Search

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess differences in the effects of income level on the primary and secondary prevention of stroke in the Chinese population. Material and methods: This was a population-based study using data from a China Kadoorie Biobank survey that began in 2004 in 10 geographical regions. Community residents (n = 512,715) aged 30–79 years were recruited. Stroke was determined by the self-reporting of a doctor’s diagnosis, and participants with a high risk of stroke were identified using the model developed in the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China study. Results: The final numbers of people included in this study were 8,884 with stroke and 218,972 with a high risk of stroke. The participants’ income level was positively associated with high levels of physical activity and the consumption of a healthy diet, but negatively associated with the control of alcohol consumption (all p < 0.05). In addition, positive associations were observed between the control of smoking and the use of antiplatelet and antihypertensive medication for primary prevention (all p < 0.05), but there was a negative association with the control of blood pressure (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Low-income individuals were less likely to control smoking and their diet and use preventive medications, while high-income individuals were less likely to control their alcohol consumption and blood pressure. Moreover, medication use was low for both primary and secondary prevention in high-income individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport ridership has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries. Investigating passengers' public transport mode choice behavior during large-scale public health incidents can uncover the major influential factors and help propose policies and strategies to reduce the pandemic transmission and recover the public transport revenue. This study develops an integrated choice and latent variables (ICLV) model by income based on structural equation model to model passengers' public transport choice behavior during the normalized stage of the pandemic. The model considers passengers' socioeconomic attributes, travel attributes, and attitude-perception attributes, and can appropriately capture passengers' psychological latent attributes. Taking Beijing China as an example, we collect some revealed preference survey data online. The modeling results show that the risk perception as a mediator variable has a significant impact on mode preference. Moreover, the convenience of public transport has the largest influence on risk perception. These findings suggest that risk perception and the convenience of public transport play a major role in passengers' mode choice behavior. In addition, the impacts of the various influential factors on the public transport mode choices are significantly different across different income groups. Further, the ICLV model can achieve better performance and is superior to the traditional Multinomial Logit model. The modeling framework can help propose targeted and instructive strategies during the normalized stage of the pandemic by uncovering the major influential factors in passengers' public transport mode choices, which is applicable to similar pandemics in the future. • The socioeconomic attributes, travel attributes, and attitude-perception attributes are systematically considered to study passengers' public transport mode choice behavior during the normalized stage of the pandemic. • The integrated choice and latent variables (ICLV) model can appropriately capture the psychological latent attributes. • Risk perception has statistically significant impact on passengers' public transport mode choice behavior while the convenience of public transport mode has the largest influence on risk perception. • The ride-hailing and shared bike are commonly acknowledged as being less risky than subway and bus. • The effectiveness of the ICLV model considering different income groups is demonstrated through numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to study some economic variables, which it sees as the main reasons that pushed children towards the labor market, by answering the research questions related to the reasons for child labor that pushed children towards the labor market and the circumstances of their families. Therefore, child labor is a phenomenon closely linked to the economic aspect, because the economic level represents one of the basic variables that push the individual towards work in any society, as economic reasons top the list among the reasons leading to children's involvement in work. The low standard of living of the family plays a role in children's orientation towards the labor market instead of continuing in school or combining the two, and this is what studies and research that paid attention to child labor indicated, as families with low and even medium incomes are sometimes forced to throw some of their children into the labor market in order to obtain part of their material requirements. The sample size was based on the economic activity represented by the activity (commercial, industrial and agricultural) in the district. The sample size studied was (700) boys and girls distributed between both sexes, as the number of males was (434) children and the number of females was (66) girls in the study area from children aged between (6-14) years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the persistence of the sovereign debt / GDP and sovereign debt / GDP per capita series for the five largest European economies and the US using fractional integration. We use historical data starting in 1800 for the US and the UK, in 1861 for Italy and in 1880 for Germany, France and Spain. The results indicate high degrees of persistence of debt-to-GDP and debt per capita ratios with clear evidence of no mean reversion in both debt indicators. We also find evidence of correlation with the primary deficit, supporting the idea that one of the causes of this debt persistence is precisely the primary deficit persistence. Empirical results support the need for a better coordination between fiscal and monetary policies to enhance debt control in the countries under examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the impact of financial literacy on the investment behaviour of higher education teachers in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India, employing a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The research adopts an explanatory design with a quantitative methodology to elucidate the relationship between financial literacy (independent variable) and investment behaviour (dependent variable), while considering income level as a moderating variable. The target population consists of higher education teachers within the NCR region, with a sample size of 412 respondents collected through an online Google Form survey between March 2024 and June 2024. Financial literacy is dissected into three dimensions: Basic Knowledge, Decision Making, and Sources of Knowledge. Investment behaviour is evaluated through four dimensions: Investment Awareness, Investment Preferences, Investment Frequency, and Investment Objectives. The main hypothesis posits that financial literacy positively influences the investment behaviour of higher education teachers in NCR, while the moderation hypothesis suggests that income level strengthens this relationship for higher income groups. The findings are anticipated to provide valuable insights into how financial literacy can be enhanced to foster better investment decisions among educators, ultimately contributing to their financial well-being. This study also aims to inform policy makers and educational institutions about the importance of integrating financial literacy programs into the professional development of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of demographic factors on bond investment decisions (BID) among retail investors in Ahmedabad, utilizing a sample of 200 respondents. The regression analysis reveals that while age and education levels do not significantly influence BID, income level plays a crucial role, with higher income correlating negatively with BID. This suggests that wealthier investors may adopt more conservative or diversified investment strategies. The visualizations, including scatter plots, box plots, histograms, and Q-Q plots, support the robustness of the regression findings by illustrating the distribution and residuals of BID. The results align with the objectives of understanding how demographic factors affect investment behavior and offer insights into the nuances of investor decision-making. Future research should explore additional demographic variables and longitudinal data to deepen understanding. The global implications of this study emphasize the need for tailored financial strategies and educational initiatives to address diverse investor needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s digital landscape, digital financial literacy (DFL) has become a critical skill due to the widespread adoption of digital financial services. However, there remains a dearth of research on how demographic factors influence DFL, especially in developing countries like India. Understanding the influence of demographic variables on DFL is critical for evaluating and refining existing policies aimed at promoting digital financial inclusion. This study examines the influence of various demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, employment class, employment sector, income level and education level on DFL among residents of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of India. The study, which surveyed 499 residents of the NCT, used the Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples to analyse the data. The results reveal differences in DFL levels depending on age, gender, marital status, employment sector, income level and education. In particular, men, unmarried people, high earners, young adults and employees with a high level of education show a higher DFL level. These findings offer valuable insights for policy makers, financial institutions, and educators to develop interventions tailored to the specific needs of demographic groups to promote digital financial literacy and inclusion across India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is intended to assess the influence of income level, financial behavior and financial management on financial well-being. This research is quantitative in nature and involves a population that includes various variables, such as age, gender, occupation, and level of income/pocket money (monthly) in Sukaragam village. The sampling method in this research used non-probability sampling. Data was obtained from a number of respondents through questionnaire distribution, both conventionally and via online Google Form. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 26 software by applying the multiple linear regression method. Descriptive statistical approaches, instrument testing, classical assumption testing, and hypothesis testing were also used in the data analysis process for this research. The research results show that income level and financial management do not have a significant influence on financial well-being. On the other hand, financial behavior has been proven to have a significant positive influence on financial wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAutistic adults are at elevated risk for depression. However, longitudinal data on the trajectory of depressive symptoms and its associated factors in autistic adults are scarce.MethodsA community sample of 315 autistic adults participated in a two-year longitudinal study from the beginning of (March 2020) to the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2022). They provided five waves of data on self-reported depressive symptoms and sociodemographic and life circumstances information.ResultsMultilevel model results showed that autistic adults reported large between-individual variability in self-reported depressive symptoms, and on average, they experienced an increase (i.e., worsening) in self-reported depressive symptoms over the two years of the study. Autistic adults with a depression history and lower annual household income reported higher levels of depressive symptoms. More importantly, autistic adults reported lower depressive symptoms when they were engaged in work or school, and those who had higher levels of depressive symptoms at the start of the study were more reactive to changes in work or school participation.ConclusionsFindings from the current study have implications for potential venues of depression treatment in autistic adults around promoting employment/education, providing symptom monitoring, and addressing mental health disparities for those with lower incomes.

