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Aluminium (Al) 6061 has unique properties of ductility and malleability with lower toughness and hardness values. The addition of nano silica into Al6061 alloy has improvement of these properties, which can be used automotive components for toughness and hardness place vital role i.e., in bearings and shafts. The aim of the present work is to investigate effect of adding nano silica particles distribution in to Al matrix through powder metallurgy route. Interfacial interactions of powders enhance the strength of composite. Powders were mixed with planetary ball milling setup. Samples were prepared though ISO Static pressing process for compaction at elevated temperatures and pre sintered in electric furnace. Post sintering time was varied for binding of two powders those were analyzed through XRD technique. Later dispersion in green component was observed and analyzed using SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the World Health Organization, out of 9.2 billion population around 287 million people are believed to be having imperceptive of vision. It is noticed that they are still facing difficulty to perform their daily routine and it is significant to take required action with the help of arising technology to help these kind of people to lead a normal life style like others irrespective of their disability in the idea of supporting them, we introduced a smart spectacle for the blind people which will perform text identification and by producing a speech outcome of the text. This can help the person with visual disability to read any printed note and identify in the form vocal note. The specs have an inbuilt camera to record the text note in the form of image with the help of Optical character Recognition (OCR). The captured text note is converted into speech or voice note which is sent to earphones by using a Text To Speech (TTS) technique. In our project the raspberry pi plays a major roll by providing an interface for the camera, sensors and the final outcome of image processing technique, which also controls the functions that can handle different operations of the peripheral units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario the necessity for dissimilar metal joining is in increasing order. Requirements in a wide range of new welding techniques for industrial up gradation. The existing technologies capable for improving in components joining from small assemblies to earth movers in extremely. The most significant applications of aluminum and ferrous alloys for producing in more sustainable products. In this present research work, selected Aluminum 2014 and SS304L and these are taken from the rolling sheet in different angles of 0°, 45°, and 90°. These are welded using friction stir welding with a HSS tool. From this method dissimilar metal sheets are obtained. The tensile specimens are prepared from these dissimilar sheet metal welds with respect to horizontal weld. This horizontal weld orientation is perpendicular to gauge length. Conducted tests on these tensile specimens through universal tensile testing to determine mechanical properties are yield stress, yield load, ultimate tensile strength, and percentage of elongation. This paper presents, mechanical properties evaluated and studied for friction stir welded of SS304L and Al2014 alloys. These studies on mechanical properties are useful in aerospace, ships, industrial and automobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracting the main points from a long passage is a big problem. We come across hundreds of passages in our professional life daily, if they are small and concise then that's good but if there is a passage of 100 plus lines which could be condensed and delivered or explained it in a few lines it would be more excellent time-saving effortless stress-free work. We all know the essence of any paragraph can be described in just a few necessary sentences whereas the passages need more grammatical content and sentence formation which makes the passages so long. So in this paper, a new method for paragraph summarization is presented. There is continuous research and new methods are being implemented and tested to make the machine to be able to understand the text and take respective actions. In this paper, we used word frequency algorithms and NLTK methods and functions to extract the main points from a paragraph and made it available in desired language audio formats. Several novels/books are being released in audio format for ease of understanding and some websites, as well as YouTube channels, are present over the internet to explain the essence of the novels/books. There are so many passages which have a lot to read and understand but could be made simple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this project is to design an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), here an RC (Radio Controlled) airplane which can carry the highest payload fraction possible, based on the guidelines of flight mechanics, aircraft structures, and aerodynamics and control systems. The paper details various aspects of an RC aircraft design based on Modular Approach for design of multi-purpose aircraft. Based on the empirical calculation the basic geometric dimensions of the aircraft were achieved. Material survey and selection was Further, a 3D model has been developed using CATIA V5 Software and wing was analyzed for structural characteristics using ANSYS Workbench for the calculated Load condition. The analytical and computational models have shown similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variant of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with flux-cored wire is becoming popular in industry and shipyard due to its economy, higher operating current range and better weld quality. Welding of component needs to establish the optimum parameters for obtaining acceptable weld quality with maximizing penetration and minimizing the bead width and reinforcement. In present work, welding investigation is carried out with flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) process on AISI 201LN stainless steel, employing the central composite design (CCD) DoE. The FCAW process uses 100% CO2 as a shielding gas with flux-cored wire combination which is much economical shielding gas compared to widely used Ar+CO2 for stainless welding. Wire feed rate (WFR), voltage (V), welding speed (S) and nozzle to work distance (NTD) are considered as weld parameters to investigate the performance of weld bead viz., penetration (P), width (W) reinforcement (R), weld penetration shape factor (WPSF), weld reinforcement form factor (WRFF). The full quadratic models are developed using response surface methodology (RSM) showing good correlations with an average error percentage of 4.41 as minimum for P and maximum as 7.73 for WPSF. WFR, V and NTD are found significant parameters on performance characteristics. The optimization of all responses are performed using desirability analysis and results shows an acceptable composite desirability of 0.6674. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magneto Rheological Fluid (MRF) is a smart material as their rheological property can be restricted by an externally applied magnetic field. MRF consists of base oil in which ferromagnetic particle namely carbonyl iron powder is dispersed uniformly. This has enabled to control the viscosity of the fluid instantly and reversibly thereby making it a very potential semi active suspension application and torque transfer devices. The current paper focuses on recent developments of MRF as s suspension and torque transfer devices. The influence of the ingredients (carbonyl iron powder and additives) on the damping effect and its applications are discussed. The squeeze and shear mode of operations are elaborated, and mono-tube and twin tube design parameters involved are discussed extensively along with the applications. Different types of MRF clutches as well as, torque, design and applications of MRF clutches are also discussed. A summary of research work related to MRF is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing is the lifeline of all industrial societies. As manufacturing processes are varied understanding of competitive nature of processes is essential. A necessary requirement in this respect is appropriate measure of performance. Some of the common operations which come under Sheet metal Forming are bending, roll bending, contour forming, stretch forming, creep forming, straight stretch forming, spinning, deep drawing, explosive forming etc. The concept of formability provides us with one such measure. Formability is not easily quantified as it depends on several interacting factors. It is conceivable that a given sheet metal could be formed successfully into a particular component or lead to failure depending upon the process conditions and the tooling used. Stretch-bend formability test a sheet metal is deformed in centre by a wedge shaped punch into the sheet (clamped fully) the test is continued until fracture takes place. Punch to die throat diameter clearance is high. The depth of penetration at the instant when load reaches its maximum is used as the formability Index. The test was conducted dry without use of any lubricant. The features of the test are it measures the capability of sheet materials to be stretched before fracture, It has good consistency, easy to perform, ability to simulate desired forming mode is good. In this test aluminum and steel alloys are used with different thickness and formability index is evaluated. The study on effect of punch nose radius on maximum load and depth of deformation is used for study of formability characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to non biodegradability and limited sources of synthetic fiber and resin system, researchers are focusing to improve the performance of natural fiber and resin system. In this report we discuss about natural composite fiber. At present and future sight of commercial material, researchers are focusing on natural composite material due to its light weight. At the same time natural fibers are easily available and degrade eco friendly, which leads to the term Green fibers. Production of green fiber is very low when compared to synthetic composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present world the UAV'S with the fixed high wing took a major place for any target mission to obtain data and information regarding the operation at entry and medieval level. In order to select a best type of aircraft for any required mission first the concept of fixed wing UAV's should be known. It tells about the flight and operational performances. This article provides the structural and flow analysis performed over a wing as it is the fixed wing the analysis is done only on the wing with accurate values and performance is observed over an aircraft by observing the thrust to weight ratio. This article also proposes the aerial monitoring post natural disaster evaluation and aerial assessment, natural disaster logistics and Military rescue operations, surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials with low weight and good mechanical properties are having vast demand in the present and future of manufacturing industries. Most of the research works are carried for the development of new metal matrix composites which are having higher strength, hardness and wear resistance, etc. when compared with pure monolithic metals. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) are developed choosing a Matrix metal i.e. Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium, Copper, etc. and reinforcing materials as Silicon carbide, Alumina, Titanium Carbide, Boron Carbide, Titanium oxide, Fly ash, ceramics, etc. Advancements in material technology led to the development of hybrid composite materials by suitable use of more than one reinforcement material in proper proportions. In this research work, a mental exertion has been made to review physical and mechanical Characterization of Aluminum MMC's which were processed through the stir casting technique, this review will help new research scholars and manufacturing industries in understanding the various mechanical properties of particulate composite materials based on the utilization of reinforcement material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a day's electronic machinery and components are reducing in magnitude as a result difficulty keeps on increasing at an remarkable level. As well as the energy is increased, and volume is decreased. Which results in a remarkable raise of power density, which causes rise in temperatures and failures of the system? Guarded temperatures in components are to be ensured for a dependable electronic system. Elevated temperatures results in electronic malfunctions. For a minor temperature raise an out of tolerance condition might occur, if the temperature raise is huge a disastrous failure might take place. The fundamental problem that is faced during heat transfer is to eliminate of heat generated internally by providing a flow path from heat sources to the final sink (surrounding ambient air). Current day avionics are responsive and compact designed to be free from structural and thermal instability. A distinctive avionic gear for flying will be designed with miniaturized power amplifier components, high pace processors and power supply. The vast amount of heat generated must be dissipated efficiently so that the system will work without any interruption. Due to size and weight limitations design of custom heat sink cannot be produced. By taking all these points into consideration thermal administration is to be designed in such a way that cooling is done by using external fans. In this review paper a lot of research on management of cooling system and thermal analysis of electronic systems has been done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Automobile sector is growing with the latest advancements in the petrol version and diesel version of the automobile, but there is still need to optimize the need to reduce the emissions which is causing heavy air pollution. There is always a need to replace the conventional fuel with biofuel which can tackle the problem of emission also can increase the thermal efficiency. So to avoid the problem of emission from the diesel engines we have chosen biodiesel for our work. The present work deals with the design, analysis and fabrication of a Toroidal piston bowl profile with tangential groves on the top of piston on the standard piston of a diesel engine with hemispherical combustion chamber. Also, the performance, combustion and