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In this paper, an efficient energy design of the New Radio Polar Code Chirp Spread Spectrum (NRPC-CSS) is investigated under a selective Rayleigh fading channel. The proposed system is based on encoding the input bits using a new radio polar code. Then Chip Spread Spectrum (CSS) is used to spread the encoded bits. After that, the modulated sequence is passed through selective Rayleigh fading channels and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). A MATLAB program is used to simulate the proposed system for different Spreading Factors (SF) and code rates. The simulation results demonstrate that the Bit Error Rate (BER) of the proposed system is about 10-3 for Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) -17, -19, and -26 dB at SF=7, 8, and 10, respectively under AWGN. Similarly under selective Rayleigh fading channel, SNR is about -11 and -16 dB at SF=8 and 10, respectively. This makes the proposed system suitable for low energy, high security, and reliability system, and can be used for cognitive radio sensor network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two types of tetra- and hexa-coordinate complexes were prepared, derived from prolinedithiocabamate ligand, ligand adducts phenathroline, and metal ions to give the general formula[M(proldtc)2], [M(proldtc)2phen], M= Ni (II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II), The dithiocarbamate complexes were identified by electronic (UV-visible), infrared (FT-IR), magnetic susceptibility and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, surface study through electron microscopy and molar conductivity, which confirmed that all complexes are non-electrolytic. The tetra coordinate complexes of (Ni (II), Cu (II)) have a square planar and tetrahedral structure for (Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II)). The other [M(proldtc)2phen] complexes with octahedral structure. SEM showed that the complexes show agglomerated morphological structure. The in vitro biological activity of the ligand and its complexes were tested in inhibiting the growth of bacteria against two types of bacteria: Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current study conducted in the quail house that affiliated of College of Agriculture in Tikrit University to know the effect of fed quail birds on Aloe vera on some qualities characteristics of stored eggs in refrigerator for three weeks. The first treatment was a control (without supplementation), but the second, third and fourth treatments, the aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaves gel was added to the drinking water at levels of 5, 10, and 15%, respectively. After two months of age, the eggs were collected and stored in the refrigerator for three weeks, then the qualities characteristics of eggs (external and internal) were measured. The results of the study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the mean of egg weight and shell weight for the fourth treatment compared with control treatment and an increase in the average shell thickness for the second treatment compared with control treatment. The treatments did not differ significantly (P≤0.05) among them in the egg shape, the mean diameter and albumin weight and the diameter of the yolk decreased for the third and fourth treatment compared with the control treatment and the treatments did not differ between them significantly (P≤0.05) in the height, index of albumin and yolk and Hugh unit. We concluded from the study that feeding quails on aqueous extract of Aloe vera gel kept the diameter of the yolk from expanding during the storage period, in addition to increasing the thickness of the eggshell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is presenting a study of optical and structural properties of (Fe2O3)1-x(MgO)x composites synthesized as thin film that can be used as a gas sensor. Pulsed laser deposition technique was used to prepare thin films of (Fe2O3)1-x(MgO)x. The pattern of X-ray diffraction of the composites powder showed the consistency of iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) hematite phase along with the planes (104) and (110) as preferred planes for crystal growth where the intensities of which varied with MgO content. The crystal size of the thin film material was varied in between (26.8-35.1) nm. The diffraction pattern of the pulsed laser deposited thin films was absent from any diffraction peaks. The maximum transparency obtained of hematite– magnesium oxide thin films was about 60% in the visible region, with an energy gap in the range (3.5-4.1) eV for direct allowed transition. The optical constants were determined and were found greatly affected by the MgO content. The gas sensor cells from (Fe2O3)1-x(MgO)x/c-Si showed maximum sensitivity approximately of 73.3% for NH3 gas for MgO content x=0.3 at temperature of 343 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of mobile phone sensor data to identify transportation mode detection using the K-nearest Neighbor algorithm. The model tries to recognize the walking, still walking, Bus, Train, and Car transportation modes. One of the normalization methods, such as the Min-Max normalization or the Z-Score Normalization, is implemented to pre-process the data. It uses four distance methods such as Euclidian, Manhattan, Chebyshev, and Minkowski as distance calculation mechanisms. Based on the highest accuracy result, the model is selected. The analysis also concluded that the optimal model has the highest accuracy, which has validated the results achieved through extensive normalization methods and the choosing of the most appropriate distance functions. As a result, the outcomes of the research have further indicated the importance of selecting the appropriate normalization techniques and distance functions on the accuracy of the model used in transportation detection. Additionally, the results have also provided critical additional knowledge in the development and formation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavement structures are subjected to high traffic loads, which deteriorates the pavement over time. In recent years, various techniques for improving the performance of asphalt pavements have gained popularity. One of these technologies is polymer-modified-binders (PMB) in asphalt mixtures, which are gaining popularity due to reduction in thermal susceptibility and increase in fatigue and rutting resistance. As a result, this paper provides a relative assessment of the recycled polymers utmost recently addressed as bitumen modifiers to enable their selection and cover the utilization of bitumen. The melting