25 results on '"Harrison, Lee"'
Search Results
2. Vital Signs: Health Disparities in Hemodialysis-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections -- United States, 2017-2020.
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Rha, Brian, See, Isaac, Dunham, Lindsay, Kutty, Preeta K., Moccia, Lauren, Apata, Ibironke W., Ahern, Jennifer, Jung, Shelley, Rongxia Li, Nadle, Joelle, Petit, Susan, Ray, Susan M., Harrison, Lee H., Bernu, Carmen, Lynfield, Ruth, Dumyati, Ghinwa, Tracy, Marissa, Schaffner, William, Ham, D. Cal, and Magill, Shelley S.
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HEALTH equity ,HEMODIALYSIS ,STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus ,RACISM - Abstract
Introduction: Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). ESKD patients on dialysis are at increased risk for Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections, but racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities associated with this outcome are not well described. Methods: Surveillance data from the 2020 National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and the 2017-2020 Emerging Infections Program (EIP) were used to describe bloodstream infections among patients on hemodialysis (hemodialysis patients) and were linked to population-based data sources (CDC/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR] Social Vulnerability Index [SVI], United States Renal Data System [USRDS], and U.S. Census Bureau) to examine associations with race, ethnicity, and social determinants of health. Results: In 2020, 4,840 dialysis facilities reported 14,822 bloodstream infections to NHSN; 34.2% were attributable to S. aureus. Among seven EIP sites, the S. aureus bloodstream infection rate during 2017-2020 was 100 times higher among hemodialysis patients (4,248 of 100,000 person-years) than among adults not on hemodialysis (42 of 100,000 person-years). Unadjusted S. aureus bloodstream infection rates were highest among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) and Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) hemodialysis patients. Vascular access via central venous catheter was strongly associated with S. aureus bloodstream infections (NHSN: adjusted rate ratio [aRR] = 6.2; 95% CI = 5.7-6.7 versus fistula; EIP: aRR = 4.3; 95% CI = 3.9-4.8 versus fistula or graft). Adjusting for EIP site of residence, sex, and vascular access type, S. aureus bloodstream infection risk in EIP was highest in Hispanic patients (aRR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2-1.7 versus non-Hispanic White [White] patients), and patients aged 18-49 years (aRR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.5-1.9 versus patients aged ≥65 years). Areas with higher poverty levels, crowding, and lower education levels accounted for disproportionately higher proportions of hemodialysis-associated S. aureus bloodstream infections. Conclusions and implications for public health practice: Disparities exist in hemodialysis-associated S. aureus infections. Health care providers and public health professionals should prioritize prevention and optimized treatment of ESKD, identify and address barriers to lower-risk vascular access placement, and implement established best practices to prevent bloodstream infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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3. Two Cases of Newly Characterized Neisseria Species, Brazil.
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Mustapha, Mustapha M., Lemos, Ana Paula S., Griffith, Marissa P., Evans, Daniel R., Marx, Ramon, Coltro, Elizabeth S. F., Siebra, Christian A., Timm, Loeci, Ribeiro, Hamilton, Monteiro, Alessandro, Pasculle, A. William, Marsh, Jane W., Van Tyne, Daria, Harrison, Lee H., and Sacchi, Claudio T.
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NEISSERIA ,SPECIES ,PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS ,NEISSERIA meningitidis - Abstract
We describe 2 human cases of infection with a new Neisseria species (putatively N. brasiliensis), 1 of which involved bacteremia. Genomic analyses found that both isolates were distinct strains of the same species, were closely related to N. iguanae, and contained a capsule synthesis operon similar to N. meningitidis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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4. Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - Six Sites, 2005-2016.
