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Background: Metformin hydrochloride is a very potentanti-diabetic drug that has become the drug of choice for thetreatment of type 2 diabetes.Aim of Study: This work aims todemonstrate the effect of metformin hydrochloride administration and its withdrawal on the histological structure and function of the kidney of adult male albino rats.Material and Methods: Sixty adult male albino rats wereused in this work. They were divided equally into six groups; I- First control group (Group C1), II- Second control group (Group C2), III- Third control group (Group C3), IV- Treated group (Group T), V- First recovery group (Group R1) and VI-Second recovery group (Group R2). Each adult male albino rat of groups C1 and T was given 0.55ml of distilled water and 0.55ml of distilled water (contained 27.45mg metformin hydrochloride) respectively for four weeks. Each adult male albino rat of groups C2 and R1 was given 0.55ml of distilled water and 0.55ml of distilled water (contained 27.45mg metformin hydrochloride) respectively for four weeks, then, left for two weeks without treatment. Each adult male albino rat of groups C3 and R2 was given 0.55ml of distilled water and 0.55ml of distilled water (contained 27.45mg metformin hydrochloride) respectively for four weeks, then, left for four weeks without treatment. The treatments were given once/day orally. The specimens were collected at three time intervals; at the end of the 4th week for groups C1 & T, at the end of the 6th week for groups C2 & R1 and at the end of the 8th week for groups C3 & R2. The blood samples were collected for measuring urea and creatinine. The kidneys were used for light & electron microscopic examinations, and morphometric study.Results: Light and electron microscopic examination andmorphometric studies revealed that metformin hydrochlorideinduced various signs of degeneration, necrosis, inflammationand fibrosis. Biochemical study revealed that metforminhydrochloride induced deterioration in the kidney functionswhich were reflected by significant increase in the serumlevels of urea and creatinine. On metformin hydrochloride withdrawal, most of the histological and all the biochemicaleffects were recovered specially in the second recovery groupwhere the recovery was directly proportionate with the duration of its withdrawal.Conclusion: Metformin hydrochloride induced variousdeleterious changes in the histological structure and functionof the kidney. These changes were improved on its withdrawal.

ملخص البحث باللغة العربية:-لدى حياة کل شخص ذکريات لا تنسى ، وعندما يکون الناس غير سعداء ، فإنهم يفتقدون حياتهم السابقة و سوف يستحضرون من خلال ذکريات خاصة في وقت معين ، وقد استخدمت بعض الشرکات الکبري منهج التسويق بأسلوب الحنين إلى الماضي من أجل تحقيق الغرض من زيادة المبيعات . يلعب الحنين إلى الماضي دورا کبيرا في المجتمع ، ليس فقط في وسائل الإعلام ولکن في المنتجات التي نشتريها ، إن الحنين قوي للغاية لأنه شخصي جدا و يتحدث عن أشياء شهدها الجميع وعاشوها فى فيلم أو أغنية أو مکان او موقف ..الخ ، وتعني أشياء کثيرة للمتلقي، وتکمن قوة النوستالجيا في الطريقة التي يمکن بها تقديم واستخدام أفکار ووسائط وموضوعات عامة وشائعة لخلق مشاعر شخصية مع کل شخص.يعتقد صانعى الحنين إلى الماضي أنهم يستطيعون التأثير على سلوک المستهلک عاطفيا من خلال الصور التي تعيد الکثير من الذکريات الجميلة من الطفولة ، کما أن المستهلکين يعتقدون أن مشاعر الحنين ترتبط مع المنتج ، وتشکل جزء کبير من تجربة استهلاک المنتجات الخاصة بهم ، مما يؤثر على سلوک شراء المستهلکين عن طريق إحياء المنتجات المرتبطة بـمستهلکين الماضي.والحنين إلى الماضي قد يمتد للماضي البعيد الذي لم نعايشه أصلا، يدفعنا إليه تلک الصورة التي نراها في اعلانات الستينات والسبعينات. روح الود بين أبناء القرية والحارة المصرية، وأخلاق وشهامة المصريين، والحياة الراقية والذوق الرفيع في الفنون، الحياة الهادئة والشوارع النظيفة الفارغة والنفوس الطيبة الصافية والترابط الأسري.النوستالجيا" جهاز آخر في أجسامنا يمدنا بالسعادة ولحظات الراحة، فهي إذا حالة نافعة نأخذ منها نظرة تفاؤل عن الحاضر لنکون حلما مبهجا في ماضي الجميل.

