301 results
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2. Child Mind Institute paper reveals next frontier in reproducible brain imaging for neuroscience discovery.
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BRAIN imaging ,NEUROSCIENTISTS ,HUMAN behavior ,INFORMATION technology ,FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging ,NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
The article focuses on the Child Mind Institute's new study addressing reproducibility challenges in resting state functional brain imaging. Topics include the variability between different fMRI preprocessing pipelines, the impact of this variability on research reliability, and proposed solutions for improving standardization and reproducibility in brain imaging studies.
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- 2024
3. Following FDA rejection, a journal retracts papers on MDMA-assisted therapy.
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Bell, Jacob
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HEART transplant recipients ,PSYCHOTHERAPY patients ,CLINICAL trials - Abstract
The article focuses on the retraction of three MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) therapy papers by Psychopharmacology due to "unethical conduct" and undisclosed protocol violations at a Canadian testing site. It details Lykos Therapeutics' response, including their regret for not disclosing the issues, their claim of appropriate disclosure of conflicts of interest, and their filing of a complaint for review of the journal's decision.
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- 2024
4. Children's Social Behaviors: Developmental Mechanisms and Implications.
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Ding, Xuechen and Ding, Wan
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LITERATURE reviews ,CHILD behavior ,SOCIALIZATION ,CHILDREN with developmental disabilities ,STORYTELLING - Abstract
During the socialization process in family and school contexts, children display a wide variety of social behaviors with parents and peers. Yet the developmental trajectory, the predictors and outcomes, and the neural basis of those social behaviors are largely under-investigated. To address these problems, we invited experts in the field to submit their latest findings to tell this story. The current Special Issue is a collection of papers highlighting the complexity for various social behaviors, with a focus on the complex mechanisms that link social behaviors to child socio-emotional adjustment and mediating/moderating factors among the associations. Thirteen papers illustrate empirical work in the field, two papers present new methodological concerns, and one paper that provides a comprehensive review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Exponential Authorship Inflation in Neuroscience and Psychology from the 1950s to the 2020s (Updated June 20, 2024).
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TWENTY twenties ,AUTHORSHIP ,NEUROSCIENCES ,PSYCHOLOGY ,PRICE inflation - Abstract
A recent study examined the trend of authorship size in neuroscience and psychology research papers from the 1950s to the present. The study found that the average number of authors per paper has been increasing exponentially, reaching a record high of 10.4 authors in neuroscience and 4.8 authors in psychology in 2021. Single-authored papers have become rare, particularly in primary research papers, while group authorship has become more common. The increase in authorship size is attributed to various factors, including increased research complexity, collaboration benefits, government-funded research, changing norms in authorship practices, and biased incentives in evaluation. The study raises concerns about research reproducibility, innovation, equity/diversity, and ethics, calling for policy considerations to address potential negative consequences. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
6. Exploring Animal Dreams: A Comparative Analysis of Sleep Behaviors and Neural Mechanisms Across Species.
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Turaliyeva, Alina
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SLEEP disorders ,DREAMS ,RAPID eye movement sleep ,NEUROSCIENCES ,RESEARCH methodology - Abstract
Often deemed a 'black box' resistant to scientific examination, the human mind challenges empirical inquiry--particularly in subjective experiences like dreams. However, objective empirical measures can indeed be applied to such phenomena. While there has been notable progress in understanding human dreams, the domain of sleep and dreams in non-human animals remains less explored. This review paper addresses whether animals experience dreams and, if so, the nature of these dreams. To this end, it evaluates various research methodologies, including monitoring neural activity, replaying new memories, and analyzing dream-like behaviors. It also identifies crucial sleep patterns, such as Rapid Eye Movement (REM), Slow-wave (SW) sleep, and unihemispheric sleep, that play significant roles in dreaming. Furthermore, this study proposes a novel approach for deciphering animal dream content, specifically by investigating dreaming in octopuses. The paper concludes by examining atypical sleep patterns and deviations from everyday dream experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Puff of Smoke: Moyamoya and the nursing role following STA-MCA bypass.
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Brazill, Harriet E
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CEREBRAL artery surgery ,POSTOPERATIVE care ,NURSES ,NEUROLOGIC examination ,NEUROLOGICAL nursing ,CEREBRAL angiography ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,SINGLE-photon emission computed tomography ,NEUROSURGERY ,NURSING ,MOYAMOYA disease ,CORONARY artery bypass ,CEREBRAL revascularization ,CARDIOVASCULAR disease nursing ,PATIENT monitoring ,WOUND care ,TEMPORAL arteries ,BLOOD pressure measurement - Abstract
Superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass, also referred to as STA-MCA bypass, is a direct revascularisation treatment for moyamoya disease. Moyamoya disease is a rare cerebrovascular condition characterised by progressive narrowing of the distal segments of the internal carotid arteries. Untreated, this may cause varied and progressive symptoms for patients, with a significantly increased risk of stroke annually. STA-MCA bypass is performed several times a year at Royal North Shore Hospital by specialist cerebrovascular neurosurgeons. This is a quaternary service with patient referrals received from throughout Australia. This paper will provide an overview of moyamoya, the surgical treatment and nursing care. The pre- and post-procedure nursing care for these patients is paramount, including perioperative blood pressure management, neurological assessment and wound care. The paper will also explore a case study of a patient who underwent a STA-MCA bypass, highlighting the value of specialised neuroscience nursing care, and additional considerations when managing patients living at a distance from the local health district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Phygital marketing through the lens of neuroscience and phenomenology: an interpretivist account.