AbstractFinancial development significantly bolsters a country’s economic growth and resilience. Despite increasing focus on the relationship between financial development and economic growth, few studies examine the impact of financial development on domestic investment across countries’ income levels. Therefore, this study employs the system Generalized Method of Moments estimator and the Pooled Mean Group estimator to investigate this relationship, utilizing a panel of 152 countries from 1980 to 2021. The empirical findings affirm that financial development positively influences investment performance until a specific threshold over time. However, while increasing financial development benefits investment, further deepening the financial sector may eventually diminish its impact on domestic investment. Specifically, the benefit of investment growth remains valid only up to a threshold of 0.5147, beyond which it becomes a hindrance. In the short run, financial development changes do not substantially impact investment. Additionally, the marginal effect of financial development on investment is more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries. These empirical findings provide valuable reference for enhancing financial development to foster investment growth.

Abstract Background Understanding how medical students respond to financial and non-financial incentives is crucial for recruiting health workers and attracting health talents in medical education. However, both incentives are integrated in working practice, and existing theoretical studies have suggested that various income levels may influence the substitution effect of both incentives, while the empirical evidence is lacking. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the intrinsic motivation. This study aimed to explore the substitution effect of extrinsic incentives at different income levels, also taking intrinsic altruism into account. Methods We used the behavioral data from Zhang et al.’s experiments, which involved discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to assess the job preferences of medical students from six teaching hospitals in Beijing, China. The incentive factors included monthly income, work location, work environment, training and career development opportunities, work load, and professional recognition. Additionally, a lab-like experiment in the medical decision-making context was conducted to quantify altruism based on utility function. Furthermore, we separated the choice sets based on the actual income and distinguished the medical students on altruism. The willingness to pay (WTP) was used to estimate the substitution effect of incentives through conditional logit model. Results There was a significant substitution effect between non-financial and financial incentives. As income increased, non-financial incentives such as an excellent work environment, and sufficient career development became relatively more important. The impact of the increase in income on the substitution effect was more pronounced among individuals with higher altruism. Concerning the non-financial incentive work environment, in contrast to the growth of 546 CNY (84 USD) observed in the low-altruism group, the high-altruism group experienced a growth of 1040 CNY (160 USD) in the substitution effect. Conclusions The increase in the income level exerted an influence on the substitution effect of non-financial incentives and financial incentives, especially in high-altruism medical students. Policymakers should attach importance to a favorable environment and promising career prospects on the basis of ensuring a higher income level. Medical school administrations should focus on promoting altruistic values in medical education, enhancing talent incentives and teaching strategies to encourage medical students to devote themselves to the medical professions.