emission characteristics are to be studied using biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the needs of the industry are changing due to rapid change in technology, management practices, competitive quality & productivity. The demand for cars in the market has increased over the time period and car companies have been thriving in order to produce cars at a faster rate and thus reduce the waiting time after the orders have been placed. The ultimate goal is to speed up the process there by increasing productivity through a proper utilization of man and machine. Similarly, this study has been subjected to an issue in the manufacturing process of crankshafts. Initially, the crankshafts are milled and ground and then the balancing of crankshafts is carried out. Once all the tests in balancing are carried out and corrected, the end product of a crankshaft is obtained and final quality inspection is being carried out. In this case study quality inspection of crankshaft is carried out using image processing to ensure the final product (crankshaft) does not miss out on any drilling or tapping operations. So that the final product can directly be sent to assembly line. In this study, Re-development of the existing pallet design for setting up an inspection system in order to identify the crankshaft flange-hole missing. This inspection system consists of an OR-Based IFM CMOS Vision Sensor which is trained with the images of the flawless part in order to differentiate the flawed ones from it. The indication is carried out near the conveyor with LED bulbs. This research work has been carried out as a case study in an automotive industry with the objective of waste reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMEs which operates with moderate financial investments has many issues to overcome and sustain in the business. Lean manufacturing is been implemented by SMEs to solve different problems they face. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of lean manufacturing in small and medium enterprises SMEs. The implementation of lean manufacturing in small scale industries and its impact on the performance is studied. The research has been carried by interviewing and analyzing the past and present records of the firms. The result has been constructed into case studies. The survey of literature has been gathered from research articles, books, news articles and interaction with SMEs were employed as research method adopted for this study. The findings of this paper are that SMEs adopting the lean practices can scale up and sustain much more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work explains Qualitative test analysis of trace elements and their content in Catharanthus roseus from Telangana region using EDXRF and PIXE techniques. EDXRF and PIXE spectrometers are non-destructive, multi-element and high sensitive analytical methods are used for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the specific elements. Following thirteen elements P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, and Sr were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence and eleven elements namely Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, and Sr were analyzed using Proton Induced X-ray Emission technique (PIXE). Outcome of the current study revealed, the content of K, Ca, and Cl were high by both the methods. The elemental concentrations vary in Catharanthus roseus using different techniques. The data obtained in this study will be useful in the screening of chemotherapeutic drugs used for cancer. The chemical constituents present in this plant sample are very necessary for human beings. The current results will be very helpful to carry out further toxicological study of Catharanthus roseus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hydro power plants hydro turbine is a prime mover and is an important component. In case the hydro turbine does not function properly or is out of order for maintenance or otherwise, the plant suffers a huge loss of power generation and revenue. The function of the turbine also affects the efficiency, which may be reduced due to silt erosion/cavitation, which can be reduced to acceptable limits economically. The hydro turbine performance and its life were not improved significantly with various changes in design of turbine components by using distinct materials and the material coatings to the surface of the turbine blades. Therefore, it is essential to study the influence of abrasive erosion on the turbine components for various fluid flow conditions theoretically and experimentally. In present study, the silt erosion for different hydro turbines is estimated by using correlations available in the literature and compared the same. Cost analysis is carried out for the turbines affected due to erosion using cost of generation, cost of repair, maintenance cost and cost of mitigation which have been obtained from various turbine manufacturers. The analysis shall be helpful for the turbine manufacturers and plant owners for comparative analysis to decide whether to opt for preventive measures for silt erosion in turbines or for maintenance of turbines. It is observed from the analysis that the cost of coating is approximately 14 times and 130 times less than total loss of revenue for lower and higher concentrations respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An E- Short-Commuter, also called as EV's (Electric vehicle for shorter distances), which uses single or multiple electric or traction motors for the purpose of propulsion. The e-commuter may be powered by electricity from off-vehicle sources via a collector network, or it may include a battery, solar panel, or reversible electric generator for converting gasoline to electricity. E-mobility is going up. In 2018. There are various EV models consisting of a wide range of variants. EVs are expanded in all sectors, some of which are Automotive sector, IT, Aeronautical, Medical, Bio- medical, Army, Navy, Air force and many more Most of the commuters we find now-a-days are 2 or 3-wheeler. This project is a 4-wheeler electric short commuter which has an interesting and user-friendly steering system which doesn't apply any load on the driver. Within this project design work is undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grinding is machining process where material is removed by the action of abrasive particles whereas Electrolytic-in-process-dressing grinding (ELID Grinding) is an in-situ dressing method used for metal-bond wheels. This technique being greatly successful for fine grain wheels to obtain high surface finish of higher order and for the machining of hard ceramics by applying a small cutting depth for grains in order to overcome failure by cracking. Continuous research proves that ELID grinding bears significant impact in the area of critical applications such as refractory nozzles, intricate components of missile etc., compared to conventional grinding in terms of improved surface finish, sub-surface matrix damage and excellent surface accuracy. An extensive attempt has been made through this review work to understand the origin, development, process setup & variables, wide range of applications and also mathematical modeling as applied to ELID grinding. Future scope of the process as applied to manufacturing sector is