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Three studies (total N=403 participants; M age = 31.1 yr.; SD=13.8) are reported on the development, psychometric properties, and convergent and discriminant validities of two individual differences dimensions of Vigor (constructive arousal and energy that drives the general intensity of behavior) and Deliberation (prudence in the delay of immediate action and consideration of competing motives, emotions, and consequences of action that promote convergence of behavior toward socially desirable outcomes). These dimensions are part of Bernard, Mills, Swenson, and Walsh's evolutionary psychology theory of human motivation. Analysis suggests Vigor and Deliberation scales have reasonably good psychometric properties and may aid research on motivation from an evolutionary perspective.

The present article addresses issues in reliability assessment that are often neglected in psychological research such as acceptable levels of internal consistency for research purposes, factors affecting the magnitude of coefficient alpha ([alpha]), and considerations for interpreting [alpha] within the research context. A new reliability matrix anchored in classical test theory is introduced to help researchers judge adequacy of internal consistency coefficients with research measures. Guidelines and cautions in applying the matrix are provided.

We investigated whether the desirability of trait adjectives was elaboratively processed during self reference tasks (Exp. 1-1, 1-2) and whether desirability information played a role in memory processes in self-reference tasks (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1-1, 14 participants performed a series of initial tasks and target tasks, which were self-reference, evaluative, or semantic. Responses on the evaluating target task were faster when the initial task was self-reference rather than semantic. Exp. 1-2 demonstrated that information relevant to the evaluative task did not facilitate the process of performing an other reference task. Although there was no evidence that desirability information had a role in the self-reference effect in Exp. 2, desirability of trait adjectives was specifically processed during self-reference tasks.

Rejection of an inequitable and yet unintended outcome in a truncated ultimatum game was examined in an experiment with 46 undergraduate students (27 men and 19 women) from a large national university in Japan. In an ultimatum game, one of two players, the proposer, makes an offer to divide a fixed-sum of money. The other player, the responder, decides whether to accept or reject the offer. When the responder rejects the proposer's offer, neither of the two players receives a reward. Previous work examining the behavior of participants in the truncated ultimatum game employed strategy method in their experimental design. We examined whether these previous findings would be replicated in an experimental design that did not use the strategy method and instead used the standard one-shot game. Seven out of 46 responders given an inequitable offer rejected it, replicating prior results with the strategy method. We further found that subjects who rejected an offer that was involuntary and yet inequitable did not over-attribute intentions to the proposer's involuntary behavior more strongly than did acceptors. These findings strongly suggest that aversion to inequity is the explanation for the subjects' rejection of the inequitable offer.

In this research a coefficient of variation (C[V.sub.high-low]) is calculated from the highest and lowest values in a set of data. Use of C[V.sub.high-low] when the population is normal, leptokurtic, and skewed is discussed. The statistic is the most effective when sampling from the normal distribution. With the leptokurtic distributions, C[V.sub.high-low] works well for comparing the relative variability between two or more distributions but does not provide a very 'good' point estimate of the population coefficient of variation. With skewed distributions C[V.sub.high-low] works well in identifying which data set has the more relative variation but does not specify how much difference there is in the variation. It also does not provide a 'good' point estimate.

A validation study of the Larocque Obesity' Questionnaire designed for use in obesity treatment was performed. Unlike other measures of obesity, this questionnaire includes scales measuring general emotional state as well as eating behavior. Subscales measured uncontrolled eating, physical stress responses, depression, and perfectionism. Subjects were 458 women and 79 men in treatment for obesity by general practitioners. The subscales showed acceptable internal consistency and related in predictable ways to measures of eating behavior, depression, self-criticism, stress, physical complaints and weight-control motivation. Subjects in the heaviest weight category (Body Mass Index [greater than or equal to] 40) showed higher scores on Stress Response and Depression subscales. There were no significant sex differences, after controlling for weight. All four subscales showed significant improvement after 5 wk., which indicates their sensitivity to changes during treatment.