This study examined the bidirectional impact of Chinese agricultural subsidy policies on agricultural efficiency and farmers' income. It employed panel data from 2004 to 2020 across 31 Chinese provinces, and the three-stage least squares method was used for simultaneous estimation. Different regions and farmer types were analysed separately. The findings revealed a significant bidirectional impact of the agricultural subsidy policy on agricultural efficiency and farmers' income, signifying a strong positive feedback loop. Varied types and levels of subsidy policies differently impacted regions and farmer categories, showcasing diverse outcomes and adaptive responses to subsidy policies. The ratio of total subsidy to GDP (SUBGDP) positively impacted production efficiency and per capita disposable income. This result suggests that the subsidy policy helped enhance agricultural production efficiency and increased farmers' income levels. Conversely, the ratio of various subsidies to the total subsidy manifested different directions and degrees of impact on production efficiency and per capita disposable income, suggesting areas where the subsidy policy framework can be optimised. In addition to presenting a theoretical discussion on agricultural subsidy policies, this study provides theoretical insights and policy recommendations for the formulation and implementation of an optimal agricultural subsidy policy.

Background The towering peaks of the Himalayas lie in troves of captivating hill destinations, especially in India. Each destination aims to provide tourists with unique experiences and breath-taking landscapes. Understanding the tapestry of factors that weave the allure of these destinations and draw visitors from diverse backgrounds remains intriguing. Method This study delves into the socio-demographic tapestry of Himalayan hill destination selection, unraveling the complex interplay of demographic characteristics, social influences, and individual motivations that shape tourists’ choices. Results This study aims to answer why different tourists have different travel choices and what factors are the drivers behind such choices. The results show that destination selection factors are similar irrespective of respondents’ socio-demographic variabilities; however, for a few factors, the results are reversed. Conclusion The study has implications for policymakers and the limitations of the research discussed at the end.

This study’s primary objective is to examine how the Chilean and Indian post-secondary systems have responded to the challenge of equity in access to higher education and the influence of some institutional measures on inclusion. Access to higher education institutions must be equitable for applicants and institutions. In the Chilean case, the relationship between access and equity is examined from different perspectives on the applicant’s characteristics, such as family income, secondary schooling, and gender. The other two views are the type of institution students select and get admission to based on the institutions’ ownership (public vs. private). The study primarily uses data from CASEN and SIES databases between 1990 and 2017. The data is analyzed after providing a brief theoretical foundation on equity and its importance in higher education. The second section delves into the data on equity access to higher education in India, focusing on the factors of caste, class, and gender. In this section, primary data was collected from reputable government institutions such as the MHRD (Ministry of Human Resource Development) and the National Sample Survey Organisation, spanning the period 1995–2014. Finally, the third section analyzes and compares the results of equity of access to higher education between India and Chile. Drawing from the previous discussions, the section also highlights the successful policies that can be mutually implemented in these countries for positive results. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of equity of access to higher education in India and Chile, offering valuable insights into the factors that influence the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between certain economic and psychological factors and demographic characteristics of Slovene taxpayers, such as gender, income level and size of settlement as it is becoming important for a country's tax compliance framework to align with the tax recommendations of global institutions. The results show some gender differences, with males being less likely to feel guilty or bad if taxes are not paid in full than females, whereas females tend to have the opinion that working for cash-in-hand payment without paying tax is not a trivial offence. Taxpayers with low incomes tend to agree that tax evasion is morally acceptable if tax rates are too high. Taxpayers from rural settlements exhibit a higher tendency to feel morally obligated to pay their taxes than taxpayers from urban settlements. The findings indicate that the vast majority of taxpayers feel morally obligated to pay their taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide poses a major public health challenge, claiming around 650 lives annually in Norway. There is limited understanding of mental healthcare utilization patterns preceding suicide, particularly relating to socioeconomic status (SES). This study analyzes mental health service use among Norwegian citizens aged 20–64 from 2009 to 2021, emphasizing disparities related to SES. Methods: This is a population-wide registry-based study. We include mental health consultations with both primary and specialist healthcare services, and investigate patterns of service use regarding educational attainment, employment status and income and compare this to the population in general. All suicides in the period (N = 4731) are included in the study. The aim is to investigate potential discrepancies in service use the year and month preceding suicide, seeking to enhance targeted preventive interventions. Results: Our results show significant variations in healthcare use for mental health problems the last year preceding suicide, according to the components of SES, for both men and women. Those with higher education utilize the mental healthcare services prior to suicide to a higher degree than men and women with high school education or less, whereas employed men and men with high income level have significantly lower mental healthcare usage prior to suicide both the last year and month compared to the non-employed men and men with low-income level. Employed women also had a lower mental healthcare usage, whereas the results regarding income are not significant for women. Conclusion: Mental healthcare use prior to suicide varies across the SES components. Notably, the SES groups exhibit heterogeneity, with gendered patterns. Targeted interventions for low consultation rates among employed men, and men with high income and lower education are needed, while women, and men in at-risk groups, such as the non-employed and those with low income, demonstrate higher mental healthcare utilization, warranting comprehensive suicide prevention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding how medical students respond to financial and non-financial incentives is crucial for recruiting health workers and attracting health talents in medical education. However, both incentives are integrated in working practice, and existing theoretical studies have suggested that various income levels may influence the substitution effect of both incentives, while the empirical evidence is lacking. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the intrinsic motivation. This study aimed to explore the substitution effect of extrinsic incentives at different income levels, also taking intrinsic altruism into account. Methods: We used the behavioral data from Zhang et al.'s experiments, which involved discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to assess the job preferences of medical students from six teaching hospitals in Beijing, China. The incentive factors included monthly income, work location, work environment, training and career development opportunities, work load, and professional recognition. Additionally, a lab-like experiment in the medical decision-making context was conducted to quantify altruism based on utility function. Furthermore, we separated the choice sets based on the actual income and distinguished the medical students on altruism. The willingness to pay (WTP) was used to estimate the substitution effect of incentives through conditional logit model. Results: There was a significant substitution effect between non-financial and financial incentives. As income increased, non-financial incentives such as an excellent work environment, and sufficient career development became relatively more important. The impact of the increase in income on the substitution effect was more pronounced among individuals with higher altruism. Concerning the non-financial incentive work environment, in contrast to the growth of 546 CNY (84 USD) observed in the low-altruism group, the high-altruism group experienced a growth of 1040 CNY (160 USD) in the substitution effect. Conclusions: The increase in the income level exerted an influence on the substitution effect of non-financial incentives and financial incentives, especially in high-altruism medical students. Policymakers should attach importance to a favorable environment and promising career prospects on the basis of ensuring a higher income level. Medical school administrations should focus on promoting altruistic values in medical education, enhancing talent incentives and teaching strategies to encourage medical students to devote themselves to the medical professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CES Psicologia is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the influence of income level on fertility intention of migrant women in China, and to provide theoretical support for the formulation and implementation of supporting measures to enhance the fertility intention of migrant women. Methods Based on the survey data of health and family planning of floating population in 2018, the influence of income level on fertility intention of migrant women was analyzed by ologist regression model, and robustness test and heterogeneity test were carried out. Results The results of ologist model regression analysis showed that the income level had a significant positive effect on the fertility intention of migrant women (OR = 1.182, 95% CI: 1.096-1.274, P < 0.01). The robustness test and heterogeneity test showed that the positive effect of income level remained stable. Conclusion Migrant women with higher income levels have higher fertility intention, and income levels have a positive effect on the fertility intention of migrant women. This suggests that a variety of measures including raising the income level on all fronts could be taken to enhance the fertility intention of migrant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study endeavors to discern the determinants influencing individual travel mode preferences within the urban landscape of Multan City, located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Methodologically anchored in primary data acquired through an online questionnaire, a judicious application of convenient sampling facilitated the assimilation of pertinent information. Employing the binary regression Logit model, the discernments proffer that variables such as income, total distance, gender, and fuel expenditure exert a significant influence on the selection of travel mode. Conversely, the variables of age and possession of a driving license were found to be non-contributory to the individuals' choices in travel mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian Federation is the biggest country in the world, which consists of 89 entities. Vast territory, a lot of nationalities and confessions, different climate and mentality create conditions for differentiation in the standard of living of people. In present circumstances unevenness is typical of the development of social and economic systems in countries and in persons. Economy of the 6th technological structure is characterized by high degree of automation and advanced technologies, which gives an opportunity to raise labour productivity and cut costs. However, not all regions can adapt to new requirements of this economic model. In this economy it is necessary both to modernize equipment and technology and constantly develop human labour resource. According to the Maslow pyramid, the standard of life means the degree of population needs satisfaction. The standard of life of the population in the country is connected with people prosperity, accumulation of human capital and the level of human development. In Russia and in the whole world the problem of the population standard of life became drastic during the global finance crisis 2008–2010 and COVID-19 pandemic. The UN in 2020 prepared the rating of countries by standard of life based on the Human Development Index. Today it is quite clear that human potential is becoming the main indicator of social and economic development of mankind. Human potential is a sum total of opportunities, capabilities and resources that each person possesses for self-development, attaining his/her goals and valuable participation in society. It includes intellectual, creative, physical, emotional and social abilities, as well as knowledge, skills and experience, that person can use to resolve problems and overcome difficulties. Human potential is inexhaustible and it can be developed and realized during the whole life. The authors identified problems of shaping and developing human capital in regions of the Russian Federation: ecological and climatic factors, differentiation in income level and quality of education programs. As a result of the analysis a project approach to resolving these problems was proposed.