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Johnson, Matt and Barlow, Rob
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NEUROMARKETING ,MARKETING ,PHENOMENOLOGY ,NEUROSCIENCES ,RELATIONSHIP marketing ,TEST design ,MARKETING executives - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the prospect of using neurophenomenology to understand, design and test phygital consumer experiences. It aims to clarify interpretivist approaches to consumer neuroscience, wherein theoretical models of individual phenomenology can be combined with modern neuroimaging techniques to detect and interpret the first-person accounts of phygital experiences. Design/methodology/approach: The argument is conceptual in nature, building its position through synthesizing insights from phenomenology, phygital marketing, theoretical neuroscience and other related fields. Findings: Ultimately, the paper presents the argument that interpretivist neuroscience in general, and neurophenomenology specifically, provides a valuable new perspective on phygital marketing experiences. In particular, we argue that the approach to studying first-personal experiences within the phygital domain can be significantly refined by adopting this perspective. Research limitations/implications: One of the primary goals of this paper is to stimulate a novel approach to interpretivist phygital research, and in doing so, provide a foundation by which the impact of phygital interventions can be empirically tested through neuroscience, and through which future research into this topic can be developed. As such, the success of such an approach is yet untested. Originality/value: Phygital marketing is distinguished by its focus on the quality of subjective first-personal consumer experiences, but few papers to date have explored how neuroscience can be used as a tool for exploring these inner landscapes. This paper addresses this lacuna by providing a novel perspective on "interpretivist neuroscience" and proposes ways that current neuroscientific models can be used as a practical methodology for addressing these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. A roadmap for digital neuroscience.
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NEUROSCIENCES ,BRAIN research - Abstract
A position paper published in the journal Imaging Neuroscience outlines the current state and future directions of digital neuroscience. The paper highlights the transformative impact of digital technologies on neuroscience, including the use of shared platforms and novel tools for scientific investigation. It emphasizes the importance of large-scale research collaborations, such as the EU Flagship Human Brain Project and its digital research infrastructure EBRAINS, in advancing neuroscience, medicine, and brain-inspired technologies. The paper identifies key areas for future research, including the development of personalized computational brain models known as "digital twins," ultra-high-resolution digital atlases and models of the brain, and the integration of neuro-derived artificial intelligence and computing innovations. The position paper was authored by over 100 researchers from around the world, and an executive summary is available on the EBRAINS research infrastructure website. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
10. Examining Phronesis Models with Evidence from the Neuroscience of Morality Focusing on Brain Networks
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Han, Hyemin
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- 2024
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11. A critique of ‘Strong Beginnings’ initial teacher education reforms: mandating neuroscience as core curriculum within the ‘what works’ movement
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Skourdoumbis, Andrew and Rowe, Emma
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- 2024
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12. Computational Tools for Neuronal Morphometric Analysis: A Systematic Search and Review
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Leite, Jéssica, Nhoatto, Fabiano, Jacob Jr., Antonio, Santana, Roberto, and Lobato, Fábio
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- 2024
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13. VR models of death and psychedelics: an aesthetic paradigm for design beyond day-to-day phenomenology.
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Glowacki, David R.
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PHENOMENOLOGY ,PSILOCYBIN ,AESTHETICS ,NEAR-death experiences ,VIRTUAL reality ,HALLUCINOGENIC drugs - Abstract
Near-death experiences (NDEs) and psychedelic drug experiences (YDEs) enable access to dimensions of non-ordinary sensation, perception, and insight beyond typical day-to-day phenomenology. Both are associated with a dissolution of conventional spatio-temporal conceptual distinctions, and a corresponding sense of connectedness and unity. Moreover, NDEs and YDEs have shown a remarkable ability to reduce the anxiety that people associate with death. In two recent papers, we showed that multi-person virtual reality experiences (VREs) designed within the 'numadelic' aesthetic (where bodies are represented as light energy rather than material objects) can elicit psychometric results comparable to YDEs. It nevertheless remains an open question why numadelic aesthetics achieve the observed results, especially given that the vast majority of VREs represent bodies as typically perceived in the 'real-world'. This article describes the origins of the numadelic aesthetic from subjective accounts of NDE phenomenology, and attempts to unravel mechanistic aspects of the numadelic aesthetic by embedding it within a more general theoretical framework. Specifically, we elaborate a 2-axis schematic grounded in predictive coding models of cognition and matter-energy ideas from physics. One axis tracks 'structural specificity', and the other tracks 'symbolic rigidity'. The majority of VREs, which emphasize photorealistic fidelity to content derived from 'day-to-day' phenomenology, are characterized by high structural specificity and high symbolic rigidity. Such approaches collapse imaginative potential into a limited low-entropy space of 'exogenous' possibility, unlike the high-entropy brain states associated with YDEs. In contrast, aesthetic domains characterized by low structural specificity and low symbolic rigidity are less concerned with fidelity to phenomenological priors, offering an expansive, 'uncollapsed' high-entropy possibility space into which participants can project meaning and corresponding endogenous insights can arise (e.g., as occurs in NDEs and YDEs). Situated within this theoretical framing, the numadelic aesthetic emerges as a practical example of an un-collapsed approach to representation, helping to explain the experimental observations within previous papers. Moreover, the theoretical framing suggests various experimental tests, and lays the groundwork for applying numadelic aesthetics to model NDEs, to help address the anxiety often associated with death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. The potential of neuroscience in transforming business: a meta-analysis.