Single-item ratings of the quality of instructors or subjects are widely used by higher education institutions, yet such ratings are commonly assumed to have inadequate psychometric properties. Recent research has demonstrated that reliability of such ratings can indeed be estimated, using either the correction for attenuation formula or factor analytic methods. This study replicates prior research on the reliability of single-item ratings of quality of instruction, using a different, more student-focussed approach to teaching and learning evaluation than used by previous researchers. Class average data from 1,097 classes, representing responses from 59,815 students, were analysed. At the 'class' level of analysis, both methods of estimation suggested the single item of quality had high reliability: .96 using the correction for attenuation formula, and .94 using the factor analytic method. An alternative method of calculating reliability, which takes into account the hierarchical nature of the data, likewise suggested high estimated reliability (.92) of the single-item rating. These results indicate the suitability of the overall class rating for quality improvement in higher education, with a large sample.

The validity of the Lie/Bet Screen was tested on two community population samples, one adult (n = 2,014) and one adolescent sample (n = 3,237), in Norway. With positive responses on at least one of the questions on Lie/Bet Screen used as the cutoff point the screen showed high both sensitivity and specificity. The negative predictive value was also high, but the positive predictive value was comparatively lower. A prediction of probable pathological gambling or 'At-risk gambling' based on both Lie/Bet questions identified a valid screening in the two samples (0.54% in adults, 5.6% in adolescents). Compared to the use of the full DSM-IV this is pretty close, with the figures 0.45% and 5.22%. It is concluded that the Lie/Bet Screen may function as a good screening device for pathological gambling plus At-risk gambling in normal community samples.

This study investigated the factor structure of the 12-item Faith Maturity Scale and the association of Protestant Faith Maturity and Doctrinal Orthodoxy. The sample was taken from 207 urban evangelical church members in southern California. Analysis indicated the Faith Maturity Scale incorporates two factors and Faith Maturity has a weak, positive association with Doctrinal Orthodoxy as tapped by the Christian Doctrinal Orthodoxy Scale. Protestant faith maturity seems to be more independent of doctrinal orthodoxy than generally thought.

The Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics Tertiary is being developed as a diagnostic measure for South African lecturers and counselors to help students improve their orientation toward the study of mathematics. In this pilot study subjects were freshman black students registered for the Five-year Study Programme in the School of Engineering at the University of Pretoria. During the first phase of the standardisation in 2000, 33 students (28 men; 5 women, M age= 19.6, SD = .9) were assessed, and in 2001, 40 students (27 men, 13 women, M age= 19.2, SD = .9). In 2002 the questionnaire was administered to 51 students (39 men, 12 women, M age = 19.1, SD = .9). Analysis showed satisfactory reliability coefficients and item-field correlations. Step wise linear regression in 2001 indicated that a combination of two fields, namely, Information Processing and Problem-solving Behaviour in mathematics, contributed significantly ([R.sup.2] = 46.9%) to predicting achievement in calculus. In 2002 one field, Mathematics Confidence, contributed significantly ([R.sup.2] = 25.2%) to that prediction.

A pilot study explored the relationships between learning styles and motivation for a sample of 103 undergraduate and graduate students who completed both the Approaches to Studying Inventory and the Motivation Sources Inventory on-line. A significant positive but small correlation was found between scores on Surface Apathetic Approach and on Self-concept Internal motivation (r = .32, p < .01). Significant negative correlations were found between scores on Surface Apathetic Approach and on Self-concept External motivation (r = -.32, p < .01), and for Strategic Approach and Self-concept Internal (r = -.37, p < .01). Implications and further research are discussed.

The aim of this study was to test the assumption that nonconscious goal pursuit guides behavior more efficiently and produces better performance, only when the conscious monitoring of the task is low. Some studies have documented that goals can be activated and guide behaviors outside of awareness. 66 students, 22 men and 44 women with a mean age of 18.3 yr. (SD = 0.9) years, were randomly assigned to Achievement Goal Priming or Neutral Priming conditions. In the Achievement Goal Priming condition, concepts associated with high performance were activated outside of their awareness via a scrambled sentence task. All participants were then given a calculation task to complete. To manipulate conscious monitoring, half of the participants were presented the task as a fun filler task, and the rest were presented the task as a measure of ability and were encouraged to monitor their performance on the task consciously. Analysis showed, among participants who were presented the task as a fun filler task, the Achievement Goal Priming group completed more tasks relative to the Neutral Priming group. Those who were encouraged to monitor their performance consciously did not benefit from Achievement Goal priming. The results implied that consciously monitored behavior might be counterproductive.

