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Despite the introduction of different semiconductor photocatalysts for removing a variety of colors and contaminants, the development of novel multi-component substances with strong light-harvesting capacity remains a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to rationally design binary CeO2/MnCr2O4 heterostructure nanocomposites through the green sol-gel self-combustion route and use them as visible light-active nano-photocatalysts in wastewater treatment. Several physicochemical instruments, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), were used to examine the effects of banana juice volume on crystal structure, purity, and shape of as-formed specimens. Optical results demonstrate that binary CeO2/MnCr2O4 nanocomposites have high photocatalytic activity due to their 2.9 eV band gap. As a result of using 10 mL of banana juice, the best performing product removed almost 84 % and 93 % of methyl orange (MO) in 90 minutes and 120 minutes, respectively, under visible and UV light. CeO2/MnCr2O4 nanocomposite is a promising candidate for photocatalysis according to these findings.

This study utilized an environmentally-friendly method to synthesize SrNiO3/NiO/SrCO3 nanocomposites using glucose and lactose as fuels. A variety of fuel concentrations were investigated in order to determine their effects on SrNiO3/NiO/SrCO3 nanocomposites from both a pure and a morphological perspective. Various physiochemical techniques were employed to examine the crystal structure, morphology, optical, magnetic, and surface properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. These techniques included X-ray diffract, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometers, and Brunauer-Emmett-Tellers. The band gap of the as-synthesized nanoparticles was determined to be 2.5 eV, suggesting that they are capable of acting as a photocatalyst under sunlight-like conditions. The photocatalytic activity of SrNiO3/NiO/SrCO3 nanocomposites was evaluated against Methyl orange (MO) and Methyl violet (MV), and the mechanism of the photocatalyst was investigated using EDTA, benzoic acid, and benzoquinone as scavengers. A comparison of photocatalytic activity in UV and sun-like light showed that maximum degradation (92 %) and (84.8 %) were related to degradation of MO (20 ppm) and MV in 60 min, respectively. The results indicate that SrNiO3/NiO/SrCO3 nanocomposites synthesized using the auto combustion method may serve as a promising photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants in the environment within a short period of time.

Abtract: Nanotechnology involves creating, analyzing, and using tiny materials. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) have several medicinal uses due to their unique antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, larvicidal, anticholinergic, antileishmanial, wound healing, and antidiabetic capabilities. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) with attractive magnetic properties have found widespread use in biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, and magnetic targeting. The high surface area of Co3O4 leads to unique electrical, optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties, which make it a promising candidate for biomedical bases. Additionally, cobalt nanoparticles with various oxidation states (i.e., Co2+, Co3+, and Co4+) are beneficial in numerous utilizations. Co3O4 nanoparticles as a catalyzer accelerate the conversion rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to harmful hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which destroy tumor cells. However, it is also possible to enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and successfully treat cancer by combining these nanoparticles with drugs or other nanoparticles. This review summarizes the past concepts and discusses the present state and development of using Co3O4 NPs in cancer treatments by ROS generation. This review emphasizes the advances and current patterns in ROS generation, remediation, and some different cancer treatments using Co3O4 nanoparticles in the human body. It also discusses synthesis techniques, structure, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of Co3O4 NPs.

A facile sol-gel method was used to synthesize an innovative nanocomposite containing Terbium orthoferrite (TbFeO3) and Terbium orthocobaltite (TbFeO3) with olive and Vitex agnus-castus leaves as natural reduction agents. The desired product comprised of two perovskites, TbFeO3 and TbCoO3, was utilized to degrade two anionic and cationic dyes after optimizing the synthesis conditions. A better photocatalytic efficiency in acidic media may be achieved as a result of the better performance of this nanocomposite for degradation of anionic dye. Also, the two other reactions were performed separately in order to synthesize each of the components of the as-synthesized nanocomposites. A couple of three-component nanocomposites with fascinating properties were produced as a result of this experiment. As a result of optical studies, different patterns of charge carrier transfer were assumed for them, which contributed to the theoretical creation of heterojunction photocatalysts with a variety of configurations. A summary of the results shows that the maximum degradation percentage of Eriochrom Black T during 90 min under visible light in pH = 5 in the presence of as-prepared was 91.7. This two-component nanocomposite demonstrated a type I configuration for charge carrier transfer.