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Jackson, Kelly A., Bohm, Michele K., Brooks, John T., Asher, Alice, Nadle, Joelle, Bamberg, Wendy M., Petit, Sue, Ray, Susan M., Harrison, Lee H., Lynfield, Ruth, Dumyati, Ghinwa, Schaffner, William, Townes, John M., and See, Isaac
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METHICILLIN-resistant staphylococcus aureus ,OPIOID abuse ,INTRAVENOUS drug abusers ,DISEASE incidence ,PUBLIC health ,DISEASES - Abstract
In the United States, age-adjusted opioid overdose death rates increased by >200% during 1999-2015, and heroin overdose death rates increased nearly 300% during 2011-2015 (1). During 2011-2013, the rate of heroin use within the past year among U.S. residents aged ≥12 years increased 62.5% overall and 114.3% among non-Hispanic whites, compared with 2002-2004 (2). Increases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections related to increases in injection drug use have been recently highlighted (3,4); likewise, invasive bacterial infections, including endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and skin and soft tissue infections, have increased in areas where the opioid epidemic is expanding (5-7). To assess the effects of the opioid epidemic on invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections during 2005-2016, surveillance data from CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP) were analyzed (8). Persons who inject drugs were estimated to be 16.3 times more likely to develop invasive MRSA infections than others. The proportion of invasive MRSA cases that occurred among persons who inject drugs increased from 4.1% in 2011 to 9.2% in 2016. Infection types were frequently those associated with nonsterile injection drug use. Continued increases in nonsterile injection drug use are likely to result in increases in invasive MRSA infections, underscoring the importance of public health measures to curb the opioid epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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5. Evolution of Sequence Type 4821 Clonal Complex Meningococcal Strains in China from Prequinolone to Quinolone Era, 1972-2013.
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Qinglan Guo, Mustapha, Mustapha M., Mingliang Chen, Di Qu, Xi Zhang, Min Chen, Yohei Doi, Minggui Wang, Harrison, Lee H., Guo, Qinglan, Chen, Mingliang, Qu, Di, Zhang, Xi, Chen, Min, Doi, Yohei, and Wang, Minggui
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MENINGOCOCCAL infections ,NEISSERIA meningitidis ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,QUINOLONE antibacterial agents ,CELL surface antigens - Abstract
The expansion of hypervirulent sequence type 4821 clonal complex (CC4821) lineage Neisseria meningitidis bacteria has led to a shift in meningococcal disease epidemiology in China, from serogroup A (MenA) to MenC. Knowledge of the evolution and genetic origin of the emergent MenC strains is limited. In this study, we subjected 76 CC4821 isolates collected across China during 1972-1977 and 2005-2013 to phylogenetic analysis, traditional genotyping, or both. We show that successive recombination events within genes encoding surface antigens and acquisition of quinolone resistance mutations possibly played a role in the emergence of CC4821 as an epidemic clone in China. MenC and MenB CC4821 strains have spread across China and have been detected in several countries in different continents. Capsular switches involving serogroups B and C occurred among epidemic strains, raising concerns regarding possible increases in MenB disease, given that vaccines in use in China do not protect against MenB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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6. Use of Vaccinia Virus Smallpox Vaccine in Laboratory and Health Care Personnel at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses - Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015.
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Petersen, Brett W., Harms, Tiara J., Reynolds, Mary G., and Harrison, Lee H.
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MEDICAL personnel ,SMALLPOX vaccines ,VACCINIA ,ORTHOPOXVIRUSES ,VACCINATION - Abstract
On June 25, 2015, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine vaccination with live smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine (ACAM2000) for laboratory personnel who directly handle 1) cultures or 2) animals contaminated or infected with replication-competent vaccinia virus, recombinant vaccinia viruses derived from replication-competent vaccinia strains (i.e., those that are capable of causing clinical infection and producing infectious virus in humans), or other orthopoxviruses that infect humans (e.g., monkeypox, cowpox, and variola) (recommendation category: A, evidence type 2 [Box]). Health care personnel (e.g., physicians and nurses) who currently treat or anticipate treating patients with vaccinia virus infections and whose contact with replication-competent vaccinia viruses is limited to contaminated materials (e.g., dressings) and persons administering ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine who adhere to appropriate infection prevention measures can be offered vaccination with ACAM2000 (recommendation category: B, evidence type 2 [Box]). These revised recommendations update the previous ACIP recommendations for nonemergency use of vaccinia virus smallpox vaccine for laboratory and health care personnel at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses (1). Since 2001, when the previous ACIP recommendations were developed, ACAM2000 has replaced Dryvax as the only smallpox vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and available for use in the United States (2). These recommendations contain information on ACAM2000 and its use in laboratory and health care personnel at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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7. Twenty Years of Active Bacterial Core Surveillance.
