the imaging performance of SICM systems, which can be applied to the dynamic features of cell samples in the fields of biology and pharmacology analysis. [Display omitted] • Proposed a method for SICM to save scanning time by subtracting the substrate region. • Reduce scanning time without losing scanning information or lower imaging quality. • For samples with scattered structures, this method demonstrates a better effect. • This method can avoid hopping mode's dependency on the sample's angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructose is one of the most important monosaccharides in the human diet that the human body needs for proper metabolism. This paper presents an approach to study biochemical changes caused by sugars in human normal bronchial cells (BEpiC) and human cancer lung cells (A549) by Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging. Results after supplementation of human bronchial and lung cells with fructose are also discussed and compared with results obtained for pure human bronchial and lung cells. Based on Raman techniques we have proved that peaks at 750 cm−1, 1126 cm−1, 1444 cm−1, 1584 cm−1 and 2845 cm−1 can be treated as biomarkers to monitor fructose changes in cells. Results for fructose have been compared with results for glucose. Raman analysis of the bands at 750 cm−1, 1126 cm−1, 1584 cm−1 and 2845 cm−1 for pure BEpiC and A549 cells and BEpiC and A549 after supplementation with fructose and glucose are higher after supplementation with fructose in comparison to glucose. The obtained results shed light on the uninvestigated influence of glucose and fructose on lipid droplet metabolism by Raman spectroscopy methods. [Display omitted] • Raman spectroscopy allows to identify the biomarkers in BEpiC and A549 cells caused by incubation with fructose and glucose. • Raman bands at 750 cm-1, 1126 cm-1, 1444 cm-1, 1584 cm-1 and 2845 cm-1 can be treated as biomarkers to monitor fructose changes in BEpiC and A549 cells. • Raman spectroscopy allows to monitor the metabolism of lipid droplets after supplementation with glucose and fructose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer represents a significant global health concern and stands as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The identification of specific genomic alterations such as EGFR and KRAS in lung cancer has paved the way for the development of targeted therapies. While targeted therapies for lung cancer exhibiting EGFR , MET and ALK mutations have been well-established, the options for RET mutations remain limited. Importantly, RET mutations have been found to be mutually exclusive from other genomic mutations and to be related with high incidences of brain metastasis. Given these facts, it is imperative to explore the development of RET-targeting therapies and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying metastasis in RET-expressing lung cancer cells. In this study, we investigated PLM-101, a novel dual-target inhibitor of RET/YES1, which exhibits notable anti-cancer activities against CCDC6-RET-positive cancer cells and anti-metastatic effects against YES1-positive cancer cells. Our findings shed light on the significance of the YES1-Cortactin-actin remodeling pathway in the metastasis of lung cancer cells, establishing YES1 as a promising target for suppression of metastasis. This paper unveils a novel inhibitor that effectively targets both RET and YES1, thereby demonstrating its potential to impede the growth and metastasis of RET rearrangement lung cancer. [Display omitted] • The CCDC6-RET gene contributes to the growth and survival of lung cancer cells by activating the PI3K and RAS pathways. • YES1 regulates Cortactin activity to facilitate actin polymerization-dependent cancer cell metastasis. • PLM-101, a novel RET/YES1 dual-target inhibitor, effectively suppresses primary and metastatic secondary lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Soft ferromagnetic copper nanoparticles coated with β-cyclodextrin-citrate are synthesized. • Possess a size of 10 ± 3 nm and show a high drug loading capacity. • The encapsulation efficiency of the nanocarrier is 94.28% • In vitro anticancer activity on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines is examined. • The nanocarrier is a simple, low toxic, and sustained releasing drug delivery agent. Metal nanoparticles represent simple nanoscale structures that can be employed in drug delivery. The complication due to multiple elements in inorganic nanoparticles having more than one element, which leads to unprecedented toxicity, is avoided through metal nanoparticles as preferred nanocarriers. Although gold and silver nanoparticles have been explored widely for biomedical applications, copper metal nanoparticles are scarcely reported as drug delivery agents. We conducted this present study to explore the size, surface control, and magnetic and near-infrared