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The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between birth order and marital communication patterns in conflict resolution among women in Nakuru West Constituency, Nakuru County, Kenya. The research adopted an eclectic theoretical approach using attachment and standpoint theories to address the aspects of the study. The research utilized the survey research design. The study targeted a population of 152,257 women from which a sample of 384 respondents was drawn by stratified random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data, while secondary data was obtained from on-line County records. The researcher applied descriptive (finding and tabulating the mean, standard deviation, internal reliability scores and cross-tabulation) and inferential statistic on the quantitative data collected. To test the set parameters the researcher calculated some series of equations like Chi Square and Karl Pearson Correlation to test the assumed prediction of birth order. Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS version 22.0 was used to analyze collected data. The study yielded 85.4 per cent response rate. All posited hypothesis were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study indicated that there was a strong positive relationship between Birth-order and marital communication patterns in conflict resolution among women that is significant at 5 per cent levels of significance. Therefore, the researcher accepted the alternative hypothesis stating that Birth-order has a statistical significant relationship to marital communication patterns in conflict resolution among women in Nakuru West Constituency, Nakuru County, Kenya. The researcher recommends that adequate parenting should be given when raising children so as to raise responsible individuals who can be responsible and considerable partners in the future. Parents should be fair when distributing responsibilities and offering opportunities to their children irrespective of their birth order.

The study sought to examine the role of problematic internet usage in the risk of addiction to online gambling among undergraduate students in universities in Kenya. The study utilized Behaviourist Theory and Social Learning Theory. Ex-post facto research design was used for this study. The target population for the study was 97284 comprising all the undergraduate students in four universities and the accessible population was 2nd and 3rd year students comprising of 18911. The sample size comprised of 391 undergraduate students, 16 peer counsellors and four (4) student counsellors making a total of 411 participants. Data was collected by use of a questionnaire, an in-depth interview schedule and focus group discussion. Each focus group discussion comprised of four participants. Purposive sampling was used to select the universities of study. Purposive and simple random sampling was used to select the respondents. One university with similar characteristics with the sampled universities was purposively selected for piloting to ensure reliability of the research instruments. Descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages and means were used to analyse data. Chi square was used to test the null hypotheses while t-test was used to compare the study variables. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23. Qualitative data was coded and thematically analysed. The pre-test was administered to and the instruments were modified accordingly. According to the study findings, problematic internet usage was significant to online gambling the reliability coefficient of problematic internet usage was 0.829, online gambling was 0.875.

The objective of the study was to investigate the role of problematic internet usage in the risk of addiction to online sexual violence among undergraduate students in Kenyan universities. The study utilized Behaviourist Theory and Social Learning Theory. Ex-post facto research design was used for this study. The target population for the study was 97284 comprising all the undergraduate students in four universities and the accessible population was 2nd and 3rd year students comprising of 18911. The sample size comprised of 391 undergraduate students, 16 peer counsellors and four (4) student counsellors making a total of 411 participants. Data was collected by use of a questionnaire, an in-depth interview schedule and focus group discussion. The questionnaire was administered to undergraduate students, in-depth interview schedule was used on the student counsellors and focus group discussion was conducted among peer counsellors. Each focus group discussion comprised of four participants. Purposive sampling was used to select the universities of study. Purposive and simple random sampling was used to select the respondents. One university with similar characteristics with the sampled universities was purposively selected for piloting to ensure reliability of the research instruments. The pre-test was administered to and the instruments were modified accordingly. The reliability coefficient was online sexual violence 0.770. Descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages and means were used to analyse data. Chi square was used to test the null hypotheses while t-test was used to compare the study variables. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23.

This study's purpose was to establish the influence of socioeconomic status on risky sexual behaviours on risky sexual behaviours among undergraduate students of main campuses in Nakuru County. Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura and Person-Centred Theory by Carl Rogers guided the study. The study was carried out among 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th-year undergraduate students from main campuses in Nakuru County. The study adopted a correlational research design. The target population was 18570 undergraduate students. The accessible population was 8456 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th-year undergraduate students whose sample was 367. Respondents were selected by applying the simple random sampling technique. The study included a sample of 10 peer counsellors and 2 student counsellors from the Egerton University and Kabarak University main campuses who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were obtained using a questionnaire for undergraduate students, focus group discussions guide for peer counsellors and interview schedule for student counsellors. Validation of research instruments was done through peer and expert review and also through pilot testing, which was done in Mount Kenya University (MKU) - Nakuru Campus. Quantitative data was analysed by both inferential and descriptive statistics using SPSS Version 25, whereas the qualitative data was analysed thematically. The analysed data was presented in tables, graphs, and narratives. The findings indicated that the majority of the respondents were of the view that socioeconomic status influences risky sexual behaviours among undergraduate students.