Background: Garlic has a wide range of actions, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal and antihelminthic actions. This antiparasitic activity has been attributed to allicin, which is the main constituent of garlic. The aim: is to evaluate the potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic effects of allicin on S. mansoni. Method: Swiss albino mice strain CD1were infected with S. mansoni cercariae and sacrificed 40 days later to acquire the adult worms. These worms were collected by perfusion and placed in RPMI medium 1640 at 37°C before transferring to RPMI media containing 0 (control), 5, 10 and 100µg/ml of allicin, where they were incubated for 48h and monitored during this time to evaluate motility and mortality rate by means of stereomicroscope. Twenty male Swiss albino mice strain CD1were divided into two groups. One group was infected with S. mansoni cercariae and treated with allicin one week post infection. The second group was (control). Results: In vitro incubation of S. mansoni adult worms with allicin, showed a statistically high significant difference in comparison with control non-treated group. All worms showed slow movement after 48 h of incubation at concentration of 100µg/ml. No effect was noticed at allicin concentrations of 10 and 5 µg/ml at the end of the experiment. Administration of allicin to the infected mice had non- significant effect on the worm burden. Conclusion: allicin was effective against adult S. mansoni worms in vitro, but with no significant effect in vivo.

Background: Complex anal fistula has been a hot topic in clinic. Many surgical techniques have been described for the treatment of such anal fistula, including the use of seton, fibrin glue, collagen plugs, rectal advancement flaps, fistulotomy with sphincter repair, and rerouting the fistula tract. However, the results have been variable, and no one procedure is superior to the others absolutely. It is worth our concern that the goal of any treatment procedure is to obliterate the tract and to have low recurrence rates while maintaining full continence. Comparison was made between the two procedures (re-routing and rectal advancement flap) to stand on the superiority of each one over the other. We compared data including: Healing time, post operative bleeding and infection, recurrence rates and continence. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted over 40 patients with high trans-sphincteric fistulas, randomly divided into 2 equal groups, who underwent Rerouting of the tract in one group and rectal advancement flap in the other group.Results: Rerouting technique and rectal advancement flap have nearly similar incidence of post operative complications and continence but rectal advancement flap is associated with short healing period and a high recurrence rate as compared to re-routing technique.Conclusion: In patients with high trans-sphincteric anal fistulas, rectal advancement falp has a short healing period but a high recurrence rate which was statistically insignificant.

Background: Gestational diabetes is one of the most common medical condition during pregnancy and its early detection is necessary to prevent prenatal and maternal complications. There is a link between raised CRP and development of gestational diabetes, so early detection of raised CRP may avoid serious maternal and neonatal hazards. Objective: The goal of this study was to detect the prevalence of raised high sensitivity C‑ reactive protein (hs‑ CRP) in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to compare the prevalence in both groups. Materials and methods: A case–control study was conducted between April 2018 and December 2018. A number of 60 pregnant women who were investigated for oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks of gestation were enrolled in this study. They were divided into 30 women with GDM as cases and 30 normal pregnant as control. They were investigated for the level of hs‑ CRP. Results: The prevalence of elevated hs‑ CRP in controls was 60%, whereas in cases it was 83.3%, with a P = 0.045 which is significant in this study.Conclusion: The study showed a raised level of hs‑ CRP in GDM in comparison with normal pregnant subjects.