Abstract Background Low household income (HI), comorbidities and female sex are associated with an increased risk of dementia. The aim of this study was to measure the mediating effect of comorbidity and HI on the excess risk due to gender in relation to the incidence and prevalence of dementia in the general population. Methods A retrospective and observational study using real-world data analysed all people over 60 who were registered with the Basque Health Service in Gipuzkoa. The study measured HI level, the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), age and sex. The prevalence and incidence of dementia were analysed using logistic regression and Poisson regression models, respectively, adjusted by HI, sex, comorbidity and age. We estimated the combined mediation effect of HI and comorbidity on the prevalence of dementia associated with gender. Results Of the 221,777 individuals, 3.85% (8,549) had a diagnosis of dementia as of 31 December 2021. Classification by the CCI showed a gradient with 2.90% in CCI 0–1, 10.60% in CCI 2–3 and 18.01% in CCI > 3. Both low HI and gender were associated with a higher crude prevalence of dementia. However, in the CCI-adjusted model, women had an increased risk of dementia, while HI was no longer statistically significant. The incidence analysis produced similar results, although HI was not significant in any model. The CCI was significantly higher for men and for people with low HI. The mediation was statistically significant, and the CCI and HI explained 79% of the gender effect. Conclusions Comorbidity and low HI act as mediators in the increased risk of dementia associated with female sex. Given the difference in the prevalence of comorbidities by HI, individual interventions to control comorbidities could not only prevent dementia but also reduce inequalities, as the risk is greater in the most disadvantaged population.