Scientists have explored alternative reinforcements to improve the mechanical properties of composite structures in recent years due to the high financial and environmental costs associated with the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and graphene plates. A sandwich composite beam reinforced with carbon nanorods (CNRRCs) synthesized from potato waste with a porous core is examined in this study. The nonlocal strain gradient theory and general strain theory are applied to this porous core structure under axially variable force. Based on the sinusoidal theory, shear deformation theory is used to calculate displacement fields of reinforced composite sandwich beams. Equilibrium sandwich beam equations are derived using higher order shear deformation theory. The mixture rule is used to determine the properties of the face sheet, including Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio. A variable axial compression force is used to calculate the external work. Based on the Ritz method and different boundary conditions, the final equations are derived, and then the buckling and stiffness matrices are derived, and finally, the equations are solved and the critical buckling load is determined. An analysis of the critical buckling load for this structure is conducted using carbon nanorods made from potato waste. In addition, various parameters such as the strain gradient parameter, the non-local parameter, the volume fraction of carbon nanorods, and the thickness ratio are discussed. In this study, carbon nanorods made from recycled materials are found to increase the stiffness of sandwich beams and then increase critical buckling loads, which is lower than carbon nanotubes and more economical than carbon nanotubes. Graphene platelets and carbon nanotubes have a higher stiffness-to-cost ratio than carbon nanorods. Carbon nanorods, on the other hand, have a lower cost than graphene platelets and carbon nanotubes.

Heterojunction photocatalysts are critical for facilitating long-term photoinduced carrier separation and enhancing single photocatalyst photocatalytic performance. As part of the present study, calcium stannate (CaSnO3, CSO) was produced using a simple and low-cost auto-combustion method, and CaSnO3/g-C3N4 (CSO/CN) nanocomposites with different CSO contents were prepared using a co-precipitation method aided by ultrasound. An investigation of the erythrosine (ER) and eryochrom black T degradation capacities of CSO, CN, and several CSO/CN nanocomposites was carried out. According to the results, the degradation rate was affected by the dye type, the amount of CSO, the amount of catalyst, as well as the concentration of ER. With 70 mg of CSO/CN (0.1:1), the CSO/CN nanocomposite with 10% CSO demonstrated the greatest efficiency, which resulted in 86.2% of ER being destroyed. Scavenger experiments revealed that superoxide radicals exhibited exceptional characteristics in photoreactions. A higher proficiency (86.2%) contributed the highest rate constant (k = 0.022 min−1), according to the kinetics study. As a result of these findings, there is potential for CSO/CN nanocomposite to be used in water treatment applications.

With the expansion of industrial activities and the global warming problem, the recent technological advances on the application of an efficient photocatalyst for environmental pollution removal are especially desired. However, visible light-induced degradation of organic pollutants in water resources is of great importance. Herein, we report the development of a novel double perovskite Pr2CrMnO6-based oxides (PCMO) for photocatalytic abatement of manufactured coloring agent like methyl orange (MO) under visible light. An environmentally friendly auto-combustion route was employed to prepare PCMO nanoparticles, in which the various amounts of mango juice act as fuel sources. As a result, a morphologically desirable sample was achieved in the presence of 15 mL mango juice with composition of Pr2CrMnO6/CrMn1.5O4. From DRS data, the optical band gap of the PCMO nanostructures was calculated as 2.0 eV. Using VSM analysis, this compound exhibited a dual magnetic behavior, ferromagnetic nature in low field and paramagnetic nature in up field. The photocatalytic results indicated that PCMO nanostructures are most effective in photocatalytic activity when the dye concentration is 15 ppm and the catalyst dosage is 0.05g. Following 120 min of light irradiation at this condition, it was found that the maximum yield is 95.1%. As part of the investigation into the mechanism of photocatalysis, benzoic acid, EDTA, and benzoquinone were used as •OH, h+, and •O2− scavengers, respectively. In the recyclability test, the photocatalytic efficiency decreased from 95.1% to 88.0% after five consecutive cycles.

