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Aim: The aim of the current study was to develop scales that assess symptoms of depression and anxiety and can adequately differentiate between depression and anxiety disorders, and also can distinguish within anxiety disorders. As point of departure, we used the tripartite model of Clark and Watson that discerns three dimensions: negative affect, positive affect and physiological hyperarousal., Methods: Analyses were performed on the data of 1449 patients, who completed the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). From this, 1434 patients were assessed with a standardized diagnostic interview., Results: A model with five dimensions was found: depressed mood, lack of positive affect, somatic arousal, phobic fear and hostility. The scales appear capable to differentiate between patients with a mood and with an anxiety disorder. Within the anxiety disorders, somatic arousal was specific for patients with panic disorder. Phobic fear was associated with panic disorder, simple phobia and social anxiety disorder, but not with generalized anxiety disorder., Conclusions: We present a five-factor model as an extension of the tripartite model. Through the addition of phobic fear, anxiety is better represented than in the tripartite model. The new scales are capable to accurately differentiate between depression and anxiety disorders, as well as between several anxiety disorders., ((c) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The strcuture of personal disorders in hypertensive disease aptients remains relevant topic. Objectives: The study population included 57 hypertensive disease patients; mean age 49,1+9,6 years old (42 females and 15 males). The control group included 62 healthy individuals (49 females and 13 males); mean age 48,1+8,6 years old. Methods: Emotional condition of subjects was assessed using the Depression Scale of Zung, the Spielberger trait Anger scale and Anxiety, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and SCL - 90-R Questionnaire. Results: The study results showed that as compared to the healthy individuals, the hypertensive disease patients showed significantly higher scores of reactive anxiety (46,0+9,0 and 39,0+8,2; p<0,01), personal anxiety (50,3+9,2 and 41,03+7,9; p<0,01), depression (42,7 +7,2 and 36,59+5,95;p<0,01), alexithymia (69,4+8,8 and 59,0+9,2; p<0,01), state anger (11,8+3,6 and 10,6+1,8; p<0,01), reactive anger (9,2+2,6 and 8,1+2,4; p<0,05), personal anger (21,4+5,3 and 18,1 +4,6; p<0,01), trait anger (8,3+3,0 and 7,3+2,3; p<0,05), selfaggression (16,2+4,9 and 13,4+3,8; p<0,01), aggression towards others (15,9+3,9 and 14,7+3,4; p<0,05), somatization (1,27+0,6 and 0,5+0,4; p<0,01), hostility (1,2+0,7 and 0,5+0,4; p<0,01), obsessivecompulsive traits (1,2+0,7 p 0,6+0,4; p<0,01), psychoticism (0,7 +0,6 and 0,27+0,30; p<0,01) and paranoid traits (1,22+0,6 and 0,5 +0,4; p<0,01), phobic anxiety (0,6+0,5 and 0,2+0,2; p<0,01) and interpersonal sensitivity (1,2+0,7 and 0,7+0,5; p<0,01). Conclusions: Close interrelations between manifestations of anxiety and depression spectrum disorders and anger may be explained by internal conflict between aggressive impulses and the need for adaptive behavior in such individuals, resulting in consistent vicious vortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the contribution of ecological and work conditions can be an important part of the development of depression, anxiety in the research of hard mental work in isolation from the usual relax, frequent overworkings and a decrease the numbers of days off can increase the risk of mental disorder. Objectives: the research of the dependence of the risk of depression, anxiety, level of distress on the ecological and work conditions of managers in far taiga conditions. Methods: there were researched 117 people. In order to investigate depression, anxiety we used PHQ-9, GAD-7, SCL-90-R. A visualanalogue scale was used to research the social and work indicators of life satisfaction, the level of relax. Results: a decrease in the level of relax correlated with depression and anxiety (p <0.05). An increase in the level of anxiety correlated with the level of relax, number of worked years (p <0.05). The intensity of the distress experienced correlated the number of worked years and the position (p <0.05). A low level of relax leads to an increase in the intensity of distress experienced (p <0.05). Such symptoms as somatic, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, increase with a decrease in the level of leisure (p <0.05). The same result is observed with a decrease in the level of relax, but interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility (p <0.05) are dependent factors. Conclusions: there is necessary to improve the conditions of work and relax at the enterprise, to eliminate overworking, and to maintain an appropriate psycho-hygienic management policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The problem of specificity of psychological adaptation mechanisms at the patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is extremely actual. The aim is to investigate gender psychological characteristics associated with T2DM Objectives: In the comparative study 62 patients (28 male, 34 female; mean age 56,8±2,3 and 55,4±2,7 yrs.) with T2DM (HbA1c 7,3±1,3%) and visceral obesity (Grade 2) were included. Methods: Research methods: the Depression Scale of Zung, the Spielberger trait scale anxiety, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and MMPI test. Results: T2DM-female-patients in comparison with T2DM-male showed significantly higher personal anxiety scores (51,2+7,6 and 44,1+10,6 respectively; T<0,05), depression scores (44,2+7,6 and 36,7+8,4 respectively; T<0,05), while alexithymia scores were higher at T2DM-males (68,2+9,6 and 71,7+6,4 respectively; p<0,05). In MMPI test (after correction by K-scale) 46,8% of patients demonstrated profiles with elevated scale 1 score (above 70 T-scores, but below 80 T-scores) regardless of gender differences. However, the T-scores for T2DM-male patients were on the average by 1,07 higher than for T2DM-female (58,4 vs 54,4 respectively, -0,05), that indicated more higher concern related to own physical health condition. The female T2DM-patients significantly more often demonstrated profiles with scale 6 peak (exceeding 65 T-scores): 79,4% vs. 21,4%, which indicated the more higher accentuation of personality traits (concealed hostility; protest; rigidity, desire to blame the others for one's failure, et cetera). Conclusions: The patient's gender has to be taken into consideration at development of clinical, diagnostic and prevention activities of patients with T2DM and visceral obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The concept of negative affectivity includes anxiety, depression and hostility - i.e. negative emotional disposition that may contribute to the negative I-concept development in patients under influence of stress. In this context, the hostility is considered as the complex motivational condition, and the aggression is defined as a specific behavior determined by such condition. Objectives: The study of relevant negative emotional condition in somatic patients is of high scientific significance. Methods: The study population comprised of 32 esophagitis patents (11 males and 21 females, average age 29.7±9; average duration of disease: 3,7±2,1. Psychometric studies included scale anxiety and anger Spielberger, Zung scale and TAS Results: Аnalysis results showed that in esophagitis patients, the following psychological indices were significantly higher as compared to the healthy: reactive anxiety (46,28±8,21 vs. 37,34±9,23, р≤0,01); personal anxiety: 50,42±6,12 vs. 41,23±6,73; р<0,01; alexithymia level: 70,75 vs. 59,05±9,16, р<0,01) and Zung depression score (43,53±5,26 vs. 36,29±5,95, р<0,01). The level of aggression: anger as event reaction: 12,32±2,08 vs 8,63±2,43, р<0,01; and hostility score: 0,98±0,69 vs. 0,47±0,38; р <0,001. Correlational analysis revealed that increased duration and severity of depression (r=0,743; р <0,01) was related with growing anger as event reaction (r=0,409; р <0,01) and hostility (r=0,435; р < 0,01); elevated level of personal anxiety (r=0,639; р <0,01), alexithymia score (r=0,334; р <0,01). The discovered negative emotional conditions indicated prominent interpersonal conflict in this subset of patients Conclusions: The data obtained indicate high level of aggression / hostility in this subset of patients and suggest the need for psychopharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]