also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increase in the concern of congestion and pollution of the motor vehicles for personal transport is getting a very big issue. The major aim of the project is to design and investigate on a vehicle that replaces and fits into the viable alternative to cars for short distance usage. The vehicle to be designed and fabricated in our project will be an Ultra Light Vehicle. It is powered by a hybrid human-electric drive system. A concept frame will be considered to be devised for investigation. The frame design consists of just two members where seating position is arranged adjust which make manufacturing easy. A mechanical drive system – which on its own could power the vehicle – has also been designed, as has an electrical drive system that can be retrofitted at the rear side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we are going to analyse the performance of boiler feed pump with varying.number of blades i.e, 6, 8 and 10,with suitable graphs and tables. Basically feed pumps are one of the essential parts of the boilers. The application of boilers where feed pumps are used includes industrial processes. A feed pump having a flow of 70kg/s, rotational velocity of 1800rpm and operating at 60 ° C is considered for the design and fluid flow analysis. Pump model is obtained from CATIA modelling software and design is developed using different pump parameters and CFD analyses is made using ANSYS modelling software. Variation of blades has a greater impact on the performance of the pump, thus based on the performance of each design the pump with greater performance is selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globe plug check valve is a hydraulic valve highly used in process industries such as chemical, dairy, food etc. to allow flow of fluid in right direction and to maintain pressure of the system. For the functioning of any valve it should manufactured with both dimensional and geometrical accuracy to prevent the possible leakage of the assembly, which in turn affects the pressure of the system. In globe plug check valves, it was found that concentricity plays a major role on the functioning of the valve. Most of the globe plug check valve components are manufactured by turning operation on CNC machine. So the concentricity of the produced valve components are influenced the factors of turning process. This work is depicts the effect of concentricity on leakage of globe plug check valve and how concentricity can be improved by controlling the factors of turning. Here, design of valve components are modified, according to the GD&T standards, specifying the geometric requirements to ensure leak free assembly. Design of experiment along with grey relation analysis are carried out to optimize turning parameters influencing concentricity. ANOVA is used to check the effect of individual factors of turning on the concentricity and found that optimum turned parameter for male part (globe plug) is Cutting Speed = 140 (m/min.), feed = 0.05(mm/rev.) and depth of cut = 0.2 (mm) and for body part it is Cutting Speed = 140 (m/min.), feed = 0.1(mm/rev.) and depth of cut = 0.3 (mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The submerged arc welding machine broadly use in the industries for the material joining process. Penetration, bead width, reinforcement, tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness are some output parameters that define the quality of the weld. Arc current, feed rate, travel speed, electrode diameter, voltage, stick out, and angle of the electrode are input parameters of the SAW process. Many researchers optimize process parameters according to their requirements. This paper covers the effect of different input parameters on weld quality from different research papers. In this paper, study the effect of microstructure, heat-affected zone, and heat input on the weld joint. After analysis of all research papers, observes how parameters affect weld bead geometry and mechanical properties. And how to weld quality can be controlled in the SAW process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient and effective inventory management goes a long way in the successful running and survival of an industry. In the present paper, the authors studied the existing inventory control system of an industry manufacturing gear wheels. The various types of gear wheels are made from the S45C material round bar. These gear wheels are manufacturing by various cutting inserts. The ABC analysis was performed to identify the A class inserts. Subsequently, the linear programming technique was used to establish the relationship between the consumption of A-class inserts and the production quantity of gear wheels. This relationship was used to determine the requirement of inserts for the future production quantity. The EOQ, re-order level, safety stock and total insert's inventory cost were determined for future production. The linear programming based inventory model reduced the 24-27% inventory cost as compared to the existing inventory model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent days, world is moving towards automation where the human efforts are considerably decreased in the each and every aspect. But still the mobility of the physically challenged persons is left as a challenge. Hence in this paper we have discussed about a solar powered tricycle for physically challenged persons which is operated by a brushless dc motor powered by lead acid batteries which are charged using a renewable source of energy (solar energy). By using solar energy for operating the vehicle an eco-friendly approach can be made by decreasing the usage of conventional fuels such as petrol, diesel which results in pollution. The tricycle is designed to achieve a speed of 20-25 kmph and with an increased efficiency when compared to available hand powered and electric tricycles available in the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly focuses on design and analysis of an autonomous hybrid vehicle. It uses three different ways of green energy sources to generate electricity for running the vehicle. The autonomous model consists of three different modules of electric power sources that are solar energy, wind energy and fuel cell technology. These three different electric power sources are connected to battery and from there power supply is connected to motor through a power controller. Initially the automobile runs with the electricity stored in the battery, after attaining some speed wind and solar energy starts producing electricity and stored in the battery. Whenever the stored energy is required for running the automobile then it supplies from the battery. All the existed IC engine automobiles are causing environmental pollution and damaging the human's health and many people are dying every year all over the world. The problem of pollution can be rectified by using green energy technologies. This type of vehicle won't release any harmful gases to the environment. The autonomous vehicle reduces the accidents rate and death rate due to road accidents. Autonomous vehicles combine a variety of sensors to perceive their surroundings, such as radar, lidar, sonar, GPS, inertial measurement units and odometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental affecting wastages such as plastic