Background: Formaldehyde is an important chemical compound that is used widely in the industrial and medical setting. It is illegally used in excess amounts to preserve various kinds of foods that can affect the central nervous system particularly the cerebellar cortex.Aim of Study: This work aims to evaluate the extent of histological changes of the cerebellar cortex of albino rat's offspring that may be induced by oral administration of formaldehyde to their mothers throughout pregnancy and lactation or direct administration to the offspring itself.Material and Methods: The maximum dietary dose of formaldehyde (41.9mg/person/day) was used in this work. The used doses according to rat age were 0.74mg/adult, 0.104mg/2 weeks and 0.240mg/4 weeks. In this work, 42 pregnant albino rats and 120 of their offspring were used. They divided into 2 main groups; control and treated groups. The control group (Group C) consisted of 12 pregnant rats and 60 of their offspring. They were divided equally into C1, C2 and C3. The treated group (Group T) consisted of 30 pregnant rats and 60 of their offspring. They were divided equally into T1, T2 and T3. The pregnant rats of C1 and T1 received distilled water and formaldehyde respectively through-out pregnancy and for 2 weeks after delivery, then the 2 weeks old offspring received distilled water and formaldehyde respectively till the end of 8 weeks. The delivered rats of C2 and T2 received distilled water and formaldehyde respectively for 2 weeks. Then the 2 weeks old offspring received distilled water and formaldehyde respectively till the end of 8 weeks. The 2 weeks old offspring of C3 and T3 received distilled water and formaldehyde respectively till the end of 8 weeks. The cerebelli of all groups were extracted at two ages, at 4 and 8 weeks and immersed into suitable fixatives then prepared for light microscopic examination, in addition, the cerebelli of 8 weeks offspring were used for electron microscopic examination and morphometric studies.Results: In the present work, oral administration of for-maldehyde induced delayed development of all layers of the cerebellar cortex in form of irregularity and change in the shape and size of cells, decreased the thickness of its layers. It also induced degenerative changes in the form of cytoplasmic vacuoles, pyknosis, ill-defined nuclei, fragmented cytoplasmic processes, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, dilated Golgi apparatus, mitochondria with destructed cristae, and presence of areas of ill-defined structures.Conclusion: It could be concluded that the oral adminis-tration of formaldehyde caused delayed development and induced different histological changes in the cerebellar cortex of albino rat's offspring. These effects were directly propor-tional with the duration of its administration.

Background: In developing countries, cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity has been widely propagated. Following hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation, the apparent risk of CMV reactivation increases. With effective surveillance and study of the effect of some factors on CMV reactivation, timely treatment with anti-viral treatment may decrease morbidity and mortality associated with CMV reactivation. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of some factors on CMV reactivation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Materials & Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 25 patients with Serostatus positive of CMV IgG antibodies who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at two Bone Marrow Transplantation centers in Egypt from November 2016 to June 2017. Results: In our study, the patient male percentage was 57.1% in CMV reactivation group with the most common pre-transplantation diagnosis was FA, CML and βTM. All donors in the reactivation group (100 %) were positive for CMV IgG ab. This group had 42.9% matching donors in sex and blood groups. While the stem cell source was 92.9% peripheral blood source with a median dose of 7.0 cells ×106 ∕ kg. Conclusion: The incidence of CMV infection following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is comparable to that recorded in Western literature because of a higher seroprevalence rate in developing countries. More research is needed to study factors affecting cytomegalovirus reactivation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT).

Background: Fenofibrate is among the drugs of choice for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, both recognized as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Objective: Demonstrating the effect of fenofibrate administration and its withdrawal on the histological structure and function of the kidney in adult male albino rats. Material and methods: Forty adult male albino rats were used in this work. They were divided equally into four groups; I-First control group (Group A), II- Second control group (Group B), III- Treated group (Group C) and IV- Recovery group (Group D). Each adult male albino rat of groups A and C was given 0.96ml of distilled water and 0.96ml of distilled water (Contained 3.6 mg fenofibrate) respectively for six weeks. Each adult male albino rat of groups B and D was given 0.48ml of distilled water and 0.96ml of distilled water (Contained 3.6 mg fenofibrate) respectively for six weeks, then, left for two weeks without treatment. The treatments were given once/day orally. The specimens were collected at two time intervals; at the end of the 6th week for groups A &C and at the end of the 8th week for groups B & D. The blood samples were collected for measuring urea, creatinine, MDA and SOD. The kidneys were used for light & electron microscopic examinations, and morphometric study. Results: Light and electron microscopic examination and morphometric studies demonstrated that fenofibrate induced various signs of degeneration, necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Biochemical study revealed that fenofibrate induced deterioration in the kidney functions which were reflected by significant increase in the serum levels of urea and creatinine. It also revealed significant increase in the oxidant parameters (MDA), and significant decrease in the antioxidant parameters (SOD). On fenofibrate withdrawal, most of the histological and all the biochemical effects were recovered. Conclusion: Fenofibrate induced various deleterious changes in the histological structure and function of the kidney by inducing oxidative stress. These changes and oxidative stress were reversible on fenofibrate withdrawal.