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Langley, Gayle, Schaffner, William, Farley, Monica M, Lynfield, Ruth, Bennett, Nancy M, Reingold, Arthur, Thomas, Ann, Harrison, Lee H, Nichols, Megin, Petit, Susan, Miller, Lisa, Moore, Matthew R, Schrag, Stephanie J, Lessa, Fernanda C, Skoff, Tami H, MacNeil, Jessica R, Briere, Elizabeth C, Weston, Emily J, and Van Beneden, Chris
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Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) was established in 1995 as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program (EIP) network to assess the extent of invasive bacterial infections of public health importance. ABCs is distinctive among surveillance systems because of its large, population-based, geographically diverse catchment area; active laboratory-based identification of cases to ensure complete case capture; detailed collection of epidemiologic information paired with laboratory isolates; infrastructure that allows for more in-depth investigations; and sustained commitment of public health, academic, and clinical partners to maintain the system. ABCs has directly affected public health policies and practices through the development and evaluation of vaccines and other prevention strategies, the monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance, and the response to public health emergencies and other emerging infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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8. Effect of Culture-Independent Diagnostic Tests on Future Emerging Infections Program Surveillance.
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Langley, Gayle, Besser, John, Iwamoto, Martha, Lessa, Fernanda C., Cronquist, Alicia, Skoff, Tami H., Chaves, Sandra, Boxrud, Dave, Pinner, Robert W., and Harrison, Lee H.
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ROUTINE diagnostic tests ,EMERGING infectious diseases ,PREVENTION - Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program (EIP) network conducts population-based surveillance for pathogens of public health importance. Central to obtaining estimates of disease burden and tracking microbiological characteristics of these infections is accurate laboratory detection of pathogens. The use of culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs) in clinical settings presents both opportunities and challenges to EIP surveillance. Because CIDTs offer better sensitivity than culture and are relatively easy to perform, their use could potentially improve estimates of disease burden. However, changes in clinical testing practices, use of tests with different sensitivities and specificities, and changes to case definitions make it challenging to monitor trends. Isolates are still needed for performing strain typing, antimicrobial resistance testing, and identifying other molecular characteristics of organisms. In this article, we outline current and future EIP activities to address issues associated with adoption of CIDTs, which may apply to other public health surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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9. Training in Infectious Disease Epidemiology through the Emerging Infections Program Sites.
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Vugia, Duc J., Meek, James I., Danila, Richard N., Jones, Timothy F., Schaffner, William, Baumbach, Joan, Lathrop, Sarah, Farley, Monica M., Tobin-D'Angelo, Melissa, Miller, Lisa, Harrison, Lee H., Bennett, Nancy M., Cieslak, Paul R., Cartter, Matthew L., and Reingold, Arthur L.
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TRAINING ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,EMERGING infectious diseases ,PREVENTION - Abstract
One objective of the Emerging Infections Program (EIP) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is to provide training opportunities in infectious disease epidemiology. To determine the extent of training performed since the program's inception in 1995, we reviewed training efforts at the 10 EIP sites. By 2015, all sites hosted trainees (most were graduate public health students and physicians) who worked on a variety of infectious disease surveillance and epidemiologic projects. Trainee projects at all sites were used for graduate student theses or practicums. Numerous projects resulted in conference presentations and publications in peer-reviewed journals. Local public health and health care partners have also benefitted from EIP presentations and training. Consideration should be given to standardizing and documenting EIP training and to sharing useful training initiatives with other state and local health departments and academic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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10. Emerging Infections Program--State Health Department Perspective.