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Khaneja, Supriya and Arora, Tushar
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BUSINESS planning ,LITERATURE reviews ,CONSUMER behavior ,NEUROSCIENCES ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,CONSUMER preferences - Abstract
Organizations that embrace innovative business strategies position themselves well for success. In this evolving technological landscape, businesses are increasingly focused on understanding consumer behaviors and preferences to tailor their products and services effectively. Notably, integrating neuroscience has become pivotal in achieving these goals, requiring its incorporation throughout various business processes. This comprehensive research review conducts a meta-analysis, synthesizing findings from numerous studies on applying neuroscience across diverse business domains. The primary objective is to identify innovative neuroscience approaches that can significantly revolutionize businesses. Through a meticulous literature exploration using PRISMA analysis, we discerned broad themes and further refined them into critical sub-themes. This thematic categorization enables a focused examination of each area of business research. The findings in this study uncovered vital intersections between neuroscience and business, offering valuable insights for corporations and researchers. In essence, the integration of neuroscientific techniques and artificial intelligence (AI)-based softwares into business practices is no longer optional, but a necessity for businesses to stay competitive in today's fast-paced world. This study, therefore, plays a crucial role in connecting the state-of-the-art tools and techniques in neuroscience and traditional business practices. It paves the way for a new era of business operations, where science and technology work hand in hand with commerce to create a more prosperous and sustainable future. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the importance of incorporating neuroscience techniques and newly developed AI-based softwares into business practices. This integration can yield precise and favorable outcomes, offering businesses the tools to thrive in an ever-changing market environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. Rebranding Gandhi for the 21st century: science, ideology and politics at UNESCO's Mahatma Gandhi Institute (MGIEP).
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Vickers, Edward
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SUSTAINABLE development ,NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
This paper analyses the development of UNESCO's Mahatma Gandhi Institute on Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP), examining its record from global, national and institutional perspectives. The global perspective encompasses challenges to UNESCO's attempts to articulate a distinctive, humanistic vision in competition with other multilateral bodies. The national perspective relates to India, which hosts MGIEP, provides the bulk of its funding and exerts significant influence over its governance. Consideration is also given to the relationship between MGIEP's work and Mahatma Gandhi's ideas. Finally, the institutional perspective relates both to the author's own experience with MGIEP, and to information gained through interviews with others involved with the institute. It is argued that MGIEP's story illuminates challenges to attempts, within India and internationally, to sustain a humanistic vision of education in the face of powerful countervailing interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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16. An Unavoidable Mind-Set Reversal: Consciousness in Vision Science.
- Author
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Albertazzi, Liliana
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GESTALT psychology ,SCIENTIFIC method ,COGNITIVE neuroscience ,PERCEPTUAL illusions ,VISUAL perception - Abstract
In recent decades, the debate on consciousness has been conditioned by the idea of bottom-up emergence, which has influenced scientific research and raised a few obstacles to any attempt to bridge the explanatory gap. The analysis and explanation of vision conducted according to the accredited methodologies of scientific research in terms of physical stimuli, objectivity, methods, and explanation has encountered the resistance of subjective experience. Moreover, original Gestalt research into vision has generally been merged with cognitive neuroscience. Experimental phenomenology, building on the legacy of Gestalt psychology, has obtained new results in the fields of amodal contours and color stratifications, light perception, figurality, space, so-called perceptual illusions, and subjective space and time. Notwithstanding the outcomes and the impulse given to neuroscientific analyses, the research carried out around these phenomena has never directly confronted the issue of what it means to be conscious or, in other words, the nature of consciousness as self-referentiality. Research has tended to focus on the percept. Therefore, explaining the non-detachability of parts in subjective experience risks becoming a sort of impossible achievement, similar to that of Baron Munchausen, who succeeds in escaping unharmed from this quicksand by pulling himself out by his hair. This paper addresses how to analyze seeing as an undivided whole by discussing several basic dimensions of phenomenal consciousness on an experimental basis and suggesting an alternative way of escaping this quicksand. This mind-set reversal also sheds light on the organization and dependence relationships between phenomenology, psychophysics, and neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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17. A Holistic and Multidimensional Methodology Proposal for a Persona with Total Visual Impairment Archetype on the Web.
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Marin-Alvarez, Esther, Carcelen-Garcia, Sonia, and Galmes-Cerezo, María
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DIGITAL technology ,VISION disorders ,WEB design ,DIGITAL media ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,EMPATHY - Abstract
The web was conceived in 1997 with the goal of universal accessibility. However, it still presents obstacles for users with diverse abilities. Although interactions in digital environments have improved the quality of life for many people, they remain a source of limitations and frustrations, up to twice as much for users with total visual impairment, which is commonly known as blindness. This article emphasizes the need to provide designers and developers with methodologies and tools that consider users with different abilities in all stages and from the beginning of the design, redesign, and development of digital products and services on the web, collecting their needs and goals and delving into their reactions and emotions. While an approach based on persona archetypes can optimally represent each group of users with disabilities throughout website design processes, serving as a communication and empathy tool for development teams and stakeholders, it is essential that this tool considers all dimensions involved in the experiences of people with disabilities. This conceptual paper develops a methodology that provides designers with a persona tool that effectively captures the goals and emotions of these users in their interaction with the web. This methodology proposal is multidimensional and holistic. It addresses conscious and subconscious dimensions, combines traditional user experience and neuroscientific techniques, focuses on total visual impairment, the most challenging in digital environments, and makes it adaptable to other disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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18. An optimized dual attention-based network for brain tumor classification.
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Masoudi, Babak
- Abstract
Brain tumors are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Different types of brain tumors are known, so the choice of treatment depends directly on the type of tumor. The classification of brain tumors is very important as a complex and challenging problem in the field of image processing. Today, deep learning methods are used to classify brain tumors. In addition to being able to detect and automatically classify all types of brain tumors, these methods significantly reduce the diagnosis time and increase accuracy. In this paper, a deep learning-based model is proposed to classify brain tumors into three classes: glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumor. In the first phase, the pre-trained network ResNet50 is used to extract features from MRI images. In the second phase, by proposing two attention mechanisms (depth-separable convolution-based channel attention mechanism and an innovative multi-head-attention mechanism), the most effective spatial and channel features are extracted and integrated. Finally, the classification phase is performed. Evaluations on the Figshare dataset showed an accuracy of 99.32%, which performs better than existing models. Therefore, the proposed model can accurately classify brain tumors and help neurologists and physicians make accurate diagnostic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. Neuroeducation meets virtual reality: theoretical analysis and implications for didactic design.