The present study assessed the psychometric properties of a multidimensional measure of parents' assessments of their children's abilities, including problem-solving skills, social skills, dexterity, creativity, and learning motivation. A nationwide sample of Finnish parents (N = 432), representing two educational groups, both mothers (64%) and fathers (36%) whose mean age was 37.8 yr. (SD = 5.3), were asked to assess their children's abilities during preschool and at the end of the first and the third school year. A set of analyses of this longitudinal data indicated that the scales had adequate internal and temporal consistency, the factor structure showed invariability across time, and the scales related meaningfully to the parents' perceptions of their children's competencies in different school subjects.

Relationships between cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms were analysed in a representative random sample of 1447 secondary-school children aged 11 to 16 years in Galicia (NW Spain). The sample comprised 797 boys (55.1%) and 650 girls (44.9%). Their mean age was 12.8 yr. (SD = 1.2). Depressive symptoms, evaluated with the Children's Depression Inventory, were reported by 11.0% of children who responded they had never smoked, versus 23.7% of those who said they sometimes smoked, and 44.2% of those who identified themselves as current daily smokers. These results indicate an association between smoking and depression among children in this age group.

Tests of self-control theory have examined a substantial number of criminal behaviors, but no study has examined the correlation of low self-control with software piracy. Using data collected from 302 students in this university, this study examined the correlation of low self-control with software piracy and the moderating role of associating with deviant peers in this correlation. Low self-control correlated with software piracy more strongly for those who had high associations with deviant peers than for students with low associations with deviant peers. Analysis indicated differential links for lack of moral attitude in relation to software piracy and favorable attitudes for software piracy for varying association with deviant peers.

When a past event is remembered, the subjective elapsed time is often different from the objective elapsed time, even if the exact date of an event is known. In this study, Feeling of Time Discrepancy between objective elapsed time and subjective elapsed time of turning point events was examined. Participants remembered one turning point event in life, dated the event, and estimated the Feeling of Time Discrepancy. Two groups, formed on their judgement of whether their present understanding of the event is the same or different from understanding when the event occurred (the Same assessment group and the Different assessment group). Analysis showed the Different assessment group felt the turning point event to be more recent than the Same assessment group did, although there was no difference between actual elapsed time and memory vividness for the two groups. In addition, the events which changed from negative to positive were felt subjectively to be more recent than those for which affect was consistently positive. These results suggest that, even if we experience negative events, the event might become a part of the present self and be felt temporally closer to now, when temporal organization of autobiographical memories allow recognition of the event as good experience. Finally, two types of temporal organization of such memory were discussed, the subjective temporal organization of autobiographical memory which is organized only for oneself and the social objective temporal organization of autobiographical memory which becomes organized in sharing it with another person.

Correlations among suicide rate, unemployment rate, and enterprise failure were examined from 1976 to 1994 by using a Loess smoothing method. Significant positive correlations were found between suicide rate in men and unemployment and between suicide rate in both sexes and enterprise failure (p < .001).

Phenomenology and perceptual psychology opens up the essential meanings of hypnosis by presenting a qualitative method as an alternative to the current predominant quantitative method in the study of hypnosis. Scales that measure susceptibility from behavioral and cognitive aspects abound in the hypnosis literature, but understanding the structure of hypnotic experiencing is yet to come. A new qualitative approach to researching hypnotic experiencing by combining aspects of phenomenological research as in work of Giorgi, Moustakas, and Wertz, familiarity with Husserl's philosophy, and a perceptual psychological research method (cf. work by Combs, Richards, & Richards and by Wasicsko). The author utilized this combined methodology to formulate the theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis. This methodology enables the therapist or professional and patient or client to share benefits from the effects of their hypnotic experiencing in its intersubjective sense. This method can be applied in numerous life situations such as teaching and therapy in addition to the experimental situation.

