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INTRODUCTION[|]In this study, it was aimed to draw attention to the challenges experienced in the regulation of custody / personal relationship, the effects on the child and the importance of multidisciplinary work in expert assessment of controversial divorce cases.[¤]METHODS[|]The records of 90 judicial files sent to our clinic between January 2014 and January 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Descriptive statistical analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the collected data, and categorical data were shown as numbers (n) and percentages (%). [¤]RESULTS[|]According to the results of the research, only 34.4% of the children was found to be in regular contact with both parents, 15.5% of the children had an alienation syndrome to one of the parents, 26.6% of the parents claimed that their child has been abused during this process and they wanted to restrict the relationship with the other parent. It was found that expert opinions about custody were mostly given in favor of the mother. [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]The custody / personal relationship decision that will be made for the child to survive the divorce process and the aftermath with the least harm is of great importance. While making decisions in the divorce process, it will be in the child's best interest to provide counseling and mediation services in order to ensure healthy cooperation between parents and cooperation of different occupational groups assessing the process according to objective and scientific criteria. [¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]Parental cancers may have adverse effects on children and adolescents. The majority of studies on this subject have been performed in Western societies, and few have investigated quality of life in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate quality of life, anxiety and depressive symptoms in children living with parental cancer. [¤]METHODS[|]The case group consisted of 50 children, aged 8–16 years old, with a parent diagnosed with cancer. A group of 50 children, aged and gender matched, with healthy parents was included as the control group. All subjects were administered the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCAD-S) to assess the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Parents completed the Questionnaire for Quality of Life Assessment for Children and Adolescents: Parent Form to determine the child's quality of life. [¤]RESULTS[|]Depression (p=0.011) and anxiety (p=0.011) scores were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. Among the anxiety disorder symptoms, symptoms of separation anxiety were more common in case group (p=0.032). Compared to the control group, the case group reported a significantly lower quality of life (p=0.045). [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Children of parents with cancer may suffer from anxiety and depression that may reduce their quality of life. Clinicians should collaborate with relevant disciplines and have a family-based, multidimensional view when evaluating patients with cancer who have children. Consulting or refering to child psychiatry may be considered when emotional and/or behavioral problems present in children. [¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]The purpose of this study was to examine gender and age-specific differences in abuse experience and psychopathologies in sexually abused children and adolescents. Furthermore, it was aimed to determine the predictive factors for psychopathology.[¤]METHODS[|]The study included children and adolescents who were evaluated for sexual abuse at the child and adolescent psychiatry clinic between 2001-2009. Of the 402 victims, 3 to 18 years, 78.1% were girls, and 21.9% were boys. Sociodemographic and sexual abuse characteristics, trait anxiety/depression scores, and psychiatric diagnoses have retrospectively evaluated.[¤]RESULTS[|]The familiar abuser was significantly higher in girls, whereas the stranger abuser was significantly higher in boys. The abuse incident mostly occurred in the home environment in girls and the open fields in boys. The frequency of mental disorders did not differ between genders and age-groups. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder was higher in the presence of coercion (physical violence/use of force/threat) and in the 7-11 age group. In girls and also the 15-18 age group had a higher prevalence rate of Major Depressive Disorder, which was also found to be related to intra-familial abuse, the presence of coercion and repeated abuse. The increase in trait anxiety/depression scale scores and the presence of coercion increased the risk of psychiatric diagnosis in the post-abuse period.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Childhood sexual abuse occurs in different ways, both contextually and qualitatively, for both sexes and age groups. Therefore, when planning preventive interventions, differences in gender and developmental period-specific abuse experiences should be considered. Our results showed that internalization symptoms and additional traumatic experiences were more important in the development of psychopathology than the abuse itself. The assumption that one gender or any developmental period is more vulnerable to psychopathology may not have a robust empirical basis. On the other hand, psychiatric disorder-specific differences regarding gender/developmental periods/abuse-characteristics will guide the provision of appropriate treatment services. [¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]The aim of our study is to determine the frequeny of depression/anxiety, suicidal behaviour and sleep problems in the first and sixth year medical students and to compare the both groups in terms of specified parametres and evaluate the possible change during the course. [¤]METHODS[|]This cross-sectional study included 205 first year and 81 sixth year medical students between January 2020 and March 2020 at Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine. Data were collected using self-report questionnaire consist of sociodemographic data form, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index.[¤]RESULTS[|]While there was no significant difference in anxiety scores, depression scores of sixth year students were significantly higher. Among all students, the percentage of higher cut off depression and anxiety scores were 40% and 36%, respectively. Suicidal ideation and suicide plan were significantly higher in students with high depression score. Use of sleep medication and daytime dysfunction scores were higher in the sixth year. During the last year among all students, 3.5% (n = 10) had self-harm behavior, 9.2% (n = 26) had serious suicidal thoughts, 9.5% (n=27) had suicide plans and 1.1% (n = 3) of students had suicide attempt. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of self-harm behavior, suicidal ideation, suicide plan and suicide attempt.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Our findings suggest that medical school students is at risk for mood disorders, suicide and sleep problems. This risk, which is higher than the general population, appears to increase in the later years of education. Medical students who have depression, anxiety, and sleep problems will have negative consequences for both their career and daily life if they do not get the appropriate help. Medical schools should offer psychiatric support units, where confidentiality and confidence borders are well established, for the screening of mental problems carefully and appropriate intervention.[¤]

ntellectual disability is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Antipsychotic drugs, mood stabilizers drugs are often used in this group for behavioral problems. Tremor as a symptom can develop due to the use of both valproic acid and aripiprazole which is usually manifested as symmetrical.When valproate and ari-piprazole are administered together, there may be some change in plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and its metabolite but this change is thought to be related to the displacement in plasma proteins thus effect of both drugs on changes to steady state levels is very small and not clinically significant We report the case of a 15-year-old girl is that asymmetric tremor, which occurs after valproic acid is added to treatment while using aripiprazole, and the disappearance of asymmetric tremor after reducing the dose of aripiprazole. Entellektüel yetiyitimi yaygın görülen bir nörogelişimsel bozukluktur. bu grupta çocuklar meydana gelen davranış problemlerinin tedavisinde antipsikotik ilaçlar, duygu durum dengeleyiciler sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Tremor, hem valproik asit hem de aripiprazol kullanımı nedeniyle gelişebilir ve genelikle simetrik olması beklenmektedir. Valproat ve aripiprazol birlikte uygulandığında, aripipra?zol ve metabolitinin plazma konsantrasyonlarında bazı değişiklikler olabilir, ancak bu değişikliğin plazma pro?teinlerindeki yer değiştirmeyle ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir, bu nedenle her iki ilacın kararlı durum seviyelerindeki değişiklikler üzerindeki etkisi çok küçüktür ve klinik olarak önemsiz kabul edilmektedir. bu vaka sunumunda aripiprazol kullanırken tedaviye valproik asit eklenmesi sonrası asitmetrik tremor gelişen sonrasında aripiprazolun dozu azaltığında asitmetrik tremoru kesilen 15 yaşındaki kız olgu sunulmuştur. WOS:000656443800015 2-s2.0-85103493935