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Terrenghi, Ilaria and Garavaglia, Andrea
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VIRTUAL reality ,TEACHING ,LEARNING ,EDUCATION ,NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
Immersive Virtual Reality (I-VR) is becoming increasingly prevalent in today's society and is a technology that is being used more and more in educational contexts and whose potential for learning has been widely discussed. Taking into account the latest research in neuroscience, we want to explore the potential of using immersive virtual environments to facilitate deep learning in educational contexts that invoke the value of experience, imitation and repetition. Neurodidactics seems to offer the most interesting insights into how participation in a virtual reality session can positively affect learning processes: this suggests that it is worth focusing on the learning processes that can be generated by this emerging technology. The paper concludes with some practical suggestions for design, addressing both the didactic experience and the learning objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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20. Where in the brain is creativity? The fallacy of a creativity faculty in the brain.
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Dietrich, Arne
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CREATIVE ability ,DIVERGENT thinking ,DEFAULT mode network - Abstract
The neuroscience of creativity is built on a tacit and near universal assumption that is false. Paradoxically, this is not contentious; once made explicit, the assumption is readily conceded as false. Psychology regards creativity as made up of many complex, multifaceted, and varied cognitive and emotional processes deployed across many different domains. But we instead think of, and treat, creativity as if it were a single, separate, cohesive, and discrete thing--as in, Einstein had it. In a straightforward extension of this fallacy, cognitive neuroscientists have looked for uniquely creative cognition that (1) is distinct from all other kinds of cognition and (2) has a proprietary neural substrate. In other words, a standalone and monolithic creativity faculty in the brain that manages only creativity and all creativity. First, this paper brings into sharp focus the nature and ubiquity of this fallacy. It then outlines the alternative theoretical position that is (1) based on fundamental neural principles and (2) predicated on taking seriously the concept of creativity as complex and diverse. Like morality or secretiveness, it holds that creativity does not exist as its own, specialized entity in the brain. Instead, its neurocognitive mechanisms are distributed, embedded, and varied; that is, creativity is everywhere and multiply realizable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. Design of Bio-Optical Transceiver for In Vivo Biomedical Sensor Applications †.
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Makrakis, Dimitrios, Dambri, Oussama Abderrahmane, and Hafid, Abdelhakim Senhaji
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ELECTRON detection ,BLUE light ,VISIBLE spectra ,MEDICAL technology ,ERROR probability ,MEDICAL polymers ,BIOSENSORS ,POLYMER clay - Abstract
This paper presents an enhanced version of our previously developed bio-optical transceiver, presenting a significant advancement in nanosensor technology. Using self-assembled polymers, this nanodevice is capable of electron detection while maintaining biocompatibility, an essential feature for in vivo medical biosensors. This enhancement finds significance in the field of infectious disease control, particularly in the early detection of respiratory viruses, including high-threat pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. The proposed system harnesses bioluminescence by converting electric signaling to visible blue light, effectively opening the path of linking nano-sized mechanisms to larger-scale systems, thereby pushing the boundaries of in vivo biomedical sensing. The performance evaluation of our technology is analytical and is based on the use of Markov chains, through which we assess the bit error probability. The calculated improvements indicate that this technology qualifies as a forerunner in terms of supporting the communication needs of smaller, safer, and more efficient manufactured sensor technologies for in vivo medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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22. Bioluminescence as a functional tool for visualizing and controlling neuronal activity in vivo.
- Author
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Porta-de-la-Riva, Montserrat, Morales-Curiel, Luis-Felipe, Gonzalez, Adriana Carolina, and Krieg, Michael
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BIOLUMINESCENCE ,NEUROPHYSIOLOGY ,PHOTONICS ,OPTOGENETICS ,AEQUORIN - Abstract
The use of bioluminescence as a reporter for physiology in neuroscience is as old as the discovery of the calcium-dependent photon emission of aequorin. Over the years, luciferases have been largely replaced by fluorescent reporters, but recently, the field has seen a renaissance of bioluminescent probes, catalyzed by unique developments in imaging technology, bioengineering, and biochemistry to produce luciferases with previously unseen colors and intensity. This is not surprising as the advantages of bioluminescence make luciferases very attractive for noninvasive, longitudinal in vivo observations without the need of an excitation light source. Here, we review how the development of dedicated and specific sensor-luciferases afforded, among others, transcranial imaging of calcium and neurotransmitters, or cellular metabolites and physical quantities such as forces and membrane voltage. Further, the increased versatility and light output of luciferases have paved the way for a new field of functional bioluminescence optogenetics, in which the photon emission of the luciferase is coupled to the gating of a photosensor, e.g., a channelrhodopsin and we review how they have been successfully used to engineer synthetic neuronal connections. Finally, we provide a primer to consider important factors in setting up functional bioluminescence experiments, with a particular focus on the genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, and discuss the leading challenges that the field needs to overcome to regain a competitive advantage over fluorescence modalities. Together, our paper caters to experienced users of bioluminescence as well as novices who would like to experience the advantages of luciferases in their own hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. Demystifying neurotourism: An interdisciplinary approach and research agenda.