wrappers, plastic bottles, and some foodstuffs are generated and disposed through the windows by the passengers during the journey. The average person generates 1.95 kilograms of waste per day. This should never let our environment to degrade day-by-day, the society should provide the solution which makes our India a waste-free zone, and this paper gives an extent impact on waste collection and its reduction during train travel, in which the waste collector set-up is planned to fix outside to the train window. In the waste collector, the hinged support collector is extended along the length of compartments on either side of the train, which is planned to make of aluminum alloys. The passenger can use the door mechanism to dispose their waste as in the dustbin, and thereby the wastages are easily collected with the help of screwing mechanism for further action. The outside implementation of the waste collector may chance to affect the aerodynamic performance of the train, so the aerodynamic study on the train with the waste collector is mandatory to ensure the train's dynamic stability. In order to study the aerodynamic performance of the train with waste collector, CFD simulation and experimental testing are carried out. In Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the reference component is modeled with the CATIA and simulations are carried out in the Ansys Workbench 16.2. The 1/45 scaled model of the train with and without waste collector is tested experimentally in a wind tunnel and the results are compared with numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified vacuum drying process has become most prominent and cost effective technique to eliminate the redundant elements like moisture from the piping equipment in modern oil, natural gas, petro-chemical and fertilizer industries. Heat exchanger is one of them. It is essential to remove the moisture from the heat exchanger and other piping equipment to avoid the formation hydrates, corrosion etc. Presence of moisture inside of the pipes causes of hydrate formation and corrosion within the piping equipment. The research work provides the experimental data of modified vacuum drying process, which has been carried out on industrial heat exchanger. The estimated time for evacuation process is verified by experimental data received from Hydratight. Initially, major influencing factors that are associated with the piping equipment have been monitored using data logger. Controls of these factors are also important to accomplish the dryness measurement. Finally, phase wise moisture properties that change during the vacuum drying process based on field experiment and the effects of these factors also explained in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aviation MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul), most routine maintenance performed on the landing gear of an aircraft requires the airframe to be lifted off-deck entirely at various stages for system checks and retraction tests. To facilitate this, tripod jacks are placed at critical locations under the airframe. As there are a large variety of aircraft for maintenance, all with different design, weight and ground clearances, tripod jacks are made to be height-adjustable, albeit to a limited extent only, which hinders flexibility in use. This translates into MRO service providers stocking multiple models of tripod jacks to cater to broader clientele, and wider variety of aircrafts. This paper explores the conceptual design of using a single variable-height telescoping extension assembly by which a tripod jack can be suited for multi-use. The design and development of the design is based a popular Malabar fixed-height tripod Jack, while the aircrafts validating the concept are some of the most popular medium-range passenger jets in the market today, namely Airbus models A319, A320, A321 NEO family and the Boeing 757 family. The accessory proposed in this paper bridges the height gap between the wing jacking points of aforementioned aircrafts, which cannot be catered to by the Malabar International tripod jack, presently. The proposed accessory is easier to use, manufacture, maintain and more cost effective than existing alternatives. This concept can be extended to allow one model of tripod jack to lift a variety of aircrafts within its tonnage capacity, thereby eliminating the need for specific tripod jacks for specific aircraft, thus bringing down cost significantly for MRO service providers dealing with high volumes of similar aircraft from various manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of review is to study tyre aerodynamics which aims to reduce emissions, fuel intake and to improve the efficiency of automobiles. Tyre is one of the most essential part of vehicle as it plays a major part in ensuring safety of the vehicle, aerodynamics of a rotating tyre contributes about 33% of total vehicle drag. Decrease in drag can lead to increase in safety, comfort and efficiency. Even a minute change in geometry of tyre can impact the vehicle drag by a minor amount. Friction of tyre is basis for control systems developed in improving safety at dangerous braking situation; parameters like load, velocity, and slip rate including pavement characteristics affect friction. Type of inflation affects consumption of fuel and determines life of tyre; properly inflated tyre is more efficient by reducing noise generation and fuel consumption therefore reducing environmental issues. In order to increase performance of vehicle advancement should be made in improving aerodynamics of a vehicle. Main intention of paper is to address the design of tyre for different vehicles providing idea for researchers and new learners to work on vehicle tyre aerodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aircrafts are susceptible to various types of static and dynamic loading. Calculation of these loads are of prime importance in order to ensure the safety of an aircraft. Fatigue load is one such type of load which has to be evaluated. This project work comprises of design and fatigue analysis of a wing structure when different materials are used. The wing is of rectangular planform and is designed using CATIA V5. In order to illustrate the importance of materials and spar cross section in determining the structural strength of a wing, two materials (Carbon Epoxy and S-2 Glass) and two spar cross sections (I- Section and Rectangular Section) are chosen for detailed analysis. Following this structural analysis is carried out on ANSYS R18.1 using the static structural module to obtain the Equivalent Von-Misses stress distribution, life, damage, factor of safety and fatigue sensitivity of the wing structure due to the application of load. From the results obtained it can be observed that composites have high strength to weight ratio comparatively and hence the stresses developed in such materials are lower. On changing the spar cross section the variation in the results are clearly visible. Thereby indicating the important role of selection of materials and structural cross section in determining the strength of an aircraft structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles play an important role in perishable food delivery in megacities of developing countries that are facing sustainability problems. This paper presents an experimental analysis