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Hadler, James L., Danila, Richard N., Cieslak, Paul R., Meek, James I., Schaffner, William, Smith, Kirk E., Cartter, Matthew L., Harrison, Lee H., Vugia, Duc J., and Lynfield, Ruth
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EMERGING infectious diseases ,HEALTH boards ,PUBLIC health surveillance ,PREVENTION - Abstract
The Emerging Infections Program (EIP) is a collaboration between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and 10 state health departments working with academic partners to conduct active population-based surveillance and special studies for several emerging infectious disease issues determined to need special attention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funds the 10 EIP sites through cooperative agreements. Our objective was to highlight 1) what being an EIP site has meant for participating health departments and associated academic centers, including accomplishments and challenges, and 2) the synergy between the state and federal levels that has resulted from the collaborative relationship. Sharing these experiences should provide constructive insight to other public health programs and other countries contemplating a collaborative federal-local approach to collective public health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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11. Three Outbreak-causing Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C Clones, Brazil.
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Barroso, David E., Castiñeiras, Terezinha M. P. P., Freitas, Fernanda S., Marsh, Jane W., Krauland, Mary G., Tulenko, Mary M., Fonseca, Érica L., Vicente, Ana C. P., Rebelo, Maria C., Cerqueira, Elaine O., Xavier, Adriano C., Cardozo, Ana P. C. M., da Silva, Simone E. M., and Harrison, Lee H.
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NEISSERIA meningitidis ,PUBLIC health surveillance ,PUBLIC health ,EPIDEMIC research ,COMMUNICABLE diseases - Abstract
During 2003-2012, 8 clusters of meningococcal disease were identified in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, all caused by serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis. The isolates were assigned to 3 clonal complexes (cc): cc11, cc32, and cc103. These hyperinvasive disease lineages were associated with endemic disease, outbreaks, and high case-fatality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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12. Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia -- Four Sites, United States, 2012--2016.
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Mitsuru Toda, Williams, Sabrina R., Berkow, Elizabeth L., Farley, Monica M., Harrison, Lee H., Bonner, Lindsay, Marceaux, Kaytlynn M., Hollick, Rosemary, Zhang, Alexia Y., Schaffner, William, Lockhart, Shawn R., Jackson, Brendan R., and Vallabhaneni, Snigdha
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BLOOD ,CELL culture ,NATURAL immunity ,PUBLIC health surveillance ,SEX distribution ,HOSPITAL mortality ,FLUCONAZOLE ,CANDIDEMIA - Abstract
Problem/Condition: Candidemia is a bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by yeasts in the genus Candida. Candidemia is one of the most common health care--associated BSIs in the United States, with all-cause in-hospital mortality of up to 30%. Period Covered: 2012--2016. Description of System: CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP), a collaboration among CDC, state health departments, and academic partners that was established in 1995, was used to conduct active, population-based laboratory surveillance for candidemia in 22 counties in four states (Georgia, Maryland, Oregon, and Tennessee) with a combined population of approximately 8 million persons. Laboratories serving the catchment areas were recruited to report candidemia cases to the local EIP program staff. A case was defined as a blood culture that was positive for a Candida species collected from a surveillance area resident during 2012--2016. Isolates were sent to CDC for species confirmation and antifungal susceptibility testing. Any subsequent blood cultures with Candida within 30 days of the initial positive culture in the same patient were considered part of the same case. Trained surveillance officers collected clinical information from the medical chart for all cases, and isolates were sent to CDC for species confirmation and antifungal susceptibility testing. Results: Across all sites and surveillance years (2012--2016), 3,492 cases of candidemia were identified. The crude candidemia incidence averaged across sites and years during 2012--2016 was 8.7 per 100,000 population; important differences in incidence were found by site, age group, sex, and race. The crude annual incidence was the highest in Maryland (14.1 per 100,000 population) and lowest in Oregon (4.0 per 100,000 population). The crude annual incidence of candidemia was highest among adults aged ≥65 years (25.5 per 100,000 population) followed by infants aged <1 year (15.8). The crude annual incidence was higher among males (9.4) than among females (8.0) and was approximately 2 times