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Legal evaluation of criminal responsibility has a long and controversial history that has trended toward greater considerations of defendants' intelligence and other psychological factors. The authors examine a 1928 criminal case that illustrates legal intelligence assessments and expert psychological testimony related to the insanity defense in the United States at that time. James Deacons, a 15-year-old with a cognitive disability, provided multiple coerced and contaminated confessions to homicide and sexual assault. The judge then sought mental health and intelligence assessments of Deacons to evaluate the potential for an insanity defense or other consideration of Deacons' intelligence that could lead to treatment rather than prison. The authors review the biography of the experienced intelligence assessor, Eugene C. Rowe. The authors consider Rowe's preassessment biases, including eugenic biases and other proguilt biases, before examining Rowe's multiple violations of protocol. These violations inflated Deacons' intelligence test score and eliminated legal consideration of Deacons' intelligence; Deacons then pleaded guilty. The authors contrast the evaluation of Deacons with H. H. Goddard's (1914) evaluation of Jean Gianini, including distinct outcomes. The authors connect this case to the larger histories of the insanity defense, expert testimony by psychologists, and perceptions of people with low intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four metalloporphyrinic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were successfully synthesized and exhibited enhanced activities for the photooxidation of a sulfur mustard simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). Among them, a Sn-porphyrin functionalized 2D MOF, namely CSLA-21-NH2(Sn), showed a half-life of 1.5 min for CEES oxidation under blue LED, featuring as one of the fastest photocatalysts for CEES degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this multiple case study was to investigate engagement in the collegiate concert band setting. Research questions were: (1) How do collegiate band students describe their engagement in large ensemble rehearsals? (2) How do collegiate band directors describe engagement in large ensemble rehearsals? and (3) What does rehearsal engagement look like in action? Cross-case analysis suggested that student engagement is related to personal/temporal factors, the repertoire and instructional strategies, and interpersonal factors among students and between the student and director. Directors spoke of the responsibility and pressure they felt to encourage independence and the challenges of establishing a collaborative, agentic environment. Observation field notes reflected variety in body language, liveliness, and hands-on interactions and technology distractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-pot photocatalytic method is reported for the generation of dehydroprolines, valuable precursors to 5-aryl prolines. Imines, obtained via simple condensation of aminocyclopropane carboxylates (ACPC) with a broad range of aldehydes, were employed in this transformation without purification. We demonstrate this energy-transfer (EnT) enabled Cloke-Wilson-type rearrangement affords both the rare 1,2-dehydroprolines or the more thermodynamically favored 1,5-isomers with up to >20 : 1 selectivity in both directions, using an identical catalytic system from the same starting material. Syntheses of intermediates of bioactive molecules in high yields and selectivity highlight this enabling transformation. Mechanistic studies support the proposed triplet-triplet EnT mode of activation, distinct from the previously developed singlet excited states accessed via UV excitation., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background and Purpose: Kidney disease (KD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, affecting 〉10% of the global population. Two of the most common causes of KD are diabetes and acute kidney injury (AKI), both of which induce mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in renal proximal tubular damage/necrosis. Thus, pharmacological induction of mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) may provide a therapeutic strategy to block the onset/progression of KD. Here, we evaluated the pharmacological and potential therapeutic effects of a novel MB-inducing oxindole agent, MC16., Experimental Approach: Primary cultures of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) were used to evaluate the cellular signalling and MB-inducing effects of MC16. Mice were used to determine the MB-inducing effects of MC16 in vivo, and the metabolic effects of MC16 on the renal cortical metabolome. Mouse models of AKI and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) were used to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MC16 to ameliorate acute and diabetic nephropathy., Key Results: MC16 activated the PI3K-AKT-eNOS-FOXO1 axis and induced MB in RPTCs. MC16 induced MB and altered the renal cortical metabolome of mice. MC16 accelerated renal recovery, reduced vascular permeability, and diminished mitochondrial dysfunction following AKI. MC16 decreased diabetes-induced renal swelling, improved renal and mitochondrial function, and diminished interstitial fibrosis in DKD mouse models., Conclusion and Implications: MC16 is a novel compound that induces MB and ameliorates acute and diabetic nephropathy in mice. This study underscores that targeting MB following the onset of renal/metabolic insults may provide a therapeutic strategy to mitigate the onset and/or progression of KD., (© 2025 British Pharmacological Society. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.)