The chemical drugs are safe and effective being the main tool in controlling schistosomiasis. Referring to the possibility of appearance of drug resistant parasites especially with retreatment regimens in endemic areas, search for new schistosomicidal is essential. Nigella sativa has been extensively studied for its biological activities and therapeutic potentials and shown to possess wide spectrum of activities including antihelminthic and antiprotozoal activities. The present report aimed to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of Nigella sativa oil in treatment of Schistosoma mansoni. Nigella sativa oil was administrated orally to S. mansoni infected mice in two different doses, a prophylactic dose (1.14g/kg) every day for 2 weeks before infection and a therapeutic dose (1.14g/kg) daily for 4 weeks starting from 2nd day post infection aiming to investigate its potential therapeutic role. Therapeutic treatment with Nigella sativa oil had a high significant effect on mature worm burden, as the reduction percentage was (57.5%). Nigella sativa oil in prophylactic and therapeutic doses significantly increased the mean number of dead ova (14.75±6.5) and (21.43±3.64) respectively in comparison to control (5.25±1.71). Nigella sativa oil therapeutic dose had a high reduction effect on ova count in intestinal tissue (81.45%) and a moderate reduction on ova count in hepatic tissue (57.86%). Prophylactic dose gave a high reduction effect (78.76%) on ova count in intestinal tissue. As regard the size of hepatic granuloma, Nigella sativa oil treated group had the highest significant reduction on mean granuloma diameter; the reduction was 26.69% with marked improvement of hepatic pathology. N. sativa oil treated group showed obvious improvement of liver pathology with mild hydrobic degeneration and small sized fibrocellular granuloma accompanied by multiple malformations in both S. mansoni adult worms. These results showed that N. sativa oil has remarkable effect on mature S. mansoni which could be helpful for potentiating Praziquantel effect and thus reducing development of resistance.

Background: Fluoxetine hydrochloride is one of the most commonly used antidepressants in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Objectives: Demonstrating the effect of fluoxetine hydrochloride on the histological structure of the cerebellar cortex of albino rat offspring of treated mothers by 20 and 40 mgs throughout the first 2 weeks after delivery, and 40mg throughout the last week of pregnancy and the first 2 weeks after delivery. Materials and Methods: Sixty pregnant rats and 180 of their offspring were used in this work. They were divided equally into two main groups; A-control group (Group C) and B-treated group (Group T). The pregnant rats and their offspring of the control group were divided equally into C1, C2 and C3. Immediately after delivery, each delivered rat of C1 and C2 was given0.18 ml and 0.36 ml of distilled water respectively for two weeks. Each pregnant rat of C3 was given 0.36 ml of distilled water throughout the last week of pregnancy and for 2 weeks after delivery. The pregnant rats and their offspring of the treated group were divided equally into T1, T2 and T3. Immediately after delivery each delivered rat of T1 and T2 was given 0.18 ml (Containing 0.36 mg of fluoxetine hydrochloride) and 0.36 ml (Containing 0.72 mg of fluoxetine hydrochloride) of distilled water respectively for 2 weeks. Each pregnant rat of T3 was given 0.36 ml of distilled water (Contained 0.72 mg of fluoxetine hydrochloride) throughout the last week of pregnancy and for 2 weeks after delivery. The treatments were given once/day orally. The specimens were collected at two ages, i.e. 1-week and 2-weeks old. The cerebella of all studied offspring were used for light microscopic examination. In addition, the cerebella of 2-weeks old offspring of all groups were used for electron microscopic examination and morphometric study. Results: Light and electron microscopic examination and morphometric studies demonstrated that fluoxetine hydrochloride induced various signs of delayed development of the cerebellar cortex. It also induced degeneration and necrosis of the cerebellar cells and nerve fibers in the form of cytoplasmic vacuoles, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria with destructed cristae, degenerated mitochondria and nuclear changes in the form of karyolysis, pyknosis and karyorrhexis. Also, there was decrease in the number of Purkinje cells. Conclusion: Fluoxetine hydrochloride induced various deleterious changes in the histological structure of the cerebellar cortex of albino rat offspring of treated mothers. These changes were directly proportional with increasing the dose and duration of its administration.