INTRODUCTION[|]The purpose of this study is to compare knowledge and attitude towards ECT. For this purpose, we compared first, second and fifth-grade students of medical faculty and students of psychology MSc with thesis.[¤]METHODS[|]In first part, 480 students participated in the pretest process. After that, 212 first and second-grade students had a training named ECT information module. 2 weeks later, these 212 participants were subjected to a posttest of their knowledge and attitudes towards ECT.[¤]RESULTS[|]The pre-test results showed that the knowledge level of the participants about the ECT increased compatibly with their grade level. Additionally, while ECT knowledge level of clinical psychology students was higher than that of medical students, their attitudes towards ECT were more negative. An ECT semi-structured info module was presented to the experiment group. According to the results of ANOVA analysis, the level of knowledge about ECT increased equally among psychology and medical students. [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Pretest results revealed that students in higher grades have higher knowledge levels. However, when the departments were compared by grade levels, psychology students are found to have a much higher knowledge level than medical students, yet they have more negative attitudes. This result shows that although ECT knowledge level rises, attitudes do not always rise. [¤]

Capgras syndrome (CS) is a rare type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions that the patient is often replaced by their parents, relatives and sometimes even their identical twins. It is very rare in childhood. It has been reported that Capgras syndrome is frequently seen in schizophrenic cases, especially in paranoid schiphrenia and it can be observed in depression an mania. Although there is no single reason, biological and psychological factors are thought to play a role in its atiopathogenesis. While psychodynamic explanations were brought to the syndrome in may cases related to pscyhological factors, biological factors were reported to have widespread and localized brain lesions. Although this phenomenon is thought to play a role in psychological factors,detailed neuropsychiatric evaluations and axaminations should be carried out considering that an organic cause may also exist. In this case report, we aimed to discuss the case and treatment process of an adolescent Capgras Syndrome, which is accompanied by paranoid and persecutory delusions, who thinks that his parents are not real parents in the follow-up complaints of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases.

INTRODUCTION[|]Terrorist attacks are a form of action that negatively affect an individual's life by causing heavy social, economic, political and psychological consequences in the society. This study aimed to determine the rates of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the sixth month after the end of missile attacks that started in January 2016 in Kilis near Turkish-Syrian border due to the Syria war and lasted about six months.[¤]METHODS[|]This study contained a total of 160 participants, including 80 individuals who lived in this region in the sixth month after the end of missile attacks and were exposed to events and 80 healthy volunteers who did not live in this region during missile attacks. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Beck Depression Inventory, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Sociodemographic Information Form was administered to all participants under the guidance of a clinician.[¤]RESULTS[|]There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic factors. The rates of anxiety, depression and PTSD were found significantly higher in individuals exposed to missile attacks compared to healthy controls. There was no significant relationship between age, gender, marital status, income level and depression-PTSD. It was determined that individuals diagnosed with depression and PTSD had higher education level. In addition, the diagnosis of depression and PTSD was found to be significantly higher in individuals who previously received psychiatric treatment and who lost their relatives due to missile attacks.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]This study supports the information that individuals who are exposed to terrorist attacks have a high rate of PTSD. Large sample size and long-term studies should be done to reveal the mental consequences of such attacks. [¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]Recent studies indicate the role of impairment in immune regulation and inflammatory abnormality in Bipolar Disorder (BD). However, there is a limited study reported the relationship of inflammation markers such as CRP, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR) with bipolar disorder. This study aims to compare these inflammatory markers and lipid values in different states of BD and healthy controls.[¤]METHODS[|]A retrospective observational study was carried out on a sample of patient admissions to the Department of Psychiatry of Usak University Hospital between November 1, 2017, and November 1, 2019, with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder in mania, depression, mixed episode, and remission. Data about Complete blood count, C Reactive Protein (CRP), and lipid values were retrieved from the electronic medical records of patients at Usak University Hospital. [¤]RESULTS[|]We found that patients with BD in depressive and mixed states had higher levels of CRP, and patients with BD in manic states had higher levels of MLR than other groups. There was no statistically significant difference at PLR and MPV values between groups. In terms of lipid levels, remitted bipolar patients had significantly higher Total Chol, TG, LDL, and VLDL levels than other patient groups and controls. [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]The present study suggests a close relationship between bipolar disorder, lipid metabolism and inflammation process. CRP may serve as a possible biomarker of mixed and depressive episodes of BD, while MLR may serve as a potential state biomarker of the manic episode. Our findings also claim that patients with BD experience impairment in lipid metabolism during remission and mixed episode and that this should be taken into account in the treatment management. Future prospective studies are needed to determine the exact role of inflammation and lipid metabolism on the different states of bipolar disorders. [¤]

Clozapine remains still the gold standard agent for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In addition to its proven efficacy on both positive and negative symptoms in refractory schizophrenia, clozapine is useful in reducing aggressive behavior, hostility, comorbid use of alcohol and drugs, as well as reducing suicidality in schizophrenia. It has significant dopaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic, muscarinic and histaminic blocking properties; and thus most of its adverse effects can be predicted on the basis of its pharmacological profile. Despite its demonstrated efficacy in schizophrenia, the widespread use of clozapine has been limited by the potential for adverse effects. Clozapine can cause reversible neutropenia, which may progress to potentially fatal agranulocytosis. Other potentially serious adverse effects of clozapine include seizures, myocarditis, and cardiomyopathy. Less serious and more common side effects of clozapine including sedation, hypersalivation, tachycardia, hypotension, hypertension, weight gain, gastrointestinal hypomotility, urinary incontinence, and fever can often be managed medically and are generally tolerated by the patient. These side effects often lead either to non-compliance or discontinuation of treatment by patients. The majority of patients did not report that the side effects affect their activities of daily living or they cause personal distress. Appropriate management of clozapine side effects facilitates the maximization of the benefits of clozapine treatment, and physicians and patients alike should be aware that there is a range of benefits to clozapine use that is wider than its risks. The aim of this article is to provide an update by focusing on the potentially life-threatening side effects of clozapine.

INTRODUCTION[|]In this study, the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and the factors affecting the duration of hospitalization in geriatric depression patients treated in a university hospital were evaluated.[¤]METHODS[|]Geriatric depression patients who were hospitalized between 2009-2019 were evaluated retrospectively. 76 geriatric depression patients were included in the study. Comparisons were made according to whether patients were resistant to treatment and the age of onset of the disease. Factors affecting the duration of hospitalization were evaluated. [¤]RESULTS[|]44 of 76 patients who participated in the study were male. Most of the patients (42/76) were admitted to the psychiatry clinic for the first time, and 20 of them were considered depressive disorder with psychotic features. ECT was applied to 10 of the patients, 28 of them had Magnetic Resonance Imaging and 23 of them had white matter hyperintensities in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. At the time of discharge, antipsychotics in 41 patients, benzodiazepines in 31 patients, and a mood stabilizer in seven patients were recommended in combination with antidepressants in 61 patients. Geriatric depressive patients who were resistant to treatment or had psychotic symptoms were hospitalized for a longer period of time. There was no difference between early and late onset geriatric depression groups in terms of gender, length of stay, psychotic feature, and treatment resistance.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]According to the findings of the study, it was determined that most of the geriatric depression patients who received inpatient treatment were admitted to the psychiatry clinic for the first time, early and late onset did not differ in response to treatment, and the fact that depressive episode had a psychotic feature or was resistant to treatment was two variables that prolonged the hospitalization period.[¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of Parenting and Family Adjustment Scale (PAFAS) to measure parenting skills and family adjustment in Turkish Parents.[¤]METHODS[|]The sample of our study consisted of the parents of children between the ages of 2-12. The clinical sample is from 201 mothers or fathers who were in the first 1-month evaluation process at the Dokuz Eylul University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic; the population sample consisted of 202 mothers or fathers living in Balçova. For test-retest measurement, the test was re-administered to 58 parents in the community sample two weeks later. Psychometric properties of the scale were compared to Parenting Styles and Dimensions Scale, Marriage Life Scale and General Health Questionnaire.[¤]RESULTS[|]Internal consistency of Parenting subscale were found ''quite reliable'' and Family Adjustment subscale were found ''highly reliable''. There was no significant difference in the test-retest application of the PAFAS Turkish Form subscale and factor structures. PAFAS Turkish Form has high power to differentiate community and clinical samples; has a five-factor structure validity. It was determined that it has concurrent criterion validity with Parenting Styles and Dimensions Scale, Marriage Life Scale and General Health Questionnaire.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]In this study, it has been found that the Turkish version of PAFAS is a good valid and reliable scale for screening multiple domains of family functioning.[¤]