World-wide, tetracycline is among the most commonly used and produced antibiotics. The entry of these chemicals into domestic sewage can result in water pollution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a new nano-adsorbent for separating tetracycline from aquatic environments. Lab-scale and batch experiments were conducted. Tetracycline removal parameters, such as temperature, adsorbent amount, and initial concentration of antibiotic, as well as contact time, were investigated. Using Response Surface Methodology (Central Composite Design), effective parameters were optimized and the appropriate model was developed for predicting tetracycline removal. We determined the structure and morphological properties of nano absorbents by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Data obtained from practical tests were compared with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics of this new adsorbent were studied. Results showed that the best absorption, which was equal to 99.96 %, occurred at 30 °C, with 1000 mg of nano-adsorbent per liter, 20 mg of tetracycline per liter, and 90 min of incubation. According to RSM, the quadratic model is the most appropriate equation to calculate tetracycline separation by this new nano adsorbent with R2 = 0.9931. Furthermore, the results of the studies related to adsorption kinetics and isotherms demonstrate that this process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms. The high ability of this nanocomposite to absorb tetracycline as well as its ease of separation due to its magnetic properties make this nano adsorbent an ideal choice for removing tetracycline from water.

In this research, we present SmMnO3/Sm2O3 nanocomposites as a novel ferromagnetic photocatalyst, synthesized through a straightforward sol-gel Pechini method utilizing citric acid and oxalic acid as fuels. Achieving the desired morphology involved varying the fuel type and calcination temperature. Comprehensive physicochemical characterizations were conducted using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller BET. With a band gap of 2.1 eV in the visible range, the SmMnO3/Sm2O3 nanocomposites exhibit promising optical properties. The photocatalytic prowess of these nanocomposites was systematically assessed against Malachite Green and Acid Red, with optimization of key parameters such as light source, pollutant concentration, and catalyst dosage. Notably, the peak photocatalytic activity was observed for Malachite Green, achieving an impressive 96% degradation under visible light within 120 min. The elucidation of the photocatalytic mechanism employed scavengers, revealing the pivotal role of OH• in the photodegradation process. Recycling experiments demonstrated consistent and acceptable results over five cycles, affirming the recyclability and durability of the SmMnO3/Sm2O3 nanocomposites. This study introduces a novel ferromagnetic photocatalyst with notable photocatalytic efficiency, emphasizing its potential applications in environmental remediation. The novelty of this work lies in the introduction of a new nanocomposite for photocatalysis in visible light, achieving high efficiency within a short time frame of 120 min.

In different industries, non-Newtonian fluids, especially viscoelastic fluids, are processed with variable transport properties, such as viscosity. Thus, it is of great importance for design and engineering purposes to determine the relationship between transfer properties such as viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients. Even though there have been more studies on nanofluids, they are all based on three components of viscoelastic fluids that are inadequate. Thus, in this research, to begin with, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been chemically functionalized with COOH groups in order to obtain f-MWCNT nanoparticles. A series of tests were conducted to characterize the synthesized f-MWCNT nanoparticles, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, three components, viscoelastic-based nanoliquids (VNLs) have been prepared using (i) polyacrylamide, glycerol, and water as the base liquid, and (ii) carboxylic-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) as the nanoparticles. In addition, a study of the stability of the VNL (i + ii) solution has been conducted by examining the variations in thermal conductivity (TC) as well as viscosity of the VNL at various time intervals. Results showed that 0.2 wt% of f-MWCNT in VNL was stable for at least 40 days. f-MWCNT in VNL (0.2 wt%) had a size distribution less than 50 nm. Furthermore, the investigation of the effect of f-MWCNT concentrations in VNL on TC at different temperatures showed that the thermal conductivity variation of VNL as a function of f-MWCNT mass fraction was nearly constant (1.25 W/m.K). A novel correlation was also proposed for the shear viscosity of the VNL, which was well supported by the experimental data. Lastly, we investigated the viscoelastic properties of the VNL and determined that the storage and loss modulus, as well as the first normal stress difference, increased with an increasing mass concentration of f-MWCNT.

