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Introduction: Breakthrough infection by SARS-COV-2 virus among vaccinated individuals has been reported from all over the world and it has created a substantial challenge in designing strategies to live with the virus in the post-pandemic era. Factors affecting the extent and nature of breakthrough infection are still not fully understood and those are known to vary depending on host and agent factors. Health Care Workers (HCWs), especially in hospital settings, are front-liners in combating the epidemic and, consequently, they are more vulnerable to breakthrough infection by SARS-COV-2. Like most of the countries of the world, Bangladesh went through several waves of COVID-19 and the last (3rd wave) was the widespread Omicron wave during the winter of 2022. HCWs in Bangladesh have been disproportionately affected by the virus. Under this context, the aim of the present study was to explore breakthrough infection (BTI) and its host-related covariates among HCWs of a COVID-dedicated city-based hospital during the Omicron wave in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 267 HCWs of the Narayanganj Tertiary (300-bed) hospital during February–March 2022 which coincided with the terminal part of the 3rd wave. Data were collected by trained Field Assistants using Interviewer-administered Data Collection Forms with Questionnaires as instruments. Previous COVID-19 status (any time after the onset of the pandemic and within last 3 months) was explored by the history of specific symptoms as well as by the confirmatory rtPCR test reports from DGHS approved laboratories Anti-nucleocapsid antibody (Anti-N-Ab) in venous blood samples, assayed by a chemiluminescent ELISA technique, was used as a seroprevalence-based marker of breakthrough infection during the preceding few months. Data were analyzed by bivariate as well as multivariate statistics using the IBM-SPSS software. Results: The median age (range) of the HCWs was 38 (21–65) years; Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) 25 (15–49); and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) was 0.92 (0.46–1.21). The male subjects had significantly higher median age (p = 0.01) and higher WHR (p = 0.001) as compared to the female subjects. As per the BMI category, subjects with overweight and obesity constituted 83.3 % of the male subjects as compared to 61.6 % of the female subjects (p = 0.001). The time lapse between receiving of 3rd dose and blood sampling was significantly higher among females compared to males (median days 60 vs 49, p

There has been a lot of interest in alternative fuels due to the depletion of petroleum supplies and growing environmental concerns. Biodiesel is made from renewable resources and is one of the many practical and beneficial fuel substitutes for fossil fuels. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have made it feasible to use nanoparticles as fuel additives for internal combustion engines. An earlier study suggested that these compounds might enhance engine performance. There has been a concern that this may increase the particulate matter emitted with the exhaust which adversely affects the air quality. The size-distribution of unregulated particulate matter (PM) emitted with exhaust gases is examined in this work. Under various load conditions, PM exhaust emissions were examined while keeping the engine running at a constant 1350 rpm. A nanoparticles of 50 parts per milligram of Aluminum oxide Al2O3 and Iron oxide Fe2O3 into the jatropha biodiesel / diesel fuel blend. When the engine is fueled with blend of diesel, biodiesel, and nanoparticles ternary fuel, it created fewer particulate matter emissions than the diesel/biodiesel binary blend which contains no nanoparticles. In comparison to pure diesel fuel, the diesel/biodiesel blend binary combination produced 10–15 % less PM1, PM2.5, PM7, and PM10 emissions which is very critical to air pollution problem with the fine/very fine particles.

Heat pipes are heat transfer devices that carry heat from one point to another efficiently. The thermal conductivity and heat transfer performance of the heat pipe can be increased by integrating nanofluids, making them appropriate for applications such as electronics cooling, spacecraft thermal management, and heat recovery systems. The suggested work is being carried out for the approximate solution of tri-hybrid nanofluid (copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and graphene oxide (GO)) flow between two horizontal coaxial cylinders. The inner cylinder is rotating with constant velocity and the outer cylinder is fixed. Moreover, the flow is under the influence of magnetic field. The system of governing partial differential equations is converted into a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations by incorporating the suitable similarity transformation and then solved numerically by employing Runga-Kutta 4th order technique. Response surface methodology (RSM) is also incorporated in order to optimize the heat transfer rate by the various combinations of the physical parameters involved in the study. The study revealed that the temperature of the nanofluid increased by raising the strength of the Reynolds number and melting parameter. From optimization technique RSM it came to know that the heat transfer rate reached its peak value when the strength of the Reynolds number and concentration of the nanoparticle of the fluid is higher than normal.

