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Prenatal stress exerts long-term impact on neurodevelopment in the offspring, with consequences such as increasing the offspring's risk of depression in adolescence and early adulthood. S-ketamine can produce rapid and robust antidepressant effects, but it is not clear yet whether and how S-ketamine alleviates depression in prenatally stressed offspring. The current study incestigated the preliminary anti-depression mechanism of S-ketamine in prenatally stressed offspring, particularly with regard to neuroplasticity. The pregnant females were given chronic unpredictable mild stress on the 7th-20th day of pregnancy and their male offspring were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of S-ketamine (10 mg/kg) on postnatal day 42. Our findings showed that S-ketamine treatment counteracted the development of depression-like behaviors in prenatally stressed offspring. At the cellular level, S-ketamine markedly enhanced neuroplasticity in the CA1 hippocampus: Golgi-Cox staining showed that S-ketamine alleviated the reduction of neuronal complexity and dendritic spine density; Transmission electron microscopy indicated that S-ketamine reversed synaptic morphology alterations. At the molecular level, by western blot and RT-PCR we detected that S-ketamine significantly upregulated the expression of BDNF and PSD95 and activated AKT and mTOR in the hippocampus. In conclusion, prenatal stress induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress leads to depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal neuroplasticity impairments in male offspring. S-ketamine can produce antidepressant effects by enhancing hippocampal neuroplasticity via the BDNF/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Environmental insults during early development heavily affect brain trajectories. Among these, maternal infections, high‐fat diet regimens, and sleep disturbances pose a significant risk for neurodevelopmental derangements in the offspring. Notably, scattered evidence is starting to emerge that also paternal lifestyle habits may impact the offspring development. Given their key role in controlling neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and shaping neuronal circuits, microglia represent the most likely suspects of mediating the detrimental effects of prenatal insults. For some of these environmental triggers, like maternal infections, ample literature evidence demonstrates the central role of microglia, also delineating the specific transcriptomic and proteomic profiles induced by these insults. In other contexts, the analysis of microglia is still in its infancy. Fostering these studies is needed to define microglia as potential therapeutic target in the frame of disorders consequent to maternal immune activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterations in the gut microbiome have been linked to obesity, with maternal high‐fat diet (HF) playing a role in shaping offspring microbiome composition. However, the sex‐specific responses to maternal HF diet and the impact of subsequent dietary challenges remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of maternal HF diet on offspring gut microbiota structure and predicted functional profile in response to short‐term postnatal HF diet exposure with a focus on sex‐specific responses. Female and male offspring of maternal control (C) diet or maternal HF diet were weaned onto C diet or HF diet. Offspring were euthanized at 13 weeks of age and cecal contents were collected for bacterial taxonomic profiling. Maternal HF diet reduced α‐diversity, notably in male offspring weaned onto HF diet. Sex‐specific differences were observed in the gut microbial composition and predicted functional potential. Furthermore, the influence of maternal diet on bacterial community structure and functional potential varied depending on postnatal diet. Maternal HF diet led to increased relative abundance of Corynebacterium in female offspring and decreased abundance of Akkermansia and Roseburia in male offspring. These findings underscore the sexually dimorphic nature of maternal HF diet effects on gut microbiota composition and function, with implications for developmental programming and metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prenatal alcohol exposure poses significant risks to offspring mental health. However, the interplay between genetic predispositions to mental health disorders and prenatal alcohol exposure remains incompletely understood, limiting our ability to develop effective interventions for these conditions. Methods: Data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were analyzed to explore associations between polygenic risk scores (PRS) for mental disorders and maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Logistic regression and structural equation modeling were utilized to assess these relationships. Results: Maternal alcohol consumption after pregnancy awareness was significantly associated with an increased genetic risk for specific mental health disorders, particularly bipolar disorder in offspring. The relationship between maternal alcohol consumption and mental health outcomes was influenced by polygenic risk scores, with both externalizing and internalizing problems being affected. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the specific interaction between increased genetic risk for bipolar disorder and prenatal alcohol exposure in shaping offspring mental health outcomes. The significant associations we observed underscore the importance of considering both polygenic risk scores and prenatal alcohol exposure when assessing mental health risks in children. These insights emphasize the need for targeted interventions that address both genetic predispositions and environmental exposures to better understand and mitigate the impact on offspring mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning alterations in the child population may be linked to gestational diabetes as a causal factor, though this remains an open and highly controversial question. In that sense, it has been reported that maternal hyperglycemia generates a threatening condition that affects hippocampal development in offspring. The pyramidal cells of the CA3 subfield, a key structure in learning and memory processes, are particularly important in cognitive deficiencies. We evaluate the effect of the hyperglycemic intrauterine environment on hippocampal histomorphometry in offspring, correlating it with spatial learning and memory, as well as the morphology of dendrites and spines in 30-day-old pups (P30). The maternal hyperglycemia affected the body weight, height, and brain size of fetuses at 21 days of gestation (F21), newborn pups (P0) and P30 pups from diabetic rats, which were smaller compared to the control group. Consequently, this resulted in a decrease in hippocampal size, lower neuronal density and cytoarchitectural disorganization in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in the offspring at the three ages studied. The behavioral tests performed showed a direct relationship between morpho-histological alterations and deficiencies in learning and memory, as well as alterations in the morphology of the dendrites and spines. Therefore, knowing the harmful effects caused by gestational diabetes can be of great help to establish therapeutic and educational strategies that can help to improve learning and memory in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the impact of levothyroxine (L-T4) administration at different time points on pregnancy outcomes and offspring development in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Methods: In this retrospective study, medical records of 107 patients with SCH treated in Huzhou Nanxun District People's Hospital from February 2021 to March 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Of them, 55 patients received treatment before eight gestational weeks (Early group), and 52 patients received treatment after eight gestational weeks (Mid group). Levels of thyroid function indicators, occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, occurrence of adverse reactions, and development of offspring before and after the treatment were compared. Results: After the treatment, the thyroid function indicators in both groups improved compared to before treatment, and the improvement in the Early group was significantly better than that in the Mid group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the early group (5.45%) was lower than that in the mid group (19.23%) (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the groups (P>0.05). The scores of fine motor, gross motor, language, personal-social behavior, and adaptability in offspring of patients the Early group were higher than those of the mid group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Early administration of L-T4 is safe and can effectively improve thyroid function in SCH patients, reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes, and ensure growth and development of offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies demonstrate that maternal obesity and maternal allergy are major risk factors for asthma in offspring. However, the impact of maternal allergy and obesity on offspring lung insulin signaling and allergen responsiveness is not known. To evaluate this, allergic and nonallergic female mice were fed a high-fat diet or low-fat diet from 7 wk before pregnancy until weaning. Neonatal pups were allergen-sensitized and allergen-challenged and then were assessed for obesity, insulin signaling, and allergic inflammation. Compared with pups of nonobese nonallergic mothers, allergen-challenged pups of obese nonallergic mothers, nonobese allergic mothers, and obese allergic mothers had bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophilia, with the pups of obese allergic mothers having the highest BAL eosinophilia. These pups also had lower insulin-induced lung AKT phosphorylation, indicating a decrease in lung parenchymal insulin sensitivity. In cross-fostering