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• CD161 elevated on T cells in Nasal Tissues. • CD161+ T cells in CRSwNPs tissues exhibited tissue-resident memory characteristics. • CD161+ T cells in CRSwNPs tissues expressed higher inhibitory functions. • Non-CD161+ T lymphocytes from nasal tissues had stronger regulatory function. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by local inflammation of the upper airway and sinus mucosa. T cell-mediated immune responses play irreplaceable roles in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. CD161+ T cells have been implicated in the pathology of several diseases through cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. However, the immunological characteristics of CD161+ T cells in nasal mucosa are still not well understood, particularly in CRSwNPs. Our research revealed a notable enrichment of CD161+ T cells in nasal tissues compared to peripheral blood, with a significantly more infiltration of CD161+ T cells in CRSwNPs compared to control nasal samples. Phenotypical analysis found that CD161+ T cells predominantly co-expressed tissue-resident memory surface markers CD103, CD69, and CD45RO. CD161+CD103+ T cells demonstrated complicated effector functions, marked by elevated levels of PD-1, CTLA-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ and diminished expression of FoxP3 and CD25. Interestingly, despite CD161+ T cells was more abundant in polyp tissues compared to normal control tissues, and then further categorizing polyp samples into distinct groups based on clinical characteristics, only the recurrent CRSwNP group showed a significant reduction in CD161+CD8+ T cells compared to the primary CRSwNP group. This finding suggested the necessity for further research to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms and the broader significance of CD161+ T cells in the advancement and relapse of CRSwNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogens commonly enter mucosal barrier tissues and tissue-resident memory T cells (T RM) are essential for preventing mucosal lesions. However, the immunological properties of T RM cells in nasal mucosa are poorly known. In comparison with control tissues, decreasing CD103+ T RM cells were observed in Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) and sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP), which presented high capability to produce effector cytokines. In CRSwNPs, we found that CD103+ T RM cells with higher cytokine and Granzyme B coexpressed high PD-1, CD103− T RM cells expressed higher IL-10. Homogenates isolated from CRSwNPs induced CD103 expression on peripheral T cells which could be inhibited by blocking TGF-β. The frequencies of CD103+ T RM cells in CRSwNPs were extremely negatively correlated with neutrophil infiltration. CD103+ T RM cells from Staphylococcus aureus positive CRSwNPs had a stronger response to SEB. Taken together, two phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets of T RM cells exist in nasal tissues and play critical roles in the progress of CRSwNPs and SNIPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]