This study investigates the effect of increasing urbanization on the demand for petroleum products, which are limited natural resources. The study evaluated the use of biodiesel and clove oil as additives in diesel fuel to reduce carbon deposition on engine parts and noise emissions. Three fuel samples were tested: B30 (30 % biodiesel and 70 % diesel), clove oil at 3000 parts per million (PPM), and D100 diesel fuel. Endurance tests were conducted at a constant load and revolution per minute (RPM) to analyze carbon deposition on engine parts as well as noise emission levels at constant and variable RPM. It was found that biodiesel blended fuel had higher carbon deposition formation compared to diesel fuel, with a deposition rate of 77.48 % for B30 and 71.84 % for D100. In contrast, when clove oil was added to biodiesel, engine part deposition was decreased compared to diesel fuel, with a deposition rate of 47.71 % for clove oil. Furthermore, the study analyzed noise emissions at four positions (left, right, back, and top) using the three fuel samples. Clove oil showed lower noise emissions compared to diesel, indicating that it can help reduce noise pollution.

The power electrical devices are being continuously trimmed down and must disperse a greater amount of heat flux, overheating has become a significant issue. Ferrofluids, also known as magnetic nanofluids, consist of solid magnetic nanoparticles that exhibit superior thermal conductivity compared to their underlying fluids, which can be either aqueous or oil based. This facilitates increased rates of convective heat transfer, but more importantly, it allows for external flow modification using a magnetic field. This work is unique in that it analyses hybridized ferrofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching surface with radiative magnetization and significant magnetic force. The governing equations were solved using the bvp4c function in MATLAB, after being transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using similarity transformations. The system acquires a bimodal solution, and stability analysis validates the physical and dynamic stability of the first solution. The local skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, the temperature and velocity profiles, and the substantial influence of governing effects are all studied and graphically displayed. The key findings are the values of Nux1Rex are decreasing for both second and first solutions as values of φCoFe2O4 are increasing. An increasing trend for the values of RexCf is observed for both second and first solutions as values of φCoFe2O4 increases. The results compareded with the results reported in literature and found a significant agreement.

The enhanced thermal efficiency exhibited by Casson nanofluids offers significant practical applications across various industrial and engineering sectors. This study focuses on the mathematical investigation of the steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of Casson nanofluid through a stretched/shrinking cylinder, taking into account the effects of suction and thermal radiation. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) have been subjected to a similarity transformation, resulting in a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These ODEs were solved numerically utilizing the code of bvp4c in the software of Matlab which offers high accuracy (4th order). The employed nanofluid model incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The present study illustrates the graphical depictions of the impacts of different governing parameters, namely Hartmann (M) number, curvature (γ) parameter, Brownian motion (Nb) parameter, mass suction (S) parameter, thermal radiation (Rd) parameter, and thermophoresis (Nt) parameter, on heat transfer, flow, and mass transfer characteristics. Comprehensive determination and visual presentation of the coefficient of skin friction, local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number were conducted for a range of estimates of applied parameters. Based on our examination, it has been determined that dual similarity solutions are present within a specific range of mass suction parameters. The relationship between the Casson parameter and various fluid dynamic properties, such as skin friction coefficient, heat transfer rate, and mass transfer rates, has been found to exhibit a decreasing trend. Furthermore, the stability analysis discovered that the first solution exhibits linear stability, whereas the second solution displays linear instability. Additionally, the motivation behind this study is to enhance industrial performance through the optimization of thermal power generation systems, thereby increasing their overall efficiency.

