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The article herein presents the results of a research study focused on the evolution of reportage in the Spanish press over a span of four decades. This is the first longitudinal study covering such an extensive period (1982-2018) with regard to this narrative journalistic genre, through publications in La Vanguardia and ABC, the two oldest national newspapers in Spain. The aim of the study is to discover how the genre has evolved in recent decades, in terms of authorship, length, section in which it is published, headlines, visual and complementary elements, and the degree of hybridisation with other journalistic genres. Based on a quantitative and qualitative methodology, a sample was analysed using the constructed week sampling technique (N=346 issues). The results obtained show an increase in the amount and general length of the reports published from the year 2000 onward, as well as a tendency toward hybridisation with genres such as the crónica and the news report. However, there is no evidence of a commitment to narrative aspects. The increase in pagination has been fostered by the incorporation of visual and design elements, while the Society section continues to have the highest share of reportage pieces. Most of the reportage items analysed were bylined by one person, who were predominantly men, which suggests a gender gap in the authorship of prestigious journalistic genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the DIPURE project, in which researchers from the universities of Almería, Murcia and Cardenal Herrera of Valencia have examined the public discourse on refugees in Spain from different perspectives. On this occasion, our object of study combines migration and health, as we have dealt with the journalistic discourse on the resignation syndrome, which, according to the little research that has been done on it, only affects children who applied for asylum in Sweden. To examine the treatment of the resignation syndrome in the Spanish media, we observed a sample of the written press published from 2015, the year in which the number of refugees in the world began to increase considerably, until June 2021. The study is framed within the hypergenre known as social debate and the main results of the study are structured in three dimensions: the first affects space and time; the second, actors; and the third, evaluations and arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the main discourses that appear in a sample of Spanish newspapers before and after the arrival of the Aquarius at the port of Valencia in June 2018, in order to observe if there is a solidarity discourse or one that rejects the arrival of the rescued immigrants in Spain. The corpus consists of all the news published from June 10 to July 10, 2018 in the electronic version of the Spanish newspapers ABC, El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia. The methodology is mainly qualitative-descriptive. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen to observe the main linguistic characteristics of the collected news items and the topics that appear in the articles. The analysis shows that the testimonies of politicians and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) predominate, but there are few testimonies of immigrants. The solidarity and acceptance of Spain are strengthened, as well as the defense of human rights. This contrasts with the discourses that the press presents after the arrival of the ship in Valencia. A discourse related to the health of immigrants and their need for help and resources predominates, a fact that contributes to the alarm of the majority group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the compliance of Spanish crime reporting with the principles of the 2016 EU Directive on presumption of innocence, which aims at preventing the publication of information that might bias the public and the jurors against the suspect. A content analysis applied to a sample of 200 crime news stories published by eleven of the most popular print and online news platforms in 2018 reveals that the Spanish press coverage of crime is centered around the pre-trial and sentence stages, with little attention to the oral trial. The full name and the face portrait of the suspect appear in roughly one-third of the stories, but this overwhelmingly happens in news stories reporting on the court's decision, so that the presumption of innocence is generally protected. Interestingly, the legacy media are more likely to report on the victim's full name and the crime details that online digital media. One-fourth of the stories include accusations of guilt, as prosecutor attorneys and other officials are more frequently cited than defense lawyers. Although the Spanish press is largely compliant with the recommendations of the EU Directive, the lack of attention to the oral phase, where the arguments of both parts are deployed and contrasted, leads to a bias in the coverage against the suspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media help to construct the visual and iconographic imagery of economic power in the dialectical tension between what they show and what they leave out of view. Images such as unemployment queues, graphs, and portraits of the powerful appear assiduously on the front pages of the press, revealing different visual motifs essential to understanding the narrative of the economy, with its inheritances, mutations and hierarchies, which point to its relationship with other spheres of power such as the monarchy or politics. This article attempts to decipher the codes of visual representation of the economic sphere in Spain through the qualitative analysis of front-page photographs published in El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia from 2011 to 2013, a period marked by the banking and financial crisis, civil protests, or the judicial prosecution of figures such as Rodrigo Rato. The methodology used combines visual analysis and comparative iconography with theoretical foundations of social semiotics and visual communication, as well as interviews with photojournalists and chiefs of staff. Finally, the results conclude that both economic leaders and the media codify their photographs using specific visual motifs to project a distant and proactive image of the banking elite, which is