Analysing the relation between Job Satisfaction and Autonomy in a sample of 300 Greek teachers (114 men and 186 women, 28 to 59 years old) from primary and secondary schools, showed statistically significant positive correlations between Job Satisfaction and Autonomy. Particularly, Autonomy was correlated with Job Itself (.21), Supervision (.22), and the Organizational as a Whole (.27), aspects of Job Satisfaction. Findings are in line with previous studies conducted in different cultural contexts. Percent common variance accounted for is small.

This study examined the relations between family structure and students' health-related behaviors. Participants were 6,130 Greek students, ages 11 to 16 years. They responded to questionnaires based on the Planned Behavior model assessing attitudes, perceived behavioral control, intentions and behavior regarding healthy and unhealthy habits. Students who reported growing up with one or no parent reported more unhealthy lifestyle attitudes and behaviors (smoking, drug use, violence, exercise, nutrition) than students growing up with both parents. The findings suggest that family structure is related to students' healthy or unhealthy lifestyle, indicating that in health education programs all members of the close environment within which the children live should be involved, especially for children who do not live with both parents.

Ye and Barbuto in 2004 made a number of interesting observations about use in 2002 by Van Breukelen, Konst, and Van der Vlist of the term 'neutralizer'. They advised caution when employing the term 'neutralizer', preferring instead the designation 'moderator'. Their comments underscore the importance of discussion on the nature of interaction effects in studies of leadership. Here we clarify our procedures in more detail and present the results of further analyses of our data.

Gleaves and Hernandez have argued that skepticism about the validity of Freud's seduction theory, including by Powell and Boer, is largely unjustified. This paper contends that their analysis is in many ways both inaccurate and misleading. For example, we did not, as they implied, reject the possibility that some of Freud's early patients were victims of childhood sexual abuse. We also maintain that the weight of the available evidence indicates that false memories of traumatic events probably can be implanted, and that Freud's (1896/1962a) original evidence for the validity of his patients' recovered memories remains lacking in several respects--particularly in view of the extremely suggestive procedures he often used to elicit such memories.

474 faculty in 56 professional clinical psychology programs were compared with 972 faculty from 157 traditional clinical psychology programs. The faculty in the professional programs were more likely to be licensed (93% to 85%) and to be diplomates of the American Board of Professional Psychology (15% to 11%, respectively). The faculty in traditional programs averaged more publications (35 vs 17) and citations, and they were more likely to be fellows of the American Psychological Association (26% to 11%). These differences appear congruent with the different missions and objectives of the two types of programs. There were no differences in the number of years since the doctorate, used as a measure of professional experience.

111 schizophrenic patients diagnosed in accordance with DSM-III were rated on Landmark's symptom checklist, on demographic variables, and on variables descriptive of the course of illness. Of the 111 patients, 108 (97.3%) showed poor insight into their illness at some time in the past and 65 (58.6%) at the time of assessment. Those presently showing poor insight were significantly (Pearson rs, p < .01, 2-tailed) more frequently rated as currently displaying poor judgement also in other matters (r = .50), as showing social withdrawal (r = .42) and poor rapport (r = .33), and as being preoccupied with their delusions or hallucinations (r = .31) and as being unreliable informants (r = .41). They usually had lower education (r = .33), their income in the last taxation year was lower (r = .47), and their work functioning was less adequate (r = .30).

It was hypothesized that one of the reasons for the U.S. invasion of Iraq was to stop the payments being made by Saddam Hussein to the families of suicide (homicide) bombers in Israel. The consequences of suicide (homicide) bombing attacks against Israel between March 2001 and August 2004 were evaluated as related to the time of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. On average per month during this period, there were fewer overall casualties after the invasion than before it. As many as nearly 1,100 casualties may have been prevented in Israel as a consequence of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, suggesting that at least one possible goal of the U.S. invasion may have been achieved, at least as averaged over the first 17 months after the invasion.