of refrigerated electric (REV) vehicles fabricated with lightweight material. The REV charge partially with solar energy in sunny hours and use the grid electricity for charging the battery bank anytime. The performance of the vehicle was tested in the hot-summer and cold- winter season. The energy consumption and temperature variation inside the refrigerated chamber were analyzed. The results show that the REV weight and stored quantity weight produced the major influence on vehicle distance coverage. The refrigerated chamber consumed less energy (8 Wh) in winter as compared to 62 Wh energy consumption in summer at thermostat position 5. The REV covered 92 Km distance on the battery bank in the no-load condition. However, the traveling distance of the REV was increased in a hybrid mode of energy. It was not possible to replace the complete body of the REV with composite and non-ferrous materials. The REV weight was reduced by 20 kg which enhanced its traveling distance up to 16 km. The first objective of this study is to check the REV weight reduction effect on traveling distance. However, the second objective of this study is focused on the energy consumption, temperature variation, and economic analysis of the refrigerating chamber which fitted in the REV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently bio-fibers and its composites are showing significant role as a potential operational material. These materials have attractive properties like less cost, low density, better specific modulus and biodegradability. Hence these properties are attracting and make them useful for industrial applications. The objective of the current work is to introduce the new natural fibers (Pineapple fiber, Agave Americana fiber and hybrid) and study the mechanical and machining characterization of these composites. The result shows that mechanical properties were increased with addition of fiber volume in the composites. The machined Agave Americana fiber reinforced composites shows good surface roughness values than pineapple and hybrid fiber reinforced composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat exchanger calcium sulphate fouling in tube side is the deposition on the tube surfaces which affect the heat transfer. It's found that the oil refinery process plant having an issue of calcium sulphate fouling in heat exchangers due to the crude product which form by hydrous calcium with Sulphur trioxide developed calcium sulphate deposit. The crystalline form of aqueous solution in three forms: gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O), hemihydrate (CaSO4⋅½H2O), and anhydrate (CaSO4), which is created by reacting Sulphur trioxide with calcium oxide in the presence of moisture in hydrous form (i.e. CaO+SO3 +2H2O=CaSO4·2H2O and CaO+SO3→CaSO4) form. Calcium sulfate deposits as a crystalline mass which adheres tenaciously to the metal surface, builds up and tends to undesirably reduce the heat transfer characteristics as well as causes plugging. The heat exchanger fouling removal are difficult which is not remove by any normal online cleaning and flushing. The objective of this work is to provide essential understanding of calcium base fouling removal techniques by EDTA chemical cleaning methodology. The mechanical cleaning, needs major shutdown, bundle pulling and retro-jetting which associated with huge cost and additional integrity test. The results of an experimental study on fouling phenomena, environment of fouling, and mitigation of fouling in shell and tube heat exchanger have been clearly explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It becomes significant and inevitable that a need arises to review or examine over environmental concern on assemblage of throwaway, exceptionally plastic outcomes and in follow up it becomes important to pivot on exploring engineering materials, which are of biodegradable nature. However, this is not appraised as a biodegradable material on a complete extent, it would be recommendable to initiate by selecting natural, decomposable reinforcement materials, assimilated into recyclable polymer matrices to fabricate composites that are inert to surroundings and habitat. The composite evolved comprises vetiver grass, prepared into fibre and particulate forms, to reinforce a polymer matrix of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), consequently decrease the constitution of the polymer, while concurrently upgrade its mechanical properties. Different reinforcement compositions and time period of chemical treatment of the reinforcing material were also done to give a better picture of the augmentation of properties of the material. Several mechanical properties were examined namely tensile, flexural, impact and hardness tests, in accordance to ASTM and ISO standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat exchanger like plate heat exchanger has extensive industrial application for exchange of heat energy applications because high thermal performance, minimum space requirement, and approachability to all areas with their lower capital and minimum operating costs as compared to others heat exchangers types. In plate heat exchanger scaling formed, when a mineral film coats the entire surface of a heat exchanger plate. The calcium-based salts are general form of scaling such as calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate and it's problematic because these calcium-based salts are reverse soluble salts. The salts are soluble in water at higher temperatures but the calcium based salt doing in opposite way and decreases the water solubility. Under some conditions, the plate heat exchanger also face the fouling issue which difficult to diffentiate with scaling during operational stage. Fouling and scaling is the deposition of unwanted material on a plate surface of a small channels of compact plate heat exchanger which badly affect the exchange of heat and reduction in flow. Fouling deposits narrowing the passages of plate surface gap area which increases the pressure drop. It's also reduces the effectiveness and increases the accompanying energy for operational and maintenance costs. In this paper different types of scaling and fouling formation mechanism are shown in different terminology. The advance chemical cleaning methodology develop to clean the different type of scaling and fouling without affecting the production losses, equipment damage with human and environment safety. The advance chemical cleaning in Place (CCIP) methodology for plate heat exchanger is based on acidic cleaning with different chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective is to design an "Drill Jig (Indexing Type) for a missile component" by understanding the design concept, modeling it and to perform the analysis by which the design is validated. The component design was studied in detail and then the drill jig was designed, and tested and was found to produce components of acceptable quality. The design of each component of jig was carried out and the designs of all components are included in this thesis. The evaluation technique involves the implementation of CAD software that aids for design drafting, assembly and analysis which is be useful for customized applications and manipulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analysis the failure causes of the combat jet aircraft