Background The towering peaks of the Himalayas lie in troves of captivating hill destinations, especially in India. Each destination aims to provide tourists with unique experiences and breath-taking landscapes. Understanding the tapestry of factors that weave the allure of these destinations and draw visitors from diverse backgrounds remains intriguing. Method This study delves into the socio-demographic tapestry of Himalayan hill destination selection, unraveling the complex interplay of demographic characteristics, social influences, and individual motivations that shape tourists’ choices. Results This study aims to answer why different tourists have different travel choices and what factors are the drivers behind such choices. The results show that destination selection factors are similar irrespective of respondents’ socio-demographic variabilities; however, for a few factors, the results are reversed. Conclusion The study has implications for policymakers and the limitations of the research discussed at the end.

This study measures the impact of financial inclusion on human development in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. Despite rapid economic progress, these three South Asian countries still lag in improving their state of inequality, poverty, and unemployment. Using panel data and applying the generalized method of moments (GMM), this study finds a positive impact of financial inclusion on human development, specifically on income level, life expectancy, and educational attainment. It is expected that the outcome-based recommendations of this study will help policymakers optimize the benefits of financial inclusion in accelerating human development in the three highly promising emerging South Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The informal sector is an economic sector consisting of small business units, which produce and distribute goods and services, with the main aim of creating employment opportunities and opportunities to earn income for those involved. The informal sector plays an important role in development planning, especially in developing countries. So this research discusses a study that is closely related to the informal sector. This research aims to determine the influence of financial attitudes, financial literacy, and income level on informal sector financial management behavior among basic food traders in Praya City, Central Lombok. The sample used was 103 respondents. The sampling technique uses probability sampling. In explaining the research results, the data analysis technique uses Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis based on Partial Least Square (PLS). The research results show that the financial attitude and income level variables with financial management behavior have a positive relationship with financial management behavior and do not have a significant effect. However, the financial literacy variable shows a positive relationship and has a significant effect on financial management behavior. This implies that an individual's financial decisions will be greatly influenced by their financial knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigated the inequalities in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among cancer survivors in Korea, focusing on income and education levels. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were utilized to analyze these disparities. Methods: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2021 was analyzed. The HRQoL was assessed using the EQ-5D questionnaire, which included five problem areas: mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Logistic regression was employed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for each education and income level, indicating the probability of reporting problems. Furthermore, the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were calculated to evaluate the inequalities in HRQoL. Results: Among the 3396 cancer survivors, a considerable proportion reported pain/discomfort (29.6%) and mobility problems (21.1%). The logistic regression results demonstrated a higher likelihood of experiencing problems in all five EQ-5D items among individuals with lower income or education levels. Specifically, compared to the high-income group, the adjusted ORs for mobility problems were 2.19, 1.64, and 1.08 for the low, low-medium, and medium–high-income groups, respectively (p-value < 0.05). Notably, significant income inequalities in HRQoL problems were observed, with the greatest disparities seen in self-care and usual activity problems, as indicated by the SII and RII values. Conclusion: Socioeconomic disparities in HRQoL exist among cancer survivors in Korea, particularly related to income levels. Addressing the financial burdens of cancer treatment for individuals with low-income levels may help improve their HRQoL and mitigate these inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is the ending of one's own life for economic, psychological, and social reasons. Suicide cases worldwide occur mostly in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of economic indicators of low and middle-income countries on suicide rates by panel data analysis method. The dependent variable is the (crude) suicide rate. The independent variables are gross domestic product, per capita income, general unemployment rate, poverty level, and Gini index value. In the study, two different econometric models were developed. In Model 1, it was predicted that a 1% increase in the poverty level of countries in the middle-income group could lead to an increase of 0.66% in the suicide rate. In Model-2, it was estimated that a 1% increase in the per capita income of low-income countries would cause a 0.52% decrease in the suicide rate. It was predicted that a possible increase of 1% in the Gini index value would cause an increase of 0.24% and 0.32% in the suicide rates of middle- and low-income countries, respectively. Although there are various factors affecting the suicide rate in society, there are often economic reasons at the root of the problem. The consequences of the unequal distribution of income in a poorer society can be more devastating. Although the results of the study are important in terms of revealing the effect of economic indicators on suicide rates more research is needed in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age, gender, and tax rates on tax compliance with income level as a moderating variable at KPP Pratama Jakarta Tanah Abang Dua. This study uses a quantitative approach with an emphasis on testing theory by measuring numbers and conducting data analysis. The measurement model or outer model used in this study is the convergent validity test, discriminant validity test, and reliability test. Tax compliance has a major impact on state revenues. This situation is in accordance with the compliance level data obtained from the Jakarta Tanah Abang Dua KPP Pratama, namely during 2017 to 2021 where the realization of Tax Compliance is still unstable from the Tax Compliance target. The results of this study indicate that Age and Tax Rates have a significant effect on Tax Compliance and Income Levels can moderate significantly, so the older a person is and one's belief in the currently set tax rate, the higher the level of Tax Compliance. While gender has a negative effect on tax compliance and income levels cannot be significantly moderated, the increase in tax compliance is not based on a person's gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial development significantly bolsters a country's economic growth and resilience. Despite increasing focus on the relationship between financial development and economic growth, few studies examine the impact of financial development on domestic investment across countries' income levels. Therefore, this study employs the system Generalized Method of Moments estimator and the Pooled Mean Group estimator to investigate this relationship, utilizing a panel of 152 countries from 1980 to 2021. The empirical findings affirm that financial development positively influences investment performance until a specific threshold over time. However, while increasing financial development benefits investment, further deepening the financial sector may eventually diminish its impact on domestic investment. Specifically, the benefit of investment growth remains valid only up to a threshold of 0.5147, beyond which it becomes a hindrance. In the short run, financial development changes do not substantially impact investment. Additionally, the marginal effect of financial development on investment is more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries. These empirical findings provide valuable reference for enhancing financial development to foster investment growth. PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT: Investment is pivotal for sustaining long-term economic growth, fostering development, expanding market access, promoting innovation, and reducing transaction costs. This research aims to examine the impact of financial development on domestic investment across countries with varying income levels. Utilizing the system generalized method of moments (GMM) and the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator, the study analyzes a panel of 152 countries from 1980 to 2021. The findings reveal a positive influence of financial development on investment performance, particularly up to a certain threshold in the long run. Importantly, as countries' income levels rise, the significance of financial development on investment performance becomes more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries. However, with the deepening of the financial sector, its effect on domestic investment may eventually diminish. These results underscore the importance of considering the optimal level of financial development to foster investment growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to test whether taxpayer awareness and income level affect land and building tax in Margosari village, Kulon Progro district, Yogyakarta. This type of research is quantitative, with the research object being rural and urban building taxpayers in Margosari Village, Kulon Progo District, Yogyakarta. The population in this study were all land and building taxpayers in Margosari village, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta. The sample collection technique taken by the researcher uses a non-probability sampling technique with a purposive sampling method, namely one of the sampling intentionally with specific considerations from the researcher. Samples in this study were selected based on criteria, namely samples with land and building rights. The results of this study indicate that taxpayer awareness and income level significantly and positively affect taxpayer compliance in Margosari Village, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the mechanism of shopping difficulties for low‐income groups in central Tokyo, where economic disparity is progressing due to gentrification. Through questionnaire and interview surveys, as well as analysis of time‐series environmental changes, we found that since 2000, shopping difficulties have been induced by the decline of shopping streets and the upgrading of supermarkets in parallel. Furthermore, in the areas where the percentage of high‐income groups due to redevelopments has significantly increased, luxury supermarkets opened at the same time as the construction of luxury condominiums, making it difficult for affordable supermarkets to locate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate the differences and causes behind distracted driving behavior among drivers with varying income levels. A comparative survey of 1121 drivers in Huainan City, China, was conducted, including 562 drivers from high-end communities representing the high-income group, and 559 drivers from general communities representing the low-income group. Employing social norms, risk perception, and experience as independent variables, the study further examines the role of in-group bias as a mediating variable, with distracted driving behavior serving as the dependent variable, through the construction of two structural equation models for analysis. The study found that among the high-income driver group, in-group bias significantly mediates the impact of social norms, risk perception, and experience on distracted driving behavior; however, this mediating effect is less pronounced in the low-income driver group. This finding is crucial for understanding the potential distracted driving behaviors induced by in-group bias within the high-income driver group and for effectively promoting driving safety. In summary, this research provides new insights into reducing distracted driving behavior among the high-income driver group, thereby enhancing road safety.