The investigation into the flow of sodium alginate-alumina/copper hybrid nanofluids toward a power law form stretching/shrinking sheet while taking into account the effect of suction was carried out numerically. Sodium alginate-alumina/copper hybrid nanofluids have been of great interest in recent years due to their potential applications in various fields. Hybrid nanofluid is currently being used to enhance the efficiency of heat transmission rates. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the influence that certain characteristics, such as those pertaining to magnetic M, shrinking parameter ϵ, thermal radiation R, and thermal slip factor βT parameters, have on temperature and velocity profiles. Furthermore, as part of this investigation, the local skin friction as well as the Nusselt number according to the copper solid volume fraction φCu against shrinkage ϵ and suction γ effect were explored. In order to convert the nonlinear partial differential equation into a system of ordinary differential equations, appropriate similarity variables have to be incorporated into the transformation process. Ordinary differential equations are resolved with the help of the MATLAB bvp4c solver program, which is used in the conclusion phase. The study identified two approaches to shrinking ϵ sheet and suction γ zone with varying parameter values for copper volume fractions φCu. No solution was obtained in the range of when ϵ

This study employs the Tiwari and Das model to numerically evaluate the heat-transfer properties of a magnetized Casson sodium alginate-copper/alumina hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable moving surface, taking into account the effects of viscous dissipation. Sodium alginate-alumina/copper hybrid nanofluids have garnered significant attention in modern society because of their potential uses in a variety of different industries. The key goal of the study is to examine the effect of the Casson parameter and copper solid volume fraction for skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number against velocity ratio parameter. Additionally, in the present study, velocity and temperature profiles for velocity ratio parameter, suction effect, magnetic parameter, Eckert number, and Prandtl number are also included. Using the bvp4c technique, the PDEs are converted into a set of non-linear ODEs with the use of suitable similarity variables. Dual approaches for controlling parameter using varied Casson fluid parameter and copper solid volume fraction quantities have been identified. Unique solutions, no solutions, and dual solutions exist in specific ranges of parameters. Consequently, beyond the critical values, no solution exists. The rate of heat transfer strengthened as the capacity of the Eckert number augmented. The temperature profile also diminished when the Prandtl number improved. The appearance of the boundary layer separation extension resulted from incorporating the copper solid volume fraction. Finally, stability analysis reveals that the first solution is stable, and the second solution is unstable.

A numerical study was carried out on dual solutions of rotating stretching/shrinking surfaces to explore the influence of convective boundary conditions, viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, and heat sources/sinks on 3-D hybrid nanofluid flow. Hybrid nanofluids have great potential for a variety of applications due to their unique properties and versatility. It is improved the effectiveness of heat transfer rates. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence that certain parameters on the temperature and velocities profiles against the parameters, including the volume fraction of copper, suction effect, viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, Biot number and rotating parameter. Further, the impact of the suction effect and shrinking sheet on reduced heat transfer and skin friction is also considered against the volume fraction of copper. The nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a collection of ordinary differential equations by including linear similarity variables. The generated combination of higher order nonlinear ODEs is solved via a boundary value algorithm called bvp4c, which executes on the MATLAB computing tool. The findings confirmed the existence of two branches (dual solution) with varied quantities of copper volume fraction according to the shrinking surface and suction effect. Additionally, as the Biot number, Eckert number, thermal radiation, and copper volume fraction all increase in strength, the rate at which heat flows in both solutions also increases. However, the heat transfer rate declined as increased the suction effect. Besides, when a positive and negative increment is applied to the rotational parameter, both solutions suffer an increase in both velocities. In summary, unique solutions are obtained S

Hybrid nanofluids are widely used to improve the efficiency of a thermal system in many aspects of engineering and science. Therefore, the current work is design to investigate the heat transfer of Cu-Fe3O4 nanoparticles in water base Maxwell fluid flow over a cone, which is kept in a porous medium. Additionally, the fluid experiences magnetic field and thermal radiation effects. As a result, the impacts of volume fraction, porosity, magnetic field, and thermal radiation are properly taken into account. It is observed that increasing temperature time relaxation with constant temperature fractional derivative decreases the thermal gradient, whereas increasing temperature fractional derivative parameter with constant time relaxation increases the thermal gradient. Moreover, adding 1% Cu-Fe3O4 increases the heat transfer rate of the fluid up to 1.13% and 1.24% when Rd=0 and Rd=0.2, respectively. On the other hand, the heat transfer rate of Maxwell fluid decreases up to 0.5% in the presence of a magnetic field specifically considering M=2 without thermal radiation.