This study examined the relationship between profit achievement and emotional regulation strategies, using Kelley's Negotiation Game to measure profit achievement. The game involves bargaining for the prices of three products. Emotional Regulation Strategies were measured by The Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Scores were obtained from 104 lower level managers of a bank in Turkey. Their average age was 32.0 yr. (SD = 3.7), (39 women and 65 men). A correlation of .65 (p < .01) was obtained between scores on profit achievement with scores on Cognitive Reappraisal strategy and -.50 (p < .01) with scores on Suppression strategy.

This article continues the presentation of new data regarding the frequencies of English letters organized by word length and letter position. Digraphs (defined here as all two-letter combinations) were the objects of study. The frequencies of digraphs were derived from a sample of 320,780 English words (including 6505 different words), which were credibly demonstrated by Whissell to be a parsimonious representation of modern English word usage. A total of 997,380 digraphs were counted and sorted by locations according to word length and digraph positions within words. As assessed by the Whissell source, the data about digraphs presented accurately represent the frequencies with which digraphs occur in modern English. How these data can provide a resource for reading research and practice is explored.

Relations were examined between configurations of Big Five Traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience) and 16 fundamental motives (Social Contact, Curiosity, Honor, Power, Order, Idealism, Independence, Status, Vengeance, Romance, Family, Activity, Saving, Acceptance, Eating, Tranquility) in 138 university students (93 women, 45 men; M age = 20.3 yr., SD = 4.5). Big Five traits were measured with the NEO-PI-R and motives were measured with the Reiss Profile of Fundamental Goals and Motivation Sensitivities. The traits were significantly related with all the motives (adjusted [R.sup.2] = .06 to .43) except Physical Activity. Four motives were related with only one trait and nine configurations of two or more traits were correlated with the remaining 11 motives. Total motive scores across all participants, an index of the strength of overall motivation, were positively correlated with Extraversion and Neuroticism and negatively with Agreeableness.

154 undergraduates role-played a restaurant server experiencing positive, neutral, or negative Job or Life Satisfaction. Positive Satisfaction resulted in ratings of more positive reported mood state, lower expected absenteeism and turnover intentions, and greater expected Organizational Citizenship Behavior than did Neutral Satisfaction and Negative Satisfaction. Life Satisfaction was associated with reported mood states and intentions similarly to Job Satisfaction, except Negative Job Satisfaction was more negatively influential on expectations of quitting than Negative Life Satisfaction. Both Job and Life Satisfaction may be antecedents to affect and its consequences in work settings.

Vignettes were used to examine the effect of labeling a person with two stigmatized illnesses, HIV disease and serious mental illness (schizophrenia). The additive model predicted that stigma associated with combined HIV and serious mental illness would resemble the simple sum of those for the two conditions. The discounting model predicted that the presence of serious mental illness would lead subjects to view the target individual as less responsible for infection, resulting in less stigmatization than given for HIV alone. Data collected from 244 participants at a public northeastern university supported the additive model. Stigmatization was highest in the group labeled with both HIV and serious mental illness, while stigmatization associated with someone with only HIV was less than those associated with someone with only serious mental illness. Possible explanations are discussed.

Niederhofer (1994) found that maternal stress during pregnancy was significantly associated with development of personality in early childhood. This study examined the correlation between maternal stress (self-report) during pregnancy for 22 women, its ultrasound objectification by observation of intrauterine fetal movements, child's temperament in early childhood, and child's Independence and social behavior at the age of 2 years while controlling for possible confounding variables. Only intrauterine fetal movements (head/arm/leg) were not associated with stress during pregnancy, temperament, or independence.

Self reported physical activity, and perceived fitness were examined to assess their effects on social physique anxiety in a sample of older individuals (N = 249; M age = 70.4 yr., SD = 8.2). Participants reported their fitness as 'average' to 'above average.' There were no significant effects of perceived fitness or age on social physique anxiety scores. The women had significantly higher social physique anxiety scores than the men.