greater among blacks than among nonblacks (13.7 versus 5.8). Ninety-six percent of cases occurred in patients who were hospitalized at the time of or during the week after having a positive culture. One third of cases occurred in patients who had undergone a surgical procedure in the 90 days before the candidemia diagnosis, 77% occurred in patients who had received systemic antibiotics in the 14 days before the diagnosis, and 73% occurred in patients who had had a central venous catheter (CVC) in place within 2 days before the diagnosis. Ten percent were in patients who had used injection drugs in the past 12 months. The median time from admission to candidemia diagnosis was 5 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 0--16 days). Among 2,662 cases that were treated in adults aged >18 years, 34% were treated with fluconazole alone, 30% with echinocandins alone, and 34% with both. The all-cause, in-hospital case-fatality ratio was 25% for any time after admission; the all-cause in-hospital case-fatality ratio was 8% for <48 hours after a positive culture for Candida species. Candida albicans accounted for 39% of cases, followed by Candida glabrata (28%) and Candida parapsilosis (15%). Overall, 7% of isolates were resistant to fluconazole and 1.6% were resistant to echinocandins, with no clear trends in resistance over the 5-year surveillance period. Interpretation: Approximately nine out of 100,000 persons developed culture-positive candidemia annually in four U.S. sites. The youngest and oldest persons, men, and blacks had the highest incidences of candidemia. Patients with candidemia identified in the surveillance program had many of the typical risk factors for candidemia, including recent surgery, exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, and presence of a CVC. However, an unexpectedly high proportion of candidemia cases (10%) occurred in patients with a history of injection drug use (IDU), suggesting that IDU has become a common risk factor for candidemia. Deaths associated with candidemia remain high, with one in four cases resulting in death during hospitalization. Public Health Action: Active surveillance for candidemia yielded important information about the disease incidence and death rate and persons at greatest risk. The surveillance was expanded to nine sites in 2017, which will improve understanding of the geographic variability in candidemia incidence and associated clinical and demographic features. This surveillance will help monitor incidence trends, track emergence of resistance and species distribution, monitor changes in underlying conditions and predisposing factors, assess trends in antifungal treatment and outcomes, and be helpful for those developing prevention efforts. IDU has emerged as an important risk factor for candidemia, and interventions to prevent invasive fungal infections in this population are needed. Surveillance data documenting that approximately two thirds of candidemia cases were caused by species other than C. albicans, which are generally associated with greater antifungal resistance than C. albicans, and the presence of substantial fluconazole resistance supports 2016 clinical guidelines recommending a switch from fluconazole to echinocandins as the initial treatment for candidemia in most patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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13. Integron-mediated Multidrug Resistance in a Global Collection of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Isolates.
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Krauland, Mary G., March, Jane W., Paterson, David L., and Harrison, Lee H.
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SALMONELLA ,ANTIBACTERIAL agents ,GENES ,GENETIC transformation ,ANTI-infective agents ,ENTEROBACTERIACEAE - Abstract
Salmonella enterica bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents, partly as a result of genes carried on integrons. Clonal expansion and horizontal gene transfer may contribute to the spread of antimicrobial drug--resistance integrons in these organisms. We investigated this resistance and integron carriage among 90 isolates with the ACSSuT phenotype (resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline) in a global collection of S. enterica isolates. Four integrons, dfrA12/orfF/aadA2, dfrA1/aadA1, dfrA7, and arr2/blaOXA30/cmlA5/aadA2, were found in genetically unrelated isolates from 8 countries on 4 continents, which supports a role for horizontal gene transfer in the global dissemination of S. enterica multidrug resistance. Serovar Typhimurium isolates containing identical integrons with the gene cassettes blaPSE1 and aadA2 were found in 4 countries on 3 continents, which supports the role of clonal expansion. This study demonstrates that clonal expansion and horizontal gene transfer contribute to the global dissemination of antimicrobial drug resistance in S. enterica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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14. Invasive group A streptococcal infection in older adults in long-term care facilities and the community, United States, 1998-2003.