Suspending particles of tiny solid in a fluid used to transport energy can enhance its thermal conductivity and heat transport properties. Our main goal of this examination is to study the radiative unsteady two-dimensional (2D) flow on a continuously diminishing, horizontal sheet. with suction for the hybrid water-based nanofluid and an aligned field of magnetic, including the combined suction, magnetic, and velocity slip conditions effect. The Tiwari & Das model of nanofluid equations is used, which takes into consideration the solid volume percentage. Equations of similarity are derived by employing the transformations of similarity, and the associated equations have been simplified numerically by employing the bvp4c method in MATLAB software for a variety of values of the nanoparticle volume fraction, the unsteadiness, and the wall mass suction in water. It is discovered that, within the given the unsteadiness parameter range, two solutions exist. Moreover, it is found that the fluid velocity slows down in 1st solution as volume fraction of copper nanoparticles rises but speeds up in the second solution at first before slowing down again. Using a temporal stability analysis, it is found that only one of the dual branches is stable over the long run, while the other is unstable.

Here in, heat transfer characteristics of a magnetized Casson sodium alginate-alumina/copper hybrid nanofluid flowing through the permeable moving plane are investigated considering the effects of thermal radiation and Joule heating with Tiwari and Das model. The primary objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of the velocity ratio parameter on the solid volume fraction and the Casson parameter. In addition, the velocity and temperature profiles used in the current study illustrate the effects of the velocity ratio parameter R, solid volume fraction, suction effect, magnetic field, Joule heating, and thermal radiation. To apply the three-stage Lobatto IIIa with boundary value problems (bvp4c) approach to implement the appropriate similarity variables to transform the partial differential equations (PDEs) into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It has been determined that there are two branch solutions for the velocity ratio parameter against using the Casson parameter and copper volume fraction values. Non-unique branch at R Rci. As the Eckert number and radiation grew, the rate of heat transmission surged. The increase of Casson hybrid nanofluid parameter values caused to drop the skin friction in both upper and lower branch.

The purpose of the current article is to numerically and theoretically examine the flow of two-dimensional (2D) steady Hiemenz with the transfer of heat of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hybrid base C2H6O2+H2O (Ethylene glycol + water) nanofluid across a linear shrinking/stretching surface. The equations of Navier–Stokes have been converted into equations of self-similar applying suitable transformations of similarity variables, and then numerically resolved using the three-stage Labatto-three-A formula. In addition, an endeavor is made to extend the behavior of asymptotic of the solution to massive stretching. The comparison between the found asymptotic solutions and previously reported numerical results is rather impressive. Observations indicate that equations of self-similar display double solutions within the restricted shrinking parameter range. There exists one solution for every case of stretching. In the first solution, the impacts of nanoparticle solid volume fraction and shrinking parameters on velocity and thermal fields exhibit an increasing trend. Consequently, the linear analysis of temporal stability has been performed to establish the most fundamentally viable option. The smallest eigenvalue sign determines whether a solution is unstable or stable for the purposes of stability analysis. The analysis of stability demonstrates that the first solution describing the primary flow is stable.

Alternative fuels have garnered significant attention due to the depletion of petroleum sources and growing environmental concerns. Biodiesel, a renewable fuel, holds potential as a viable substitute for fossil fuels. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have made nanoparticle fuel additives for internal combustion engines feasible. Previous research has shown that these additives can enhance engine performance. In this experimental study, we investigated the effects of incorporating aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) into a JB30 fuel blend (30% Jatropha biodiesel + 70% diesel) to assess potential performance improvements and reduced noise emissions. Our tests employed a 4-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a constant speed of 1350 rpm. The JB30 blend was subjected to a 50 ppm dose of Al2O3 nanoparticles using an ultrasonicator. Results indicate that brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved for the DF70JB30 blend and further improved for the DF67JB30 blend with Al2O3 nanoparticles. Compared to pure diesel fuel, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by 3.77% for DF70JB30 and by 3.82% for DF67JB30Al2O3. Noise emissions, a crucial factor influenced by the fuel type, were lower for all blended fuels compared to pure diesel fuel (DF). The addition of nanoparticles also contributed to a reduction in the combustion pressure rise rate, resulting in decreased combustion noise. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that both the binary blend DF70JB30 and the ternary blend DF67JB30Al2O3 can be used in diesel engines without necessitating any adjustments. However, DF67JB30Al2O3 demonstrated superior outcomes when compared to DF70JB30.