point of the polymer, the mixing environments, and the maximum amount of polymer supplemented are all studied. Their influences on the mechanical performance and constancy of asphalt binders in the pavement with and without additives are also discussed. Polymer modification has a major consequence on the rheological characteristics of asphalt binder, according to the findings. The findings of this paper will be useful to the local road construction industry in determining the properties of locally available asphalts and modified versions. A case study of the performance of 3 polymer forms in asphalt paving mixtures is provided; namely Polystyrene-Polymer, Polyvinyl-chloride (PVC), and Phenol-resin. These modified asphalt mixtures were made with asphalt cement that had been modified previously with 2%, 4%, and 6% with weight of asphalt polymer. The effect of polymer modification on mix performance was investigated utilizing Retained Stability Tests (RST) and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS). Two separate measuring temperatures (25°C and 45°C) are used to evaluate the behavior of the mixture due to the change in the temperature. According to the findings of a case study, using a small percentage of polystyrene polymer lead to an increase in tensile strength, permitting polystyrene modified asphalt mixtures to be used in cold climates. The test results also revealed that offering phenol resin in modified asphalt mixes can increase deformation resistance and strength, allowing it to be used in hot climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adopted a review of bond strength and discussed the research in geopolymer concrete. Studies and research on the structural properties of geopolymer concrete are relatively limited in comparison to ordinary concrete. As a result, this review covers the majority of the research on the Bond Strength of geopolymer concrete, cementitious materials and curing regimes. Many investigations on several researchers have worked on geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer Concrete has the advantage of using extra cementitious materials in conjunction with alkali-activated solutions to substitute cement (The reaction of geopolymer concrete materials is activates by it). After doing a study on previous researches, the output of reviewed papers explained that the pozzolanic materials and curing conditions are affected in the clear for the bond strength; it has been discovered that geopolymeric concrete made from fly ash performs better than Conventional Concrete based on Portland cement in terms of mechanical properties, withstanding high temperature, and preservation of fundamental physical characteristics including permeability and water absorption. Whereas few studies exanimated the effect of fiber on bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is currently one of the countries with a higher prevalence of stunting than other Southeast Asian countries in 2019. Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) is one of Indonesia's provinces that has stunting problems. This study aims to determine the influence of pre-marital education (PME) programs through online media on improving healthy living behavior patterns to prevent stunting. This research uses quantitative methods with a quasi-experimental research design with a pretest-posttest design and a control group design. Respondents to the study totaled 76 premarital couples using purposive sampling techniques, divided into intervention groups and control groups. The data analysis in this study used the Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Mann-Whitney test. Healthy lifestyle behavior patterns are measured using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) questionnaire. This study showed that there was an increase in healthy lifestyles regarding stunting prevention in premarital couples after being given the intervention of the Premarital Education (PME) program through online media in the form of posters and videos. The results showed that most of the respondents in the intervention group had a healthy lifestyle pattern (97.4%), and a healthy lifestyle was not good (2.6%) after being given the intervention. In contrast, the control group had a healthy lifestyle (37.9%), and a healthy lifestyle was not good (42.1%) after being given the intervention. The results of the Mann-Whitney Test showed that with a p-value of 0.000 or p <0.05, it can be concluded that there are differences in the healthy behavior patterns of premarital couples in the intervention group and control group after being given PME. Health education through online media about stunting before marriage will influence new couples to implement healthy lifestyles to prevent stunting in their future children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of input parameters (current, pulse on, pulse off) on materials eviction rate (MRR) when cutting CK45 DIN 17500 as a workpiece, and the material of the electrode is copper (pure). The input parameters for the practical side were current in values (10, 30, and 50 A) and pulse on-time values (50, 100, and 200 s). The studies were created with a full factorial design, and the results showed that the MRR increases as the current and a timely rise in pulse rate. The anticipated outcomes are extremely close to the obtained outcomes. Electrical discharge machining phrases: EDM, materials eviction rate, MRR, current, factorial analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suggested distribution transformer thermal model is studied. A Finite Element Method (a 2-D steady-state thermal analysis) was used to find the fin shapes effect on the thermal performance for the 3Ø transformer specified as (250 kVA, 11/.416 kV, oil-immersed, core type) utilizing "ANSYS, Workbench". Several fin shapes have been used and compared between them to get the best result. Where the traditional rectangular fin was divided into two, three, and four pieces, it found the average oil temperature improved by about 3% when divided the fin into four sections. as well as the method of perforating the fin with circular and square holes was used and the number of holes was increased from one to four and compared between them, it obtained the heat transfer enhanced and the average oil temperature improved by 4.5 % after perforation fin into four square holes and it was 8% when using fin with four circles holes. Results show that the best fin thermal performance was in the case of piercing with four circular holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the efficiency of the photovoltaic module, a sun concentration and cooling technique is being used