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Thigpen, Michael C., Richards Jr., Chesley L., Lynfield, Ruth, Barrett, Nancy L., Harrison, Lee H., Arnold, Kathryn, Reigold, Arthur, Bennett, Nancy M., Craig, Allen S., Gershman, Ken, Cieslak, Paul R., Lewis, Paige, Greene, Carolyn M., Beall, Bernard, Van Beneden, Chris A., Richards, Chesley L Jr, Arnold, Kathryn E, Reingold, Arthur, and Active Bacterial Core surveillance / Emerging Infections Program Network
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STREPTOCOCCAL diseases ,OLDER people ,LONG-term care facilities ,HOSPITAL care ,DEATH - Abstract
Limited information exists on the incidence and characteristics of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections among residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). We reviewed cases of invasive GAS infections occurring among persons > or =65 years of age identified through active, population-based surveillance from 1998 through 2003. We identified 1,762 invasive GAS cases among persons > or =65 years, including 1,662 with known residence type (LTCF or community). Incidence of invasive GAS infection among LTCF residents compared to community-based elderly was 41.0 versus 6.9 cases per 100,000 population. LTCF case-patients were 1.5 times as likely to die from the infection as community-based case-patients (33% vs. 21%, p<0.01) but were less often hospitalized (90% vs. 95%, p<0.01). In multivariate logistic regression modeling, LTCF residence remained an independent predictor of death. Additional prevention strategies against GAS infection in this high-risk population are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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15. Risk Factors for Pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal Disease.
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Factor, Stephanie H., Levine, Orin S., Harrison, Lee H., Farley, Monica M., McGeer, Allison, Skoff, Tami, Wright, Carolyn, Schwartz, Benjamin, and Schuchat, Anne
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STREPTOCOCCUS pyogenes ,NECROTIZING fasciitis ,JUVENILE diseases ,NONSTEROIDAL anti-inflammatory agents ,PEDIATRICS - Abstract
Invasive group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections can be fatal and can occur in healthy children. A case-control study identified factors associated with pediatric disease. Case-patients were identified when Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated from a normally sterile site, and matched controls (≥2) were identified by using sequential-digit dialing. All participants were noninstitutionalized surveillance-area residents <18 years of age. Conditional regression identified factors associated with invasive disease: other children living in the home (odds ratio [OR] = 16.85, p = 0.0002) and new use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (OR - 10.64, p = 0.005) were associated with increased risk. More rooms in the home (OR = 0.67, p = 0.03) and household member(s) with runny nose (OR = 0.09, p = 0.002) were associated with decreased risk. Among children, household-level characteristics that influence exposure to GAS most affect development of invasive disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
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16. Erythromycin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in children, 1999-2001.
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McEllistrem, M. Catherine, Adams, Jennifer M., Shutt, Kathleen, Sanza, Laurie T., Facklam, Richard R., Whitney, Cynthia G., Jorgensen, James H., and Harrison, Lee H.
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STREPTOCOCCUS pneumoniae ,JUVENILE diseases ,VACCINATION ,PREVENTION of communicable diseases ,PREVENTIVE medicine - Abstract
After increasing from 1995 to 1999, invasive erythromycin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae rates per 100,000 decreased 53.6% in children from Baltimore, Maryland (US), from 1999 to 2001, which was partially attributed to strains related to the mefE-carrying England14-9 clone. The decline in infection rates was likely due to the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
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17. Correlating epidemiologic trends with the genotypes causing meningococcal disease, Maryland.
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McEllistrem, M. Catherine, Kolano, John A., Pass, Margaret A., Caugant, Dominique A., Mendelsohn, Aaron B., Fonseca Pacheco, Antonio Guilherme, Shutt, Kathleen A., Razeq, Jafar, Harrison, Lee H., and Maryland Emerging Infections Program
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GENOMES ,GENETIC polymorphisms ,MEDICAL genetics ,CEREBROSPINAL meningitis ,PULSED-field gel electrophoresis ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DEMOGRAPHY ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,MOLECULAR epidemiology ,PUBLIC health surveillance ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,EVALUATION research ,DISEASE incidence ,SEROTYPING ,GRAM-negative aerobic bacteria ,MENINGOCOCCAL infections ,GENOTYPES - Abstract
During the 1990s in Maryland, the incidence of meningococcal infection increased among those 15-24 years of age, in large part because of serogroup C strains. The incidence of serogroup Y infection also increased in some age groups. We analyzed 150 meningococcal isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Most serogroup Y isolates were classified by PFGE as clonal group 1 or 2, and most serogroup C isolates were in clonal group 3. The proportion of clonal group 2 strains increased from 7.7% in 1992 to 1993 to 52.0% in 1998-1999 (p < 0.01). From 1992 to 1999, 96.0% of serogroup C isolates among persons 15-24 years of age were in clonal group 3 compared with 65.6% in persons 0-14 years of age and 64.3% in persons ≥ 25 years old (p ≤ 0.02). Similar to epidemic meningococcal infection, the increase in serogroup C meningococcal infection in persons 15-24 years of age was clonal. Overall changes in serogroup Y incidence were associated with a shift in the genotypes of strains causing invasive disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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18. Invasive Group A Streptococcal Disease: Risk Factors for Adults.