only disrupted when previously revered figures of the economic elite fall from grace in corruption cases. And also, that in the dialectic of the visible and the invisible of economic power there are hidden historical moments that can never be photographed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the ways in which the Basque diaspora community in the United States consumes news media from their home origin. Using survey data collected from over 400 Basque- Americans with varying generations (first, second, third, etc.), we explore the ways in which surveyed individuals consume media from their ancestral territory of origin, in this case, the Basque Country of Spain and France. This research is exploratory and descriptive of the media habits and behavior of individuals with Basque origins. We find that significant shifts in media consumption occur between first generation immigrants and those beyond the second generation. As we move across generations, we observe that individuals shift from engagement with home-origin media to engagement with Basque cultural activities, such as dancing clubs. Our study suggests that the importance of digital media from the homeland is growing, but that most consumption of information by the Basque diaspora is through social networks. Our findings also suggest that, among those who continue to consume home-origin media, it is mainly through readership of national newspapers (in this case, from Spain) rather than local newspapers (from the Basque Country). This article enriches our understanding of the media habits of the Basque diaspora and raises questions for future research about the effect of transnational media consumption on the political, social and economic behavior of immigrants in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of research into the treatment of physical functional diversity in the Spanish press. The research has involved the analysis of news items referring to functional diversity in two high-circulation newspapers in Spain (ABC and El Pais) between 1978 and 2012. The results show that the number of news items on functional diversity has risen over this period, with an evolution in the terminology and approach to the information. The creation of communication departments in some of the organizations in the sector, the production of style guides and/or norms and the recommendations of international organizations may have encouraged these changes. Even so, news items still appear in which the news is the functional diversity in itself, which does not help to deconstruct the stereotyped image that has accompanied this group for many years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a conceptual and empirical analysis conducted to determine the degree to which economic and financial news published by two of Spain's foremost daily newspapers, El País and El Mundo, may have been spectacularized through the use of infotainment techniques and strategies. Researchers postulated at the outset of this study that spectacularization takes place at every phase of the crafting of a news item and that agenda setting, framing and the selection of information sources, narrative devices, and language constitute strategic points in the process that can be oriented towards transforming news into an appealing and easy-to-consume product. Content analysis was used to examine coverage these papers provided during May and June 2012 of a bailout of Spain's banking sector that entailed a partial government takeover of Bankia, the country's fourth-largest bank in terms of assets, an event that marked one of tensest moments in the country's long economic crisis. Findings indicate that the use of infotainment strategies in now common in economic reporting –the hard news core of the quality press– and that leading newspapers not only employ framing techniques associated with this genre such as dramatization, personalisation, emotionalism, and speculation but also rely heavily on journalistic subjectivity rather than expert sources of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a study on the Journalism Ethics Commission of the Federation of Associations of Spanish Journalists (FAPE), as a body for the self-regulation of journalism in Spain. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of this Commission during its first decade of existence. On the other hand, the study presents an analysis of the Commission's doctrine on online journalism, to determine whether conventional ethical principles are used to solve the new ethical dilemmas. It will be demonstrated that the ethical principles of journalism have not changed but that it would be convenient to establish more specific ethical guidelines that are more adjusted to the challenges of online journalism, as it would contribute to clarifying the responsibilities of professional journalists in an environment of great confusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period January–April 2013, the Basque press covered what at first seemed to be only a local scandal sparked by the detection of horsemeat in processed food labelled in Great Britain and Ireland as containing only beef but quickly became an issue that implicated companies throughout Europe. The findings of this study show that Basque newspapers used interpretative reporting, opinion pieces and in-house journalism drawing heavily on “close" sources to frame this situation in terms of its potential economic and political impact in the Basque Country. The research reported in this article was carried out as part of a more extensive university-civil society research project focusing on media coverage of food safety issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the anniversary of the attacks of 11 March 2004 which occurred in Madrid, we conducted a study which focused on the advertising published the days following the attacks. This study examines the message content and layout of ads across a sample of 178 advertisements published in the Spanish press. We created a table with 15 variables and 112 subvariables to find out which were the predominant messages in each advertisement and if the advertiser wanted to convey a message of sorrow to the sufferer or implicitly wanted their brand to predominate over the message of shared pain. Among the findings that we obtained was that messages of condolence and sober