China’s rural residents have basically solved the problem of subsistence, but due to aging, the prevalence of sarcopenia (abbreviated as sarcopenia) has been increasing year by year, especially the skeletal muscle health of the rural older residents has not been sufficiently paid attention to, so analyses of the impact of income level on the skeletal muscle health of the older people in rural areas of China are of great practical significance. Based on the annual data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2006, 2009, and 2011, we introduced the mediator variable of dietary knowledge and used the Probit model regression, mediation effect model, and instrumental variable regression to assess the skeletal muscle health status of the rural older people in China and explore the mechanism of the influence of the income level on the skeletal muscle health of the rural older residents in China. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of income level on the skeletal muscle health status of older adults living in rural areas of China and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. By analyzing the findings of this study, our aim is to establish a correlation between the economic status and skeletal muscle health of older adults in rural communities, as well as elucidate the influence of income level and dietary knowledge on their skeletal muscle health. Through the attainment of these objectives, we hope to provide valuable insights and recommendations for enhancing skeletal muscle health among the rural older population in China. Based on our research findings, it can be inferred that there was a significant association between the financial status of rural older adults and their skeletal muscle health. Additionally, the prevalence of sarcopenia was lower among individuals with higher income levels, and there was a negative correlation between the prevalence of sarcopenia and the level of dietary knowledge among rural older individuals. The knowledge of dietary knowledge level of rural older people plays a mediating role in the income level and the prevalence of sarcopenia. Moreover, with the change in income level and the increase in age, the change in skeletal muscle health status showed obvious heterogeneity, in which the effect on the relatively younger (65–70 years old) samples was greater. Therefore, sustained income growth remains an effective way to improve the skeletal muscle health of older rural residents. At the same time, improving dietary knowledge and dietary quality among the older people is important in preventing a decline in muscle strength and physical function and in preventing the onset of sarcopenia.

In underdeveloped nations, microfinance has drawn a lot of attention as an effective tool for reducing poverty and promoting economic empowerment as potent stimulators of income level. This is achieved through channelization of credit to the poor and unbanked segment of the economy to help them engage in new productive business activities or to sustain or expand existing ones. This paper examines the relationship between microfinance banks activities and income level in Nigeria, using per capita income (PCI) as the dependent variable, and microfinance banks activities such as loan and advances (LADV), deposit mobilization (TDEP) and other non-banking financial activities (NBFIN) as independent variables. The research adopted quantitative design and employed regression analysis in analysing the effect of microfinance bank activities on income level in Nigeria between 1995 to 2022. The findings were that the activities of microfinance banks account for more than 53% of the variation in per capita income. The paper thus concluded that these institutions make financial markets accessible to individuals and households so they can finance investments and boost their per capita income. It recommends that microfinance banks should seek to mobilize deposits from the underserved demography of the economy to help the economically active but underserved segment of Nigerian society raise their standard of living.