absorption characteristics of copper nanoparticles which are particularly intriguing. In this paper, we report the hydrothermal synthesis of β-cyclodextrin citrate-coated copper nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized using XRD, FT-IR, and TGA. The nanoparticles possess a size of around 10 nm and show a near-spherical morphology as shown by the TEM image. The composition and functional groups corresponding to β-cyclodextrin-citrate are shown by X-ray photoelectron and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques respectively. The chemotherapy molecule, 5-fluorouracil, is loaded in the nanoparticles with a high encapsulation of above 94% efficiency. The time-dependent expulsion of the drug is investigated, and it occurs for over 12 hours. The in vitro cytotoxic studies on the breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) are carried out for the empty nanocarrier and the drug-loaded one. The cytotoxicity is dose-dependent and the IC 50 values of the empty and the drug-loaded nanocarriers are reported. Flow cytometric analysis and cell-cycle interruption by the empty nanocarrier and the 5-fluorouracil-loaded nanocarrier show the intervention of each sample at different phases of the cell cycle. The results show the suitability of β-cyclodextrin-citrate coated copper nanoparticles as a nanocarrier of 5-fluorouracil. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, the second-highest mortality rate is caused by breast cancer (BC). The most studied BC cell line is MCF-7 because it exhibits strong consistency with clinical cases and is a good system for analyzing tumors with functional estrogen receptors (ER-positive cancers). In this paper, we introduce the first theoretical method for describing PTEN-loss-induced cellular senescence (PICS), which is an increase in cellular senescence caused by PTEN knockout, utilizing a logical model of the G2/M checkpoint. We predict that PTEN expression acts as a switch between cell phenotypes associated with senescence and apoptosis. We show that PICS is induced by the activity of the positive feedback between AKT and mTORC2, and that overexpression of PTEN will disrupt the feedback, abrogating senescence and only leading to arrest or apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-21 can be used as a target against proliferation control because its knockout is equivalent to PTEN overexpression. We think the findings can be used to motivate new strategies for MCF-7 strain proliferation control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural killer (NK) cells are vital components of the human immune system, acting as innate lymphocytes and playing a crucial role in immune surveillance. Their unique ability to independently eliminate target cells without antigen contact or antibodies has sparked interest in immunological research. This review examines recent NK cell developments and applications, encompassing immune functions, interactions with target cells, genetic engineering techniques, pharmaceutical interventions, and implications in cancers. Insights into NK cell regulation emerge, with a focus on promising genetic engineering like CAR-engineered NK cells, enhancing specificity against tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors also enhance NK cells' potential in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology's emergence as a tool for targeted drug delivery to improve NK cell therapies is explored. In conclusion, NK cells are pivotal in immunity, holding exciting potential in cancer immunotherapy. Ongoing research promises novel therapeutic strategies, advancing immunotherapy and medical interventions. [Display omitted] • This paper reviews the research progress of NK cells in recent years. • NK cells play a crucial role in the tumor field, impacting immune function, engineering, drugs, and diseases. • It is concluded that NK cells have special value and good application prospects in tumor immunotherapy. • A deep understanding of NK cells would open up new avenues for adaptive immunity and adjuvant immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the success of immunosuppressive checkpoint in tumor therapy, the corresponding adverse response and drug resistance defects have been exposed. T cells and NK cells are the body's immune system of the two substantial main forces. in recent years, study of T cell checkpoints appeared a certain block, such as PD-1 the effect not benign, on the distribution of NK cell surface excitatory and inhibitory receptors under normal conditions to maintain steady, could be targeted in the tumor treatment blockade have therapeutic effect. This paper reviews the function of NK cells and the effects of corresponding receptors in various types of tumors, providing a direction for the selection of appropriate gate control sites for future treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]