designs, without pictures or color, in which the advertiser expresses emotions and empathy with the victims are the most numerous. Emotional pain is the dominant feeling in the adverts published after the attacks March 2004 with messages of sorrow and strongly expressed exclamations, followed by messages of condolence and thanks. In the design, the text of the adverts is of great significance compared to the iconic features and the composition looks similar to that of obituaries. In addition, we provide a proposal for joint design of the message as a reference for advertisers in similar circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonial penetration in Morocco became a strategic objective of Spanish policy after 1900. One of the pitfalls of achieving that aim was the Spanish public opinion. Our hypothesis is that the different governments as well as a number of private organizations such as the Africanist League and Hispano-Moroccan Trade Centres intervened in the media to create a new colonial patriotism in public opinion. Through first-hand documentation, found in the General Archive of the Administration and the Central Archive of the Military Historical Service, some actions, which were intended to encourage a new discourse, (journalistic, literary, film, etc.), are reconstructed in support of colonialism. The controls that governments established over the press which is critical with the war are also studied (censorship, the use of reserved funds, etc.) The study concludes by pointing out the centrality of the colonial matter. It also establishes the combination of control and stimulus mechanisms towards the media that various governments provided to be sure that the public opinion could see their penetration in Morocco as “their civilizing mission". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan on 11 March 2011 unleashed an environmental, economic, political and humanitarian crisis whose effects are still felt today. This study analyses press coverage of the incident by three Spanish daily newspapers, Abc, El País and La Vanguardia, to determine the prevalent frames in the news articles on the disaster. Content analysis based on the stories published between March and May 2011 suggests that the most ubiquitous frames were human interest, economic consequences, political conflict, damage and environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 1950 there was an intense debate about U.S. aid to Francoist Spain. American magazines such as Look and Life devoted attention to the Spanish issue, and used photo essays to visually argue their positions. This article seeks to examine how this controversy was created through these photo essays that appeared in American magazines, the reaction of the Spanish public, and the response to American critics by magazines such as Mundo Hispánico and Semana. These cases demonstrate how part of the debate was also an image campaign structured around photo essays published in said illustrated magazines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coverage of 2008 Spanish presidential elections was remarkably different among free dailies and the paid press. Content analysis of main Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo, ADN, Qué! and 20 minutos) reveals a varying degree of salience in the coverage of the political event, as well as the extent to which these papers were politicized. Additionally, news frames were analyzed. The results of this study come from the project "The model of the free press in Spain: development, contents, uses and gratifications perceived by the audience", funded by Ministry of Science and Innovation (SEJ2007-66380). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dialectics between the printed press and news agencies have become an interesting field of study not only for academics, but also for media practitioners. Though some of them flatly speak about newspapers being dependent on news agency reports, the truth is that little progress has been made in researching this phenomenon and the circumstances surrounding it. This article tries to shed some light on this issue by focusing on the empirical research of newspapers and news agency reports and studying the factors that shape this interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is based on a long-term content analysis study of news coverage of water issues in the Spanish press over a 45-year time-span from 1960 to 2004. It examines the way in which modern water-related concepts or topics have supplemented or replaced traditional ones. The findings show how different groups of stakeholders have contributed to moving the agenda of new topics forward and identifies new social actors in the coverage of water issues in the nationwide press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the press coverage of francoist legitimacy of the Spanish monarchy through the content analysis of the newspaper articles written on the subject during the transition to democracy. The journalistic treatment of the only source of legitimacy for king Juan Carlos when he was crowned has been taken as an example of general media treatment, which was based on a cooperation between press and monarchy with a view to achieving democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expressive is a quality related to the communicative effectiveness that we can cultivate in the radio constructing more attractive messages for the audience. For that reason, the objective of this work is to determine the expressive degree in the news programs of the Spanish broadcast, considering items like: the correct use and combination of the radio elements and the election of the informative sorts. The main conclusion of the study is that in the news programs all the expressive resources are not used to achieve the attention of these listeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines female imagery in advertising. It mentions that framing theory in communication studies is often a beneficial instrument in clarifying the relationship between advertising and its use of female imagery. An analysis of the poor portrayal of women shows that advertising remains to be a crucial commercial medium. The article also discusses that academia has increased awareness in how women are portrayed by the media by introducing academic campaigns at the Instituto de Mujer in Spain.