Through a vertically shrinking sheet, a two-dimensional magnetic nanofluid is numerically analyzed for convection, heat generation and absorption, and the slip velocity effect. In this research, Al2O3–Cu/water composite nanofluid is studied, where water is deemed the base liquid and copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) are the solid nanoparticles. Modern composite nanofluids improve heat transfer efficiency. Using the Tiwari-Das model, the current study examines the effects of the solid volume fraction of copper, heat generation/absorption, MHD, mixed convection, and velocity slip parameters on velocity and temperature distributions. Introducing exponential similarity variables converts nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). MATLAB bvp4c solver is used to solve ODEs. Results showed dual solutions for suction with 0%–10% copper nanoparticles and 1%–500% heat generation/absorption. As copper (Cu) solid volume percentage increases from 0% to 10%, reduced skin friction f″(0) boosts in the first solution but falls in the second. When Cu is added to both solutions, heat transport −θ′(0) decreases. As heat generation/absorption increases 1%–500%, −θ′(0) decreases in both solutions. In conclusion, solution dichotomy exists when suction parameter S≥Sci in assisting flow case, while no fluid flow is possible when S

Background: Mobile Health i.e. m-Health Education (MHE) and Traditional Health Education (THE) interventions are both used for education of diabetic patients. However, it is not yet reported which one is the most effective. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of these two types of intervention on adherence to the seven dimensions of diabetes' self-management in a peripheral district of Bangladesh. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Thakurgaon district, in Bangladesh, with two intervention arms (-MHE and THE- and one control group. All groups received an initial educational session including the control group. During the educational session pictorial materials was used and patients received a logbook to register their different activities related to diabetes. The intervention was conducted over a period of 12 months. MHE group received additionally a monthly reminder and monitoring through mobile phone calls. THE group received a monthly home visit reminder and monitoring through personal visits. 330 adult diabetics patients were included in each group. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire at baseline and endline. Adherence to the seven self-management dimensions was measured and compared in the different groups before and after the intervention using analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) and logistic regression technique. Findings: Study participants took place from January 2016 to June 2017. Among the 990 included patients, 86 were lost to follow-up. Both MHE and THE groups showed significant (p

Researchers are using different types of nanomaterials for the enhancement of the thermal performance of regular fluids such as water, kerosene oil, etc. However, these days, the researchers are more interested in hybrid nanomaterials. The purpose of this communication is to examine the stability analysis of Cu–Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid over a non-linear shrinking sheet. The hybrid nanomaterials are composed of Cu and Al2O3. These hybridized nanomaterials are then dissolved in water taken as base fluid to form Cu–Al2O3//water hybrid nanofluid. Mathematical analysis and modeling have been attended in the presence of viscous dissipation and suction/injection effects. The governing equations of mathematical models are transformed into self-similar solutions in the form of ODEs by using similarity transformation. Solutions of the non-linear ODEs are created by employing of three-stage Lobatto IIIa formula which is built-in BVP4C function in the MATLAB software. A comparison of the current study has been done with the preceding published literature. The distributions of velocity, temperature profiles, coefficient of skin friction and heat transfer rate are presented graphically and conferred for numerous significant parameters entering into the problem. Results revealed the existence of dual solutions for a certain range of the suction/blowing parameter. Stability analysis is also done in order to obtain dual solutions stability. The smallest eigenvalues suggest that the first solution is stable from the second solution. Hybrid nanomaterials have a high scope toward nurturing our day-to-day life. Keywords: Hybrid nanomaterials, Nanofluid, Dual solutions, Stability analysis, Viscous dissipation, Shrinking surface