Background/aaims: Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an inherited retinal disease that is often associated with high myopia and can be caused by pathological variants in multiple genes, most commonly CACNA1F , NYX and TRPM1 . High myopia is associated with retinal degeneration and increased risk for retinal detachment. Slowing the progression of myopia in patients with CSNB would likely be beneficial in reducing risk, but before interventions can be considered, it is important to understand the natural history of myopic progression., Methods: This multicentre, retrospective study explored CSNB caused by variants in CACNA1F , NYX or TRPM1 in patients who had at least 6 measurements of their spherical equivalent of refraction (SER) before the age of 18. A mixed-effect model was used to predict progression of SER overtime and differences between genotypes were evaluated., Results: 78 individuals were included in this study. All genotypes showed a significant myopic predicted SER at birth (-3.076D, -5.511D and -5.386D) for CACNA1F , NYX and TRPM1 respectively. Additionally, significant progression of myopia per year (-0.254D, -0.257D and -0.326D) was observed for all three genotypes CACNA1F , NYX and TRPM1 , respectively., Conclusions: Patients with CSNB tend to be myopic from an early age and progress to become more myopic with age. Patients may benefit from long-term myopia slowing treatment in the future and further studies are indicated. Additionally, CSNB should be considered in the differential diagnosis for early-onset myopia., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Background: Reverse (RTSA) and anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (ATSA) are the gold standard surgical treatments for symptomatic glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA). Typically, these procedures are pursued after exhausting medical management and non-arthroplasty procedures. There is little reliable evidence focused on non-arthroplasty treatments for glenohumeral OA, although their use is widespread. To understand the treatment patterns and healthcare spending associated with degenerative shoulder pathologies, we sought to determine the costs and utilization rates of non-arthroplasty treatment modalities in the two years prior to shoulder reconstruction. We then compared these patterns between patients who went on to RTSA and ATSA., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a nationwide private insurance payer database looking at patients who had either RTSA or ATSA from 2018-2020. Of these patients, we looked at the percentage who had injections, non-arthroplasty surgical procedures, and physical therapy in the two years prior to arthroplasty and compared the utilization of procedures and costs prior to RTSA and ATSA. We also looked at the demographics of these populations., Results: In total 9,756 patients underwent primary TSA, with 4292 (44%) receiving RTSA and 5464 (56%) ATSA. In comparison to RTSA, the ATSA patients were younger (59 vs. 62 years old, p<0.001), more likely to be male (64% vs. 51%, p<0.001), and had lower co-morbidity scores (2.25 vs. 2.90, p < 0.001). Patients who had ATSA were more likely to have an injection beforehand (65% vs. 59%, p < 0.001). In contrast, patients who had a RTSA were more likely to undergo a procedure (14% vs. 6%, p<0.001) and more likely to undergo physical therapy (41% vs. 36%, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of imaging in the 2 years prior to shoulder replacement. The per patient cost for the treatment of these shoulders in the 2 years prior to reconstruction were lower for ATSA in comparison to RTSA ($5,748 vs. $15,233, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: These data provide a baseline for understanding current trends regarding the non-arthroplasty treatment of shoulder pathology prior to shoulder replacement. As the utilization of RTSA continues to grow, the difference in non-arthroplasty interventions used and costs prior to RTSA in comparison to ATSA is notable with nearly 3-times higher per patient spending prior to RTSA. The cost data highlights the significant amount of resources being devoted to these treatments, and further research is needed to determine the efficacy and optimal utilization of non-arthroplasty treatments prior to shoulder replacement., Level of Evidence: Level III; Retrospective Cohort Comparison using Large Database; Epidemiology Study., (Copyright © 2025 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Receptors for carboxylate anions have many possible biomedical applications, including mimicry of the vancomycin group of antibiotics. However, binding carboxylates in water, the biological solvent, is highly challenging due to the hydrophilicity of these polar anions. Here we report, for the first time, the recognition of simple carboxylates such as acetate and formate in water by synthetic receptors with charge-neutral binding sites. The receptors are solubilised by polyanionic side-chains which, remarkably, do not preclude anion binding. The tricyclic structures feature two identical binding sites linked by polyaromatic bridges, capable of folding into closed, twisted conformations. This folding is hypothesised to preorganise the structures for anion recognition, mimicking the process which generates many protein binding sites. The architecture is suitable for elaboration into enclosed structures with potential for selective recognition of biologically relevant carboxylates., (© 2024 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)