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Factor, Stephanie H., Levine, Orin S., Schwartz, Benjamin, Harrison, Lee H., Farley, Monica M., McGeer, Allison, and Schuchat, Anne
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NECROTIZING fasciitis ,STREPTOCOCCAL diseases ,INFECTION risk factors ,MICROBIAL invasiveness ,DISEASES in older people - Abstract
Focuses on a study which identified the risk factors for invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in adults. Prevalence of GAS infection; Characteristics of patents with invasive GAS disease; Clinical manifestation of GAS infection; Risk factors for invasive GAS infection.
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- 2003
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19. Automatic electronic laboratory-based reporting of notifiable infectious diseases at a large health system.
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Panackal, Anil A., M'ikanatha, Nkuchia M., Fu-Chiang Tsui, McMahon, Joan, Wagner, Michael M., Dixon, Bruce W., Zubieta, Juan, Phelan, Maureen, Mirza, Sara, Morgan, Juliette, Jernigan, Daniel, Pasculle, A. William, Rankin Jr., James T., Hajjeh, Rana A., Harrison, Lee H., Tsui, Fu-Chiang, and Rankin, James T Jr
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CLINICAL pathology ,DIAGNOSIS ,COMPUTER network resources - Abstract
Electronic laboratory-based reporting, developed by the UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was evaluated to determine if it could be integrated into the conventional paper-based reporting system. We reviewed reports of 10 infectious diseases from 8 UPMC hospitals that reported to the Allegheny County Health Department in southwestern Pennsylvania during January 1-November 26, 2000. Electronic reports were received a median of 4 days earlier than conventional reports. The completeness of reporting was 74% (95% confidence interval [CI] 66% to 81%) for the electronic laboratory-based reporting and 65% (95% CI 57% to 73%) for the conventional paper-based reporting system (p>0.05). Most reports (88%) missed by electronic laboratory-based reporting were caused by using free text. Automatic reporting was more rapid and as complete as conventional reporting. Using standardized coding and minimizing free text usage will increase the completeness of electronic laboratory-based reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2002
20. Active bacterial core surveillance of the emerging infections program network.
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Schuchat, Anne, Hilger, Tami, Zell, Elizabeth, Pinner, Robert, Farley, Monica M., Reingold, Arthur, Harrison, Lee, Lefkowitz, Lewis, Danila, Richard, Stefonek, Karen, Barrett, Nancy, Morse, Dale, Schuchat, A, Hilger, T, Zell, E, Farley, M M, Reingold, A, Harrison, L, Lefkowitz, L, and Danila, R
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BACTERIAL diseases ,BACTERIAL disease prevention ,PREVENTION of communicable diseases ,COMMUNICABLE disease epidemiology ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,PUBLIC health ,DISEASE incidence - Abstract
Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) is a collaboration between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and several state health departments and universities participating in the Emerging Infections Program Network. ABCs conducts population-based active surveillance, collects isolates, and performs studies of invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A and group B Streptococcus, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae for a population of 17 to 30 million. These pathogens caused an estimated 97,000 invasive cases, resulting in 10,000 deaths in the United States in 1998. Incidence rates of these pathogens are described. During 1998, 25% of invasive pneumococcal infections in ABCs areas were not susceptible to penicillin, and 13.3% were not susceptible to three classes of antibiotics. In 1998, early-onset group B streptococcal disease had declined by 65% over the previous 6 years. More information on ABCs is available at www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs. ABCs specimens will soon be available to researchers through an archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Candida dubliniensis Fungemia: the First Four Cases in North America.