The thermal reliability of hybrid nanoparticles is quite impressive which presents many dynamic applications in solar systems, extrusion processes, thermal devices, cooling systems, and many engineering processes. This paper explores the flow of three-dimensional (3D), steady, magnetohydrodynamic of alumina and copper/water hybrid nanofluid over the nonlinear shrinking/stretching surface. A mathematical model was developed by adopting the model of Tiwari and Das in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs), which were then transferred into an analogous set of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing nonlinear similarity variables. The resulting ODEs were solved by employing abvp4csolver numerically in the MATLAB package. For validation, the collected empirical outcomes were numerically correlated with those of the preceding studies and were in strong alignment. It has been demonstrated that dual branches occur within the different ranges of magnetic, suction, and shrinking/stretching parameters. Dual (no) branches have been discovered when b≤bci (b>bci) and M≥Mci (M

Aims: The aim was to find out the proportion of Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) Users and factors affecting the nonuse in three large hospitals of Dhaka city. Methods: Under an observational cross-sectional design 598 type 2 diabetic subjects were recruited (convenient sampling) from the OPDs of 3 large tertiary care hospitals [one public hospital (PUBH), one Not-for-profit Hospital (NFPPH), and one For-profit private hospital (FPPH)] in Dhaka City. Data were analyzed by both univariate and multivariate analysis as appropriate. Results: Overall 71% of subjects were SMBG Nonusers (PUBH 86%, NFPPH 67%, and FPPH 46%). Monthly income status and advice showed the highest impact (OR 4.66 and 3.74 respectively) on the use. Physicians (54%), relatives (34%), and friends (8.2%) were the major sources of advice. Irregular diabetes check-up and distrust of results were also among the major reasons for not using SMBG among the Nonusers. Conclusion: Nearly three-fourth of type 2 diabetic patients in Dhaka city do not use SMBG and the proportion is especially high in public hospitals. Poor income status of patients, lack of coordinated advice/motivation by Caregivers, irregularity in diabetes checking, and distrust on results are major predictors for not using SMBG by the patients.

Objective: To assess the intake of macronutrient and proportion of risk factor of diabetic complication among people with type 2 diabetes and to explore their causal relation. Methodology: A retrospective study conducted on retrieved first visit data of 9563 subjects visiting the study center between 2006 and 2014. Macronutrient intake was assessed using 24-hr recall. Standard protocols were used for demographic, anthropometric measurements and biochemical variable. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Result: Out of 9563 subjects, 53.7% were males; mean age, duration of diabetes and body mass index was 51.02 ± 10.99 (yrs), 11.06 ± 8.2 (yrs) and 28.15 ± 5.34 (kg/m2) respectively. Average daily intake of carbohydrate, proteins and fats was 230.6, 68.1 and 66.1 g; and the mean intake of calories was 51.4%, 15.1% and 33.5% respectively. Obesity was found (≥25 kg/m2) 50.6% and overweight (23–24.9 kg/m2) in 34.9%. Women took more calories from fat (p = 0.001), men from protein and carbohydrates (p = 0.001). People>50 years took more fat than

Objectives: There is absolute lacking of evidences on atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among postmenopausal women of Bangladesh. This prompted us to investigate this association between AIP and CVD risk factors among postmenopausal women in a rural setting. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 265 postmenopausal women aged 40–70 years who visited a primary health-care center of Bangladesh. We used modified STEP-wise approach for the Surveillance of Noncommunicable diseases risk factors questionnaire of the World Health Organization to collect data on sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors. Physical measurements were carried out following the method described in the ‘noncommunicable disease risk factors survey Bangladesh 2010’. AIP was determined by the logarithmic transformation of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio, and association with CVD risk factors were examined by multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Overall 35.5% respondents had a high risk level of AIP with a mean of 0.16 ± 0.25. After adjusting the confounders, CVD risk factors including duration of menopause (β = 0.606, p = 0.043), waist–hip ratio (β = 0.165, p = 0.003), 2-h plasma glucose (β = 0.118, p = 0.04), total cholesterol (β = 1.082, p