INTRODUCTION[|] The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a psychoeducation program on delinquent children's and adolescents' social emotional learning and emotional management skills in a regional psychiatric hospital in child-adolescent psychiatry clinics. [¤]METHODS[|] The research was carried out in pre-test, post-test, semi-experimental design model. Three instruments were used to collect data: Introductory Information Form, Social Emotional Learning Skills Scale, Emotion Management Skills Scale. A semi-structured psychoeducation program consisting of seven sessions was carried out with children-adolescents. Analyzes were made on the data of 18 children-adolescents who complete all psychoeducation sessions. In the evaluation of the research data, descriptive statistical analyzes and paired samples t-test were used. [¤]RESULTS[|]It was determined that children-adolescent average age was 14.22+-0.98 and %66.7 (n=12) were male. The psychoeducation program applied to these children and adolescents significantly increased the total and subscale point averages of the social emotional learning abilities of the child and adolescents (p

INTRODUCTION[|]The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms, attachment dimensions and resilience with infertilitiy related stress. Our second aim was to explore the associations of depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms, attachment dimensions, resilience and infertility related stress with IVF treatment outcome.[¤]METHODS[|]88 women who were consecutively applied to the Kocaeli University Medical Faculty Hospital Assisted Reproductive Techniques Center and found eligible for IVF treatment were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, depression, anxiety and somatization subscales of Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR), The Resilience in Midlife Scale (RIM) and Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI) were administered to all participants before IVF treatment protocol. Participants were evaluated whether pregnancy occurred or not 3 months after the IVF treatment protocol was applied.[¤]RESULTS[|]A significant positive correlation was found between the FSE total score and the ECR anxiety (p= 0,000, r=0,314) and ECR avoidance (p= 0,000, r=0,364) scores. A negative correlation was found also between the FSE total score and RIM total score (p= 0,000, r=-0,434). It was found that BSI anxiety, depression and somatization scores, ECR anxiety and avoidance scores, RIM total and subscale scores and FSE total score averages did not differ according to IVF treatment outcome.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]The results of our study showed that the anxiety and avoidance dimensions of attachment and resilience are related to infertility stress. Anxiety, depression, somatization, infeetility related stress, attachment and resilience scores were not associated with IVF treatment outcome. The relationship between IVF treatment outcome and mental health variables should be evaluated with biological markers and longitudinal studies.[¤]

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms and can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another. With direct effects or complications they cause, infectious diseases such as febrile diseases, syphilis, brucellosis, malaria, Lyme Disease, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, rabies and coronavirus disease (COVID) can cause psychiatric symptoms. Medicines such as mefloquine and interferon used in the treatment of infectious diseases can also cause psychiatric symptoms. Infectious diseases such as influenza A viruses and toxoplasma gondii parasite can be present in the etiology of some psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. Psychiatric disorders can also facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. As we have seen in the COVID-19 outbreak, global spread of infectious diseases is called a pandemic. During and after the pandemic, the frequency of psychiatric symptoms increases due to the direct effects of the pandemic or, quarantine and social isolation applied due to the pandemic. These symptoms include depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances, anxiety, obsessive symptoms, irritability, loneliness, helplessness, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. There is a high comorbidity between infectious diseases and psychiatric diseases, and clinicians should always consider this condition in epidemics and later periods.

Objective: COVID-19, which has spread rapidly around the world since December 2019, has been defined as an infectious disease by the World Health Organization. Infection and mortality rates from COVID-19 are high and the COVID-19 pandemic has many negative impacts in health, economic and security fields. The aim of this study is therefore to examine the psychosocial and demographic determinants of anxiety and hopelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic among Turkish population. Method: The study group of the research consists of 1026 participants between the ages of 18 and 65 years. Personal Information Form, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Beck Anxiety Scale were used for data collection. Results: The majority of the participants reported that both national and global health, economic, and security precautions were not sufficient in fight against COVID-19 pandemic. About one in four participants had symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety and about one in three had symptoms of moderate to severe hopelessness. Women had significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to men. Participants who reported that the health, economics, and safety precautions were not adequate had higher levels of anxiety and hopelessness than those who reported that the precautions were adequate. Discussion: Given that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with negative psychological and social consequences, the preventive programs for mental health should be promoted and the psychosocial support services should be made available to everyone in the society. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Abstract (Turkish) Amac: 2019'un Aralik ayindan itibaren yayilimi hizla artan COVID-19, Dunya Saglik Orgutu tarafindan bulasici bir hastalik olarak tanimlanmistir. Dunya genelinde saglik, ekonomi ve guvenlik alanlarinda oldukca olumsuz etkilere neden olan COVID-19'un bulasma olasiligi yuksek ve mortalite orani fazladir. Bu calismanin amaci ise Turkiye'de yasayan bireylerin COVID-19 pandemisi surecinde umutsuzluk ve anksiyete duzeylerinin demografik ve psikososyal faktorlere gore incelenmesidir. Yontem: Arastirmanin calisma grubunu yaslari 18-65 arasinda degisen 1026 katilimci olusturmaktadir. Calismada veri toplama araci olarak;Kisisel Bilgi Formu, Beck Umutsuzluk Olcegi ve Beck Anksiyete Olcegi kullanilmistir. Bulgular: Katilimcilarin cogunlugu COVID- 19 ile mucadele etmeye yonelik bolgesel ve kuresel duzeyde alinan saglik, ekonomi ve guvenlik onlemlerini yeterli bulmadiklarini rapor etmistir. Yaklasik 4 katilimcidan biri anksiyete semptomlarini ve yaklasik 3 katilimcidan biri umutsuzluk semptomlarini orta ila siddetli duzeyde gostermektedir. Kadinlarin anksiyete duzeyinin erkeklere kiyasla anlamli olarak yuksek oldugu bulunmustur. Bolgesel duzeydeki saglik, ekonomi ve guvenlik onlemlerinin yeterli olmadigini bildiren katilimcilarin anksiyete ve umutsuzluk duzeylerinin, bu onlemlerin yeterli oldugunu bildiren katilimcilara kiyasla daha yuksek oldugu saptanmistir. Sonuc: COVID-19'un olumsuz psikolojik ve sosyal ciktilarla iliskili bulunmasi nedeniyle ruh sagligini koruyucu onlemlerin yayginlastirilmasi ve psikososyal destek uygulamalarinin toplumdaki her birey tarafindan erisilebilir hale getirilmesi onem tasimaktadir. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