in this research. Standard polycrystalline photovoltaic module, photovoltaic module with active cooling system as well as concentrated photovoltaic (C-PV module) and a cooling C-PV system were used in the experiments. On the 5th and 6th of November, the experiments were carried out in Baghdad, Iraq. The photovoltaic panel's frontal water flow serves as the cooling system using evaporative cooling. When compared to a standard PV module, the average power output and maximum power output from the C-PV system is increased by 23.6% and 28.3%. Furthermore, the C-PV system and the C-PV system with cooling technique have an average increase in electrical efficiency of 7 percent and 9 percent, respectively. In comparison to the other three configurations, the C-PV with the cooling system produced significantly more energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suggested distribution transformer thermal model is studied. A Finite Element Method (a 2-D steady-state thermal analysis) was used to find the fin shapes effect on the thermal performance for the 3Ø transformer specified as (250 kVA, 11/.416 kV, oil-immersed, core type) utilizing "ANSYS, Workbench". Several fin shapes have been used and compared between them to get the best result. Where the traditional rectangular fin was divided into two, three, and four pieces, it found the average oil temperature improved by about 3% when divided the fin into four sections. as well as the method of perforating the fin with circular and square holes was used and the number of holes was increased from one to four and compared between them, it obtained the heat transfer enhanced and the average oil temperature improved by 4.5 % after perforation fin into four square holes and it was 8% when using fin with four circles holes. Results show that the best fin thermal performance was in the case of piercing with four circular holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear system of a photovoltaic (PV) module was studied in this article. For PV panel temperature prediction, three types of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) time series are used: Nonlinear Autoregressive with External Input (NARX), Nonlinear Autoregressive (NAR), and Nonlinear Input-Output modeling. The model's input data parameters were (ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed, and irradiance), while the model's output data parameter was the temperature of the photovoltaic panel. All modeling techniques are evaluated using Mean Square Error (MSE), and their results are compared to determine which technique is the best. The results indicated that the MSE for the NARX method was 0.1196, while the MSE for the NAR and nonlinear input-output methods were 0.1385 and 0.2806, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the comparison between the treatment process using the conventional wire-EDM and the unconventional CNC milling machine in terms of surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the product. The design process was simulated using SolidWorks software for two mechanical parts (Cam and Spinner). These are considered important parts in manufacturing, used to convert rotational motion into linear motion, which depends on the high-quality surface and dimensional accuracy and finishing. Scientific parameters of WEDM were improved through initialization experiments and analysis by surface finish ratio and dimensional accuracy. These parameters for both machines were adopted on experimental work carried out during this research to choose the best inputs for this process to obtain high surface quality. Selected two samples were tested for surface quality and dimensional accuracy, which were used as criteria to evaluate the process. The results show that the surface finish of the products processed by the CNC milling machine is better than the product on WEDM. A WEDM is more accurate than a CNC milling machine in terms of dimensional accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic thermal, (PV-T) collector is hybrid collector utilized to convert solar rays to usable electrical as well as thermal energy. Lately, the research field on PV-T has focused on enhancing the PV-T collector efficiency via substituting conventional fluids as heat transfer medium with different types of nanofluid. This paper investigated the outcome of a mixture of hybrid nanofluid on useful outcome energy and the gained efficiency of PV-T collector by using a specific fractions of Al2O3-SiC-TiO2 nano particles with water as a cooling fluid. The work showed that at a mixture ratio of volume fraction of ternary hybrid nanofluid with an equal proportion of each component (0.4 vol. fraction), the electrical as well as the thermal efficiencies of PV-T collector at using Al2O3-SiC-TiO2)/water nanofluid are12.83% and 78.7%, respectively. Also, the cells temperatures drop by 15ᵒC with a volume flow-rate 4 L/m of Al2O3-SiC-TiO2/water nanofluid. This study concludes that by utilizing Al2O3-SiC-TiO2/water nanofluid an overall maximum thermal efficiency could reach to 85.3%, and this present 39.7% enhancement the collector performance compared to using pure water. A 42% improvement in electrical efficiency was also observed compare to that of uncooled PV panel efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we define a new certain family of arithmetic sequences associated with the Lucas numbers and their properties. With the help of some properties of the arithmetic sequences, some fundamental properties of these sequences are investigated. Moreover, using these properties, many new formulas for this sequence are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent models that tackle classification problems have shown that it can be developed using different algorithms that are available to use. Therefore, adding an additional level of complexity during the construction of such models. This paper focused on implementing Naive Bayes classification algorithm to the Optimized Electronic Nose System (OENS). Furthermore, the current implementation of the classification layer in OENS is by the usage of the SVM classification algorithm. This paper implemented and presented the results of the implementation of Naive Bayes algorithm by using the same dataset used during the development of OENS. In addition, the development of the Naive Bayes model was done by the usage of the WEKA tool. Apart from that, this paper served as an experiment to compare the results the Naive Bayes algorithm provided compared to the SVM algorithm used during the development of OENS. The classification model that was developed using Naive Bayes algorithm had an accuracy of 89.7% which is lower than the current accuracy of OENS classification model which is 98.1%. Therefore, the implementation of SVM for this problem has been deemed to be better than Naive Bayes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STEAM educational projects foster 21st-century skills. Integrating STEAM technologies into public school curriculums can engage students, develop laboratory skills, and establish STEAM pedagogy in the classroom. The prototype kit led with mode MCU ESP 8266 sensor is a technology that already uses the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human interaction. This prototype uses ESP 8266 MCU mode, project board, red LED lights, jumper cables, 100Ω resistors, and micro-USB cables. Programming is carried out on the Arduino application, where data is transmitted to the mode MCU ESP 8266. A bright red LED indicates the success of the circuit. This series can represent high school physics material, namely dynamic electricity taught in class XII. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the Nelder-Mead, Powell, and Differential Evolution algorithms in the optimization of a multidimensional optimization problem. Actually, this type of the problem is difficult to solve since the objective function mixes quadratic terms and trigonometric functions. Optimization techniques were use; the ideal values for the design variables that minimize the objective function i discovered. Using 3D surface plots, contour plots, convergence rate plots, and fitness landscape plots, the optimization process made visible. The outcomes show how each algorithm works and behaves in terms of convergence, giving information about both how well it performs and how the objective function is distributed. The results add to our understanding of optimization strategies and offer suggestions for choosing the best algorithms for situations with similar complexity in optimization. Finally, the numerical optimization approach has been implemented by Python language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoke can lead to oral diseases, including cancer. Smoking can negatively affect the enzyme α-Amylases. Saliva is the first bodily fluid to come into contact with this harmful substance. Smoking has more negative effects on salivary amylase than pancreatic amylase. The 1SMD (target protein) and smoking pollutants (ligand molecule) structure complexes were studied using the in-silico approach for ligand and receptor docking research. PyRx virtual screening tool increases docking accuracy with Vina and Auto Dock scoring. Using the discovery studio visualizer and the PyRx virtual screen tool, a collection of exemplary compounds was molecularly docked into the target receptor protein's active site area inside the chain (A). Using molecular docking studies, the main molecule was chosen from a set of seven compounds based on their high binding affinities. Starch was utilized as the comparison with a docking score of-6.6 kcal/mol. The results of the study found 2-aminonaphthalene had a highest binding affinity-6.2 kcal/mol Followed by (nicotine, then Myosmine, then phenol, then benzene, then Acrolein, then acetaldehyde) and amino acid residues with the stable interactions found on the α-amylase receptor's active site Absorption of cigarette ingredients in the mouth increases the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was based on the development of a 3D numerical model to investigate the efficiency of solar energy harvesting using photovoltaic panels combined with thermoelectric generator modules (PV-TEG). The effects of different numbers and distributions of thermoelectric modules when using a passive cooling unit on the performance of PV-TEG system were thus investigated. Seven models of a hybrid system (M1-M7) with different numbers and distributions of TEG items were tested and simulated numerically, and the optimum model performance of the PV-TEG was compared with that of both photovoltaic only and photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems. Based on the results obtained, the optimum model for the hybrid system was determined to be M1. The electrical power of the PV-TE system was also found to be higher than that of the PV only and PV/T systems, by 16.3% and 1.79%, respectively, when exposed to solar radiation of 1,000 W/m2 at an ambient temperature of 25 °C. The average temperature of the PV upper surface for the M1 model PV-TEG was about 47.95 °C, whereas, the average temperature of the PV upper surface for the PV and PV/T systems were 73.3 °C and 46.76 °C, respectively. The theoretical results indicated thus suggest that the effect of passive cooling on the PV-TEG system causes performance to decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) is a growing problem worldwide that is typically buried in landfills. This study thus proposes the use of calcined WTS as a novel supplemental cementitious material, based on an analysis of the effects of adding it to Portland cement composites. Experimental research was done on using WTS to partially replace cement at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight. The findings from testing these mixes revealed that while specimens with 10 and 15% modified WTS exhibited improvements in compressive strength, grout with 5% calcined WTS provided the best 28-day compressive strength. The calcined WTS demonstrated the necessary pozzolanic activity and interacted with cement hydration products to improve microstructural compactness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic volumes have increased rapidly in recent years across all major highways of Iraq due to the ongoing increases in economic growth in the region. The ability of a pavement structure to perform its main function decreases as traffic load increases, especially where overloaded heavy vehicles pass along a road. The majority of the road pavement is designed with vehicle legal load limits in mind: however, these may not always be adhered to, as most transportation businesses seek to reduce transportation costs by avoiding repetition of vehicle routes. Excessive truck traffic can cause economic, environmental, and social harm, however, and in this paper, the Iraqi State Commissions of Roads and Bridges (SCRP) code, AASHTO, and the Asphalt Institute method are used to analyse the effects of overloaded vehicles on road pavement thickness as compared to standard conditions. For both standard conditions and overloading cases, the traffic load expressed by Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) and truck factor were thus calculated, and the differences resulting from overloading thus identified. Traffic data from the Khalis–Odayam road