Research on the use of new materials and the improvement of existing fast ways for removal of water pollutants is still challenging. This work documented rational fabrication of (Co, Mn)(Co, Mn)2O4 nanoparticles as nano-photocatalyst materials with improved charge carrier separation and strong redox potential for efficient degradation of methyl orange (MO) in wastewater. This investigation illustrated that the Co/Mn molar ratio can greatly affect the textural and structural properties. From the point of view of size and shape, the optimum product with 1:3 M ratio of Co to Mn precursors was selected as a catalyst in the photocatalysis process. The prepared highly crystallized phase of tetragonal (Co, Mn)(Co, Mn)2O4 describe an optical band gap of 1.7 eV, according to the DRS data, which make them as efficient visible driven photocatalysts. The photodegradation experiments of spinel mixed structures were assessed by investigation of photocatalyst dosages and initial MO concentrations to unravel how these operational parameters affect Co-Mn-O photocatalysis. A remarkable discoloration capability of 68.07 % could result from the catalyst dosage of 0.04 g and dye concentration of 15 mg/L after 120 min of visible light. The kinetics survey further unveiled the maximum rate constant of 0.0080 min−1 for the MO degradation. In the scavenger trials, singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide (●O2−) radicals were principal reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for pollutant photodegradation in the presence of pure (Co, Mn)(Co, Mn)2O4 structures. In addition, the cyclic performance of catalyst depicted a removal efficiency of 60.1 % over 5 runs.

In the present day, the widespread presence of lingering contaminants in ecosystems has prompted scientists to develop novel semiconductor nanoarchitectures that assist in photocatalytic reactions mediated by visible light. As a result, we propose to prepare a series of Dy-Mn-O based nano-catalysts using a sonochemical approach utilizing various ionic phases of surfactants as structure-directing agents. In this study, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement techniques were used to explore the fundamental effects of surfactants on the compositional-structural features of the materials. In terms of morphological profiles, DyMnO3/Dy2O3 (DM) nanostructures fabricated with Triton X-80 as a structure-directing agent showed the best uniformity with an acceptable size range between 14.14 and 52.35 nm. In the visible-light-driven photocatalytic domain, these nanocomposites provide high responsiveness based on their optical band gap value of 2.0 eV. According to our findings, two individual factors affect dye activity, namely dye type and concentration, which is why a high decomposition efficiency of 78.8% was obtained for 10 ppm Acid violet (AV) using DyMnO3/Dy2O3 nanocomposites after 120 min of exposure to visible light. Furthermore, radical quenching test confirmation confirmed the mechanistic behind the degradation process. This indicates that active species of O2•− and •OH may play a significant role in photocatalysis. As a result of repeated processes over three consecutive cycles, binary DyMnO3/Dy2O3 nanocomposites had an efficiency of 64.4% in removing dyes from the environment, indicating their high stability.