A substantial group of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has difficulty coping with their disease. Cognitive behavioral group interventions may help these patients cope more effectively with MS. We developed an 8-session group intervention programme for patients recently diagnosed with MS to help them cope more effectively with MS and to overcome negative thoughts and beliefs about the disease to improve health-related quality of life. We tested the feasibility of the group intervention programme and health-related quality of life in a sample of 11 patients recently diagnosed with MS [mean age: 38 ([+ or -] 7.9) yr.; 8 women and 3 men]. All patients were recruited through direct referral by their neurologist or by an MS nurse specialist. The programme was conducted in two small groups of 7 patients each, and each group was led by two psychologists. Cognitive behavioral therapy was an important ingredient in each group session as well as sharing of personal experiences and discussing homework assignments. Each session was formatted the same way but addressed a different MS-specific theme, for example, 'coping with physical impairments' or 'communication with medical staff'. Participants experienced a significant improvement in the health-related quality of life domains of psychological status and vitality, as measured by subscales of Disability and Impact Profile and the Short Form-36 Health Survey. Although further studies are warranted, it appears that a short group intervention programme based on cognitive behavioral techniques for patients with MS might have a positive influence on health-related quality of life.

In the 10 provinces and 2 territories of Canada in 2000, but not in 1990, the total number of types of gambling activities was positively associated with rates of robbery (p < .05). Controls for other social variables did not eliminate these associations. With so many correlations in the present study the likelihood of a Type I error was quite large. Alpha was adjusted to control that likelihood. Statistical analysis now required even stronger evidence before concluding that there were significant relationships between crime and gambling variables or among gambling variables. In the 10 provinces of Canada in 1999/2000, the total numbers of electronic gambling machines for each province was associated with rates of theft over $5000 (p < .01). In 1990 there were positive associations found for burglary with off-track betting and race/sportsbooks; motor vehicle theft with off-track betting, and race/sportsbooks; rate of theft with casinos; quarter horse racing with thoroughbred racing. In 2000 there were positive associations for robbery with casinos and slot machines; casinos with slot machines; scratch tickets with raffles, break-open tickets, sports tickets, and charitable bingo; raffles with break-open tickets, sports tickets, and charitable bingo; break-open tickets with sports tickets; charitable bingo with break-open tickets and sports tickets.

Previous studies of second language aptitude have mainly used verbal stimuli in memory tasks. Memory for musical stimuli has not been used in aptitude studies although music and language have structural similarity. In this study, 30 Japanese university students who speak English as a second language (19 men, M = 21.3 yr., SD = 1.8) participated in the experiment as volunteers. They performed verbal memory tasks, musical memory tasks, and English pronunciation tasks. Factor analysis indicated that verbal and musical memory abilities are better represented as a unitary factor rather than two independent factors. Further, a path analysis supported the hypothesis that the memory for both verbal and musical tasks affects proficiency of second language pronunciation, including prosodic features such as stress in word or intonation through a couple of sentences. The memory factor was interpreted as reflecting the performance of 'auditory working memory.'

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of order of report on multidimensional stimulus identification. Subjects were required to identify each two dimensional symbol by pushing corresponding buttons on the keypad on which there were two columns representing the two dimensions. Order of report was manipulated for the dimension represented by the left or right column. Both behavioral data and event-related potentials were recorded from 14 college students. Behavioral data analysis showed that order of report had a significant effect on response times. Such results were consistent with those of previous studies. Analysis of event-related brain potentials showed significant differences in peak amplitude and mean amplitude at time windows of 120-250 msec. at Fz, F3, and F4 and of 350-750 msec. at Fz, F3, F4, Cz, and Pz. Data provided neurophysiological evidence that reporting dimensional values according to natural language habits was appropriate and less cognitively demanding.

This study aimed to apply Crawford, et al's formula for calculating individual subtest scores of the Cantonese version of the Test of Everyday Attention. A total of 133 (72 men, 61 women) healthy Hong Kong Chinese were recruited from the general public. The sample reported a mean age and education of 35.2 yr. (SD = 10.2) and 11 yr. (SD = 3.1), respectively. Tables for examining whether an individual's subtest profile contains reliable and abnormal subtest discrepancies are presented and discussed. The data are useful for clinicians when they take into account cultural differences of Cantonese-speaking clinical populations.