- Author
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Cardoso, Lucília, Araújo, Arthur, Silva, Rui, Feijó de Almeida, Giovana Goretti, Campos, Filipa, and Lima Santos, Luís
- Abstract
The academic discourse surrounding tourism's interdisciplinary approach has long piqued the interest of the scholarly community. More recently, attention has pivoted towards the intersection of neuroscience and neuromarketing within the realm of tourism, giving rise to the concept of "neurotourism". This emergence requires a comprehensive elucidation of the relevance of neuromarketing and neuroscience to the field of tourism, thereby addressing the imperative to bridge existing knowledge gaps. In light of this, the present paper endeavours to fulfil this objective by synthesizing global research in this domain. The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach, employing a hybrid systematic review methodology that encompasses a literature review encompassing nine key indicators and a bibliometric analysis through co-word analysis of author keywords. In total, our investigation unearthed 45 papers from Scopus, each exploring the application of neuroscience and neuromarketing theories and methods within the context of tourism. Among these, three papers delve into the concept of neurotourism. In this paper, we underscore the deep connection between neuroscience, neuroscientific methodologies, and neuromarketing within the realm of tourism research. The outcomes of this research significantly enhance our comprehension of the current state of neurotourism research, revealing both existing voids and emerging areas of interest. Furthermore, this study introduces a pioneering methodological approach, fusing Scival topic prominence and hybrid systematic review techniques into bibliometric analysis. Ultimately, our findings illuminate a notable research lacuna, presenting a fertile terrain for prospective investigations. Additionally, we deliberate on current trends and propose directions for future research within the neurotourism landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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24. Considering the Purposes of Moral Education with Evidence in Neuroscience: Emphasis on Habituation of Virtues and Cultivation of Phronesis.
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Han, Hyemin
- Subjects
MORAL education ,NEUROSCIENCES ,PHRONESIS ,VIRTUES ,HABITUATION (Neuropsychology) - Abstract
In this paper, findings from research in neuroscience of morality will be reviewed to consider the purposes of moral education. Particularly, I will focus on two main themes in neuroscience, novel neuroimaging and experimental investigations, and Bayesian learning mechanism. First, I will examine how neuroimaging and experimental studies contributed to our understanding of psychological mechanisms associated with moral functioning while addressing methodological concerns. Second, Bayesian learning mechanism will be introduced to acquire insights about how moral learning occurs in human brains. Based on the reviewed neuroscientific research on morality, I will examine how evidence can support the model of moral education proposed by virtue ethics, Neo-Aristotelian moral philosophy in particular. Particularly, two main aims of virtue ethics-based moral education, the habituation of virtues and the cultivation of phronesis, will be discussed as the important purposes of moral education based on neuroscientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. Structures of the dopamine transporter point to ways to target addiction and disease.
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Sitte, Harald H.
- Abstract
Three studies of the human dopamine transporter reveal how it binds to molecules such as dopamine and cocaine. Dopamine imbalances underlie some brain conditions and these data will aid targeted drug design.Insights into how molecules bind to the human dopamine transporter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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26. A Convolutional Block Base Architecture for Multiclass Brain Tumor Detection Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
- Author
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Khan, Muneeb A. and Park, Heemin
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BRAIN tumors ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks - Abstract
In the domain of radiological diagnostics, accurately detecting and classifying brain tumors from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans presents significant challenges, primarily due to the complex and diverse manifestations of tumors in these scans. In this paper, a convolutional-block-based architecture has been proposed for the detection of multiclass brain tumors using MRI scans. Leveraging the strengths of CNNs, our proposed framework demonstrates robustness and efficiency in distinguishing between different tumor types. Extensive evaluations on three diverse datasets underscore the model's exceptional diagnostic accuracy, with an average accuracy rate of 97.52%, precision of 97.63%, recall of 97.18%, specificity of 98.32%, and F1-score of 97.36%. These results outperform contemporary methods, including state-of-the-art (SOTA) models such as VGG16, VGG19, MobileNet, EfficientNet, ResNet50, Xception, and DenseNet121. Furthermore, its adaptability across different MRI modalities underlines its potential for broad clinical application, offering a significant advancement in the field of radiological diagnostics and brain tumor detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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27. Unlocking the Power of Listening: The Neuroscientific Case for Fulfilling Child and Youth Rights.
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Maggi, Stefania, Pocchi, Sebastiano, and Bendo, Daniella
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- *
CHILDREN'S rights , *CHILD welfare , *CHILD development , *EMPATHY , *NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
In this paper we situate the act of listening in the context of children's rights whilst highlighting the benefits of this practice on the psychological and neurological development of children. After unpacking the concept of listening and the role it plays in adult-child communication, we share the results of a scoping review where we examined neuroscientific studies pointing to the benefits of listening and what relevance such evidence has for children's rights implementation. As such, this paper shows that when adults listen to children in the context of safe, nurturing, and empathic interactions, children draw tangible benefits to many areas of their development. We conclude proposing enhancing adults' capacity for listening as a strategy to contribute to the fulfillment of the rights of children of all ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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28. Naive psychology depends on naive physics (Updated June 20, 2024).
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PSYCHOLOGY ,COGNITIVE neuroscience ,PHYSICS ,DEVELOPMENTAL psychology ,CLINICAL neuropsychology - Abstract
According to a preprint abstract, scholars in various fields such as psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and neuroscience have been studying how humans understand the physical and psychological aspects of other people. While some research suggests that these two domains of thought are independent, modular systems, the authors of this paper argue that our psychological reasoning actually depends on inputs from physical reasoning. They review evidence from developmental psychology, cross-cultural research, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology to support their claim that naive psychology and physics are parallel and integrated systems in human minds and brains. The paper concludes by proposing a research program to investigate this integration further. Please note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
29. A tutorial on fitting joint models of M/EEG and behavior to understand cognition
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Nunez, Michael D, Fernandez, Kianté, Srinivasan, Ramesh, and Vandekerckhove, Joachim
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Biological Psychology ,Cognitive and Computational Psychology ,Mathematical Sciences ,Statistics ,Psychology ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Neurosciences ,Bioengineering ,Clinical Research ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,Computational modeling ,Cognitive modeling ,Electroencephalography ,Magnetoencephalography ,Neuroscience ,Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing ,Cognitive Sciences ,Experimental Psychology ,Biological psychology ,Cognitive and computational psychology - Abstract
We present motivation and practical steps necessary to find parameter estimates of joint models of behavior and neural electrophysiological data. This tutorial is written for researchers wishing to build joint models of human behavior and scalp and intracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) or magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data, and more specifically those researchers who seek to understand human cognition. Although these techniques could easily be applied to animal models, the focus of this tutorial is on human participants. Joint modeling of M/EEG and behavior requires some knowledge of existing computational and cognitive theories, M/EEG artifact correction, M/EEG analysis techniques, cognitive modeling, and programming for statistical modeling implementation. This paper seeks to give an introduction to these techniques as they apply to estimating parameters from neurocognitive models of M/EEG and human behavior, and to evaluate model results and compare models. Due to our research and knowledge on the subject matter, our examples in this paper will focus on testing specific hypotheses in human decision-making theory. However, most of the motivation and discussion of this paper applies across many modeling procedures and applications. We provide Python (and linked R) code examples in the tutorial and appendix. Readers are encouraged to try the exercises at the end of the document.