The COVID-19 infection is still active both worldwide and in our country. Hereafter, it is going to have marked effects on clinical psychiatric practice. So, it is very important to consider the interactions of psychotropic drugs used in the COVID-19 pandemic in patients receiving psychiatric treatment or planned to start psychiatric treatment. There is still no cure for COVID-19 infection and treatment algorithms change over time. Moreover, studies on drug interactions between the drugs used in COVID-19 treatment and psychotropic drugs to guide the clinician are limited. In this regard, it is thought that it is important for psychiatrists to keep up with the current literature knowledge while planning psychotropic medication during the pandemic process, which is expected to continue for a long time. In this article, the mechanisms of action and interactions of frequently used drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 with psychotropic drugs such as hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, oseltamivir, remdesivir, tocilizumab and azithromycin are reviewed. Also regardless of drug interactions, the antiviral effects of chlorpromazine and lithium and their place in the potential treatment of COVID-19 are mentioned and potential problems that psychiatric therapies may cause in these patients are discussed.

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic is a new and highly detrimental event that has influenced the world over. Besides the obvious health risks, COVID-19 has also affected people psychologically. The high risk of contamination can increase the perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety in individuals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety. Additionally, the study also investigated the role of gender, profession and income level in the perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety. Method: The research sample was composed of 562 individuals from the community. The data was gathered by using personal information form and the Perceived COVID-19 Threat Form, Self-Compassion Scale and Turkish Death Anxiety Scale. Results: The relationship between perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety was partially mediated by self-compassion. Moreover, people in the high income group had a lower level of perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety score compared to the low-income group. Perceived COVID-19 threat levels were lower among health care professionals compared to unemployed individuals. Female participants had a higher level of perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety score compared to male participants. Discussion: Self-compassion may be an essential variable to help cope with problems related to perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety. Improving our understanding of the psychological impacts of COVID-19 is necessary and essential.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the psychological symptoms scores, before and after the corona virus pandemic (COVID-19), and social isolation. Furthermore, it aims to examine the relationships between psychological symptom scores emerging after COVID-19 and social isolation, and styles of coping with stress, psychological resilience scores, and perceptions, and attitudes regarding COVID-19 and social isolation;and to determine to predict the level of psychological symptoms of these three variables. Method: It was applied online psychological symptoms, psychological resilience, stress coping scales and questions regarding COVID-19 to the participants, who consisted of 1245 people, 1212 female (81.3%) and 233 (18.7%) male, between the ages of 18-74. Results: A high level of significant difference was found in favor of after COVID-19 symptom scores between the participants' mean psychological symptom scores before and after COVID-19 and social isolation. They were determined significant correlations between symptom scores after COVID-19 and psychological resilience, coping styles with stress and perceptions and attitudes regarding COVID-19. It was predicted range from 23.8% to 40.2% the psychological symptoms, by psychological resilience, dysfunctional coping with stress, and the level of perception and attitudes regarding COVID-19. Discussion: While COVID-19 and social isolation and dysfunctional coping with stress have a disruptive effect on the psychological symptoms of individuals, psychological resilience has a protective effect. This study is thought to will contribute to the psychological intervention plans to be applied intended to the psychological effects of the COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Abstract (Turkish) Amac: Bu calismanin amaci, bireylerin koronavirus salgini ve sosyal izolasyon oncesi ve sonrasi psikolojik semptom puanlarinin tespit edilmesidir. Ayni zamanda koronavirus salgini ve ortaya cikan sosyal izolasyon sonrasindaki psikolojik semptom puanlariyla stresle basa cikma tarzlari, psikolojik saglamlik puanlari ve koronavirus salgini ve sosyal izolasyona iliskin algi ve tutumlar arasindaki iliskilerin belirlenmesi ve bu uc degiskenin psikolojik semptomlari yordama duzeyinin saptanmasi da hedeflenmistir. Yontem: 18-74 yas araligindaki 1012'si (%81.3) kadin ve 233'u (%18.7) erkek, toplam 1245 kisiden olusan katilimcilara psikolojik semptom, psikolojik saglamlik, stresle basetme olcekleri ve koronaviruse iliskin sorular online olarak uygulanmistir. Bulgular: Katilimcilarin koronavirus salgini ve sosyal izolasyon oncesi ve sonrasi psikolojik semptom puan ortalamalari arasinda koronavirus sonrasi semptom puanlari lehine yuksek duzeyde anlamli bir fark bulunmustur. Koronavirus salgini sonrasi semptom puanlari ile psikolojik saglamlik, stresle bas etme tarzlari ve koronavirus salginina iliskin algi ve tutumlar arasinda korelasyonlar tespit edilmistir. Psikolojik saglamlik, stresle islevsel olmayan bas etme tarzlari ile koronaviruse iliskin algi ve tutumlarin psikolojik semptomlari yordama duzeyi %23,8 ila %40,2 arasinda degismektedir. Sonuc: Koronavirus salgini ve sosyal izolasyonun, ve stresle islevsel olmayan bas etmenin bireylerin psikolojik semptomlarinda bozucu bir etkisi gorulurken psikolojik saglamligin koruyucu bir etkisi oldugu saptanmistir. Bu calismanin koronavirus salgininin psikolojik etkilerine yonelik uygulanacak psikolojik mudahale planlarina katki saglayabilecegi dusunulmektedir. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Objective: Violence continues to be an important public problem and has negative effects on mental health. In this study, it was aimed to determine the recognition of violence by psychiatric outpatients, the prevalence of violence against psychiatric outpatients and how they are affected by violence. Method: The study included 199 patients who admitted to the general psychiatry outpatient clinic and accepted to participate in the study. The sociodemographic features and detailed assessments of patients on violence were examined with the questionnaire prepared by reviewing the literature on violence. Results: 78.9% of females and 75.5% of males participated in the study recognized violence physically. Both female and male patients mentioned that "disobedience / irritating behavior" was the most common cause of violence and, “education” was the most obvious factor that can prevent violence. It was found that 56% of the patients (56.8% of females and 55.9% of males) were subjected to violence and, females were subjected to sexual violence more frequently than males. There was no significant difference between patients subjected to violence and those who were not in terms of gender, educational status, occupation, and psychiatric diagnosis. The social functionality, personal and social performances of the patients who were subjected to violence were lower than those who were not subjected to violence. Discussion: Violence is a common problem among psychiatric outpatients. Because violence is associated with psychiatric disorders and disrupts functionality, clinicians should routinely screen violence during psychiatric evaluation. © 2020 ANP Publishing. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION[|]The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of hypnotherapy on depression and anxiety levels of obese patients who were admitted to hypnotherapy sessions for healthy and balanced diet. [¤]METHODS[|]Methods: The study sample consisted of 60 individuals who presented to the Psychiatry Polyclinic of Numune Hospital, who volunteered to participate in the study, whose Body Mass Index was 30 and above and who completed 10-week hypnotherapy session. Firstly, the participants' body mass indexes were determined after their 'personal information forms' were filled in. Before the hypnotherapy sessions were started, the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were administered to each participant. After that, hypnotherapy sessions were performed for 10 weeks, one session per week. At the end of a 10-week hypnotherapy session, the participants' Body Mass Indexes were determined again, and the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were re-administered. Then the effectiveness of hypnotherapy was evaluated by comparing the pre- and post-therapy Body Mass Indexes, and the scores obtained from the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. [¤]RESULTS[|]The comparison of the pre- and post-therapy Body Mass Indexes, and the scores obtained from the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory demonstrated significant differences (p