rudder which occurred during fight mission. A rudder sizing method is used to determine the size of rudder, ANSYS is used for flow analysis of rudder and pro-e is used to design the rudder. The longitudinal crack occurred from the corrosion pit and the inner surface of rudder was heavily corroded due to over stress. Based on these results it was decided that the failure of rudder occurred. Therefore, it is advised that the rudder should be redesigned, and the material changed into more corrosive resistant to avoid future similar failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fume extractor is a mechanical utensil it will capture various harmful gases. Gases coming out from the Soldering process welding process or CNC laser process is very harmful, workers working at these areas they may be lost their life because when they inhale these gases will directly effect on Respiratory system. various health problems will cause those are: lung swelling, Coughing, and other respiratory problems. Fume extractors are available in different sizes with a High price range. my wok in this project is to make the functional, inexpensive concise and simple fume extractor device. main features of this project is to easy printing of 3d printed casing and changing activated carbon as well as HEPA filters effortless. it reduces the inhalation of fumes that comes from soldering. HEPA Filters removes harmful gases and come back purified air to the workplace. The combination of powerful fan and perfect high quality filters creates a recirculating air patterns for ductless units, because of the airflow ductwork costly air replacement is not required. these units occupies less space, weigh less and more energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addition of nanoparticles improves catalytic reaction during combustion of biodiesel accounting to their high surface to volume ratio. Nano particles also augments radiative mass transfer properties of fuel and reduces ignition delay. Test was done on light duty diesel engine with Karanja biodiesel. Graphene nanoparticles where blended with Karanja methyl ester and its impact on engine performance and emissions characteristics were studied. Blends were prepared by mixing B20 with graphene nano particles with ultrasonicator. Samples tested include B20 (20% Karanja biodiesel and 80% diesel by volume), B20G25, B20G50 and B20G75 (i.e.B20 with 25mg/L, 50mg/L and 75mg/L of graphene nanoparticles respectively). Results reported that blends with graphene particles were at par with diesel fuel with respect to performances and emissions. Inclusion of graphene nano particles facilitated in reducing the emissions such as CO, HC and NOx compared to diesel. B20G75 showed notable decrement in CO, NOx and HC emissions at higher loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the project is to fabricate a regular class UAV with a Raked wing-let along with wing fence. The analysis and testing of the fabricated model should give a brief idea of the impacts of Raked wing-let on generally speaking execution of UAV, providing the practicality of the proposed design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belleville springs are important type of springs. They are frusto-conical in shape. Nowadays, they are extensively used because they occupy less space and support high load with small deflection. Load-deflection characteristics of a Belleville spring can be altered by introducing holes in the springs. In this research work, Finite Element analysis of Belleville spring and experimental investigation using strain gauge was carried out. Finite Element analysis was carried out on a plain spring and results are compared with theoretical analysis. Analysis was also carried out on Belleville spring by introducing holes. It was observed that Load-deflection characteristics can be altered by introducing holes which can be used as an advantage. Experimental investigation was carried out using strain gauges for different configuration of Belleville springs such as plain spring, spring with holes. From the studies it was observed that Theoretical, Finite Elemental and Experimental analyses were in good agreement. When holes were introduced, the magnitude of maximum stress was increased by 20%. Thus, when a slight increase in stress is tolerated, a given load- deflection characteristics can be achieved by using springs with holes. Moreover, Belleville spring and helical spring combination can be used to develop high deflection load cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental research is focused on use of biodiesel in compression ignition (CI) engines. The current depletion rate of fossil fuels raised the necessity to use renewable energy resources. The biodiesel is one of the best alternative energy resources which can compensate the shortage of diesel fuel. Biodiesel have properties and combustion parameters like to those of petroleum fuels and can be mixed together with petro-diesel. Biodiesel is synthesized from Pine seed oil using transesterification process and blended at different concentrations of B0, B10, B20, B30 and B100. The performance and emission analysis were carried on 4 stroke single-cylinder engine at various loads. The results proved that, along with the various blends used, B20 shows a decrease in pollutants of CO, CO2 and HC while the mechanical efficiency and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of pine oil have increased by 4.85% and 23.2% respectively. B20 has shown an increase in NOx emission about 9.12%. So, B20 has a greater advantage for the direct use in engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brake fade is a phenomenon in which brake system becomes vague in nature. Brake fade is often misinterpreted by people as break fail, but actually it is a partial brake fail which lasts for a very short time. During the process of braking the law of conservation of energy is followed, the car which is moving forward due to the kinetic energy it posses is stopped or decelerated by the heat energy generated at the frictional interface of the pad lining and brake disc. The thermal load is stacked up continuously and very less time is given for the cooling of the brake rotor, this may lead to generation of micro high temperature areas throughout the brake rotor, further these areas can disturb the whole environment of the brake rotor as these small hot spots induce thermal judder and stress which leads to disc thickness variation and abrupt wear of the rotor. The rotor is expected to withstand high temperature loads and forces. The both mechanical loading and the thermal loading can contribute towards the fade. The factors like outer and inner diameter, material, vane design and thickness can affect the heat dissipation. Heat can also be dissipated by further making slots or drills in the rotor. In this study work about the rotors which are not slotted or drilled and would only have two variable values number of vanes, material and the type of vane. Commercially a lot of designs are used like straight vane, diagonal vane, pillar and curved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In upcoming generation of automobiles industry, we are major focusing on optimization of tyre design. Tyres are the only medium which are responsible for moving a vehicle back and forth and for providing the