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- 2024
30. Neural representations unobserved—or: a dilemma for the cognitive neuroscience revolution
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Facchin, Marco
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- 2024
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31. Libertarianism, decision-making, and a point of no return
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Mele, Alfred R.
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- 2024
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32. Psychodynamically Informed Brain Stimulation: Building a Bridge from Brain to Mind
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Austelle, Christopher W. and Seery, Erin
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- 2024
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33. Application of cellular automata in neuroscience: dynamic models of neuron populations
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Liu, Yuqian and Li, Jiao
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- 2024
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34. Human neuroscience is entering a new era — it mustn’t forget its human dimension.
- Abstract
The field is taking a leap forward thanks to innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence. Researchers must improve consent procedures and public involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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35. Drexel University College of Medicine Researchers Describe Research in Human Neuroscience (The "psychiatric" neuron: the psychic neuron of the cerebral cortex, revisited).
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CEREBRAL cortex ,RESEARCH personnel ,NEUROSCIENCES ,HUMAN experimentation ,NEURONS ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges - Abstract
Researchers from Drexel University College of Medicine have revisited a review paper published 25 years ago by Dr. Patricia Goldman-Rakic on the "psychic" neuron of the cerebral cortex. The paper focuses on the role of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and their connection to working memory and social function. The researchers discuss the circuit-level dynamics, neurotransmitter systems, and behavioral correlates of pyramidal neurons, as well as the consequences of dysfunctional pyramidal neurons on working memory and social deficits in psychiatric disease states. The study provides valuable insights into the role of pyramidal neurons in mental health. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
36. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR TIME DISTORTION IN ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.
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Rinaldi, Matthew
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- *
ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder , *PSYCHODYNAMIC psychotherapy , *EXECUTIVE function , *TIME perception , *PSYCHOANALYTIC theory - Abstract
Psychodynamic psychotherapy does not feature in current treatment guidelines for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United Kingdom. However, there is some psychoanalytic understanding of the disorder, which is corroborated in current neuroscientific theory, and supports clinicians in thinking beyond the behaviourally biased diagnosis and treatment models. One of the core features of ADHD is distortions in chronoception. This clinical paper therefore explores the psychoanalytic and neuroscientific theories of time perception as a way of exploring a discrete element of the complex idea of executive functioning more generally. It supports therapists approaching such executive dysfunction and to reconsider the treatment guidelines. A case example is used to explore how a transference‐, affect‐ and relationally‐focussed therapy can effect lasting change for people with ADHD in a way that behavioural and medication approaches do not. It is argued that such an intervention can improve oscillatory attention between subjective‐ and objective‐time and increase the capacity to self‐contain emotions. This brings patients into alignment with reality and restarts their psychic development towards themselves, others, the parental couple and grieving, which stalled in infancy. The internalised schema of the 50‐minute therapy session also provides a frame of reference for future tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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37. Theories of immune recognition: Is anybody right?
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Martins, Yuri Chaves, Rosa‐Gonçalves, Pamela, and Daniel‐Ribeiro, Cláudio Tadeu
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- *
IMMUNE recognition , *IMMUNOLOGIC memory , *B cells , *T cells , *RECOGNITION (Psychology) , *IMMUNOLOGY - Abstract
The clonal selection theory (CST) is the centrepiece of the current paradigm used to explain immune recognition and memory. Throughout the past decades, the original CST had been expanded and modified to explain new experimental evidences since its original publication by Burnet. This gave origin to new paradigms that govern experimental immunology nowadays, such as the associative recognition of antigen model and the stranger/danger signal model. However, these new theories also do not fully explain experimental findings such as natural autoimmune immunoglobulins, idiotypic networks, low and high dose tolerance, and dual‐receptor T and B cells. To make sense of these empirical data, some authors have been trying to change the paradigm of immune cognition using a systemic approach, analogies with brain processing and concepts from second‐order cybernetics. In the present paper, we review the CST and some of the theories/hypotheses derived from it, focusing on immune recognition. We point out their main weaknesses and highlight arguments made by their opponents and believers. We conclude that, until now, none of the proposed theories can fully explain the totality of immune phenomena and that a theory of everything is needed in immunology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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38. A triviality worry for the internal model principle.
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Thobani, Imran
- Abstract
The good regulator theorem and the internal model principle are sometimes cited as mathematical proofs that an agent needs an internal model of the world in order to have an optimal policy. However, these principles rely on a definition of “internal model” that is far too permissive, applying even to cases of systems that do not use an internal model. As a result, these principles do not provide evidence (let alone a proof) that internal models are necessary. The paper also diagnoses what is missing in the GRT and IMP definitions of internal model, which is that models need to make predictions that represent variables in the target system (and these representations need to be usable by an agent so as to guide behavior). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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39. The way of O: phenomenology of psychedelic use and the path to ultimate reality.