Background: Bangladesh has established more than 13,000 community clinics (CCs) to provide primary healthcare with a plan of each covering a population of around 6,000. The inception of CCs in the country has revolutionized the healthcare delivery to reach the doorstep of people. The provision of healthcare through CCs is truly participatory since the community people donate land for building infrastructure and also involve in management process. The study was conducted to assess pattern of public private partnership in healthcare delivery through participation of community people in establishment, management, monitoring and utilization of community clinics. Methods: This quantitative study involving descriptive cross sectional design included 63 healthcare providers, 2,238 service-users and 3,285 community people as household members. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and reviewing records of CCs with the help of semi-structured questionnaire and checklist respectively. The public private partnership was assessed in this particular study by finding community participation in different activities of CCs. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Almost all (96.9%) CCs are located in easy-to-reach areas and have good infrastructure. Lands of all CCs are donated by the respective communities. The security of most of the CCs (93.7%) is maintained by community people. Cleanliness of the CCs is maintained by the cleaners or ayas who are appointed by local communities. Community Groups (CGs) of 88.9% and Community Support Groups (CSGs) of 96.8% CCs are found to be active. In most of the CCs (98.4%), monitoring is done by analysis of monthly reports. All CCs provide referral services for pregnant women. Health care delivery is found to be ‘good’ in more than three-fourths while health education service is ‘good’ in 96.7% of CCs. All CCs showed an increased trend in the utilization of services and conduction of normal child deliveries. Benefits of CCs as perceived by service users included free drugs (82.1%), free treatment (81.2%), easy access (76.3%), need-based health services (75.0%), and immunization services (68.6%). Almost all (99.0%) of the CC service users opined that CGs are involved in management of CC activities. Conclusion: In resource-poor settings of developing countries, public private partnership in primary healthcare delivery through community clinics may play crucial role in sustainable development of community health by providing quality health care. The study recommends public-private partnership for strengthening CCs including establishment, maintenance, utilization, monitoring and supply of essential drugs and logistics.

In this paper, we explore dual solutions of MHD flow, heat and mass transfer of micropolar nanofluid over a linear vertical shrinking surface with buoyancy effects, which was not considered in the previous works. The governing fluid flow equations of this problem are transformed into nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by applying similarity variables. The resultant BVPs are converted into initial value problems (IVPs) by using shooting method which then resolved by employing Runge Kutta of order four. The impacts of the governing parameters, such as suction parameter, material parameter, Richardson number, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters on velocity, angular velocity, temperature, and concentration are illustrated graphically. The results indicate that the existence of a range of dual solutions and no-solutions. When Richardson number (δ) is increased, the reduction of the velocity of micropolar nanofluid has occurred in the second solution. The stability analysis on dual solutions, however, reveals that only the first solution is stable.

This study investigates the numerical solutions of MHD boundary layer and heat transfer of the Williamson fluid flow on the exponentially vertical shrinking sheet, having variable thickness and thermal conductivity under effects of the velocity and thermal slip parameters. It is also assumed that shrinking/stretching velocity, as well as the wall temperature, has the exponential function form. In this study, the continuity, momentum and energy equations with buoyancy parameter and Hartmann number are incorporated especially in the Williamson fluid flow case. Similarity transformation variables have been employed to formulate the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) from partial differential equations (PDEs). The resultant ODEs are solved by shooting method with Runge Kutta of fourth order method in Maple software. The effects of the different applied non-dimensional physical parameters on the boundary layer and heat transfer flow problems are presented in graphs. The effects of Williamson parameter, Prandtl number, and slip parameters on velocity and temperature profiles have been thoroughly demonstrated and discussed. The numerical results show that the buoyancy force and the slip parameters contribute to the occurrence of the dual solutions on the boundary layer and heat transfer flow problems. Furthermore, the stability analysis suggests that the first solution is stable and physically possible.