Introduction: This article performs a systemic review of psychometric properties and factor structure of Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS), the scale for assessing Internet addiction behavior in clinic and research fields. Methods: Studies measuring psychometric properties and factor structure of CIUS (original version) were searched through MEDLINE in PubMed, SCOPUSE, Pub Psych, google scholar and SID & Iranmedex (Iranian database). A total of 18 studies(24samples) including 44,198subjects were reviewed in our study. Results: Based on meta-analysis for internal consistency, the pooled Cronbach's alpha coefficient from all study was 0.47(95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.49). Based on meta-analysis for internal consistency adolescence subgroup was 0.48 (95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.45–0.51), and addicted to behavior addiction subgroup was 0.48 (95 percent CI, 0.44–0.51), in general population subgroup was 0.47(95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.42-0.53), in university student subgroup was 0.47(95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.51), in internet user was 0.45(95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.47), by cultural of country for collectivistic society was 0.49(95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.52), and individualistic societies was 0.46(95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.47) and based quality assessment subgroup for study was 0.47(95percent confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.49). Conclusion: future studies should be conducted on multiethnic population and cross-cultural designee. Future studies should be developed and reported based on COSMIN checklist.

INTRODUCTION[|]The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and MDD specifiers with temperament and personality traits with a perspective focused on Nine Type Temperament Model (NTTM).[¤]METHODS[|]203 healthy participants who are matched with the 208 MDD participants group between 18-60 years old and in at least eight weeks remission period and treatment in progress, without an additional diagnosis were included in the study. Socio-demographic data form, Nine Types of Temperament Scale (NTTS) and Temperament Character Inventory (TCI) were applied to all participants, and in addition, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were applied to the subjects with MDD. MDD specifiers were evaluated using follow-up data files.[¤]RESULTS[|]According to results, both Nine Type Temperament (NTT) Model's types, which are NTT1, NTT2, NTT3, NTT4, NTT6 and NTT8, and Psychobiological Personality Model's dimensions which are consisted of the cooperation, persistence, harm avoidance and self-management were found to be associated with MDD. From the point of MDD determinants; anxiety-distressing characteristics are associated with NTM2, NTM3, NTM6, NTM9; melancholy characteristics is concerned with NTT1, NTT5 and NTT6; seasonal characteristics are related to NTT4; mixed features are relevant with NTT4 and NTT7; and atypical features are associated with NTT5, NTT7, NTT9. As a result, MDD determinants are found to be associated with temperament types which are coming from NTTM.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]It is seen that temperament, which constitutes the structural basis of personality, is an effective parameter both in the diagnosis and in the individual-specific recognition of symptomatology in MDD patients. In addition, it can be said that temperament can be a discriminating factor in defining MDD specifiers. The development of temperament-oriented diagnosis and treatment strategies in future studies may be beneficial for the practice.[¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]The studies on alcohol/drug addiction have historically neglected female patients and the results of most studies exclusively conducted on male patients have been generalized to include female population. This study aims to retrospectively investigate the sociodemographic characteristics, alcohol/drug consumption characteristics, comorbid mental illnesses, treatment and follow-up results in female patients who applied to an outpatient addiction clinic for the treatment of alcohol/drug use disorder. [¤]METHODS[|]The patient files of the consecutive 68 women who visited Ege University Outpatient Addiction Clinic between May 1, 2013 and August 31, 2018 and were diagnosed with alcohol/drug use disorder according to DSM-5 were analyzed. [¤]RESULTS[|]The findings revealed that 60.3% of patients had alcohol, 39.7% had drug use disorder. The drug mainly used by the ones diagnosed with drug use disorder was polydrug with a ratio of 44.4%. The duration of problematic alcohol use in the women diagnosed with alcohol use disorder was 8.3+-7.8 years, the duration of problematic drug use in the women diagnosed with drug use disorder was 7.6+-5.4 years. The age of onset of problematic alcohol use in the group with alcohol use disorder was higher than the age of onset of problematic drug use in the group with drug use disorder (t=3.643, p=0.001). Depressive disorder was observed in 54.2% of all patients. 70.5% of patients attended outpatient clinic follow-up at least for a period of 1 month, 47.9% of the patients who attended follow-up appointments at least for a period of 1 month received maintenance treatment and 37.5% of those maintained complete abstinence during that period.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]The findings of this study with the largest sample in our country where sociodemographic and clinical characteristics are evaluated in a group of female patients diagnosed with alcohol/drug use disorder should be developed and supported by controlled and longitudinal follow-up studies.[¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of psychiatric diagnoses and anxiety / depression levels of adolescents who applied to a child and adolescent psychiatry department. [¤]METHODS[|]The study included adolescents aged 12-18 years who applied the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Mardin State Hospital. The psychiatric diagnoses of the patients were determined by clinical interview according to DSM-V. Besides, sociodemographic data form, Children's Depression Inventory and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were filled to the patients. [¤]RESULTS[|]54 adolescents were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 15.7 years old. According to DSM-V Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was found the most common diagnosis (n: 16, 29.6%). This was followed by Depressive Disorders (n: 12, 22.2%) and Anxiety Disorders (n: 9, 16.6%). The most common diagnosis is ADHD in boys and Depressive Disorders in girls. The mean depression score was 21.8 and 27 (58.7%) were above the cut-off score. The mean of the State Anxiety Scale found 48.1 and the mean of the Trait Anxiety Scale found 50.8. According to the cut-off scores, 36 (78.3%) of the patients had a high level of situational anxiety and 35 (76.1%) had a high level of trait anxiety. [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Psychopathology rates and depression / anxiety levels are high peers in adolescents who drop out of school. [¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]Regular and comprehensive follow-up of the side effects of antipsychotic drugs is an essential part of the treatment process. Self-report scales which are user friendly and which do not take too much time to complete are required. The aim of this study was to adapt the Glasgow Antipsychotic Side Effect Scale (GASS) into Turkish, and to evaluate its validity and reliability.[¤]METHODS[|]For this study, patients over the age of 18 presenting to the outpatient psychiatry clinics of secondary healthcare facilities in three different cities were recruited. Two hundred and ninety-seven of these patients who were on at least one antipsychotic drug except for clozapine for at least three months and who were diagnosed with any psychiatric disorders, and fifty-six patients of them were not on any antipsychotic drug treatment. The patients completed the GASS and the Systematic Monitoring of Adverse events Related to TreatmentS (SMARTS). The clinicians completed a demographic and clinical data form and the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). Exploratory factor analysis was undertaken and concurrent validity, discriminating validity, internal consistency, test – retest reliability, and responsiveness of the GASS were calculated.[¤]RESULTS[|]Results demonstrated that the GASS consisted of seven factors,that it had concurrent validity with the SMARTS and the CGI (rho=0.706 & 0.381 respectively,p's