experiments, allergen-challenged pups exposed to both pre- and postnatal obese allergic mothers had the highest level of BAL eosinophilia. Maternal obesity or allergy increased offspring serum allergen-specific IgE and interleukin-5 that was highest when the mother was both obese and allergic. Also, allergen-challenged pups exposed to both pre- and postnatal obese allergic mothers had the highest level of interleukin-5. In summary, offspring born to obese allergic mothers have decreased lung insulin sensitivity and increased lung allergic inflammation. Interestingly, our data also demonstrate that there is both a pregnancy and postpregnancy aspect of maternal allergy and obesity that enhances allergen responsiveness in offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Adequate maternal thyroid hormone is vital for fetal neurodevelopment. Abnormal thyroid function can cause developmental defects in offspring from spontaneous pregnancies; however, research in assisted reproduction is lacking. Objectives This work aimed to investigate the association between thyroid disorders and offspring neurodevelopment from assisted reproduction. Methods In this prospective and longitudinal birth cohort study (Jiangsu, China), we included 729 women who had their thyroid function tested before an assisted reproductive technology cycle and delivered liveborn babies between November 2015 and June 2020. Maternal thyroid function was assessed by measuring thyroid antibodies, free thyroxine, and serum thyrotropin. The third edition Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development screening test (Bayley-III screening test) was used to assess infant neurodevelopment. Results In multivariable-corrected linear regression analysis, infants of women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) demonstrated a significantly lower receptive communication score (β = −.63; 95% CI, −1.12 to −0.14; P =.013), with stratified analysis showing a significant association among female offspring (β = −.87; 95% CI, −1.59 to −0.15; P =.018) but a null association among male offspring (β = −.44; 95% CI, −1.03 to 0.15; P =.145). No significant differences were found in the assisted pregnancy population with normal thyroid function and positive antibodies according to the diagnostic cutoffs applied to normal pregnant women. Conclusion SCH in assisted pregnancies correlates with lower communication scores in 1-year-olds, especially in girls. We recommend medication for SCH throughout, regardless of thyroid autoantibody status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation breeding programs (CBPs) are often the lifeline between extinction and survival for many imperilled amphibian species. With the goal of recovering wild populations, CBP success is reliant on their ability to successfully manage ex situ populations over time, breed viable offspring, and maintain genetic diversity and adaptive potential. Reproductive technologies have emerged as an important tool in the conservation toolkit to allow managers to improve reproductive output and genetic management, and their use in amphibian conservation is expanding. To date, studies investigating the efficacy of hormone therapies in amphibians typically only report spawning and fertility rates and do not monitor offspring to later stages of development. For the first time, here we assess the effect of hormone therapies on captive breeding outcomes beyond oviposition, to the point of metamorphosis, in the critically endangered Baw Baw frog, Philoria frosti. To determine the effect of hormone therapy on spawning success and offspring viability, male-female pairs were administered either 0 µg/g gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), 0.5 µg/g GnRHa, or 0.5 µg/g GnRHa + 10 µg/g metoclopramide (MET) (n = 12 pairs/treatment), and the number of pairs ovipositing, time to oviposition, clutch size, metamorph mass, and the proportion and number (mean and total) of offspring to metamorphosis were quantified. Overall, the percentage of pairs that oviposited was high across all treatment groups (92-100%). The percentage of fertile clutches was highest in the GnRHa group (92%) and lowest in the GnRHa + MET group (82%), though differences were not statistically significant. Both hormone treatment groups took significantly less time to oviposit than the control pairs. Notably, the proportion of eggs developing to metamorphosis was significantly higher in the GnRHa group, resulting in 74% (total eggs=539) metamorphosing compared to approximately 50% in the control and GnRHa +MET treatments (total eggs= 273 and 264, respectively). Interestingly, weight at metamorphosis was statistically similar across all groups, and results are consistent with previous studies in this species that show a narrow range in size at metamorphosis. The continued application of GnRHa is recommended to improve conservation outcomes for the critically endangered Baw Baw frog. The outcomes of this research advance our understanding of the impact of hormone therapies on reproductive outcomes and will inform amphibian conservation breeding programs globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, frequently correlates with adverse neurological outcomes in offspring, including cognitive impairments, autism spectrum disorder, depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and cerebral palsy. Despite these known consequences, the understanding of neuronal damage in the offspring of preeclamptic mothers remains insufficient. Here, we review the neuronal abnormalities resulting from maternal preeclampsia exposure, which include disrupted neurogenesis, loss of neuronal cell integrity, accumulation of cellular debris, decreased synaptogenesis and myelination, and increased neurite growth stimulated by maternal preeclampsia serum. The underlying mechanisms potentially driving these effects involve microglial activation, inflammatory responses, and reduced angiogenesis. Intervention strategies aimed at improving fetal neuronal outcomes are also discussed, encompassing pharmacological treatments such as pravastatin, tadalafil, and melatonin, as well as non-pharmacological approaches like dietary modifications, maternal exercise, and standard care for children. These interventions hold promise for clinical application, offering avenues to address early neuronal abnormalities and prevent the onset of long-term neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adverse pregnancy outcomes have reached epidemic proportions in recent years with serious health ramifications, especially for diverse cancers risk. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to systematically evaluate the validity and strength of the data and the extent of potential biases of the established association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and cancers risk in both mother and offspring. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until 18 January 2024. Meta-analyses of observational studies investigating the relationship between adverse pregnancy outcomes and multiple cancers risk in both mother and offspring were included. Evidence certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. The protocol for this umbrella review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023470544). Results: The search identified 129 meta-analyses of observational studies and 42 types of cancer. Moderate certainty of evidence, exhibiting statistical significance, has been observed linking per kilogram increase in birth weight to a heightened risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.12), prostate cancer (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.05), leukemia (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.13–1.23), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.12–1.23); rubella infection during pregnancy to an increased risk of leukemia in offspring (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.16–6.71); and a linear dose–response association between an increase in the proportion of optimal birth weight and an elevated risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09–1.24), respectively. Conclusions: Although some adverse pregnancy outcomes have clinically promising associations with risk of several cancers in both mother and offspring, it is essential to conduct additional research to solidify the evidence, evaluate causality, and ascertain clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have investigated the offspring of women with anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of this study was to examine perinatal status, mental and physical health in the offspring of mothers with a history of AN. Fifty-one individuals with adolescent-onset AN and 51 matched controls (COMP) have been followed prospectively. Presently, 30 years after AN onset, at a mean age of 44 years, female participants who had given birth (nAN = 40, nCOMP = 40) were interviewed regarding psychiatric health in their offspring using the Developmental and Well-Being Assessment and the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview. In addition, information on the offspring's perinatal status, psychiatric- and physical health was obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and The Swedish National Patient Register. Data regarding mental and physical health were available for 83 and 86 offspring in the AN and COMP groups, respectively. At birth, all of weight, length, head circumference and ponderal index were significantly reduced in the offspring of mothers with a history of AN. In adolescence, parental interviews indicated an overrepresentation of current psychiatric diagnoses in the offspring of mothers with AN. Compared with the offspring in the COMP group, endocrinological, immune and metabolic disorders were much more common in the offspring of the AN group. In conclusion, a history of AN increases the risk of worse perinatal outcome of the offspring. Later on, in childhood and adolescence, psychiatric and physical morbidity may be overrepresented in the offspring of women with AN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sulpiride and