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Miller, Christopher W. T.
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HALLUCINOGENIC drugs , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *PERSPECTIVE taking , *CLINICAL medicine , *PSYCHOANALYSIS - Abstract
There has been a renewed interest in the clinical applications of psychedelics, with increasing use for a variety of psychiatric conditions. Individuals often describe psychedelic sessions as among the most significant experiences in their lives, emphasising the sense of awe, connectedness, and spiritual transformation they undergo. They can also feel they are experiencing truth and becoming aware of reality in deeper ways than ever before. As elusive as it is inescapable, Wilfred Bion’s ‘O’ denotes contact with
absolute truth , approachable through an intuitive awareness of reality that goes beyond cognitive strategies seeking to ‘know’. The state of mind cultivated to enter into such realms, to reach O, and indeed to achieve mystical experiences under psychedelics, is one of surrender and transcendence of a cognitively weighted, sensorially bound interfacing with reality. This paper outlines the neurophenomenology of psychedelic use, the concept of O, and their clinical significance vis-à-vis contemporary psychodynamic thinking. As our understanding deepens regarding the changes associated with use of psychedelics, we can draw parallels between acquisition of insight and subsequent reshaping of one’s templates and perspectives taking place through use of these drugs, and the process that occurs over the course of a psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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40. Editorial: Understanding cross-cultural differences through cognition and perception analysis: integrating neuroscience and cultural psychology, volume II.
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Tachia Chin, Chien-Liang Lin, Caputo, Francesco, and Fengpei Hu
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CROSS-cultural differences ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL anxiety ,CULTURE ,NEUROSCIENCES ,COGNITION ,PSYCHOMETRICS - Abstract
This document is an editorial introducing a collection of articles that explore the intersection of cultural psychology and neuroscience. The articles cover various topics, such as the impact of digital technologies on brain function, the role of culture in donation behavior, and the use of machine learning to predict cognitive functions. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception in a rapidly changing world. The aim of this research topic is to provide new insights and theoretical frameworks for understanding these differences in a post-pandemic world. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
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41. B-BIND: Biophysical Bayesian Inference forNeurodegenerative Dynamics (Updated July 31, 2024).
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MONTE Carlo method ,MARKOV chain Monte Carlo ,NEURODEGENERATION ,ALZHEIMER'S disease ,DISEASE progression - Abstract
A preprint abstract discusses the challenges of inferring the underlying disease state in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) progression. The paper proposes a biophysically motivated Bayesian framework called B-BIND, which models the disease state and continuously infers it from observed quantifications of multiple AD pathological proteins. The framework assigns a latent score, called pseudotime, to each pathological state, creating a pseudotemporal order of donors based on their pathological burden. The paper provides estimation algorithms and applies the methodology to data from the Seattle Alzheimer's Disease Brain Cell Atlas. This research lays the groundwork for continuous pseudotime modeling in the analysis of neurodegenerative diseases. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
42. Frontiers launches ANITI prize for the best article on AI for Neuroergonomics.
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ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,BIOMEDICAL engineering ,MEDICAL sciences ,BRAIN-computer interfaces ,MACHINE learning - Abstract
Frontiers in Neuroergonomics has launched the ANITI prize for the best article on AI for Neuroergonomics. The prize, sponsored by the Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI), aims to recognize innovative research at the intersection of AI and neuroscience. The prize is open to researchers in the field of Neuroergonomics and will be awarded to the best paper describing the use of AI techniques in neuroscience research. Submissions must be made by December 31, 2024, and the winner will be announced in 2025. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
43. Bridging Minds and Markets: Neuroeconomics Unveiling Emotional Influences on Decision-Making
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Reji, Rachel, Jaheer Mukthar, K. P., Huerta-Soto, Rosario, Angulo-Cabanillas, Luis, Villegas-Ramirez, Diego, Vega-García, Jenny, Lirion-Rodriguez, Isaura, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Alareeni, Bahaaeddin, editor, and Hamdan, Allam, editor
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- 2024
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44. Tools with general AI and no existential risk
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Hole, Kjell Jørgen
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- 2024
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45. Application Of Neuroleadership Relish Model (Six Social Cognitive Needs) As Team Development Tool By Project Managers In Bulgaria.
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Elenkova, Elena
- Abstract
Project Management is one of the main supply chains today. The project manager's responsibility is to develop a project team but he is focused on the application of methods and tools and doesn't take into consideration the fact that the human factor has a 70% impact on project success. On the other hand, Neuroleadership is a powerful tool that can be used by Project Management Professionals to understand better the human factors that impact on the project lifecycle. The purpose of that paper is to explore the application of the RELISH Model as team development tool by Project Managers in Bulgaria. The research is done among project management professionals in Bulgaria, project managers and project team members. The survey method with questions for quantitative analysis is used and the primary data is obtained directly from the respondents by a web-based questionnaire created in Google Forms and distributed by the Researcher's LinkedIn and Facebook personal profiles, and PMI Bulgaria Chapter communication channels. This study reports Seeing the facts as the most satisfied need with mean 3.8, followed by Leading the pack (3.76) and Hope for the future (3.66). Relatedness and Interpersonal Connection means are almost equal around 3.5. Expression is the need with the lowest mean level of 3.33. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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46. From autism to Alzheimer's: A large-scale animal study links brain pH changes to wide-ranging cognitive issues.