directional stability. Conventional tyres does the quite firmly and are currently in their best era. Few of the drawback of pneumatic tyres are they all suffer getting puncture, pressure maintenance, operating atmosphere can change the air density which causes pressure loss etc., these problems push industry to create new tyres which doesn't carry same problems. The scope for improvement is always exist in the designing processes. Airless tyres are an option which doesn't have any of the issues. Airless tyres are rubber structure which support the vehicle load during its all maneuverability. The structural design of the tyre decides the properties of tyre such as tyres stiffness, lateral stiffness, load bearing capacity and more. In this tyre design we have utilized properties of arc of a circle. Arc has a property of being more rigid to loads on one side on it and another side it would like to deform much easily. The concept utilizes arc structured slots throughout the tyres which gives load bearing capacity and longitudinal stiffness to acceleration. On either of the edges semi-elliptical cut-outs gives lateral stiffness to the structure. The side cut-outs of the tyres gives more deformability to the edges than the middle core of the tyres so that whenever the vehicle is on rough terrain. The tread thickness of the tyre determines how much tyre can deform at the same contact patch which tells deformability in rough terrain. The side wall thickness of the tyre is an arbitrary constant considered. As the load, terrain or operating environment changes tyres design also changes and according to rims dimensions too the design should get manipulated. This paper will give the guidelines to the future research in the optimization of Airless tyres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An impeller a rotating component used to increases or decreases the flow and pressure of fluids, which has wide spread applications in aircraft sector, automobile industry, medical field and power plant technology. In real time applications bronze and hardened steel impellers quickly erode when presented to destructive mediums, for example, waste water, seawater, sewage,, chlorine, bromine, and numerous chemicals. They are dependent upon cavitation and electrolysis (galvanic erosion) which rashly demolishes the impeller drastically. The corrosion is the major problem of the impeller that increases pump operating and maintenance expenses which obligated the industries to search for alternative materials. The main criterion is to select the appropriate selection of material for the impeller to resist corrosion. Materials such as Caprolone (Nylon) and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) have been consider for the study considered which has chemical, thermal stability along with toughness and strength. The design and analysis of impeller is designed, analyzed using commercially available simulation tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production based industries requires minimization of cycle time of machining components with minimal errors in the dimensions. Complexity in the machining of components forged or cast for critical dimensional machining needs the best reference point due to its mounting on a flat surface will not be appreciated. The design of the fixture depends on the accuracy of the dimensions of the components to be machined and the reliability of the fixtures to be checked. Optimization of fixture before going to finalize fixture design is an important aspect. Most of the researches discussed about the optimal process in different ways for single component accuracy machining. The present paper focuses on optimal techniques in fixture design, a part of that consideration on fixture model, the need for the study of component dimensions, the researchers' sample case studies and the scope for overcoming design drawbacks. The paper also discusses about the CAD tools usage in fixture design layouts with optimal techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refrigeration plays an imperative role in developing countries, predominantly for the preservation of food, medicine, and for air conditioning typical refrigeration. This Structure are adoption frigid as refrigerant as they are main cause for swerve Ozone layer, extensive research is going on surrogate refrigeration process. Vortex tube is an exotic cooling device, having no moving parts which will produce cool air and warm air from the source of squeeze air without effecting the environment. When a high constrain air is tangentially injected into the vortex cubicle, a strong vortex flow will be created which will be split into two air streamsThe core aspiration of the attendance exertion is to formulate vortex tube. The attainment of vortex tube has been figure out by unreliable the orifice diameter and entering pressure. The results capture from the experiment has been compared for best cooling effect and heating effect. Based on first law of thermodynamics, the system at steady state indicates that from the first law of thermodynamics, where enthalpy change of system is equal to the heat exchange between the system and its surroundings. The enthalpy change of cool steam and enthalpy change of warm stream with respective to the system is approximately zero. Based on second law of thermodynamics, the system at steady state indicates that from the second law of thermodynamics, the total entropy change is equal to the half of the absolute temperature with respective to the heat transfer. The entropy modify as of access to exit of the segment of entering air which leaves the cool tube and the section of entering air which leaves the warm tube are equal to the total heat entropy change To find out the suitable orifice diameter to get the best cooling effect and warm effect To find out the suitable inlet pressure to obtain best cooling effect and warm effect. To validate the chosen finest performance measures of coefficient of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction of crack growth is the heart of damage tolerance of any mechanical design. The present investigation shows the variation in stress concentration factor for various geometries of the crack in a thin plate. The analysis will be carried out by varying the ddimensions of the crack of various geometrical shapes. Aluminum six series sheet metal is considered with holes in which minor axis is varied for the analysis. These geometries are fine meshed and load is applied at one end keeping remaining ends fixed. The stress concentration factor for the varying geometries will be analyzed and compared the results with the numeric analysis for validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Present work represents the thermodynamic analysis of tubular heat exchanger with water and Nano- fluid mixture as a working fluid with different concentration of Nano particles. Water is most commonly used industrial fluid in heat exchangers but using Nano-fluid, heat transfer rate can be improve. The tube banks with circular configuration are widely used for practical applications in heat exchangers, cooling and heating equipment etc. The heat transfer rate in heat exchanger can be improved by improving the fluid flow in channels and heat transfer between fluids and channel walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]