Abstract This study analyzed the mechanism of shopping difficulties for low‐income groups in central Tokyo, where economic disparity is progressing due to gentrification. Through questionnaire and interview surveys, as well as analysis of time‐series environmental changes, we found that since 2000, shopping difficulties have been induced by the decline of shopping streets and the upgrading of supermarkets in parallel. Furthermore, in the areas where the percentage of high‐income groups due to redevelopments has significantly increased, luxury supermarkets opened at the same time as the construction of luxury condominiums, making it difficult for affordable supermarkets to locate.

Background: The exposure of pregnant women to multiple environmental pollutants may be more disadvantageous to birth outcomes when compared to single-compound contaminations. Objective: This study investigated the mixed exposures to mercury, manganese, or lead in 380 pregnant Surinamese women. The factors that might be associated with the heavy metal exposures and the relative risk of the potential factors to cause the mixed exposures were explored. The influencing factors of exposures to mixed contaminants assessed were living in Suriname’s rural regions, several parts of which are contaminated with heavy metals emitted from artisanal and small-scale gold mining and agricultural activities; the consumption of potentially contaminated foods; advanced maternal age; as well as a relatively low formal educational level and monthly household income. Methods: Descriptive statistics were used to calculate frequency distributions and χ2-contingency analyses to calculate associations and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings: Blood levels of two or three of the heavy metals above public health limits were observed in 36% of the women. These women were more often residing in the rural regions, primarily consumed potentially contaminated food items, were 35 years or older, were lower educated, and more often had a lower household income. However, only living in the rural regions (RR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.23–1.77) and a low household income (RR = 1.38; 95% CI 1.15–1.66) significantly increased the risk of exposure exceeding levels of concern to two or three of the heavy metals (by 48% and 38%, respectively). Conclusion: More comprehensive pharmacological, ecological, and epidemiological studies about exposures to mixed heavy metal contaminations in pregnant women are warranted.

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased in low- and middle-income countries and in marginal areas of developed countries . In Spain, it grew by 3.42% from 1993 to 2020. In the Canary Islands, the increase was even greater., Objectives: The main one was to evaluate the possible relationship of the income level with DM, different markers of metabolic control and the use of Primary Care services, in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (LPGC). Secondary ones are to determine the prevalence of DM in the city of LPGC, to describe the sociodemographic characteristics, the use of Primary Care services of the population with DM, the level of registry of variables related to metabolic control and the main process indicators and intermediate results of the metabolic control in the population with DM in the city of LPGC., Material and Method: All patients with DM over 14 years of age, living in LPGC as of 12/31/22 were included. Data were collected from the electronic medical records of the Canarian Primary Care Service, the National Institute of Statistics and the National Tax Agency., Results and Conclusion: The overall prevalence of DM was 11.39%. The mean age of participants was 67.06 years (SD=13.86), lower in men than in women. The groups with low or moderate income accounted for more than 40% of the prevalence each, while those with high income barely accounted for 10%. Higher income levels corresponded to lower use of health resources and registration of metabolic variables, while decreasing income levels were associated to higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, worse lipid and glycemic profiles and higher risk of diabetic foot. The middle-income group showed the highest prevalence of pathological/uncertain diabetic retinopathy, lower glomerular filtration and higher LDL levels., (Copyright © 2024 SEEN and SED. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This systematic review assessed the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing interpersonal communication between family physicians and patients with chronic diseases., Methods: We searched three databases (Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane) for published empirical studies reporting interpersonal communication between adults with chronic conditions and their family physicians. Gender, sex, race or ethnicity, low levels of literacy and/or health knowledge, and lower level of education or income were the factors of interest. Pairs of independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and appraised quality of the studies using MMAT-2018. We conducted descriptive and content analyses with a narrative synthesis., Results: From 7579 identified deduped studies, we included 12 with a total of 22266 participants. Suboptimal interpersonal communication in several domains was more incident amongst ethnic minorities (p < 0.01) and individuals with lower language proficiency (p < 0.05)., Discussion and Conclusion: Studies used sex and gender interchangeably. The classifications of racial and ethnic origin, income, and education levels were inconsistent. Our findings suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors can affect deleteriously in-encounter interpersonal communication., Practice Implications: This review might help guide a communication curriculum for medical students and increase awareness of potential health inequalities pathways in clinical practice., Registration Number: CRD42023411895 (PROSPERO platform)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Low back pain is a severe global health problem. To face this issue, testing interventions using rigorously performed randomized controlled trials is essential. However, it is unclear if a country's income level is related to the quality of trials conducted., Objective: To compare the frequency and methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of physical therapy interventions for low back pain conducted in countries with different income levels., Methods: This meta-epidemiological study retrieved trials from the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The methodological quality was evaluated using the 0-10 PEDro scale. Then we calculated the mean differences with a 95 % confidence interval and performed an ANOVA test with Bonferroni correction to compare the PEDro scores between income groups., Results: We included 2552 trials; 70.4 % were conducted in high-income countries. The mean (standard deviation) PEDro score of all trials was 5.5 (0.03) out of 10. Trials from low- or lower-middle-income countries had lower methodological quality than those from upper-middle- and high-income countries, but the mean difference was small (-0.6 points (95 % CI -0.9, -0.3), and -0.7 points (95 % CI -1.1, -0.5) respectively)., Conclusion: Income level influences the methodological quality of trials of physical therapy intervention but is not the only factor. Implementing strategies to improve the methodological rigor of trials in patients with low back pain is necessary in all countries, regardless of income level., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors have no competing interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Our study aimed to identify the social domains that pose the greatest barriers to managing and supporting pwCF, particularly in relation to income levels., Methods: To identify associations between income and health outcomes in pwCF in our center the shorter form of the survey "Your Current Life Situation" (YCLS) was used in face-to-face interviews. Participants were also asked to complete the validated Turkish versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) to assess depression and anxiety, respectively., Results: In total, 282 pwCF were included in this study. 51.1 % were female (n = 144), mean (±SD) age was 13.8 (±8.7) years and 75 % (n = 211) were <18 years old. The median (IQR) values of pwCF; FEV 1pp (percent predictive) 83 % (41-97), BMI (body mass index) 17 kg/m 2 (15∼20), BMI z-score -0.1 (-1∼0.3). Of the pwCF in the study 89 % (n = 251) had an income below the poverty threshold and 21 % (n = 60) of them had an income below the hunger threshold. The results of YCLS survey showed that the highest level of insecurity was in the social domain (68.5 %, n = 193); this was followed by health and clinical care (62.1 %, n = 173), financial (37.9 %, n = 106), and food insecurity (37.2 %, n = 103). All individuals experiencing housing insecurity stated that they had requested help from local organisations., Conclusion: The study highlights the substantial socioeconomic challenges faced by pwCF, a significant majority live below the poverty threshold and experience high levels of social and health insecurity, underscoring the need for comprehensive support systems to address these issues., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess differences in the effects of income level on the primary and secondary prevention of stroke in the Chinese population., Material and Methods: This was a population-based study using data from a China Kadoorie Biobank survey that began in 2004 in 10 geographical regions. Community residents ( n = 512,715) aged 30-79 years were recruited. Stroke was determined by the self-reporting of a doctor's diagnosis, and participants with a high risk of stroke were identified using the model developed in the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China study., Results: The final numbers of people included in this study were 8,884 with stroke and 218,972 with a high risk of stroke. The participants' income level was positively associated with high levels of physical activity and the consumption of a healthy diet, but negatively associated with the control of alcohol consumption (all p < 0.05). In addition, positive associations were observed between the control of smoking and the use of antiplatelet and antihypertensive medication for primary prevention (all p < 0.05), but there was a negative association with the control of blood pressure ( p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Low-income individuals were less likely to control smoking and their diet and use preventive medications, while high-income individuals were less likely to control their alcohol consumption and blood pressure. Moreover, medication use was low for both primary and secondary prevention in high-income individuals., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Termedia & Banach.)