PMSG hormone treatments on estrus and the number of offspring produced in female rats. Thirty mature rats were divided into three groups, each consisting of 10 females. The first group was treated intraperitoneally with sulpiride (0.25 mg/kg), the second group with PMSG hormone (20 IU/kg), and the third group with normal saline. Treatments were administered after the onset of estrus. Following treatment, natural mating occurred. The results of the study showed no significant differences between the PMSG hormone, sulpiride, and normal saline treatment groups regarding the number of females that showed estrus and mated. However, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the PMSG treatment group and the other groups with respect to the average number of embryos, which were 128, 75, and 55, respectively. The Luteinizing Hormone (LH) concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the sulpiride-treated group (1.44 ±0.12 ng/ml) compared to the PMSG hormone (1.23 ± 0.14 ng/ml) and normal saline treatment groups (0.76 ± 0.08 ng/ml). In conclusion, the application of PMSG was more effective in inducing ovulation and increasing the average number of offspring compared to sulpiride treatment in female rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a type of bacteria known as a probiotic and is often used to support the health of the digestive system and vaginal flora. This type of bacteria has an important role, showing positive effects on female reproductive biology, particularly by maintaining the balance of microorganisms in the vagina, reducing the risk of infection, and strengthening the immune system to support maternal health during pregnancy. There are also studies showing that these probiotics prevent maternal obesity and gestational diabetes. Consuming probiotics containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains may support the intestinal health of breastfeeding mothers, but they may also contribute to the health of offspring. Therefore, this review focuses on the current available data for examining the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains on female reproductive biology and offspring health. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases from inception to May 2024. The search strategy was performed using keywords and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. Inconsistent ratings were resolved through discussion. This review is strengthened by multiple aspects of the methodological approach. The systematic search strategy, conducted by two independent reviewers, enabled the identification and evaluation of all relevant literature. Although there is a limited number of studies with high heterogeneity, current literature highlights the important contribution of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics in enhancing female reproductive health and fertility. Furthermore, the probiotic bacteria in breast milk may also support the intestinal health of newborn, strengthen the immune system, and protect them against diseases at later ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of Shenqi Jieyu Formula ( SQJYF) on depression and anxiety-like behavior in adult ofispring rats after maternal separation ( MS). This was done by observing the levels of metabolites in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the Papez circuit through magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( MRS). Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats at 16 days of pregnancy were divided into the normal, model, SQJYF, and fluoxetine groups using the random number table method, with six rats per group. MS was performed 4 h a day from the first to the 21st day after birth. Starting from the 15th day, the corresponding medications ( SQJYF group: 12. 5 g/kg, fluxetine group: 2. 33 mg/kg) were administered to mother rats once a day for 7 consecutive days. Normal breastfeeding was performed during the gavage. The offspring rats were weaned on the 22nd day. According to the experimental grouping of mother rats, one male and one female offspring rat of each mother rat were randomly selected using the random number table method, with six rats per group. They were divided into normal, model, SQJYF, and fluoxetine female and male rat groups, respectively. After 8 weeks of feeding, the offspring rats in each group were subjected to forced swimming test ( FST), the sucrose water consumption test, and open field tests ( OFT), and the elevated plus maze ( EPM) test was conducted. The relative values of N-acetyl-aspartate ( NAA), choline ( Cho), glutamic acid ( Glu), myo-inositol (ml), and creatine (Cr) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were detected using MRS. Results Compared with that of the normal female and male rat groups, the weight of the rats in the model group was decreased as well as sucrose water consumption and the horizontal and vertical scores of OFT, whereas the immobility time of FST increased. Compared with the normal female and male rat group, the NAA/Cr and Glu/Cr values in the bilateral hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the female and male rats in the model group decreased ( all P<0. 01). The proportion of rats entering the open arm and open arm residence time of the model female rat group in the EPM test decreased, whereas the Cho/ Cr value of the right hippocampus of the female rats in the model group increased ( P<0. 05). Compared with the model female and male rat group, the weight of the rats in the SQJYF and fluoxetine groups increased, the immobility time of FST decreased, but the sucrose water consumption and the horizontal and vertical OFT scores increased ( P<0. 01). The proportion of rats entering the open arm and open arm residence time in the EPM increased in the SQJYF and fluoxetine female rat groups compared to those of the model female rat group ( P<0.01). Compared with the model female rat group, the NAA/Cr and Glu/ Cr values in the bilateral hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of female rats in the SQJYF and fluoxetine groups increased. The NAA/Cr and Glu/Cr values in the right hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of male rats in the SQJYF and fluoxetine groups were higher than those in the model group ( P< 0. 05), whereas the Cho/Cr value in the right hippocampus of female and male rats in the SQJYF and fluoxetine groups decreased ( P < 0. 05). Conclusion MS in early life can lead to depression and anxiety-like behavior in adult offspring. However, SQJYF may exert antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects by regulating the metabolite levels in related brain regions of the Papez circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnancy represents a window of vulnerability to fetal development. Disruptions in the prenatal environment during this crucial period can increase the risk of the offspring developing diseases over the course of their lifetime. The central nervous system (CNS) has been shown to be particularly susceptible to changes during crucial developmental windows. To date, research focused on disruptions in the development of the CNS has predominantly centred on the brain, revealing a correlation between exposure to prenatal risk factors and the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, some studies indicate that the retina, which is part of the CNS, is also vulnerable to in utero alterations during pregnancy. Such changes may affect neuronal, glial and vascular components of the retina, compromising retinal structure and function and possibly impairing visual function. Methods: A search in the PubMed database was performed, and any literature concerning prenatal risk factors (drugs, diabetes, unbalanced diet, infection, glucocorticoids) affecting the offspring retina were included. Results: This review collects evidence on the cellular, structural and functional changes occurring in the retina triggered by maternal risk factors during pregnancy. We highlight the adverse impact on retinal development and its long‐lasting effects, providing a critical analysis of the current knowledge while underlining areas for future research. Conclusions: Appropriate recognition of the prenatal risk factors that negatively impact the developing retina may provide critical clues for the design of preventive strategies and for early therapeutic intervention that could change retinal pathology in the progeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore whether prenatal gut microbiota (GM) and its functions predict the development of offspring temperament. A total of 53 mothers with a 1-year-old child and 41 mothers with a 2-year-old child were included in this study using a mother-infant cohort from central China. Maternal fecal samples collected during the third trimester were analyzed using 16S rRNA V3-V4 gene sequences. Temperament of the child was measured by self-reported data according to the primary caregiver. The effects of GM in mothers on offspring's temperament were evaluated using multiple linear regression models. The results demonstrated that the alpha diversity index Simpson of prenatal GM was positively associated with the activity level of offspring at 1 year (adj. P =.036). Bifidobacterium was positively associated with high-intensity pleasure characteristics of offspring at 1 year (adj. P =.031). Comparatively, the presence of Bifidobacterium found in the prenatal microbiome was associated with low-intensity pleasure characteristics in offspring at 2 years (adj. P =.031). There were many significant associations noted among the functional pathways of prenatal GM and temperament of offspring at 2 years. Our findings support the maternal-fetal GM axis in the setting of fetal-placental development with subsequent postnatal neurocognitive developmental outcomes, and suggest that early childhood temperament is in part associated with specific GM in the prenatal setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to explore the role of parenthood at first episode of psychosis (FEP) on recovery, with a focus on potential sex differences. Methods: Sociodemographic, clinical, and