were used in this paper to form a case study, allowing assessment of the impact of repetitive load conditions on the structural design, and any increase in layer thickness above the legal axle load limit that ensues. The results obtained from this work show that the total thickness of the paving layers as assessed using the AASHTO method was 805 mm and that by the Asphalt Institute method was 800 mm; these results were thus relatively close, despite the fact that the value of the ESAL was valued at 9.8*10^8 in the AASHTO method and 7.9*10*8 in the asphalt institute method, while the thickness values required by the two methods was greater than the current thickness of the road, indicating failures and distortions in the road after each successive road maintenance. According to these findings, overloaded vehicles on the road thus have a significant impact on pavement service life and necessitate to laying of thicker pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several techniques are utilised for screening and prioritising various criteria or items, including the Delphi technique and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Such techniques' calculations are dependent on expert views, however, and consequently, any error or contradiction in experts' viewpoints influences the calculation results. Although the talents and abilities of experts are employed for comparisons in classical Delphi approaches, such quantification of expert opinion cannot fully capture human thinking styles, and decision-making in the actual world must thus be enhanced by the use of fuzzy sets that operate in a manner more in line with the ambiguity and uncertainty of human thought and language. Any Analytical Hierarchical Process requires specialists to perform pairwise comparisons to make choices, and due to the huge number of criteria and potential errors connected with criteria priority decisions, it is feasible that the overall consistency will suffer as a result. Fuzzy sets are used to decrease error levels, and this study thus aimed to screen and prioritise criteria for solving complex decision-making problems by using both fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy best-worst (FBWM) techniques. Solving the multiplicity of rounds of the Delphi technique and the inconsistency produced by the AHP approaches are among the traditional difficulties associated with the Delphi method and the fuzzy best-worst method, while this paper demonstrates that the fuzzy Delphi technique can be employed to screen criteria in a single round, thus addressing the Delphi technique rounds issue, while FBWM offers solution for reducing the number of criteria comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first step in prioritising district road maintenance is to identify the key maintenance criteria based on each road's actual condition, as retaining unsuitable and insignificant criteria and deleting more significant ones leads to inaccurate and unreliable decisions. The objective of this study was to acquire an expert consensus on the key criteria for the prioritisation of district road maintenance in the Iraqi infrastructure sector. To achieve this objective, a group of 13 specialists was assembled to assess a list of 34 district road maintenance criteria using the Fuzzy Delphi approach. These criteria were thus organised into seven groups based on their relative importance. The first group included the seven criteria deemed to be the most important: "Potholes", "Cracking", "Transverse slope", "Shoving", "Depressions", "Bumps and Sags", and "Patching and Utility Cut Patching". This study's findings should thus aid decision-makers in this sector in terms of making appropriate decisions for the prioritisation of district road maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Braille system is used by blind or visually impaired persons to interact and communicate without the use of their eyes. With the tip of our fingers, we can read a braille system, which is a system of raised dots. Thousands of people use it in their own native languages and for literacy all around the world. The Braille system is now employed on refreshable devices, such as the eBraille Quran, which was developed by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2011 to help Muslims who are blind or visually impaired understand and appreciate the Quran in a much more comfortable manner. However, the eBraile Quran is very expensive and costs around 20 thousand ringgit in Malaysia it is very hard for local people in Malaysia to purchase and it's only been supplied to a certain school. The majority of the expense is due to its 40 braille cells, excessively numerous modular components, numerous microcontrollers, and intricately constructed braille cells. The purpose of this study is to develop a new compact and portable electronic Quran braille that only uses 8 cells with an implementation of a new concept of reading to aid the visually impaired and blind Muslim to read and listen to the Quran much easier at any place. A new concept for reading braille is based on a static reading concept which is fixation meaning that eyes or hand are relatively still as it assumes the reader's finger will touch and stay on the braille cell during the reading process. Therefore, the size of the proposed architecture has been reduced by more than 50% and the cost shows that using the new concept reading reduces the cost by 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to design the alleged learning trajectory of HLT (Hypothetical Learning Trajectory) and problem solving-based mathematics-based local instruction theory that supports students' creative thinking skills. The research subjects were students of class VIII at SMP 1 Ternate and SMP 2 Ternate, North Maluku. The method to be used is design research, which is a form of research with a qualitative approach. Design research aims to develop Local Instruction Theory (LIT) with collaboration between researchers and teachers to improve the quality of learning. Design research consists of three stages, namely: Preliminary design, Teaching experiment and retrospective analysis. The result in this stage is HLT which consist of five activities on the Ratio concept through the context of Ternate's local cultural wisdom, namely Lapis Palaro which has gone through the stage: preparing for the experiment or preliminary design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color characteristics of pesticide vegetables can be seen with the naked eye, but there are inaccuracies in the assessment that continue to be carried out so that time efficiency is not met. KNN processes data from the color of vegetables