A key strategy for facilitating effective long-term photoinduced carrier separation and improving the photocatalytic efficiency of single photocatalysts is the development of heterojunction photocatalysts. The present study reports the fabrication of zinc stannate (ZnSnO3, ZSO) using an effortless and inexpensive sonochemical approach, and zinc stannate/graphitic carbon nitride (ZnSnO3/g-C3N4, ZSO/CN) nanocomposites with various contents of ZSO using a co-precipitation process assisted by ultrasound. Different instruments, including XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, TEM, DRS, PL, BET, were used to characterize the purity, morphology, and structures of the products. The DRS data revealed that the introduction of CN reduced the bandgap of ZSO, which made it suitable for working in the visible region. The proficiency of ZSO, CN, and diverse ZSO/CN nanocomposites was perused for erythrosine (ER) and eriochrome black T (EBT) degradation. This is the first time ZSO/CN nanocomposites have been used to degrade organic dyes. The outcomes demonstrated that multiple elements impacted proficiency, for example, the amount of ZSO, quantity of catalyst, and concentration of dye. ZSO/CN nanocomposite containing 0.1 g ZSO showed the highest proficiency, in that 89.8 % of ER was degraded in the presence of 70 mg of ZSO/CN (0.1:1). The scavenger trials unveiled that superoxide radicals exhibited outstanding characteristics in the photoreactions. The kinetics survey manifested that a superior proficiency (89.8 %) donated the maximum rate constant (k = 0.0248 min−1).

Organic dyes as major effluents from a variety of industries have been introduced as unwanted pollutions of the environment. In this study, UV-light-driven SmMnO3/Sm2O3/Mn2O3 nanocomposites were fabricated through eco-friendly carbohydrate sugars-based auto-combustion route. A number of different saccharides were selected as both fuel and capping agent to detect the uniformity, structure, morphology, and dimension of the products. Successful realization of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses over the samples showed that the presence of maltose can provide a morphologically desirable sample. To have the best photocatalytic ability of the SmMnO3/Sm2O3/Mn2O3 nanocomposites, the degradation rate of simulation wastewaters containing Rhodamine B (RhB), Erythrosine (EY), Methyl violet (MV) and Methyl orange (MO) in 10 ppm was investigated under UV light. Considering MO as suitable pollutant model, the highest efficiency was obtained to be 72.24% for samples synthesized in the presence of maltose. The dye-degradation mechanism confirmed the h+, and ●O2− as key species involved in photo-reaction. These compounds were also detected to be reusable.

This paper reports an effective, one-step, and eco-friendly method for producing ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) via the hydrothermal procedure. In the synthesis procedure, where 1,8-cineole is the dominant component, an optimized concentration of black cardamom extract is utilized as a capping and reducing agent. The decision to use this extract can be justified because it has a quick reducing capacity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) have all been used to analyze the NPs. Furthermore, healthy cells (PBMCs) and the Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia cell lines (NB4 and HL-60) were treated to varied concentrations of ZnO NPs for 24 and 48 h. The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) test was then used to determine the cell viability. Oxidative and ferroptosis markers were evaluated using commercial kits. Gene expression and cell death were measured using qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Also, the binding energy and van der Waals interactions of ZnO NP-protein complexes were calculated using molecular docking. On leukemic cells, ZnO NPs displayed growth-inhibiting effects in a time and dose-dependent manner. By considerably boosting lipid-ROS, intracellular iron, ACSL4, and p53 while significantly lowering GSH and GPx activity levels, as well as SLC7A11 and GPx4 mRNA, the ZnO NPs accelerated the ferroptotic cell death. On the other hand, ZnO NPs showed no toxicity to healthy cells. So, based on our research, synthesized ZnO NPs can induce ferroptotic cell death in leukemic cells.