Research on riverine microplastics has gradually increased, highlighting an area for further exploration: the lack of extensive, large-scale regional variations analysis due to methodological and spatiotemporal limitations. Herein, we constructed and applied a comprehensive framework for synthesizing and analyzing literature data on riverine microplastics to enable comparative research on the regional variations on a large scale. Research results showed that in 76 rivers primarily located in Asia, Europe, and North America, the microplastic abundance of surface water in Asian rivers was three times higher than that in Euro-America rivers, while sediment in Euro-American rivers was five times more microplastics than Asia rivers, indicating significant regional variations (p < 0.001). Additionally, based on the income levels of countries, rivers in lower-middle and upper-middle income countries had significantly (p < 0.001) higher abundance of microplastics in surface water compared to high-income countries, while the opposite was true for sediment. This phenomenon was preliminarily attributed to varying levels of urbanization across countries. Our proposed framework for synthesizing and analyzing microplastic literature data provides a holistic understanding of microplastic disparities in the environment, and can facilitate broader discussions on management and mitigation strategies. [Display omitted] • Constructed a framework for large-scale regional river microplastic analysis. • Integrated microplastic data from 76 rivers mainly in Asia, Europe, North America. • Detected regional variation in microplastics in bulk water and volume methods. • Contrasted microplastic pattern in water and sediment: Asia vs. Euro-America. • Observed higher in mid-income water, more prevalent in high-income sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the stochastic properties of the US real estate market in the long term (1987–2023). For this purpose, we rely on fractionally integrated methods to fill the gap left by studies focusing on possible cointegration that use linear unit root tests. Both original and log transformed data of house price indices have been used with and without taking inflation into account. Even though several studies mentioned mean reversion in the short term, in the long term the real estate market shows a clear pattern of high persistence and no reversion to the mean. The effect of inflation seems to add correlation to real prices and conversely, an increase in the integration factor. Structural breaks reveal that recent values of this integration factor are greater, thus prices are becoming more persistent. • Analysis of the stochastic properties of the US real estate market (1987-2023) with fractionally integrated methods • The real estate market prices shows a clear pattern of high persistence and no reversion to the mean • Inflation seems to add correlation to real prices and conversely, an increase in the integration factor • Structural breaks reveal that recent values of the integration factor are becoming explosive (d>2) in nominal price series • Recent values of real time series show are d<2, but the I(2) null hypothesis cannot be rejected in the confidence interval [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The towering peaks of the Himalayas lie in troves of captivating hill destinations, especially in India. Each destination aims to provide tourists with unique experiences and breath-taking landscapes. Understanding the tapestry of factors that weave the allure of these destinations and draw visitors from diverse backgrounds remains intriguing., Method: This study delves into the socio-demographic tapestry of Himalayan hill destination selection, unraveling the complex interplay of demographic characteristics, social influences, and individual motivations that shape tourists' choices., Results: This study aims to answer why different tourists have different travel choices and what factors are the drivers behind such choices. The results show that destination selection factors are similar irrespective of respondents' socio-demographic variabilities; however, for a few factors, the results are reversed., Conclusion: The study has implications for policymakers and the limitations of the research discussed at the end., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2024 Badoni M et al.)