with pesticides by classifying all images of vegetables. The results of the analysis showed that in this test the authors found that cauliflower vegetables did not contain pesticides, where the results obtained from color extraction were carried out from training results, and the test stated that cauliflower vegetables were vegetables that did not contain pesticides or were suitable for consumption. The results of this test use 30 test data with attributes and 3 species in the data classification. The test results show the K-Nearest Neighbor method in data classification has a good percentage of accuracy when using random data. The percentage of variation in the value of K K-Nearest Neighbor 3,5,7,8,9 as a percentage of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the competencies of non-option geography teachers in teaching and learning geography in Malaysian high schools. The survey method and questionnaires have been adopted while conducting this study. In the meantime, the respondents were chosen by using simple random sampling consisting of 142 non-option geography teachers who teach the subject in high schools registered under the Malaysian Ministry of Education. Several analyses are used to obtain a comprehensive outcome, including the descriptive and t-test analyses. The results show that the respondents are highly competent in the aspects of knowledge (Mean = 4.124, SD = 0.451); teaching and learning skills (Mean = 3.927, SD = 0.488) as well as professionalism values (Mean = 4.308, SD = 0.457). According to the t-test analysis, there are significant differences in knowledge competency, teaching and learning skills and professional values based on the duration of teaching experiences in geography (t = -2.38, df = 140, p < 0.05; t = -2.29, df = 140, p < 0.05; t = -2.09, df = 140, p < 0.05 respectively). To conclude, this study implies that non-option geography teachers have the ability to deliver a comprehensive knowledge due to their high competencies in teaching and learning skills in geography. The implication is that the schools as well as the Ministry of Education should encourage the development of competencies among non-option teachers through constructive programmes such as Program Intervensi Tambah Opsyen (PITO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents a literature review on FDM-3D printing technique in additive manufacturing, Several variables affect the end product's features in fused deposition modelling (FDM), and these variables must be considered while selecting process settings. The study illustrates the effects of various materials and process parameters on final product mechanical properties. It concludes that too many polymer materials can be used as a filament in FDM printing techniques. And although FDM is the most common printing process but characterization of its parameters and their signification need to be covered with more studying, and analysis experimentally and statistically (DOE techniques) in order to control the final product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background For years, in vitro laser light irradiation of human blood has been studied to investigate the biostimulatory effects on several blood cells. However, any excellent outcomes of this laser on the rheology of C-reactive protein have not been recognized with originality due to an absence of research. Low level laser irradiation (LLLI) biomodulation has become popular as a therapeutic approach for improving blood microcirculation and inflammation. Until recently, the evidence for this kind of application has been a mystery. The goal of this research is to see how a low-power diode red laser at 650 nm with various exposure times affects C-reactive protein in coronavirus patients' blood serum in vitro. Samples of human blood serum are carefully taken from 43 Corona virus patients (25 male and 18 female) and each sample separated into two equal parts. One of these serves as a control (non-irradiated serum), while the other aliquots are exposed to various exposure durations of red diode laser radiation with a wavelength of 650 nm (5, 10, 15, and 20 min). C-reactive protein is measured immediately after irradiation. The C-reactive protein concentrations in male patients decreased significantly (p<0.0514) at exposure time (5 min) but had no significant effect at exposure time (5, 10, 15, and 20 min, respectively). In female patients, a significant effect occurs at exposure times (10 and 15 min) with (P<0.0370, P<0.0400) but not significant at exposure times (5 and 20 min) altered by the many exposure times of red diode laser 650nm compared to its no-irradiated counterpart. The light of a laser at a wavelength of 650 nm decreases the C-reactive protein in blood serum for coronavirus patients. This is important to do to stop the immune system from attacking the body's organs in the event of a cytokine storm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, A new method to achieve the exact solution of a special type of linear partial differential equations (LPDEs) will be introduce which involving mixed partial derivatives. This method is called the Laplace substitution method (LSM), This method is used to solve Poisson equation and the results are compared with other methods. Three examples are presented to explain the simplicity and reliability of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart City is an emerging interdisciplinary research field. They refer to the continuous development of social, technological, economic, and political factors, which provide opportunities for the continuous refinement of the concept of smart city. Many cities throughout the globe are planning projects or strategies aimed at implementing smart solutions. There is no effective reference model that can be used to construct obvious roadways for smart cities, despite the fact that there are many successful instances. This is due to the fact that cities are living entities with a great number of variables and different sectors of action, among other things. Therefore, Therefore, the analysis is done to summarize the present state for understanding the notion of smart cities and propose communication platform for developing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have been conducted to find some biomarkers associated with Autistic spectrum disorder. The aim of the present study was to assess the concentrations of some trace elements and toxic metals as a biomarker in serum of children with autism according to age. Blood samples were obtained from (30) (male) patients with autism, compared with group of apparently healthy control (male) (20). Two groups (patients and