neurocognitive information was considered on 610 FEP patients form the PAFIP cohort (Spain). Baseline and three-year follow-up comparisons were carried out. Chi-square tests and ANCOVA analysis were performed controlling for the effect of age and years of education. Results: Men comprised 57.54% of the sample, with only 5.41% having offspring when compared to 36.29% of women. Parenthood was related to shorter duration of untreated illness (DUI) in women with children (12.08 months mothers vs. 27.61 months no mothers), showing mothers better premorbid adjustment as well. Childless men presented the worst premorbid adjustment and the highest cannabis and tobacco consumption rates. Mothers presented better global cognitive function, particularly in attention, motor dexterity and executive function at three-year follow-up. Conclusions: Diminished parental rates among FEP men could be suggested as a consequence of a younger age of illness onset. Sex roles in caregiving may explain the potential role of parenthood on premorbid phase, with a better and heathier profile, and a more favorable long-term outcome in women. These characteristics may be relevant when adjusting treatment specific needs in men and women with and without offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Offspring of schizophrenia patients show deviating brain structure age trajectories. • Effects are strongest in mean cortical thickness and cerebral white matter volume. • Trajectories level off at the end of adolescence in schizophrenia offspring. • Divergences in trajectories remained after accounting for symptom severity scores. Offspring of parents with severe mental illness (e.g., bipolar disorder or schizophrenia) are at increased risk of developing psychopathology. Structural brain alterations have been found in child and adolescent offspring of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, but the developmental trajectories of brain anatomy in this high-familial-risk population are still unclear. 300 T1-weighted scans were obtained of 187 offspring of at least one parent diagnosed with bipolar disorder (n=80) or schizophrenia (n=53) and offspring of parents without severe mental illness (n=54). The age range was 8 to 23 years old; 113 offspring underwent two scans. Global brain measures and regional cortical thickness and surface area were computed. A generalized additive mixed model was used to capture non-linear age trajectories. Offspring of parents with schizophrenia had smaller total brain volume than offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (d =-0.20, p =0.004) and control offspring (d =-0.22, p =0.005) and lower mean cortical thickness than control offspring (d =-0.23, p <0.001). Offspring of parents with schizophrenia showed differential age trajectories of mean cortical thickness and cerebral white matter volume compared with control offspring (both p 's=0.003). Regionally, offspring of parents with schizophrenia had a significantly different trajectory of cortical thickness in the middle temporal gyrus versus control offspring (p <0.001) and bipolar disorder offspring (p =0.001), which was no longer significant after correcting for mean cortical thickness. These findings suggest that particularly familial high risk of schizophrenia is related to reductions and deviating developmental trajectories of global brain structure measures, which were not driven by specific regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/objectives: Ischemic stroke is a major health concern, and nutrition is a modifiable risk factor that can influence recovery outcomes. This study investigated the impact of maternal dietary deficiencies in folic acid (FADD) or choline (ChDD) on the metabolite profiles of offspring after ischemic stroke. Methods: A total of 32 mice (17 males and 15 females) were used to analyze sex-specific differences in response to these deficiencies. Results: At 1-week post-stroke, female offspring from the FADD group showed the greatest number of altered metabolites, including pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and neuroprotection. At 4 weeks post-stroke, both FADD and ChDD groups exhibited significant disruptions in metabolites linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmission. Conclusions: These alterations were more pronounced in females compared to males, suggesting sex-dependent responses to maternal dietary deficiencies. The practical implications of these findings suggest that ensuring adequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy may be crucial for reducing stroke susceptibility and improving post-stroke recovery in offspring. Nutritional supplementation strategies targeting folic acid and choline intake could potentially mitigate the long-term adverse effects on metabolic pathways and promote better neurological outcomes. Future research should explore these dietary interventions in clinical settings to develop comprehensive guidelines for maternal nutrition and stroke prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Controlled ovarian stimulation is a common skill of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). In the clinic, some females would undergo more than one controlled ovarian stimulation cycle. However, few studies have focused on the influence of multi-superovulation on oocytes and offspring. Results: Here, we found that multi-superovulation disrupted the transcriptome of oocytes and that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated mainly with metabolism and fertilization. The disruption of mRNA degradation via poly (A) size and metabolism might be a reason for the reduced oocyte maturation rate induced by repeated superovulation. Multi-superovulation results in hypo-genomic methylation in oocytes. However, there was an increase in the methylation level of CGIs. The DMRs are not randomly distributed in genome elements. Genes with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in promoters are enriched in metabolic pathways. With increasing of superovulation cycles, the glucose and insulin tolerance of offspring is also disturbed. Conclusions: These results suggest that multi-superovulation has adverse effects on oocyte quality and offspring health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal obesity prepregnancy, as well as gestational overweight produced by high-sucrose diet, could be evolved to the cardiometabolic diseases in offspring during adulthood. Until then, the cardiometabolic diseases were ignored that have been presented or inherited in the offspring for overnutrition were ignored, depend on gender. We proposed that maternal prepregnancy obesity in CD1 mice, as well as gestational overweight produced by a high sucrose diet, develop to cardiometabolic disease in offspring and even if gender. For detection of the cardiometabolic diseases in a Murine model with a high sucrose diet (HSD), the time series formed by the RR intervals taken from lead I of the ECG has used the corresponding Poincare plot. The heart rate variability was characterized by the standard deviation of width and length SD1, SD2 respectively of the Poincare plot and the SD1/SD2 correlation index in addition was calculated between to gender and body weight. Results: A maternal diet was based high sucrose diet and produced overweight on progeny in both sexes, but the cardiac arrhythmias depended on gender. Other results were due to the chronic effect of high sucrose diet in offspring with this intrauterine ambiance that contributes to changes in HRV, arrhythmias, and sinus pauses, also these phenomena were observed just in the male mice offspring with high sucrose diet during adulthood. Conclusions: We propose, that the arrhythmias originated from fetal programming due to the maternal diet in mice model and produced alterations in the offspring female more than in the male, probably due to hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones fundamental to the body's normal physiological functions and are pivotal in fetal growth and development. During gestation, the mother's cortisol concentration (active GCs) escalates to accommodate the requirements of fetal organ development and maturation. A natural placental GCs barrier, primarily facilitated by 11b hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, exists between the mother and fetus. This enzyme transforms biologically active cortisol into biologically inactive corticosterone, thereby mitigating fetal GCs exposure. However, during pregnancy, the mother may be vulnerable to adverse factor exposures such as stress, hypoxia, caffeine, and synthetic GCs use. In these instances, maternal serum GCs levels may surge beyond the protective capacity of the placental GCs barrier. Moreover, these adverse factors could directly compromise the placental GCs barrier, resulting in excessive fetal exposure to GCs. It is well-documented that prenatal GCs exposure can detrimentally impact the offspring's cardiovascular system, particularly in relation to blood pressure, vascular function, and heart function. In this review, we succinctly delineate the alterations in GCs levels during pregnancy and the potential mechanisms driving these changes, and also analyze the possible causes of prenatal GCs exposure. Furthermore, we summarize the current advancements in understanding the adverse effects and mechanisms of prenatal GCs exposure on the offspring's cardiovascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of studies suggest that individuals can develop long‐term foraging specializations independently of phenotypic or environmental variation, yet little is known about how the foraging niche is acquired. The early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis suggests a key role of vertical cultural transmission in shaping the foraging niche of vertebrates. In birds, direct evidence from natural conditions is limited to a single study that cross‐fostered two related species. To date, no study has tested whether the diet received as an offspring determines the diet delivered as a parent within a single species. We tested the