INTRODUCTION[|]The aim of this study was to study the possible relationships between depressive symptoms, future expectations (i.e. prospections), and prefrontal functions. More specifically, the potential mediating effects of future expectations in the relationship between depressive symptoms and prefrontal functions were investigated.[¤]METHODS[|]Data collection tools included Beck Depression Inventory, Prefrontal Functions Scale based on Interpersonal Neurobiology, and Subjective Probability Task – Turkish Version. Study sample included 401 undergraduate students, where 235 (58.6%) of those were female and 166 (41.4%) were male. Participants had an age range of 18-31, and the mean age was found to be 21.44 (sd = 2.33).[¤]RESULTS[|]Statistical analyses revealed that as depression symptoms strengthen, there appears to be a corresponding decrease in the ratings for positive prospection, and a counter increase in the ratings for negative prospection (i.e. how likely they think such events will happen to them in the future). Furthermore, prefrontal functioning suffered a significant decline as depression scores increased. The mediated regression model further indicated that positive as well as negative prospections did indeed have partial mediating effects in regulating the relationship between depression scores and prefontal functioning. [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Results of the study are considered to be of possible value for the aim of structuring specific psychotherapy interventions. Identification of strictly held attitudes of clients, for instance, alongside with the inability to identify alternative solutions to problems encountered, strict reliance on specific explanations as causes behind them, or weakening cognitive flexibility, can be prioritized earlier in therapy and the following progress can, hence, be planned accordingly. Investigation of prospective thoughts can also be informative in this respect.[¤]

Varenicline is an alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist with dopaminergic effects. It is an effective and widely used agent approved for smoking cessation. Depressive mood, sleep disorder, suicide, agitation, aggression, psychotic and manic symptoms have been reported during the use of varenicline. We report the case of a 48-year-old woman with a history of major depression who was admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of mania with psychotic features at the end of the 12-week varenicline treatment. She was admitted to the psychiatry clinic for mystic grandiose and reference delusions, auditory and visual hallucinations, irritability, insomnia, and rapid speech. She was in antidepressant treatment with 100 mg/day sertraline for 2 years and was euthymic for the last 18 months. In her history, she never had symptoms of mania or hypomania or any psychiatric admission before. In the first mental status examination, the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score was 33. On the twenty-eighth day of the hospitalization, the patient was discharged with the treatment of olanzapine 20 mg/day and clonazepam 0.5 mg/day since her YMRS score improved to 14. In spite of the fact that the core components of varenicline associated mania stay subtle, the present case report features the significance of monitoring for potential adverse reactions with the use of varenicline in patients with a history of depression, particularly when utilized in combination with antidepressants.

INTRODUCTION[|]In this study, it is aimed to do a cross-sectional evaluation of treatment preferences in tic disorders in a clinical sample.[¤]METHODS[|]The hospital records of cases diagnosed with tic disorders who were admitted to our clinic between May 2013 and June 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. SPSS 17.0 program was used to evaluate the data. The level of significance was accepted as p

INTRODUCTION[|]Suicidal behavior is serious public health problem. Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide-IPT tells that feelings of thwarted belongingness and perceived burden someness are composed of two perceptions that make people tend to suicide. But the theory argues that will is not sufficient for occurrence of a suicidal behaviour. Individual must have acquired capability for suicide as well. Recently it is seen that IPT is a theorethical framework that is frequently used in suicide researches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) and Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale -Fearlessness about Death (ACSS-FAD).[¤]METHODS[|]Data were collected from 409 university students. Participants filled in the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and Acquired Capability for Suicide-Fearlessness for Death scale together with Suicide Probability Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Abdel-Khalek Death Anxiety Scale, Eating Attitudes Test and Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale.[¤]RESULTS[|]The Turkish Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and the Acquired Capability for Suicide- Fearlessness about Death scale demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. Both had high internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities. The factor structures were shown to be the same as in their original forms. Both scales demonstrated highly adequate convergent and divergent validity.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]The results of the present study have revealed that the Turkish versions of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) and Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale-Fearlessness about Death (ACSS-FAD) are reliable and valid instruments for measuring the constructs of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of suicide. Therefore, we conclude that the two measuring instruments may contribute to the suicidological research and clinical practice in Turkey.[¤]

Background: Having a child with cancer has an enormous impact on their mothers. Usually mothers describe their feeling as 'losing some part of themselves'. In order to understand this traumatic experience on mothers' psychology, psychoanalytic explanations of self/self-cohesion experiences should be taken into account. Methods: A comparative case analysis was performed using narrative inquiry and narrative analysis. Two mothers were chosen. Each mother was interviewed about their self-selfobject needs and its relation to their traumatic cancer experience. Results: The narrative analysis revealed that, the mother who had a weak self cohesion before the diagnose reported more traumatic narratives in comparison to the mother who had a healthy self cohesion. Conclusions: Not all mothers with children who has cancer were affected to the same extent from this traumatic experience. Understanding mother's earlier and present selfobject transferences will help clinician to intervene to the right person. Action/Impact: Understanding mothers' distress from the psychoanalytic perspective and intervene at that level not only improve mothers' well-being but also the children's and the society's at large.

Cannabis is one of the important food and textile resources that has been used since 4000 BC. The fact that it was used as a medicine by the Chinese caused it to be included in the oldest pharmacopoeia in the world. However, in the 20th century, marijuana production from cannabis was a turning point in cannabis history, and then led to the limitation of cultivation areas and use. Today, cannabis is the most popular illicit drug worldwide. Regular use of cannabis is associated with impaired functioning, decreased academic performance, amotivation, addiction and, psychiatric disorders like psychosis, schizophrenia and mood disorders. On the other hand, recent research proposed promising therapeutic potential of cannabis-based drugs for a wide range of medical conditions including neurological and psychiatric disorders. These findings have led to the legalization of medical use of cannabis in certain states of the United States and in certain European countries. In this review, cannabis use, the historical process of cannabis use, medical use of cannabis, possible consequences of medical use of cannabis and the reflections of cannabis-related policy changes on society will be discussed. © 2020 ANP Publishing. All rights reserved.

Objective: The number of studies that suggest the possible role of immune abnormalities in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) are increasing. Our aim here is to determine the relationship between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio(NLR) and children and adolescents with OCD.NLR and platelet lymphocyte ratio(PLR) are new, inexpensive, easily reproducible indicators used for the determination of low grade inflammation. Method: In this study, retrospective records of 32 children and adolescents with OCD were screened, and the NLR, PLR,monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR) data obtained from the pre-treatment complete blood count were compared with the same data of the healthy control group with similar characteristics. Results: The NLR was found lower in children and adolescents with OCD compared to the control group; yet PLR and MLR were not significantly different. Conclusion: Inflammation might play a role in the etiopahogenesis of OCD. The NLR may be potential inlammation markers for OCD in children.

