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Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle, is renowned for its potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, primarily attributed to its active compound, silymarin. This study investigates the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Silybum marianum extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. The extract was prepared through ethanol-based solvent extraction and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, revealing the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids. Hepatoprotective efficacy was assessed by measuring serum biochemical markers such as AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and MDA levels, alongside histopathological analysis of liver tissues. Rats treated with Silybum marianum extract showed significant improvements in liver function and oxidative stress markers compared to the CCl4 control group. The extract also enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). These findings suggest that Silybum marianum holds therapeutic potential for protecting the liver against oxidative damage and inflammation. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate its efficacy and optimize therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The anti-diabetic effects of Chamaerops humilis methanol extract (CHME) and five identified compounds named: tricin-7-rutinoside (1), tricin (2), dihydrotricin (3), (salcolin A) (4a), (salcolin B) (4b), and (-)-(5s, 6s)-5,6-dihydro-3,8,10-trihydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethoxy 7H benzo [e] xanthen-7-one (5) were evaluated in-vivo and in-vitro. • The beneficial activities of CHME were attributed to its phenolic content. • CHME extract exhibited an antidiabetic effect by controlling hyperglycaemia and reducing the inflammatory response including TNF-α, IL6, and MMP-1, were downregulated by CHME treatment. • Molecular docking simulations indicated that compounds 1, 2, and 3 had higher binding energies compared to the reference drug acarbose when tested against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Five compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Chamaerops humilis L. and characterized as tricin-7-rutinoside (1), tricin (2), dihydrotricin (3) diasteroisomer of tricin 4′-O(erythro-β-guaiacyl glyceryl) ether (salcolin A)(4a), tricin-4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacyl glyceryl) ether (salcolin B) (4b) and (-)-(5s, 6s)-5,6-dihydro-3,8,10-trihydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethoxy 7H benzo [e] xanthen-7-one (5). Their structures were elucidated by comparing their spectral data with those reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, compounds (3-5) were reported here for the first time from Chamaerops humilis. The methanolic extract of Chamaerops humilis (CHME) and the five isolated compounds were studied for its anti-diabetic effect using in vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assay that showed a significant activity. The toxicological study indicated that CHME was safe up to 5000 mg/kg bw. Two doses were selected for the in vivo study (800 and 1600 mg/kg bw) and orally administered to high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 10 consecutive days. The results revealed that the CHME improved the blood glucose levels in a dose dependent manner, the dose 1600 mg/kg showed the best results dependently along the period of the experiment. CHME and the five isolated compounds were evaluated in silico for their anti-diabetic effect. The anti-inflammatory effect of CHME (1600 mg/kg bw) was proved by significant downregulation of expression for interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) genes. In conclusion, CHME and its constituents may be a potential hypoglycemic agent working through the anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibitory pathways. The docking studies demonstrated that compounds Tricin7-rutinoside and Salcolin isomers had promising binding energies of -9.10 kcal/mol and -8.70 kcal/mol, respectively, against α-amylase. These binding energies were superior to that of acarbose, which had a binding energy of -7.60 kcal/mol. In addition, docking analysis provided promising results for the inhibition of α-glucosidase by Tricin7-rutinoside and Dihydrotricin with binding affinity -7.9 kcal/mol and -7.9 kcal/mol, respectively while the binding affinity of acarbose is -6.40 kcal/mol. Overall, the methanolic extract from Chamaerops humilis exhibited good in silico of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition potential. These findings suggest that these compounds may have potential as anti-diabetic agents, with further research needed to verify their efficacy and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taraxacum officinale , a cosmopolitan perennial, is widely used as an edible, fodder, honey, and medicinal plant. Interestingly, detailed LC-QTOF-MS profiling of the flower extract revealed the presence of several flavonoid signals, most likely lacking literature confirmation. Targeted isolation, including extraction based on DoE planning, led to the isolation of 11 flavonoids, three of which were new ( 16 , 18 , and 33 ). Their structures were determined by the NMR technique. Both biflavones ( 16 and 18 ) were structured by two luteolin molecules, linked by a C-C bond through IB (C-6') and IIA (C-6″ or C-8″) rings. Novel flavonolignan ( 33 ) was composed of tricin and an unusual carboxyl function containing a lignan moiety. The content of 28 flavonoids (glycosides, aglycones, biflavones, and flavonolignans) was determined by the LC-MS/MS method in raw flowers and dandelion syrups and tincture. Multivariate analyses showed the separation of spring and autumn flowers and a high diversity of food products and helped to identify metabolites correlated with the samples.