early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis using a Mediterranean population of great tits Parus major, which show great diet variability and moderate consistency in the diet they provide to their offspring across years. To do this, we recorded prey delivered to 9–14 day‐old chicks over twelve years. Then we assessed vertical transmission of dietary specialization using data (percentage of caterpillars, spiders, and other prey types, as well as mean prey size) from individuals recorded as a chick and as an adult. We standardised the data to control for environmental factors and ran a Linear Model for each prey type to measure individuals' consistency within the group (relative consistency), correlating the diet they received as a chick and the one they provided to their own chicks at the adult stage. The correlations between the diet received as a chick and the diet provided as a parent were either not significant or negative. Hence, although individuals showed relatively consistent foraging niches across years regarding their parental provisioning behaviour, these diet preferences were not correlated to the diet they received in the nest. Further research is needed to determine whether the foraging niche is acquired during the post‐fledgling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The human microbiome, comprising trillions of microorganisms, significantly influences human health and disease. During critical periods like the perinatal phase, the microbiome undergoes significant changes, impacting lifelong health. Tobacco smoke, a known environmental pollutant, has adverse effects on health, particularly during pregnancy. Despite this, its association with the perinatal microbiome remains understudied. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to integrate findings on perinatal tobacco smoke exposure and its association with the maternal and neonatal microbiomes. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from January 2000 to February 2024. We selected studies that met predefined inclusion criteria and performed data extraction. Results: The review included eight studies that revealed diverse associations of perinatal tobacco exposure with the maternal and neonatal microbiome. Active smoking during pregnancy was linked to alterations in microbiome composition and diversity in children. Maternal smoking correlated with increased Firmicutes abundance and decreased Akkermansia muciniphila abundance in offspring. Additionally, exposure to thirdhand smoke in neonatal intensive care units was related to infant microbiome diversity. Infants exposed to tobacco smoke showed various microbial changes, suggesting potential implications for childhood health outcomes, including obesity risk. Conclusions: Perinatal exposure to tobacco smoke exerts significant influence on the maternal and neonatal microbiomes, with potential implications for long-term health outcomes. Addressing socioeconomic and psychological barriers to smoking cessation, implementing stricter smoking regulations, and promoting public health campaigns are essential steps towards reducing tobacco-related harm during the perinatal period. Further longitudinal studies and standardized assessment methods are needed to validate these findings and guide the development of effective preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found an association between maternal smoking and an increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring. However, the prevalence of maternal smoking, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy, and ADHD in children within the Saudi Arabian context is not well-documented. Objective: To explore the prevalence of maternal smoking and SHS exposure during pregnancy among mothers of children diagnosed with ADHD and investigate exposure to smoking as a predictor of ADHD subtypes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1, 2022, to February 28, 2023, using an online questionnaire. The study included 217 parents of children aged 4-17 years diagnosed with ADHD and without a family history of the disorder. Data on sociodemographic determinants, academic achievement, ADHD types, and maternal smoking habits during pregnancy were collected. Results: Among the mothers surveyed, 6.4% reported smoking during pregnancy, while 41% were exposed to SHS. The study found a predominance of the combined subtype of ADHD among the children. Logistic regression analysis revealed that families with monthly income <10 000 SR were 2.6 times more likely to have a child with inattentive or hyperactive ADHD (P < 0.03). Male gender was associated with a 46% reduced likelihood of these subtypes (P < 0.03). SHS smoking and active exposure to smoking during pregnancy did not show any significant effect on ADHD. Conclusion: The study found that child gender and family income were significantly associated with the distribution of ADHD subtypes, while maternal smoking and SHS exposure during pregnancy did not show a significant association. The high prevalence of SHS exposure emphasizes the need for increased public health awareness and interventions to promote smoke-free environments during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garden plants, trees and bushes suffer damages caused by lots of pests by 30-50 % every year, and sometimes by 80-90 % during the period when they grow massively. For this purpose, scientific bases for the use of perspective entomophages in the biological fight against harsh pests by studying the species composition, bioecological features of 6 species of insects, which damage garden and forest plants, and entomophages (parasites and predators), which regulate their number, have been developed in Azerbaijan. The research paper established that the oriental fruit moth infests fruit crops by 50-60 %. It was found that 22 types of parasites play a role in the regulation of abundance. Among them, macrocentrus infests oriental fruit moth larva up to 80 %, scambus up to 60 %, apanteles up to 40-50 %. The scoliidae parasite is of economic importance and can be used for biological control against the oriental fruit moth. Considering the prospects of some parasites, the bioecological features on the Absheron Peninsula have been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and death globally, with a rising incidence in younger age groups. It is well known that maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation is vital for the early neurodevelopment of offspring. One-carbon (1C) metabolism, including folic acid and choline, plays a vital role in closure of the neural tube in utero. However, the impact of maternal dietary deficiencies in 1C on offspring neurological function following ischemic stroke later in life remains undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate inflammation in the blood and brain tissue of offspring from mothers deficient in dietary folic acid or choline. Female mice were maintained on either a control or deficient diet prior to and during pregnancy and lactation. When offspring were 3 months of age, ischemic stroke was induced. One and a half months later, blood and brain tissue were collected. We measured levels of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2 and 9 in both plasma and brain tissue, and reported reduced levels of MMP-2 in ChDD male offspring in both tissue types. No changes were observed in MMP-9. This observation supports our working hypothesis that maternal dietary deficiencies in folic acid or choline during early neurodevelopment impact the levels of inflammation in offspring after ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For those affected, infertility is linked to impaired overall health and reduced life expectancy. In particular, infertile individuals bear an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and different types of cancer, partially due to lifestyle differences and to genetic alterations that cause both infertility and an increased cancer risk. Genetic variants causing an increased CVD risk are more commonly found in infertile individuals, but their link to infertility remains unclear. Offspring of infertile couples, conceived via medically assisted reproduction, are as likely as their parents to exhibit or develop adiposity, hormonal alterations such as insulin resistance, and infertility. The effects on health of subsequent generations are completely unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study published in the journal Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism found that children born to mothers with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of being overweight as they grow up. The study also found that intensive treatment of gestational diabetes during pregnancy improved outcomes for both mother and baby, but did not reduce the risk of childhood obesity. The researchers suggest that prevention and intensive management of gestational diabetes are important in reducing the risk of childhood obesity. They also recommend that children from gestational diabetes pregnancies adopt a healthy lifestyle from an early age to reduce the risk of future health problems. Further research is needed to better understand these relationships and develop effective health management strategies for women with gestational diabetes and their children. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to conduct a review of the studies published between 2018 and 2022 to investigate radiation-related effects in the offspring of human individuals exposed to ionizing radiation. Methods: The search identified 807 publications, from which 9 studies were selected for detailed analysis to examine for effects in children whose parents were exposed to various types and doses of radiation. Results: The review does not yield substantial evidence supporting intergenerational effects of radiation exposure in humans. However, caution is required when interpreting the results due to limitations in the majority of the published articles. Conclusion: This review, covering the period 2018–2022, serves as an extension of the previous systematic review conducted by Stephens et al. (2024), which encompassed the years 1988–2018. Together, these two papers offer a comprehensive overview of the available evidence regarding the intergenerational effects of parental pre-conceptional exposure to ionizing radiation. Overall, the findings do not provide strong evidence supporting a significant association between adverse (or other) outcomes in unexposed children and parental preconception radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Task Group 121 – Effects of ionizing radiation exposure in offspring and next generations – is a task group under the Committee 1 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), approved by the Main Commission on 18th November 2021. The main goals of Task Group 121 are to (1) review and update the scientific literature of relevance to radiation-related effects in the offspring of parent(s) exposed to ionizing radiation in both human and non-human biota; (2) to assess preconceptional and intrauterine effects of radiation exposure and related morbidity and mortality; and, (3) to provide advice about the level of evidence and how to consider these preconceptional and postconceptional effects in the system of radiological protection for humans and non-human biota. Methods: The Task Group is reviewing relevant literature since Publication 90 'Biological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus)' (2003) and will include radiation-related effects on future generations in humans, animals, and plants. This review will be conducted to account for the health effects on offspring and subsequent generations in the current system of radiological protection. Radiation detriment calculation will also be reviewed. Finally, preliminary recommendations will be made to update the integration of health effects in offspring and next generations in the system of radiological protection. Results: A Workshop, jointly organized by ICRP Task Group 121 and European Radiation Protection Research Platforms MELODI and ALLIANCE was held in Budapest, Hungary, from 31st May to 2nd June 2022. Participants discussed four important topics: (1) hereditary and epigenetic effects due to exposure of the germ cell line (preconceptional exposure), (2) effects arising from exposure of the embryo and fetus (intrauterine exposure), (3) transgenerational effects on biota, and (4) its potential impact on the system of radiological protection. Conclusions: Based on the discussions and presentations during the breakout sessions, newer publications, and gaps on the current scientific literature were identified. For instance, there are some ongoing systematic reviews and radiation epidemiology reviews of intrauterine effects. There are newer methods of Monte Carlo simulation for fetal dosimetry, and advances in radiation genetics, epigenetics, and radiobiology studies. While the current impact of hereditary effects on the global detriment was reported as small, the questions surrounding the effects of radiation exposure on offspring and the next generation are crucial, recurring, and with a major focus on exposed populations. This article summarizes the workshop discussions, presentations, and conclusions of each topic and introduces the special issue of the International Journal of Radiation Biology resulting from the discussions of the meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To provide a synthesis of the published evidence pertaining to the intergenerational health effects of parental preconceptional exposure to ionizing radiation in humans. Methods: The study populations are the descendants of those who were exposed to ionizing radiation prior to conception. A Boolean search identified publications for review in accordance with Office of Health Assessment and Translation guidelines. Initially, a risk of bias assessment was conducted for each published study and relevant data extracted. Information was organized into adverse health outcome groups and exposure situations. To make an assessment from the body of evidence within each group, an initial confidence rating was assigned, before factors including inconsistencies between studies, magnitude of effect, dose response and confounders were considered. From this, 'an effect', 'no effect' or whether the evidence remained 'inadequate' to determine either effect or no effect, was ascertained. This assessment was based primarily upon the author's conclusions within that evidence-base and, by binomial probability testing of the direction of effect reported. Results: 2441 publications were identified for review which after screening was reduced to 127. For the majority of the adverse health groups, we find there to be inadequate evidence from which to determine whether the health effect was, or was not, associated with parental preconceptional radiation exposure. This was largely due to heterogeneity between individual study's findings and conclusions within each group and, the limited number of studies within each group. We did observe one health grouping (congenital abnormalities) in occupationally exposed populations, where an increase in effect relative to their controls or large magnitude of effects, were reported, although it is noted that the authors of these studies interpreted their findings as most likely not to be associated with parental radiation exposure. Conclusions: We find there to be a lack of evidence to enable the formal assessment of radiation-related adverse effects in offspring of exposed humans. This is not the same as there being no clear evidence that effects may occur but does infer that if adverse health effects do arise in children of exposed parents, then these effects are small and difficult to reproducibly measure. Inconsistencies in designing studies are unavoidable, however we highlight the need for an element of standardization and, more sharing of primary datasets as part of open access initiatives, in order for future reviews to make reasonable conclusions. Overall, there is a need for future work to ensure comparable measures between studies where possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The impact of the exposure to ionizing radiation in the offspring and next generation has been investigated in the last decades and currently is the subject of study of the ICRP Task Group 121. Studying the effects of radiation exposure in pre-conceptional and post-conceptional phases can be a challenge since potential effects to the fetus vary depending on the stage of fetal development. Epidemiology and radiobiology studies are the two sources of information one can use to correlate the radiation dose to the human body and tissues and the resulting effects. For a proper evaluation of the outcomes of such studies, and a correct appraisal of the exposure/dose-effect relationship, (i) reliable dosimetry, (ii) accurate reporting, and (iii) reproducibility of results are required. Although variables related to dose, including for instance source of radiation, geometry of irradiation, dose rate etc., are usually known, especially in radiobiology studies, often important details of the irradiation are not reported. Conclusions: Based on standards developed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a review of the scientific studies used by the UNSCEAR to estimate the risk of hereditary effects, and by the ICRP in its current recommendations, was conducted to evaluate the way dosimetry was reported. Dosimetry and the related uncertainties were not adequately described in the vast majority of those studies. This does not necessarily mean that they do not provide relevant information, however it prevents from a thorough verification and reproduction of their findings. In order to guarantee the reliability and robustness of the process of revision of the estimates of risk and detriment it is therefore considered mandatory to include a careful check of the new relevant literature with regard to the criteria on the completeness and reproducibility of the dosimetric information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the association of parental cardiovascular risk factors with the risk of obesity in offspring. We aimed to investigate whether parental ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) status was associated with the risk of general and central obesity in their young/adult offspring. Of individuals who participated in the 2012-15 phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 2395 pairs of parent-unmarried offspring aged ≥6 years were selected in this cross-sectional study. General and central obesity were defined based on Iranian BMI percentile reference data for offspring aged ≤18 years. For subjects aged ≥19 years, central obesity was defined based on the introduced cut-off points for Iranian adults. We employed the American Heart Association's 2020 impact goal criteria of ICVH. The mean ± SD age of fathers and mothers were respectively 55.4 ± 9.79 and 48.4 ± 9.88. About 55% of offspring were older than 19 years. Higher adherence to ICVH score in mothers was associated with lower risk of overweight/obesity in female offspring (OR for Q1-Q4: 1, 0.56, 0.57, 0.37, P < 0.05 for all quartiles). Among ICVH components, only ideal BMI status in fathers was observed to be associated with a lower risk of overweight/obesity in their male offspring. The risk of abdominal obesity decreased in female offspring with increasing total ICVH score in mothers. Higher adherence of parents to ICVH and its components was positively associated with a lower risk of general and abdominal obesity in their offspring. Our findings demonstrate that maternal-offspring relationship was stronger than paternal-offspring association. • Maternal ideal BMI was related to lower overweight and obesity in female offspring. • Absence of diabetes in mothers was related to lower obesity in female offspring. • Paternal ideal BMI status was related to lower risk of obesity in male offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Prenatal stress exerts long-term impact on neurodevelopment in the offspring, with consequences such as increasing the offspring’s risk of depression in adolescence and early