Background: Diagnosis and management of bronchopleu-ral fistula remains a major therapeutic challenge for physicians, since it is medical diagnosis and localization may be trouble-some and needs various imaging techniques, likewise it is associated with a significant morbidity and fatality so fruitful bronchoscopic management is considered a perfect choice as it is less invasive procedure especially in patients who are unsuitable for surgery and standard anesthesia or associated with comorbidities, additionally it would lessen cost and lifelong hospital stay.Aim of the Study: To compare efficacy of gelfoam and autologous blood injection in bronchoscopic closure of bron-chopleural fistula.Subjects and Methods: This study carried out at Fibrooptic Bronchoscopy Unit in Chest Department, Al-Hussein Hospital, Al-Azhar University in the period between October 2015 to October 2017. One setting of fibrooptic bronchoscopic closure trial was performed in forty patients with bronchopleural fistula using gelfoam injection in twenty patients (Group A) and autologous blood in another twenty patients (Group B) after full clinical and investigational assessment.Results: Successful closure occurred in 19 patients (95%) in (group A) using gelfoam and in 18 patients (90%) in (group B) using autologous blood, the mean hospitalization time was 7.05 days in (group A) and 9.35 days in (group B) the mean time from procedure to chest tube removal was 3.2 days in (group A) and 5.75 days in (group B) also the mean time from procedure to discharge was 3.8 days in (group A) and 6.5 days in (group B) pneumothorax and death did not occur in both groups but hemoptysis occurred in 5 patients (25%) in (group A), and 7 patients (35%) in (group B) also cough occurred in 16 patients (80%) in (group A), and 18 patients (90%) in (group B) and low grade fever occurred in 12 patients (60%) in (group A) and 15 patients (75%) in (group B).Conclusion: Bronchoscopic closure of bronchopleural fistula utilizing gelfoam or autologous blood is a straightforward procedure which can be performed safely and securely under local anesthesia with promising outcomes, it is ought to be viewed an as an ideal choice particularly in small sized fistulae in patients who are unfit for surgery and general anesthesia.

The city is a sensory, emotional, lived experience, yet generally discussed in technical jargonas a lifeless, detached being. The city houses intense and highly politicized social processes.Its dense interconnections and sheer heterogeneity have inspired the creation of the currentstatus of institutions, process of marginalization and social justice. Public space as the spatialaspect of the public realm is the playground where the society reinvents itself. This researchaims at exploring the aspects of diversity and inclusion in today’s cities, and linking them tothe happiness and well-being of their inhabitants.Segregation and fragmentation are the counterparts of acknowledging, and respectingdiversity and adopting Inclusive policies, let alone creating an "Inclusive city". Differences inthe way space and opportunities are produced, appropriated, transformed and used, reflectthe fragmentations or inclusion of the society. The creation of a happy city depends on awellbeing oriented city design and policies. Social inclusion has been proven to have a largeshare of effect on mental health and wellbeing.The research starts off with building a theoretical base through a detailed literature review.The research then goes to discuss the segregation versus inclusion through the comparativeanalysis of public spaces, from different countries across the world, then through the focuson the public spaces of Egypt. The research results in highlighting the significance of athorough study of the heterogeneity of the society for the public space design to besuccessful, as well as taking a part in the creation of the happy city.