Verbs such as think, know, remember, and guess play a pivotal role in understanding, monitoring, and transformation of internal states. We focus on the specific words as think and know, polysemous cognitive verbs that show hierarchical organization and high frequency of use in children's and adults' lexicons. According to Booth and Hall's model, think and know present a conceptual organization that involves low conceptual levels (perception, memory, comprehension) and high conceptual levels (evaluation, metacognition, planning). The aim of this research was to study the relationship between children's comprehension of text processing and the conceptual levels of the above-described verbs. The research concentrated on 9-, 11-, and 13-yr.-old children's ability to understand think and know. Analysis yielded a strong relation between knowledge at the conceptual level of these verbs and reading comprehension skills. Moreover, it highlights the importance of this linguistic competence in skilled readers.

Previous work has reported the psychometric properties and evidence for concurrent validity of a battery of items measuring global risk indicators in the lives of court-involved adolescents. The present study reports additional data on the predictive validity of this battery in a sample of 224 families of adolescents who were assessed by intake workers in a juvenile court and subsequently referred for services. Analysis yielded significant differences between groups of youth who were and were not referred to more intensive mental health-based treatment on all domains of risk in this battery.

This study investigated undergraduates' responses regarding selected ethical issues facing managers and employees of today's businesses. The focus of the study lies in the influences of two situational variables (organizational roles and prospects) on students' response pattern. Japanese students (306 men and 81 women, M= 20.1 yr., SD=2.2) imagined that they were managers or operative employees of a middle-sized manufacturing company and that their company had high or low prospects. The response pattern tended to be more ethical for 'managers,' whereas the response pattern tended to be less ethical for 'employees' in a 'low prospect' than in a 'high prospect' company.

The justification of effort is the tendency for humans to justify the amount of work they have put into an achievement by increasing the perceived value of that achievement after the effort has been expended. A positive effect of effort on reward value has also been reported for pigeons and starlings. The present study examined the effects of different amounts of required physical and discriminative effort on primary reward value in rats. On each day of training, rats underwent one high-effort training session and one low-effort training session in an operant chamber to earn either a grape-flavored reward pellet or a bacon-flavored reward pellet. Half of the rats exerted high effort to earn the grape pellets and low effort to earn the bacon pellets, with the arrangement reversed for the other half. On each test trial, each rat had the opportunity to consume 3 pellets of each flavor at the choice point in a T-maze. Analysis indicated no significant difference between the frequency of high-effort flavor choices and low-effort flavor choices. A positive effect of effort on reward value was not demonstrated in this experiment.

The study examined what factors led pastors to say something either negative or positive about former President Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky for a sample from 'Middletown.' There was no significant difference between three Protestant categories (Holiness/Pentecostal, white conservative Protestant, and mainline Protestant) in whether ministers said something or not. Analysis for those who said something indicated that the ministers who made the most critical statements in their sermons were from the most conservative/orthodox of our category of churches, i.e., Holiness/Pentecostal congregations, from the strictest churches and from churches with the greatest number of Republicans (betas were .30, .26, and .19, respectively). Also, members of Holiness/Pentecostal churches were more likely to be working class but not more Republican. Possible explanations are discussed.

It was hypothesized that text marking in self-help psychology books would indicate that readers agree on which pages and lines contain relevant information. Previously owned copies of two self-help book titles (n=48, n=38), all with marked text, were collected from second-hand book stores and scored for line and page marking. Chi-squares for goodness-of-fit yielded significant differences between observed and chance agreement in marking behavior. Intraclass and KR-20 correlations were significantly different from zero, suggesting that readers agreed on what information was relevant and irrelevant. Actual users of self-help books may have similar standards because of cultural values, social group relations, or common problem experiences.