adulthood. S-ketamine can produce rapid and robust antidepressant effects, but it is not clear yet whether and how S-ketamine alleviates depression in prenatally stressed offspring. The current study incestigated the preliminary anti-depression mechanism of S-ketamine in prenatally stressed offspring, particularly with regard to neuroplasticity. The pregnant females were given chronic unpredictable mild stress on the 7th-20th day of pregnancy and their male offspring were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of S-ketamine (10 mg/kg) on postnatal day 42. Our findings showed that S-ketamine treatment counteracted the development of depression-like behaviors in prenatally stressed offspring. At the cellular level, S-ketamine markedly enhanced neuroplasticity in the CA1 hippocampus: Golgi-Cox staining showed that S-ketamine alleviated the reduction of neuronal complexity and dendritic spine density; Transmission electron microscopy indicated that S-ketamine reversed synaptic morphology alterations. At the molecular level, by western blot and RT-PCR we detected that S-ketamine significantly upregulated the expression of BDNF and PSD95 and activated AKT and mTOR in the hippocampus. In conclusion, prenatal stress induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress leads to depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal neuroplasticity impairments in male offspring. S-ketamine can produce antidepressant effects by enhancing hippocampal neuroplasticity via the BDNF/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Abstract Background Adverse pregnancy outcomes have reached epidemic proportions in recent years with serious health ramifications, especially for diverse cancers risk. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to systematically evaluate the validity and strength of the data and the extent of potential biases of the established association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and cancers risk in both mother and offspring. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until 18 January 2024. Meta-analyses of observational studies investigating the relationship between adverse pregnancy outcomes and multiple cancers risk in both mother and offspring were included. Evidence certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. The protocol for this umbrella review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023470544). Results The search identified 129 meta-analyses of observational studies and 42 types of cancer. Moderate certainty of evidence, exhibiting statistical significance, has been observed linking per kilogram increase in birth weight to a heightened risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.12), prostate cancer (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.05), leukemia (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.13–1.23), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.12–1.23); rubella infection during pregnancy to an increased risk of leukemia in offspring (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.16–6.71); and a linear dose–response association between an increase in the proportion of optimal birth weight and an elevated risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in offspring (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09–1.24), respectively. Conclusions Although some adverse pregnancy outcomes have clinically promising associations with risk of several cancers in both mother and offspring, it is essential to conduct additional research to solidify the evidence, evaluate causality, and ascertain clinical utility.

Abstract Background The recent Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) theory suggests maternal systemic inflammation may serve as a mediator in associations between prenatal maternal adversities and neurodevelopmental diseases in offspring. Given the co-exposure to multiple adversities may be experienced by pregnant person, it is unclear whether a quantitative index can be developed to characterize the inflammation related exposure level, and whether this index is associated with neurodevelopmental delays in offspring. Methods Based on Jiangsu Birth Cohort (JBC), a total of 3051 infants were included in the analysis. Inflammation related Prenatal Adversity Index (IPAI) was constructed using maternal data. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition, screening test in one year. Multivariate linear regression and Poisson regression model were performed to analyze the associations between IPAI and neurodevelopment in offspring. Results Compared with “low IPAI” group, offspring with “high IPAI” have lower scores of cognition, receptive communication, expressive communication, and fine motor. The adjusted β were − 0.23 (95%CI: -0.42, -0.04), -0.47 (95%CI: -0.66, -0.28), -0.30 (95%CI: -0.49, -0.11), and − 0.20 (95%CI: -0.33, -0.06). Additionally, the elevated risk for noncompetent development of cognition and receptive communication among “high IPAI” group was observed. The relative risk [RR] and 95% confidence interval [CI] were 1.35 (1.01, 1.69) and 1.37 (1.09, 1.72). Conclusions Our results revealed a significant association between higher IPAI and lower scores across cognition, receptive communication, expressive communication, and fine motor domains, and an increased risk of noncompetent development in the cognition and receptive communication domains.

Objectives: This study aims to show the most important material factors for the righteousness of offspring in the Holy Quran, and to show the most important legal manners in teaching children in light of the Quranic guidance, and to show the most important Quranic models in the righteousness of offspring. Methodology: The researchers followed the inductive approach by tracking the verses of the Holy Quran related to the reasons for righteousness and the descriptive analytical approach of the texts and linking them with reality. Results: The righteousness of offspring has reasons that must be taken into account after the grace of God Almighty, and the reasons for the righteousness of offspring materially require specific and clearly defined mechanisms and procedures in an integrated manner, and the Qur’anic stories are full of practical models for the righteousness of offspring in various forms. Conclusion: The righteousness of offspring includes righteousness through faith and material reasons, and the material reasons are manifested in the good choice of a life partner, a good environment, a set of Islamic manners, and good earnings, and in the Qur’anic stories there are applied models for this righteousness.

Objective: To investigate whether the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in oocytes and embryos affects pregnancy outcomes for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (ET) as well as is related to the vertical transmission of HBV to children. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: A university-affiliated fertility center. Patient(s): This study included 167 couples with at least 1 hepatitis B surface antigen–seropositive partner. These couples underwent in vitro fertilization–ET, and the discarded oocytes and embryos had been tested for HBV. Couples with HBV-positive oocytes or embryos were categorized as the positive group, whereas those couples with HBV-negative oocytes and embryos served as the negative group. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy outcomes and the rate of children’s HBV infection. Result(s): The pregnancy outcomes of fresh and frozen ETs were not associated with the presence of HBV in the oocytes and embryos. Of the 106 infants born, 1 child whose mother tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen but had negative oocytes and embryos was infected with HBV. Additionally, 26.09% of children who had been administered passive immunization and active vaccinations did not reach protective levels of anti-HBV antibodies (hepatitis B surface antibodies) and became nonresponders. The negative rate of children’s hepatitis B surface antibody was associated with the presence of HBV in oocytes and embryos (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–9.25). Conclusion(s): The presence of HBV in oocytes and embryos did not affect pregnancy outcomes or result in the vertical transmission of HBV to the offspring of HBV carriers. Follow-up is needed for HBV-vaccinated children with an HBV-infected parent. Booster vaccinations are necessary for continued protection.

Abstract Background Maternal obesity prepregnancy, as well as gestational overweight produced by high-sucrose diet, could be evolved to the cardiometabolic diseases in offspring during adulthood. Until then, the cardiometabolic diseases were ignored that have been presented or inherited in the offspring for overnutrition were ignored, depend on gender. We proposed that maternal prepregnancy obesity in CD1 mice, as well as gestational overweight produced by a high sucrose diet, develop to cardiometabolic disease in offspring and even if gender. For detection of the cardiometabolic diseases in a Murine model with a high sucrose diet (HSD), the time series formed by the RR intervals taken from lead I of the ECG has used the corresponding Poincare plot. The heart rate variability was characterized by the standard deviation of width and length SD1, SD2 respectively of the Poincare plot and the SD1/SD2 correlation index in addition was calculated between to gender and body weight. Results A maternal diet was based high sucrose diet and produced overweight on progeny in both sexes, but the cardiac arrhythmias depended on gender. Other results were due to the chronic effect of high sucrose diet in offspring with this intrauterine ambiance that contributes to changes in HRV, arrhythmias, and sinus pauses, also these phenomena were observed just in the male mice offspring with high sucrose diet during adulthood. Conclusions We propose, that the arrhythmias originated from fetal programming due to the maternal diet in mice model and produced alterations in the offspring female more than in the male, probably due to hormones.