controls) divided into three groups according to age G1(2-4), G2(5-7) and G3(8-10). We note from the results of this study a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in serum concentration (selenium, chromium, and iron) in all age groups of autistic patients compared to control groups (P≤0.05). It was found significant decrease in the concentration of serum selenium in G1 patient group in comparison with G2 and G3 patients' groups (p≤0.05). Also, it was found no marked difference in serum (selenium, chromium, and iron) concentration between G1, G2 and G3 control patients' groups (p≤0.05). There is a significant increase in lead concentration in all autistic patients, regardless of their age, compared to the specified values, as well as a clear increase in lead concentration in the G2 and G3 patient group compared to the G1 group, and there is no significant difference in lead concentration between the G1 and G2 control groups and G3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted to identify the effect of the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on larvae of wax moth Galleria mellonella. Three dilutions have been used in these experiments including 6.8×10−1 and 6.8×10-2 and 6.8 × 10−3. Form the results, the third dilution has been given the best mortality of larvae. The mortality ratio was 2.91 larvae, while the best treatment which is used in both spray and feed form was also 10−3. It has been recording 3.27 larvae. Furthermore, the best dilution the experiments which is used on the second instar was 10-3 as well. It has been found 3.12 larvae mortality. The last instar record that the dilution of 10-1 has been gave 3.22 mortality, and the best treatment for this instar was spray and feed together. Obtained results showed great damage in the larvae development with increasing the number fungal spores and decreased the larvae moving. Using different dilutions with the fungal concentrations increased the damage in the larval midgut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas technology aims to re-use organic waste and poultry manure in an economical and health-safe way to produce new renewable energy with the production of good organic fertilizer and to protect the environment from pollution. The study was conducted to the effect of hydraulic retention first, second, third, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks on the production of biogas from anaerobic fermentation raw poultry manure at the rate (350kg raw:600L water type bioreactor Fixed-dome model designed and installed in poultry field at Agricultural Advisory Office, College of Agriculture, the University of Basra in Kurmat Ali, Iraq. Collected data were analyzed at least significant difference (R.L.S.D.) at P>0.05. Results showed that the best accumulative amounts of biogas were at the 6th and 7th weeks were 3240 and 3288 liters week-1 with a significant increase of 55.67% and 56.70% (v/v)respectively compared to the first week was110 liter week-1, results referred to main biogas ingredients from methane which were 55.67% and 56.70% (v/v), dioxide carbon 34.02%, 32.65% (v/v) with an insignificant amount of H2S at 6th and 7th weeks respectively. Another product from the anaerobic digestion process included disposal of organic manure with high quality of characteristics as pH, E.C., Organic carbon, total solid, and Carbon Oxygen Demand (COD) were 7.03, 17.43 dSm−1, 1318.27gm kg-1, 1 6.80%, 2150 mg L−1 for these characteristics respectively, so biogas technology Considered as recycling poultry manure to produce beneficial and safe bioenergy then prevent environment pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At high temperatures, asphalt pavement structures are more prone to permanent deformation. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of wax-based surfactant (WS) on the behaviour of asphalt binders modified with cup lump rubber (CLR). This study aims to determine the effect of WS on the high temperature properties of CLR modified asphalt binder. Based on the weight of the CLR modified asphalt binders, four different percentages of WS were used in this study: 0.1 %, 0.15 %, 0.2 %, and 0.25 %. The penetration value, softening point, elasticity recovery, torsional recovery and ductility of CLR modified asphalt binders with and without WS were analysed. The results indicate that the addition of CLR with WS improved the asphalt binder rutting and heavy loading properties at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an efficient and rapid thermal vacuum deposition method was used to deposit a nanostructured thin film of cadmium oxide (CdO). Different thicknesses of niobium oxide (Nb2O5) and palladium oxide (PdO) were deposited separately on the surface of the cadmium oxide film using the same preparation technique to study their effect on the structural and morphological properties of the deposited cadmium oxide film. The presence of cadmium oxide, palladium oxide, and niobium oxide phases is verified by X-ray diffraction. The crystallite size improved as the thickness of PdO, and Nb2O5 increased from 30 nm to 50 nm. FE-SEM investigation verified the formation of nanofiber-like structures with clusters of spherical particles at the nanometer scale. The growth of a high porosity surface was caused by the deposition of Nb2O5 and PdO layers. The cross-sectional results showed that increasing the weight of the evaporated powder increased the thickness of the film. The present work could promote the fabrication of thin nano-oxid films with distinct structural and morphological properties for promising electronic applications, such as gas sensors and potential photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any optical system suffers from aberration of all kinds, due to the application of reflection and refraction phenomena of spherical surfaces. The optimal values of the aberration coefficients have been calculated, so that they are as low as possible, by fixing the effective optical parameters with appropriate values to obtain the minimum values for the aberration coefficients. Special equations were used for the coefficients of spherical, coma and astigmatism aberration. Considering that these types of aberrations are the most important for axial and non-axial aberrations. The research dealt with the linear relationships between different values of the effective optical parameters and the aberration coefficients, to show the effect of these parameters of the optical system performance due to calculating the aberration coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to introduce interval two-points fuzzy boundary value problems, in which the fuzziness course