Objectives: The role of physical inactivity in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) among postmenopausal women is understudied. The main objective of this study was to measure the physical activity levels (PALs) and evaluate its relation to other CVD risk factors among postmenopausal rural women of Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 265 postmenopausal women aged 40–70 years who visited the outpatient department of a primary health-care center situated in the village Karamtola of Gazipur district. A pretested modified questionnaire of STEP-wise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) of noncommunicable disease risk factors was used to collect data on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. PAL was determined by the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) equation of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) Committee, and association with CVD risk factors was examined by Spearman's rank correlation. Results: More than half (58.1%) of the postmenopausal women were identified as sedentary with high prevalence of central obesity (73.2%) among them. CVD risk factors including age (r = −0.228, p

Background: As a low-income country, Nepal is experiencing cardiovascular diseases as an emerging health problem. However, studies are lacking on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in peri-urban communities; where the socio-demographical transition is in progress. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence and socio-demographic distribution of cardiovascular disease risk factors in one of the peri-urban communities in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Sitapaila Village Development Committee, Kathmandu from February 2014 to February 2015. Altogether, 347 adults from 18 to 70 years of age were selected randomly. Data were collected through modified WHO STEPS questionnaire for non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors survey and analyzed in SPSS V.16.0 software. Results: Mean age of the participant was 42.5 ± 13.2 years. Majority of them were female (n = 206; 59.4%), one-third (34%) represented Brahman and Chetri, and over a quarter (29.1%) did not attend school. Cardiovascular disease risk factors included smoking (17.6%), alcohol consumption (29.4%), insufficient fruit and vegetables intake (98%), insufficient physical activity (21.0%), obesity (15.3%), hypertension (34.4%), diabetes (10.5%), and high triglyceride levels (10.8%). They were significantly associated with different socio-demographic characteristics: smoking with gender, age groups and education level; alcohol consumption was with gender, age groups, ethnicity and occupation; insufficient physical activity with gender, age groups and occupation; hypertension with gender, age groups, ethnicity, education level and occupation. Conclusion: A high prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and their disproportional distribution among the study population indicated an inevitable risk of cardiovascular events in near future. Keywords: CVD risk factors, Diabetes, Hypertension, NCDs, Nepal, Peri-urban community

This paper gives a brief overview of modern ultrasonic inservice inspection techniques using a phased-array system. Experimental results on the application of the system in the nuclear field are discussed, especially the measurements carried out on geometries which are complicated in relation to the ultrasonic inspection. These are, for instance, the spherical bottom or dome of nuclear pressure vessels or the inner nozzle radius. In order to solve this inspection problem it must be considered also that there is a very reduced accessibility for the ultrasonic probes. Further, the principle of the data acquisition and evaluation is described.

Objective: To explore the kind of care being received by a sample of middle income group subjects with diabetes in Karachi., Design: Cross-sectional., Place and Duration of Study: Raana Liaquat Ali Khan College of Home Economics, Karachi from January 2009 to September 2009., Patients and Methods: Information was collected from 105 type 2 diabetics through a structured, pre-tested, self administered questionnaire distributed in two colleges only to those students who had any adult onset diabetic in their family. SPSS version 16 was used for data entry and analysis (e.g., chi-square tests)., Results: The mean duration of diabetes was 8.9 years. Random blood sugar, blood pressure check and urine test for sugar were the most frequently performed tests. Many important diabetes related tests had not been performed even on subjects with duration of diabetes of 10 years or more such as HbA1c had never been performed for 74% of subjects in this class. Test for circulation had never been performed for 93% of subjects with 1 year's diabetes duration and for 62% of subjects with duration of 10 years or more. More than 90% subjects received information about diet and causes of diabetes; >70% had been informed about diabetes complications, foot care, dental care, self monitoring of blood glucose and testing sugar in urine and only 48% had been educated about insulin injections. Physician was the source of this information for more than 70% of subjects., Conclusions: This study has explored insufficient clinical monitoring of diabetes complications and provision of casual diabetes education. These observations highlight the need for provision of appropriate diabetes education, both to health care team and professionals., (Copyright © 2014 Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)