INTRODUCTION[|]In this study we aimed to evaluate attitudes, attachment styles to their husbands and competence perceptions of the mothers towards their children's problems whose children were at pre-school period with no cognitive developmental delay.[¤]METHODS[|]40 children and their mothers were included into the study. The children were chosen among those who were aged between 0-72 months and had no developmental delay which was found out as a result of developmental test. As the control group, another 40 children and their mothers were included into the study. Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale (CAPES-TR) and Parent Attitude Research Instrument(PARI) were handed out to mothers in both groups. Finally, Experiences in Close Relationship Revised (ECC-R) was applied to mothers of both groups. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis. [¤]RESULTS[|]It was found that the most common reasons for admission were hyperactivity and bad-temper. It was found that peer-relationship problems and elimination disorders were more common in sample group compared to control group. According to CAPES-TR results, emotional, behavioural and social problems in the group that were admitted to psychiatry clinic were significantly higher than control group (p

INTRODUCTION[|]The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between the socio-demographic characteristics and the problematic internet use (PIU), and between problem and pathologic gamblers (PPG) and non-problem gamblers (NPG). [¤]METHODS[|]The study was administered to 299 Near East University psychology students in April-May 2015. The questionnaire includes a socio-demographic form, South Oaks Gambling Screening Scale (SOGS) and Problematic Internet Usage Scale (PIUS). Descriptive, chi-square, t-test and Pearson correlation statistical methods were used. [¤]RESULTS[|]According to the study more than half of the PPG participated in gambling on the Internet. Moreover, men tended to gamble more than women. It is also found that single and high income level participants are gambling more frequently. Students attending university for more than 5 years were found to have more PPG. However, this study shows that problem and pathological gambling is seen more prevalent among students who have high income level. In this study, it is illustrated that the highest frequency of gambling occurs at casinos (77.7%), which is followed closely by betting offices (70.8%). It is also observed that gambling on games such as horse-racing and dog-racing were seen higher in people with PPG. [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]PIU has been seen as one of the leading causes of PPG. These studies showed that university students who had PIU were more prone to PPG problems. In order to prevent the inter-related problems of PPG and PIU, effective public health policies, awareness and consciousness programs are needed. [¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS) in the Turkish population.[¤]METHODS[|]408 participants were included in the study. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Self-Report Tool for Mania were used to analyze the correlation between the scales and the discriminitave properties of the CUDOS was investigated.[¤]RESULTS[|]As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, 'Depression and Anxiety' and 'Atypical and Mixed Feature Depression' factors were determined. It was observed that the CUDOS had convergent validity with other relevant scales. It was demonstrated that the CUDOS had distinctive validity. Internal consistency was found to be high. According to clinician evaluation and scale scores, there was no difference in the detection of depression subtypes.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]The CUDOS can be completed by patients in a short time and provides a quick and easy evaluation opportunity for clinicians. This validity and reliability study in the Turkish population showed that these scales were suitable for clinical use.[¤]

Psychogenic vomiting is an uncommon medical condition that usually occurs with severe and recurrent vomiting without an underlying organic cause. Although various pharmacological and therapeutic methods have been tried in the treatment of this condition, there is no clear treatment method. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be considered a good treatment alternative if there is a traumatic event in the underlying formation of psychogenic vomiting. To the best of our knowledge, there are no cases of efficacy of EMDR in psychogenic vomiting in the literature. The aim of the present case was to investigate the clinical usefulness of EMDR due to the presence of traumatic memories which may be associated with the symptom of psychogenic vomiting. As a result; as seen in our case, it should be considered that EMDR may be a treatment alternative in cases with psychogenic vomiting of traumatic origin.

INTRODUCTION[|]Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC) were established to provide psychosocial support services for patients with severe mental disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of participation frequency in a CMHC on insight, treatment adherence and functionality in severe mental disorders.[¤]METHODS[|]362 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and psychosis according to the DSM–5 criteria and treated in CMHC were included in this retrospective study. The participation frequency of patients benefited from CMHC services for a year was retrospectively screened. The patients had been evaluated with Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Schedule for Assessing the Three Components of Insight (SATCI), and Functional Remission of General Schizophrenia Scale (FROGS). Patients were divided into two groups as bipolar disorder and psychosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective and USS&OPD).[¤]RESULTS[|]The patients had been participated in CMHC services in 6 different frequency groups: 68 (18.8%) once in six months, 62 (17.1%) once in three months, 68 (18.8%) once in two months, 98 (27.1%) once/twice a month, 34 (9.4%) once/twice a week, 32 (8.8%) three/four times a week, respectively. There were significant differences between GAF, CGI, SATCI, MARS, FROGS scores in terms of participation frequencies of psychosis group and there were significant differences between GAF, CGI, MARS scores in terms of participation frequencies of bipolar disorder group at the end of one year. [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]In general, as the participation frequency increased, insight, treatment adherence and functionality increased. In addition to individual factors, our results will also contribute to determine the frequency of participation in CMHC.[¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]The primary goal of the present study is to investigate relationship between maternal attitudes and subclinical childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Turkish sample. Study also investigates the effectiveness of 8-sessions psycho-education program about maternal attitudes. [¤]METHODS[|]Sample consisted of 97 mother-child pairs and children's age ranged between 8 to 10. Parental Attitudes Research Instrument (PARI), Leyton Obsessional Inventory Child Version (LOI-CV), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-CH) and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were used as assessment tools. After initial assessments, fifteen mothers randomly assigned either to group psycho-education condition (n=8) or waiting-list control condition (n=7). [¤]RESULTS[|]Marital conflict was positively correlated with total interference score in LOI-CV, total score in LOI-CV and A-Trait anxiety symptoms (r =.23, r =.24 and r =.24, respectively). Authoritarianism positively correlated with A-Trait anxiety symptoms (r =.25). Findings also indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in total scores of negative attitudes (Z= -2.201, p=.028), and posttest scores of these variables showed significant decrease after psycho-education program. There were statistically significant change in interfere (Z= -2.371, p=.018) and total (Z= -2.366, p=.018) score of OCD symptoms after psycho-education program. [¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Marital conflict has a significant relationship with subclinical OCD symptoms. Marital conflict and authoritarian attitude also have significant relationship with trait anxiety symptoms in children. Furthermore, psycho-education program was effective in reducing negative maternal attitudes and children's subclinical OCD symptoms[¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]A suicide attempt results in serious psychological and health problems that result in death or not. The aim of this study was to investigate cases of suicide attempts in the province of Bingöl and to identify risk groups and groups with repeated suicide risk.[¤]METHODS[|]This is a retrospective study based on records. The study was carried out on the files of 550 suicide attempts that occurred in 2013-2018. Binary logistic regression test and Chi-square test were used for data analysis.[¤]RESULTS[|]Suicidal death rates tend to fall. 91% of those attempting suicide are under 35 years old, 75% are women and 36% are students. The most important suicidal causes were mental illness (18%) and familial problems (16%). The most common mental disorder is depressive disorder.The most commonly attempted suicide attempt for both sexes is drug-toxic intake. The risk of repeated suicide attempts in patients with mental disease: 7,7 (CI: 4,51-13,26) times, the risk of repeated suicide in patients with unintended psychiatric consultation after suicide OR: 1,9 (CI: 1,16-3,22) increase.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Multisectoral social policies to reduce suicide attempts in mental patients, women and students should be carried out.[¤]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called “silent epidemic”, is still a serious public health problem, even with modern medicine of the 21st century. Approximately 70 million people worldwide suffer traumatic brain injury each year. Psychiatric disorders are one of the short-term and long-term complications of TBI. Almost all psychiatric disorders, especially depression, anxiety disorders and alcohol/substance abuse, increase after TBI. Attention should be paid to the increase in suicide attempts because of the difficulties experienced in the physical, psychological and social areas. After TBI, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin levels are changing and this change partially explains the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms. Pharmacological drugs can be used to modify these changing neurotransmitters. In addition to pharmacological treatment, environmental interventions and cognitive behavioral therapy have an important role in the treatment of TBI. Although TBI is beter understood with time, it is still an important problem. Trauma not only affects the patient but also affects the whole family, especially the caregiver. In this respect TBI is seen as a problem of society. In addition, the children of parents with TBI are at serious risk for psychiatric disorders. All patients with TBI should be evaluated and treated in this context.