The 15-item Proactive Attitude Scale is defined as a unidimensional measure of belief in one's ability to effect positive life changes. The current study tested the scale's unidimensionality assumption with confirmatory factor analysis on a mixed sample of 157 fourth-year Bachelor of Education (n = 30) and first year Masters of Education (n = 121) students from The University of Hong Kong. 49 were men and 108 women, with a median age of 3i yr. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that a two-factor congeneric model fit the data significantly better than the unidimensional model. The two factors were characterized as reflecting proactive attitude and independent mindedness, respectively. The moderate correlation between these factors clearly defined them as reflecting distinct constructs, making untenable the scale's unidimensionality assumption.

This study examined the effects of three seating positions, face-to-face, side-by-side, at right-angles, on participants' heart rates, anxiety, and estimated duration of interview. The subjects were 84 students in a women's junior college who were divided into two groups, classmates and nonclassmates. The experiment used the three seating positions in each of the two groups during the interviews. Heart rates, anxiety scores, and estimated duration of interview were measured. There was a significant effect in different seating positions on the heart rates among the participants. The results suggest that the face-to-face seating produces increased arousal compared to the side-by-side and right-angled seating positions. However, this arousal seems to be more important among classmates than nonclassmates. The results and implications are discussed.

Formulae for combining reliability coefficients from any number of samples are provided. These formulae produce the exact reliability one would compute if one had the raw data from the samples. Needed are the sample means, standard deviations, sample sizes, and reliability coefficients. The formulae work for coefficient alpha, KR-20, retest, alternate-forms, split-half, interrater (intraclass), Gilmer-Feldt, Angoff-Feldt, validity, and other coefficients. They may be particularly useful for meta-analytic and reliability generalization studies.

Santiago Ramon y Cajal made his mark in the history of science as a brilliant researcher of the histology of the nervous system. His bold efforts and the international recognition he received during his lifetime played an important role in the consolidation of the Spanish Neurohistological School which is composed of a large number of eminent disciples. Amongst these, and of outstanding repute, is Rafael Lorente de N6 whose research had a significant influence on the work of Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb and, consequently, on the development of neurophysiological theory. This paper analyses some of the contributions of Cajal and his disciple Lorente de No which formed the anatomical and neuropsychological framework of contemporary psychology.

This study examined metamotivational dominance, metamotivational states, and cortisol responses in skydiving participants. Data were obtained from 23 experienced skydivers 15 min. prior to and following a skydive. Respondents were mainly paratelic-conformist dominant and most occupied the conformist and arousalseeking states prior to skydiving, assessed respectively, with Apter, et al.'s Motivational Style Profile and Cook, et al.'s measure of metamotivational states. Paratelic-conformist dominance indicates a predisposition towards conformity and a desire to be spontaneous, and the conformist and arousal seeking states reported prior to completing the skydive represent a desire to conform to expected norms but also to seek arousal. There was no significant change in scores for metamotivational state or stress following skydiving. Contrary to expectations, cortisol level prior to skydiving was negatively associated with external stress. These results support the paratelic, but not the negativistic, dominance found in previous samples of risk sport participants (no skydivers). The conformist dominance and pre-dive conformist metamotivational state scores of this sample may be fundamental for adhering to safety regulations imposed on skydivers. To obtain better understanding of this phenomenon, researchers should attempt to measure these variables during, rather than prior to and after, participation in risk sports.

Spatial cueing in an orientation discrimination task with targets embedded in high or low external noise indicates noise exclusion as a primary mechanism for attentional modulation. To implement noise exclusion in a neural network, a new mechanism is proposed based on a dendritic computation of difference between self-inhibition and lateral inhibition signals. A computer simulation illustrates that the model exhibits a strong cueing effect for high noise input and no effect when the noiseless input is presented, as is consistent with behavioral signatures of noise exclusion. It is argued that the model could also exhibit object-based selection if uniform activity distribution is assumed for all cells representing the object.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index were administered to 143 undergraduate students. Although there was no significant difference between Extraverts and Introverts in Anxiety Sensitivity scores, those classified as Sensing and Thinking types exhibited higher mean scores on Anxiety Sensitivity than those classified as Intuitive and Feeling types. These findings suggest that knowledge of psychological type may be helpful in predicting sensitivity to anxiety.