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ALZHEIMER'S disease ,CENTRAL nervous system diseases ,AUTISM ,MENTAL illness ,BRAIN diseases - Abstract
A groundbreaking research paper submitted to eLife by a global collaborative research group reveals that altered brain pH and lactate levels are common hallmarks in numerous animal models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The study, which encompasses 109 strains/conditions of mice, rats, and chicks, demonstrates that changes in brain pH and lactate levels are prevalent in a diverse range of animal models of diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, depression, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. The research suggests that altered energy metabolism may be a key factor in these disorders and could potentially lead to the development of new approaches for treatment. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
47. Synchronized neuronal activity drives waste fluid flow.
- Author
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Hablitz, Lauren and Nedergaard, Maiken
- Abstract
Active neurons can stimulate the clearance of their own metabolic waste by driving changes to ion gradients in the surrounding fluid and by promoting the pulsation of nearby blood vessels.Neurons stimulate the brain's waste disposal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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48. Commentaries on "Reconsidering the path for neural and physiological methods in consumer psychology".
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Hutchinson, J. Wesley, Reimann, Martin, Knutson, Brian, and Huber, Joel
- Subjects
- *
CONSUMER psychology , *FACIAL expression , *PREDICTION theory , *HUMAN behavior , *COGNITIVE neuroscience , *RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
The initial version of the article by Clithero, Karmarkar, Nave, and Plassmann (Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2024) was critiqued by open comments from a small group of scholars. Their suggestions encouraged the authors to clarify challenging relationships between brain processes and emotions, beliefs, and actions. The revision expanded fMRI and EEG to include measures of vision, facial expression, breathing, heart rhythms, and blood chemistry. The paper provides multiple avenues of joint work between neurological and psychological scholars. The comments below reflect different reactions to the final article. Wes Hutchinson acknowledges that neuroscience insights complement cognitive measures that generate explicit measures of thought, emotion, or preferences, but he warns that repeated measures over time are problematic for both types of measurement, and the inherent complexity of brain–behavior relationships is often underestimated. With both orientations, understanding the functioning of human behavior is akin to making sense of an orchestra, where the interactive blending of different instruments and musicians reflects a complex activity that generates sounds, emotions, and stories. Both consumer neuroscientists and psychologists need to broaden their paradigmatic approaches with bodily measures and advanced psychological procedures to overcome challenges to joint progress. Martin Reiman asserts that despite difficulties with measures that have different levels of abstraction or velocity, research has provided remarkable associations between brain activity and consumer behavior. Effective studies merging brain and behavior can effectively proceed with studies that differ in two dimensions: first, by altering the number of variables, and second, by shifting whether the scientific paradigm is inductive or deductive. In its simple form, the Excavation path explores brain activity when a person is exposed to specific statements or emotions. In its most challenging form, Integrative Studies generate predictions from theories that test the convergent validity of divergent measures and leverage skills from different researchers. Studies reflecting high levels on one dimension but low levels on the other can also provide fruitful research opportunities. Brian Knutson, like Reimann, counters the idea that consumer psychology has not lived up to its promises. He references studies showing that activity from very specific areas of the brain reliably predicts choices better than explicit ratings or choices. Such research generates deductions from increasingly precise neural maps that enable confirmation of theory. That said, he acknowledges that consumer neuroscience is not able to identify a brain button that would alter choice through manipulated neurostimulation. However, since human brains are similar across people, the depth of neural insights that are consistent across a small sample of 40 respondents may generate greater insights than conventional marketing research with 2000 respondents. The cost of neuroscience will further decrease with gains in reliability, validity, and generalizability, particularly if augmented with bodily measures. He acknowledges that the theoretical side has developed more slowly than applications, particularly applications that are supported by sponsoring organizations more satisfied with local insights than general models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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49. A new perspective on trends in psychology.
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Zagaria, Andrea and Lombardi, Luigi
- Subjects
- *
APPLIED psychology , *PSYCHOLOGY , *BEHAVIORISM (Psychology) , *HISTORY of psychology , *SCHOOL psychology , *INDUSTRIAL psychology - Abstract
The current paper aimed to analyze quantitatively the trends of four major schools of thought in scientific Psychology (neuroscience, cognitivism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis) and their intersections, covering the period from 1979 to 2020. We utilized a rigorous methodology across three distinct sources: Mainstream Psychology (MP), Highly Influential Journal (HIJ), and non-English papers (NEP). Our findings align with previous research in two aspects: psychoanalysis and behaviorism have significantly declined, cognitivism remains a prominent trend. However, we deviate from prior studies by recognizing that neuroscience may be considered the most influential trend and that trends exhibit less linearity than previously assumed. We also acknowledge the significance of NEP, which manifest an independent pattern as compared to the other sources and that may reveal what happens in the "periphery" of Psychology. It is noteworthy that NEP demonstrated a still lively contribution from psychoanalysis. Our study also highlights the insularity and lack of cross-fertilization among psychological subdisciplines, despite the widespread claims to the contrary. It eventually supports the inference that scientific Psychology is a non-paradigmatic or pre-paradigmatic discipline, pointing out the dominance of applied psychology and confuting the notion of overarching "grand theories". • Methodological Advancement : The paper introduces an improved methodology for analyzing trends in four major schools of thought in psychology. • Dominance of Neuroscience : Our findings suggest that neuroscience can be considered the most influential trend in scientific psychology. • Decline in Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism : Psychoanalysis and behaviorism exhibit significant declines in prominence. • Prominence of Cognitivism : Cognitivism continues to maintain a prominent position in psychology. • Stability and Dispersion : Trends in psychology exhibit more stability and dispersion than previously assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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50. Making AI a partner in neuroscientific discovery.
- Subjects
LANGUAGE models ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,NEUROSCIENTISTS - Abstract
A perspective paper in the journal Neuron discusses the potential benefits of using Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, in neuroscience research. LLMs have the ability to interpret and analyze neuroscientific data, including neuroimaging, genetics, and clinical reports, more comprehensively than a single human researcher. The authors argue that LLMs specialized in different areas of neuroscience could communicate with each other, bridging gaps in research and uncovering new insights. However, the full potential of LLMs would require improved infrastructure and a cultural shift towards a more data-driven scientific approach. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
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