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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sediment flow behavior depends mainly on the runoff erosivity in the Loess Plateau, which is one of the most seriously eroded areas in the world. It is necessary to effectively identify the flow-sediment relationship in the erosive runoff events, thereby understanding the water and sediment movement. In this study, two energy indicators were proposed to determine the erosive runoff events, including the stream power (ω, W/m) and stream energy factor (SE, W). The sediment-runoff yield data of 37 slope runoff events was selected through statistical frequent. The energy parameters were also established to investigate the flow-sediment relationship at inter- and intra-event time scales, according to the identification of erosive-runoff events. The results showed that the general standards of parameters in the erosive runoff events at the slope scale were: the stream power or energy was greater than10.5 W/m or 0.059 W, respectively; the area-specific sediment yield was above 0.6 kg/m² (equivalent to 600 t/km²), the sediment load above the reference standard was accounted for 95% of the total, and the erosive runoff events was about 37% of the total. 16 erosive and 21 non-erosive runoff events were then selected to determine the flow-sediment relationship at the inter- and intra-event time scales. A power function was found between the area-specific sediment yield, sediment concentration, and energy parameters, whether the erosive- or non-erosive-runoff events. The area-specific sediment yield was primarily controlled by the stream energy factor, where the mean sediment concentration was well characterized by the stream power. There was a better fitting in the flow-sediment relationship for the erosive runoff events, compared with the non-erosive. A power function was also found between instantaneous sediment concentration and instantaneous stream power in the erosive runoff events at the intra-event time scale. The sediment concentration tended to be stable, when the instantaneous stream power exceeded a certain critical (among 50-80 W/m) in the erosive runoff events. However, there was no change in the non-erosive runoff events. A positive linear was found between the sediment discharge and instantaneous stream power, as well as between the increments in the area-specific sediment yield and the increments in the stream energy factor. Specifically, the area-specific sediment yield was reduced by up to 50%, if per 10 W/m reduction in the stream power, whereas, there was the reduction of up to 71%, if per 0.1 W decrease in the stream energy factor. The sediment delivery capacity by the erosive runoff events was 2.5 times that of the non-erosive, whereas, the increment in the area-specific sediment yield by per unit increment in the stream power for the non-erosive runoff events was 4.8 times that for the erosive. There were more powerful runoff energy, and the capacity of sediment transport in the erosive runoff events, compared with the non-erosive. Correspondingly, the total flow-sediment relationship can be represented by the erosive runoff events, rather than all the events. As such, the feasible discrimination standard was constructed to identify the erosive runoff events. Overall, the flow-sediment relationship can be expected to serve as the typical runoff events on the loess slope from an erosive energy perspective. Therefore, the runoff regulation on the slopes can also be implemented to reduce the stream energy factor, where the connectivity of erosive energy flow was removed for the sediment control. The findings can provide a strong reference for the decision making on the regulation of erosive runoff energy, as well as the design and the implementation of anti-erosion measures on the hill slopes in the Loess Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf), a type of grass crop mainly planted in Asian countries, has long been served as food and traditional Chinese medicine. Adlay oil can be extracted from adlay seeds with many health benefits. As a by-product of oil processing, defatted adlay still contains considerable amount of health bioactives, such as protein and phenolic compounds. However, defatted adlay is currently used for the diets of fish and cattle, even directly discarded as waste. In this study, an attempt was made to utilize the potential value of defatted adlay. An experiment has been conduct to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus casei fermentation with different protease addition on the titratable acid, reducing sugar, total phenolic content, molecular weight distribution of peptide, amino acid composition, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of defatted adlay water extract. Compared with the single fermentation, fermentation with enzyme addition can significantly improve the protein degradation, and produce low molecular weight protein, peptide, and amino acids. The addition of papain during fermentation showed the best degradation of adlay protein. The contents of titratable acid, reducing sugar and total phenolic in the water extract of defatted adlay fermented with enzyme addition were 5.04-7.38 mg/mL, 5.81-14.32 mg/mL, and 152.35-327.32 μg/mL, respectively, indicating significant higher than those without enzyme addition (P<0.05). In five proteases, fermentation with acid protease showed the highest increase in titratable acid and total phenolic content, while fermentation with neutrase addition showed the highest increase in reducing sugar content. After fermentation with enzyme addition, the proportion of small peptide remarkably increased (P<0.05), while the proportion of big peptide decreased. The peptides with molecular weight over 5000 Da in the water extract of non-fermented adlay accounted for 15.37%, and it decreased to 5.07% after single fermentation. However, it was just 0.83%-3.27% in the water extract of adlay fermented with enzyme addition. The proportion of peptides with molecular weight between 180-500 Da increased from 20.45% to 27.45% after single fermentation, and it further increased to 32.49%-50.45% after fermentation with enzyme addition. The contents of free amino acids in the water extract ranged from 1574.13 to 3292.60 μg/mL after fermentation with enzyme addition, indicating higher than that of unfermented (69.99 μg/mL) and single fermentation (409.01 μg/mL) (P<0.05). After fermentation with enzyme addition, the ratio of essential amino acids (EAA) to nonessential amino acids (NEAA) reached 0.73-1.17, showing higher than that of unfermented (0.54) and single fermentation (0.67) (P<0.05). Fermentation with enzyme addition substantially augmented FRAP and ABTS values of water extract, while FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and ABTS (ABTS radical cation scavenging activity) values ranged from 0.439 to 0.629 μmol/mL, and from 0.514 to 0.683 μmol/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activities of tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase reached 52.3%-58.1%, and 36.7%-41.5%, respectively, after fermentation with enzyme addition, indicating significantly higher than those of the single fermentation (P<0.05). The findings demonstrated that fermentation with enzyme addition can significantly improve the nutritional value of defatted adlay water extract, where papain was the optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)