This study’s purpose was to examine the influence of sexual norms on risky sexual behaviours on risky sexual behaviours among undergraduate students of main campuses in Nakuru County. Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura and Person-Centred Theory by Carl Rogers guided the study. The study was carried out among 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th-year undergraduate students from main campuses in Nakuru County. The study adopted a correlational research design. The target population was 18570 undergraduate students. The accessible population was 8456 constituted of 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th-year undergraduate students whose sample was 367. Respondents were selected by applying the simple random sampling technique. The study included a sample of 10 peer counsellors and 2 student counsellors from the Egerton University and Kabarak University main campuses who were selected through purposive sampling. Data were obtained using a questionnaire for undergraduate students, focus group discussions guide for peer counsellors and interview schedule for student counsellors. Validation of research instruments was done through peer and expert review and also through pilot testing, which was done in Mount Kenya University (MKU) - Nakuru Campus. Quantitative data was analysed by both inferential and descriptive statistics using SPSS Version 25, whereas the qualitative data was analysed thematically. The analysed data was presented in tables, graphs, and narratives. The findings indicated that the majority of the respondents were of the view that sexual norms influence risky sexual behaviours among undergraduate students.

The study aimed to investigate the local community’s role in preventing teenage girls’ pregnancy in Nyandarua North Sub-county, Kenya. The study applied Social Cognitive Theory, using a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design; data was collected from a target population of 14 chiefs from the fourteen locations within the sub-county and 27,917 households. An accessible population of 569 households was identified to take part in the research-using cluster, purposive and snowballing sampling. All chiefs in the fourteen locations took part in the study. The data was obtained through interviews and questionnaires. The instruments were systematically assessed for validity through review by experts in the School of Education Kabarak University and by carrying out a pilot study comprising 30 households in Nyandarua Central Sub- County to ensure questionnaires gathered the information required by the study. Qualitative data was analysed descriptively, which was further analysed using version 24.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study also found that community-initiated projects for mentoring teen girls are present in the location from information gathered from chiefs, but most girls were not aware of this. In addition, it was noted that teen girls are dating older men, especially Boda Boda operators. The study recommended that Chiefs and members of the community should undertake a thorough awareness campaign through churches, chief barazas and schools and encourage collective parenting of all teenagers within the area.

This study sought to determine the public perception of self-efficacy of the older people to take care of themselves. It was also intended to determine the factors influencing the uptake of formal care services in Kenya. The study engaged 400 respondents from Nakuru County, who were selected through purposive and stratified random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The results reveal that indeed the level of awareness of the existence of the formal care services in Kenya is very low and that majority of the interviewed respondents were reluctant to enrol their relatives to the formal care homes. The result further indicates that health and the psychosocial status of the older people influence the decision of the members of the community interviewed to enrol the older relatives in formal care homes. It emerged from the results that the majority of the people declined the use of the services despite agreeing that their older relatives faced challenges that would warrant their enrolment for the services. We, therefore, recommend that a marketing plan for the services to be designed with an inherent system societal perception re-engineering so that a positive attitude towards services be formed. Psychosocial therapy provision should also be a key service of the care services since it emerged that older people suffering neglect and abuse were the most likely to be enrolled where there’s the availability of services.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between emerging issues of bullying and self-esteem among Secondary School Students in Bungoma County, Kenya. The Social-Ecological Theory and Psychosocial Theory guided the study. The research population was 29,040 Form 3 students, Deputy Principals and Guidance and Counseling teachers from 360 secondary schools participated in the study. A sample size of 399 students was drawn from boys, girls and co-education schools. Form Three Students were randomly selected from the sampled schools. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design using mixed-method approaches and correlational design. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected concurrently. Stratified random sampling and simple random sampling was used to sample schools and students, respectively. A pilot study was conducted on the 30 Form Three students selected from three categories of secondary schools in Bungoma County. Data was collected using a self-response questionnaire and interview schedule guide. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to analyse and describe data quantitative data. Inferential statistics such as Pearson Correlation statistics, ANOVA was used to test the significance of the stated hypothesis at the alpha level (α = 0.05). The qualitative data was thematically analysed based on the objectives and presented through texts. All analysis was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. The findings revealed that there was a relationship between emerging forms of bullying and self-esteem R2 =.388 (38.8%).