Objective: The aims of the study were to: (i) screen for PTSD among subjects older than 15 years old living in the Ercis-Van region nine months after the earthquake; and (ii) examine the socio-demographic, clinical and trauma-related factors of PTSD diagnosis. Method: At the time of the earthquakes, the population of Ercis-Van region was 1,050,000. We selected 1498 participants in these areas: 996 from Van and 502 from Ercis, centers using a stratified sampling frame (Kish design). Demographic information, trauma related experiences and past psychiatric history was obtained via sociodemographic survey. The PTSD module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), along with depression, dysthymia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder structured interview modules were used to directly elicit clinical information. Results: We found that PTSD was prevalent 35.5% among Van earthquake survivors. Analysis of binary Logistic regression showed risk factors, which included some trauma related losses, pre and post traumatic experiences. These risk factors are being female, having depression, loosing any family members or relatives, being unemployed, having serious familial conflicts, severe financial loss, and temporary relocation. Discussion: Our results indicate that in addition to being women, having depression, trauma related losses, like previous traumatic experiences, some pre and post traumatic risk factors are important for development of PTSD. Therefore, after the traumatic event, community based interventions should be structured based on these pre and post disaster risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: The smartphone addiction has gained attention in recent years with the increase development in technology. People use smartphones for several purposes but this also result in pathological behavioral, emotional and cognitive problems. Aim of current study is to reveal the associations among smartphone addiction, general belongingness and happiness by using structural equation modelling. METHODS: Participants of study consists of 312 university students. In data collection process, “Smartphone Addiction Inventory Short Form-“, “Oxford Happiness Scale” and “General Belongingness Scale” were used. In data analysis correlation analysis and structural equation modelling were used to reveal the associations among smartphone addiction, general belongingness and happiness levels of participants. RESULTS: Results of study revealed a negative significant correlation between smartphone addiction and hapiness levels of participants. Moreover a positive significant correlation was found between smartphone addiction and rejection –the dimension of general belongingness-, whereas no significant correlation was found smartphone addiction and acceptance –the dimension of general belongingness-. Happiness levels of participants were found to be positively and significantly correlated with acceptance and negatively correlated with rejection. Path analysis showed that general belongingness predicted smartphone addiction in a positive way. General belongingness also predicted happiness directly and smartphone addiction negatively predicted happiness. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In sum, smartphone addiction was significantly correlated with both happiness and general belongingness levels of participants. Moreover, a structural equation model among the smartphone addiction, general belongingness and happiness revealed an acceptable fit indexes. Lastly, findings were discussed and suggestions were given in line with the theorotical background and literature.

Objective: In this study it is aimed to compare the theory of mind skills and executive functions in bipolar disorder patients and their first degree relatives with controls, and to demonstrate the relationship between executive functions and theory of mind. Method: 30 patients with euthymic bipolar I disorder, their first degree relatives, and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Wechsler Adults Intelligence Test were applied to all participants; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Test, Trail Making Test A and B, and Digit Span Test were applied to evaluate the executive functions; Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Hinting Task and Faux Pas Test were applied to evaluate the theory of mind skills. Results: There was not any significant difference between the groups in terms of theory of mind, although total scores were seen from bad to good in bipolar patients, first degree relatives and controls respectively. Patient group had significantly lower performance in Trail Making Test A, and DigitSpan Test inverse number scores. As the severity of disease increased, cognitive functions and the theory of mind were seen to be worsened. The theory of mind was related to executive functions. Discussion: In conclusion, we did not find significant losses in terms of theory of mind in bipolar patients and their first degree relatives. But bipolar patients had a deficiency in attention, psychomotor speed and verbal working memory; and theory of mind was related to executive functions. © 2019 ANP Publishing. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION: It is known that suicide probability is more than the normal population in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been reported that childhood trauma increases suicide probability in many psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between childhood traumas and the probability of suicide in patients with MS. METHODS: The study included 61 patients with MS. The functional status of the patients with MS was evaluated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HAD), Childhood Trauma Inventory (CTQ-28) and Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) were applied to all patients. RESULTS: The patients were divided into two groups as 26 patients with childhood trauma (CTQ≥35) and 35 patients without childhood trauma (CTQ

Chronic illnesses and situations requiring long-term hospitalization bring psychosocial burdens for children and their families. Especially in children who need organ transplants, family and child should be carefully examined in terms of preoperative and postoperative periods and necessary social support systems should be mobilized. It is known that in this period, patients could not express their thoughts and feelings about possible tissue / organ rejection, not being able to verbalize their anxiety and fears and make effective coping methods difficult to care and treatment. For these reasons, it is necessary to cooperate with mental health professionals with the related medicine fields in order to ensure compliance of the patient after transplantation and to provide psychiatric support and treatment. In this case report, we aimed to emphazise the importance of psychiatric evaluation before and after transplantation in a patient with diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy and then underwent a heart transplantation from the national emergency transplant list.

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the reliability and validity of Turkish version of DSM-5 generalized anxiety disorder scale which was developed to measure the severity of generalized anxiety disorder. Method: In this study,50 in- or out-patients who met the criteria for any anxiety disorder according to DSM-5 were included. One hundred volunteers without any mental or physical disease were also recruited as the control group. Beside the study scale, State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used for concurrent validity.Internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlation analysis were performed or reliability analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was used for validity and correlation analysis with Spearman Correlation Analysis was used for concurrent validity. Results: Mean age was 28.9±12.6 years in the study group and 57.3% of the sample (n=86) were female. Disease duration for anxiety disorder was 17.4±9.5 years in the patient group. The internal consistency of the scale was 0.91. Item-total correlation coefficients were between 0.64-0.83 (p

INTRODUCTION: Aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the adverse childhood events (ACEs) over the schemas, dysfunctional attitudes, automatic thoughts, anxiety, depression severity and quality of life in the university student population without any Axis 1 and 2 psychopathology. METHODS: Individuals with Axis 1 and 2 psychopathology were excluded from the study by use of SCID-1 and SCID-2 assessment. Afterward, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and Adverse Childhood Events Questionnaire (ACE-TR) were applied. Volunteers were divided into two groups according to the presence of adverse childhood events (ACEs) in the ACE-TR and stated as having no ACE and one or more ACEs. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 21.29 ± 3.31. Also, 185 (84.5%) of the participants were female, 40 (18.7%) were smokers, 39 (17.8%) were drinking alcohol, and 65 (29.7%) had a low socioeconomic situation. Individuals with ACE-TR scores greater than 0 had significantly higher severity in the BDI, BAI, DAS (Perfectionistic attitudes, tentativeness, and total scores), YSQ (Impaired Autonomy, Disconnection/Rejection, Impaired Limits, Other-Directedness, Overvigilance/Inhibition), ATQ and SF-36 Energy / Vitality, Mental Health, Pain and Overall Health scores were statistically higher. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Even though the ACEs do not cause any Axis 1 or 2 psychopathology in our population; individuals with ACEs have more frequent negative automatic thoughts, higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes, and more severe inappropriate schemas when compared to individuals with no ACEs. The presence of ACEs negatively affect the quality of life and increases the severity of depression and anxiety. Whether or not ACEs cause psychopathology, the existence of the ACEs should be questioned and examined by mental health professionals.