when the coefficients of the governing ordinary differential equation and/or the boundary conditions includes fuzzy numbers of either triangular or trapezoidal types. Such equations will be solved by introducing the concept of α – level sets, α ∈ [0,1] to treat the fuzzy ordinary differential equation into two nonfuzzy ordinary differential equations, which are corresponds to the lower and upper solutions of the interval fuzzy solution. The shooting method is applied to solve the resultant equations in both cases, linear and nonlinear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fuzziness approach is useful when finding a solution to a programming problem with some element of uncertainty. Using standard programming techniques, an optimal value for coefficients may be difficult to compute. The quality of fuzziness makes the programming method especially useful in situations where the coefficients are fuzzy-shaped representations of real-world occurrences and cannot be determined accurately. There have been many attempts in recent years to solve the problem of fractional programming. But not be bounded that many papers or studies have been written about the fuzzy quadratic fractional programming problem. This paper first introduces a development method for solving quadratic fractional programming (QFP) problems depending on separating the quadratic objective function. Secondly, to solve a fully fuzzy quadratic fractional programming (FFQFP) problem in which all the variables and parameters of the problem are decagonal fuzzy numbers, we proposed a new nonlinear membership function of decagonal fuzzy numbers with a new ranking function technique to obtain the optimal fuzzy solution to the (FFQFP) problem as well as, development of the algorithm simplex method, in which the new data of tableau are made available with both to help of the new ranking function and the arithmetic's decagonal operations to find the optimal decagonal fuzzy solution. Finally, the applied part of this paper includes an example that shows the steps to finding a fuzzy optimal solution to the presented problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut shell (CS) is a biomass containing lignocellulosic components, with 29.40% lignin, 26.60% cellulose and 27.70% hemicellulose, these contents indicate CS has great potential to be used as fuel through the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of an organic material (biomass) at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, with the products being charcoal (bio-char), bio-oil and gas. Bio-oil and bio-char CS produced from the pyrolysis process will be applied as a coke-hybrid. This study aims to obtain the best pyrolysis temperature in the production of bio-oil and bio-char CS which will be applied as bio-coke as an alternative energy substitute for coking coal. The CS decomposition process uses temperature parameters with a variation of 500-700 °C. The results of the analysis showed that in the GC-MS bio-oil analysis, compounds were obtained phenolic; 2,6 dimethoxy-phenol; 1-(2,3,6-trimethoxyphenyl) propan-2-amine; 4-methyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenol; aceoxyacetone; phenol, 4methoxy-3-(methoxymethyl)-; 4-hydroxybenzenephosphonic acid and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene. Whereas for the purification of bio-oil using distillation, compounds are obtained furfural; 4-hydroxybenzenephosphonic acid; 2-methoxy-phenol; 3-methyl-phenol; phenol; creosol; beta-methoxy-2-furanethanol; ethanol, 1-(2-furanyl)-2-hydroxy- and 2-methylcyclopent-2-enone. SEM-EDS characterization of bio-char contains the main constituent elements including carbon and minor elements consisting of oxygen, sodium and chlorine. Based on research results, a temperature of 700 °C is the best temperature for producing bio-oil and bio-char, both in terms of the physical characteristics of the bio-oil (pH, density, viscosity and calorific value) and the quality of the bio-char from CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welding is described as a technique of fabricate to join two or more segments either similar or dissimilar materials. Welding procedure divided to two classifications, consists of combination welding and strong state welding process. In this research, low power fiber laser welding was used to weld two different metals using lap joint technique. The study focusses on Ti6Al4V and Inconel 600 without filler alloy in between. Influences of laser welding speed (15mm/s up to 21mm/s) and laser power (230W up to 250W) with constant focal distance were examined on the weldment microhardness. The hardness of the joints was analyzed using Vickers hardness measurement at the base metal (BM), fusion zone (FZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ). Results showed that as the welding speed decreases and laser welding power increases, the microhardness at HAZ is the highest followed by FZ. The optimum microhardness was achieved at 240W and 15mm/s. However, the higher the laser power goes, possibility of micro-cracks and void to happen increases which can lead to reduction in microhardness. The conclusion is that optimum laser welding power and welding speed is essential to make sure sound joint can be produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmonic distortion generated by nonlinear loads is one of the major power quality problems for the distribution system and the consumers, like poor power factor, device overheating, neutral overloading, and machine vibrations. The conventional harmonic mitigation method (Passive Filter) sustains a lot of tunning, resonance, and size drawbacks. Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) can use as a feasible alternative device to mitigate the current harmonic distortion. This paper investigates the mitigation performance of three-phase three-wire SAPF on the proposed distribution network model during nonlinear load changes conditions (dynamic load changes) when five scenarios representing different load variations have been applied to the network. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), current, and power factor have been examined before and after these load changes and without and with SAPF in each network bus. The study considers the dynamic load induction machine that has been connected to the one feeder through a line-side converter when SAPF was able to reduce the THD% of the grid to 5.32, 5.1, and 5.52 for 20Nm, 40Nm, and 60 Nm dynamic applied torque, respectively. The SAPF, distribution network, loads, and line side converter models are simulated with varying scenarios in MATLAB Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]