The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of group guidance and counselling services on the self-efficacy of orphaned children living in orphanages in Bungoma County. The researcher adopted the ex-post facto research design. The population of the study was 2132 orphans in the 20 orphanages. 280 of the orphans in all the 20 orphanages were interviewed. One (1) caregiver and one (1) administrator (again per orphanage) were interviewed. Out of a total of 20 Children’s Homes in Bungoma County, the researcher purposively sampled 280 orphans that were interviewed. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data from the respondents who included the orphans, orphanages administrators and caregivers. The self-efficacy scale of 1-4 was converted to between 0-100. The data was prepared, coded and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Strict ethical considerations were observed during the study. The study established that there was a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy of orphaned children and group guidance and counselling services. The study‘s recommendations for policy was that the government should come up with policies to guide all the orphanages in Kenya, including the process of guiding and counselling. Recommendations for practice were that group guiding and counselling services should be encouraged in orphanages as they create confidence among orphans. By way of confiding into each other, they realise that they have shared challenges, and this builds their resilience.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of individual guidance and counselling services on the self-efficacy of orphaned children living in orphanages in Bungoma County. The researcher adopted the ex-post facto research design. The population of the study was 2132 orphans in the 20 orphanages. 280 of the orphans in all the 20 orphanages were interviewed. One (1) caregiver and one (1) administrator (again per orphanage) were interviewed. Out of a total of 20 Children’s Homes in Bungoma County, the researcher purposively sampled 280 orphans that were interviewed. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data from the respondents who included the orphans, orphanages administrators and caregivers. The self-efficacy scale of 1-4 was converted to between 0-100. The data was prepared, coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Strict ethical considerations were observed during the study. The study established that there was a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy of orphaned children and individual guidance and counselling services. The study’s recommendations were that the government should come up with policies to guide all the orphanages in Kenya, including the process of guiding and counselling. Every orphanage should also engage the services of a qualified guiding and counselling specialist for the orphans and should be paid well to avoid high turnover. Individual guiding and counselling services should be encouraged in orphanages as they are effective. They help the orphans open up and share challenges and enable them to solve serious life’s challenges.

This paper explores the primary forms and prevalence of sexual harassment on campus. It also looks into the general perception that students have concerning harassment. In a cross-sectional survey, 389 respondents filled a questionnaire on sexual harassment. Quantitative statistical analysis revealed that sexual harassment was significantly prevalent in academia. Two-thirds of university students are subjected to sexual harassment before they join campus. Many of the respondents acceded to have been subjected to sexually harassing behaviours but were resistant to label themselves as survivors of harassment. Perception was high among undergraduate students. Recommendations for the improvement of the situation to create a freer and safer campus environment and suggestions for further research are made.

The debate on the centrality of professional counsellors in the institutions of higher learning has been on the rise in Kenya. This has been partly because of psychological health providers being actively involved in capacity building in the profession through counselling, training, consultancy and supervision of other counsellors and trainees, and because of their role in student behaviour management on campus. In spite of this pivotal role in the mental health of universities, few scholars have exerted discretionary effort to studying the work and wellness of the professional counsellors in higher learning. This paper presents research output on the influence of existential fulfilment on job burnout among professional counsellors in universities in Kenya, with the view to adding on the existing literature on helping the helper. The study was descriptive and utilized a cross-sectional survey design. The target population 193 professional counsellors in 75 universities in Kenya and a census was conducted in data collection. Data were obtained using the Existential Fulfilment Scale (EFS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS). Data collected was quantitative, therefore descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analysis with the aid of SPSS - 24. The response rate was 180 (94%). Existential fulfilment was moderate (EFS = 2.57; sd = 1.08) and job burnout was moderate (MBI = 2.2; sd = 1.77). In the final analysis, the findings of the study were that professional counsellors faced considerable burnout and in respect Human Resource Departments should strengthen staff psychological support programmes to militate against job burnout.