- Author
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Brandt, Mary E., Li, Ren-Kai, Morrison, Christine J., Warnock, David W., Harrison, Lee H., Pass, Margaret, Sofair, Andre N., Huie, Sharon, and Hajjeh, Rana A.
- Subjects
CANDIDIASIS ,THRUSH (Mouth disease) - Abstract
We report the first four North American cases of Candida dubliniensis fungemia, including the first isolation of this organism from the bloodstream of an HIV-infected person. All isolates were susceptible in vitro to commonly used antifungal drugs. This report demonstrates that C. dubliniensis can cause bloodstream infection; however, the incidence of disease is not known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Capsular switching in invasive Neisseria meningitidis, Brazil(1).
- Author
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Castiñeiras TM, Barroso DE, Marsh JW, Tulenko MM, Krauland MG, Rebelo MC, Harrison LH, Castiñeiras, Terezinha M P P, Barroso, David E, Marsh, Jane W, Tulenko, Mary M, Krauland, Mary G, Rebelo, Maria C, and Harrison, Lee H
- Abstract
During the 1990s, an epidemic of B:4 Neisseria meningitidis infections affected Brazil. Subsequent increase in C:4 disease suggested B → C capsular switching. This study identified B → C switches within the sequence type 32 complex. Substantial disease related to capsular switching emphasizes the need for surveillance of circulating meningococcal strains to optimize disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Communityassociated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Healthcare Risk Factors.
- Author
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Klevens, R. Monina, Morrison, Melissa A., Fridkin, Scott K., Reingold, Arthur, Petit, Susan, Gershman, Ken, Ray, Susan, Harrison, Lee H., Lynfield, Ruth, Dumyati, Ghinwa, Townes, John M., Craig, Allen S., Fosheim, Gregory, McDougal, Linda K., and Tenover, Fred C.
- Subjects
METHICILLIN resistance ,DRUG resistance in microorganisms ,STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus infections ,STAPHYLOCOCCAL diseases ,COMMUNICABLE diseases - Abstract
To determine frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by strains typically associated with community-acquired infections (USA300) among persons with healthcare-related risk factors (HRFs), we evaluated surveillance data. Of patients with HRFs, 18%-28% had a "community-associated" strain, primarily USA300; of patients without HRFs, 26% had a "healthcare-associated" strain, typically USA100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Escherichia coli producing CMY-2 β-lactamase in retail chicken, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Author
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Park YS, Adams-Haduch JM, Rivera JI, Curry SR, Harrison LH, Doi Y, Park, Yoon Soo, Adams-Haduch, Jennifer M, Rivera, Jesabel I, Curry, Scott R, Harrison, Lee H, and Doi, Yohei
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Escherichia coli Producing CMY-2 β-Lactamase in Retail Chicken, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Author
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Doi, Yohei, Park, Yoon Soo, Adams-Haduch, Jennifer M., Rivera, Jesabel I., Curry, Scott R., and Harrison, Lee H.
- Subjects
DRUG resistance in bacteria ,DISEASE prevalence ,CEPHALOSPORINS ,POULTRY ,MEAT ,SAMPLING (Process) ,ESCHERICHIA coli - Abstract
The article focuses on a study which examined the prevalence of cephalosporin-resistent Escherichia coli among retail poultry products in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From February-April 2011, 104 raw ground meat products from three local grocery stores served as samples. The types of meat items purchased for the sampling process include chicken, turkey, lamb, pork and beef. The disk diffusion method was employed in this study to determine antimicrobial drug susceptibility. Results of the study showed that cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli has an 8.7% overall prevalence in the meat samples. It was isolated in 31.8% of chicken, 10.0% of turkey and 2.3% of pork samples. CMY-2 β-lactamase was found in all isolates.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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