The article examines the concept of commercial value and the right of publicity in the United States' legal system as well as in Spain. Since the invention of the camera and the use of photography in journalism, the idea of personal images has been a crucial form of communication. According to Spanish regulations, the commercial value of a person's image used in the press is also considered to be part of a person's right to privacy and identity. The article explores how the United States' regulation on using certain images for publicity could also be applied towards existing regulation in Spain.

The article explores the topic of journalism and journalistic strategies under authoritarian regimes. While the press has often enjoyed several liberties during dictatorships, these liberties were more often than not extremely limited. It examines the case of several newspapers, "Madrid" in Spain and "La Opinión" based in Argentina. Both publications publicly voiced their opposition to their respective dictators, Francisco Franco in Spain and Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina. The article provides a comparative analysis of the two publications and their strategies.

The article presents an historical analysis of the social communication as a discipline at the university level. Reference is made to the mass media, such as the press, the radio, and the television, as part of the history of society. This evolution is also present in the education of journalists at the universities in Spain. Among the main centers of education are the Universidad Complutense, Universidad de San Pablo-CEU, and Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; and neither of these centers, private or public, present a unified curriculum of studies.

The article discusses the role and effectiveness of the Spanish Ombudsman in mediation relating to the press in Spain. The author emphasizes the importance of any instrument that increases the participation of the public in the media, including the criticism of the media. The Ombudsman statute guarantees the autonomy of action and the independence of the Ombudsman. The characteristics of the Ombudsman include prestige, professionalism and recognized credibility within the press. The functions of the Ombudsman include defending the reader, quality control and increasing the credibility and prestige of the media.

The article presents an analysis of Spanish press after the designation of Don Juan Carlos as King, by Franco. Particular focus is given to the public opinion in the press at that time, and its influence in the political future of the country. Reference to the history of monarchy in Spain is made, and the tradition of the media to support it. In addition, the author refers to different laws that came to regulate the media, as oppose the the previews censorship. In this period, the press was known by its strong political positions.

The article presents an analysis of the challenges of wartime reporting, and the Spanish press during the First World War. Reference is made to the demands of the readers to receive more and extensive information during wartime; thus there is a significant development in the reporting activities. The author mentions the neutral position of the Spanish government regarding the conflict and the impact of its policies on the press. Several problems faced the press, such as the difficulty to find reliable sources, the limitations to the freedom of press imposed by the government to preserve their neutrality, and the economic consequences of the war which affected all sectors of the country.

The article presents an analysis of the role of the Army in suppressing the information dissemination in Franco's Spain. Reference is made to cases of prosecution and imprisonment of journalists in martial courts, when the information was inconvenient to the Army's interests. Other organs from the justice system such as the Law and Order Court, were also in charge to punish the author of certain opinions or pieces of information. In addition, with the reform of the Criminal Code, a new way of repression emerged, with the criminal responsibility for violations to article 2 of the Press Law.