Abstract Background Controlled ovarian stimulation is a common skill of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). In the clinic, some females would undergo more than one controlled ovarian stimulation cycle. However, few studies have focused on the influence of multi-superovulation on oocytes and offspring. Results Here, we found that multi-superovulation disrupted the transcriptome of oocytes and that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated mainly with metabolism and fertilization. The disruption of mRNA degradation via poly (A) size and metabolism might be a reason for the reduced oocyte maturation rate induced by repeated superovulation. Multi-superovulation results in hypo-genomic methylation in oocytes. However, there was an increase in the methylation level of CGIs. The DMRs are not randomly distributed in genome elements. Genes with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in promoters are enriched in metabolic pathways. With increasing of superovulation cycles, the glucose and insulin tolerance of offspring is also disturbed. Conclusions These results suggest that multi-superovulation has adverse effects on oocyte quality and offspring health.

The development of skeletal muscle is a crucial factor in determining the meat yield and economic benefits of broiler production. Recent research has shown that mulberry leaves and their extracts can be used to significantly improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. The present study aims to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle development in broiler offspring by dietary mulberry-leaf flavonoids (MLF) supplementation from the perspective of maternal effect theory. A total of 270 Qiling broiler breeder hens were randomly assigned to 3 treatments with different doses of MLF (0, 30, 60 mg/kg) for 8 weeks before collecting their fertilized eggs. The chicken offspring at 13 and 19 d of embryonic stage, and from 1 to 28 d old after hatching were included in this study. The results showed that maternal supplementation increased the breast muscle weight and body weight of the offspring at the embryo and chick stages (P

Abstract Objective We aimed to summarize the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its intergenerational cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) impacts in both mothers and offspring post-delivery in existing literature. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were utilized for searching publications between January 1980 and June 2024, with data extraction and meta-analysis continuing until 31 July 2024. Based on a predefined PROSPERO protocol, studies published as full-length, English-language journal articles that reported the presence of GDM during pregnancy and its association with any CVD development post-delivery were selected. All studies were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Maximally adjusted risk estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis to assess the risk ratio (RR) of GDM, and overall and subtypes of CVDs in both mothers and offspring post-delivery. Results The meta-analysis was based on 38 studies with a total of 77,678,684 participants. The results showed a 46% increased risk (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.34–1.59) for mothers and a 23% increased risk (1.23, 1.05–1.45) for offspring of developing overall CVDs after delivery, following a GDM-complicated pregnancy. Our subgroup analysis revealed that mothers with a history of GDM faced various risks (20% to 2-fold) of developing different subtypes of CVDs, including cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and venous thromboembolism. Conclusions These findings underscore the heightened risk of developing various CVDs for mothers and offspring affected by GDM, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures even right after birth to mitigate the burden of CVDs in these populations.

Abstract Lung cancer is intricately associated with genetic susceptibility, leading to familial clustering among affected individuals. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward lung cancer risk among the offspring of lung cancer patients. This study was conducted at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital between April 2023 and August 2023. Participants’ demographic characteristics and KAP toward lung cancer risk were collected through questionnaires. A total of 481 valid questionnaires were enrolled, with 243 (50.52%) males, and 242 (50.31%) aged > 40 years old. The mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 8.54 ± 2.60 (range: 0–13), 25.93 ± 3.16 (range: 7–35), and 17.47 ± 4.30 (range: 5–25), respectively. Structural equation modeling indicated that knowledge exerted a negative direct effect on attitude (β = − 0.417, P = 0.006) but a positive direct effect on practice (β = 0.733, P = 0.025). Additionally, attitudes displayed a negative direct effect on practice (β = − 1.707, P = 0.002). In conclusion, offspring of lung cancer patients exhibited insufficient knowledge, positive attitude, and suboptimal practice toward lung cancer risk.

Abstract Introduction As the fetus relies on maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy, maternal hypothyroidism plays an important role in fetal development. However, the association between maternal hypothyroidism and metabolic disease in offspring is unclear. Objective To examine the association between maternal hypothyroidism in pregnancy and metabolic outcomes (obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia) in children 1 million children. The follow-up time ranged from 6 to 20 years. Included studies support an increased risk of hypertension and glucose dysregulation in offspring exposed to maternal hypothyroidism (hypertension: OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.75, 1.57 and HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.21, 2.69; diabetes: RR 2.7, 95% CI 0.7, 10). In the pooled analysis, maternal hypothyroidism was not associated with obesity in offspring (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.64, 1.70). Conclusion This study found inconsistent evidence on the association between maternal hypothyroidism in pregnancy and metabolic outcomes in offspring, though associations with hypertension and glucose dysregulation are possible.

Abstract Circadian rhythm disorder (CRD) is closely associated with hair regression and shedding, but whether this risk can be transmitted to the offspring is unknown. Whether Pu‐erh tea, with alleviating effects of CRD‐mediated syndrome, can act on the transmission of alopecia risk to offspring is also unproven. Here, we obtained CRD parental mice offspring and found that CRD‐mediated alopecia risk can be transmitted to offspring, especially male offspring. Parental consumption of Pu‐erh tea, especially in females or both parents, reduced the risk of CRD‐mediated alopecia transmitted to offspring by inhibiting subcutaneous fat accumulation (downregulation of Rab18, fat‐specific protein 27 (Fsp27), and perilipin 1 (Plin1)), reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in skin tissue (NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)/ nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB)), balancing androgen and hair growth factor release (hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1)), and restoring hair follicle DNA repair function (upregulation of Ku70, 8‐Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), and Rad51). Transcriptomic analysis further clarified that the mechanism stemmed from the upregulation of gene expression in pathways such as the Wnt, Hippo, and other signaling pathways.

Abstract Background Children who witness parental intimate partner violence (IPV) are more likely to develop mental health issues compared to those who do not witness such violence. Objective The main objective of this study is to assess the association between parental intimate partner violence and child mental health outcomes. Methodology This cross-sectional study involved 548 participants divided into two groups: parents (N = 304) and offspring (N = 244). The participants were recruited from Mageragere Sector in the City of Kigali (urban), as well as Mbazi and Ruhashya sectors in Huye District (rural). To assess the difference about mental difficulties reported by the offspring, a Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare the responses of parents and their children on mental health outcomes. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the association between parental intimate partner violence (IPV) and the mental health outcomes of their offspring. Results The results highlighted significant levels of mental and emotional challenges in children, as reported by both parents and the children themselves. Depression and youth conduct problems were more prevalent among the children compared to their parents, whereas anxiety and irritability were more commonly reported by parents than by their children. Intimate partner violence showed to be a predictor of irritability and anxiety symptoms in offspring. In terms of irritability, depression, and youth conduct problems they were identified as predictors of anxiety symptoms. Particularly, anxiety and irritability were revealed to predict youth conduct problems. Conclusion The study indicates that parental intimate partner violence (IPV) has an impact on the mental well-being of their offspring. Furthermore, it was observed that there is not only a correlation between IPV and poor mental health outcomes, but also a connection between different mental conditions, implying that children exposed to IPV are more prone to experiencing a range of mental issues. As a result, intervention programs should place emphasis on addressing the mental disorders of both parents and children.