In this study, we describe a facile hydrothermal method for synthesis of carbon nano-arrays, using materials available locally, resulting in an affordable autoclave system. Stainless steel type 1.4401 (with grade 316) possesses high temperature mechanical properties and anticorrosion characteristics and is therefore appropriate for autoclave device construction. For analysis, a systematic study of the three Von Misses stress models of an autoclave system was performed using Abaqus software. Also, the effect of the component's thickness on the stress concentration was examined. This was done to find the most optimal mode of the autoclave's resistance to stress caused by temperature and pressure. So, for further evaluation of this reactor in the laboratory, a series of experiments was designed. It is interesting to find that natural potato and chemical starch as low-cost precursors play a vital role in constructing carbon-based nanomaterials. In this study, by utilizing natural extracts and chemical precursors, the potential of designed autoclave systems has been explored in the fabrication of carbon materials with diverse shapes of nanorods and nanospheres. The structural, chemical compositional and morphological changes of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. As the precursor was changed, a significant difference was observed in the shape and morphologies of the black nano-products. Such results suggest competition between designed and commercial autoclaves in the fabrication of nanomaterials. More importantly, these structure-controlled carbon nanomaterials with unique properties can be explored in many practical applications.

In this study, a green approach was used to synthesize SmMnO3 magnetic nanoparticles via the auto combustion method, where pomegranate juice was utilized as a natural fuel. The concentration of fuel was varied to investigate its effect on the purity and morphology of SmMnO3 nanoparticles. The physiochemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, including crystal structures, morphology, optical, and magnetic properties, were investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The band gap of the as-synthesized nanoparticles was determined to be 1.8 eV, indicating their potential as a photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity of SmMnO3 nanoparticles was evaluated against Methyl violet and Erythrosine, and the mechanism of photocatalyst was determined using EDTA, benzoic acid, and benzoquinone as scavengers. Photocatalytic activity was studied in both UV and visible light, and it was found that the maximum degradation (94%) was related to the degradation of Erythrosine (10 ppm) in the presence of visible light. The stability test of SmMnO3 performed and confirmed the stability of nanoparticles after 5 cycles. The results suggest that SmMnO3 nanoparticles synthesized via the green auto combustion method using pomegranate juice as a natural fuel can serve as a promising photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants in the environment. Further studies can be conducted to investigate their potential in other applications.

Manufactured coloring agents are present in our life since they exist in different derivatives varying from furniture to leather accessories to clothes. These toxic combinations are the main components of industrial waste. Diverse techniques have been designed to withdraw organic pollutants from nature. In the present work, an environmentally friendly sonochemical procedure was performed to obtain holmium stannate (Ho2Sn2O7) nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic performance. The effect of sonication time and power was studied on the structure, morphology, and purity. Ho2Sn2O7 were used as a photocatalyst in the UV area due to its suitable bandgap (3.9 eV). The photocatalytic tests indicate that Ho2Sn2O7 nanostructures can degrade organic dyes, such as Eriochrome Black T (ECBT), malachite green (MG), and rhodamine B (RhB) in high values. Therefore, the degradation rate is 95.0% under ideal circumstances, which include 100 mg of catalyst and 10 ppm ECBT. According to the kinetics study, the superior rate constant (k = 0.0198 min−1) results in the maximum photocatalytic efficiency (95.0%). Superoxide radicals (O2•−) and holes (h+) were found to be the most active radicals implicated in the degradation of ECBT and erythrosine by the scavenger's test.

In the present study, novel Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 (braunite, MSO) nanostructures were fabricated by a simple and affordable sonochemical method. The uniformity, structure, shape, and size of the product are affected by sonication time and power. Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 were used as a photocatalyst in the visible region due to their suitable bandgap (2.52 eV). The photocatalytic tests indicate that Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 nanostructures can degrade organic dyes, such as Eriochrome Black T (EBT) and Erythrosine (ER) in high values. Therefore, the degradation rate is 94.8% under ideal circumstances, which include 70 mg of catalyst and 10 ppm EBT. According to the kinetics study, the superior rate constant (k = 0.0217 min−1) results in the maximum photocatalytic efficiency (94.8%). The recycle test unveils that Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 is so stable and after five cycles, the photocatalyst efficiency decreased by 14.9 and 14.2% for EBT and erythrosine, respectively. Superoxide radicals were found to be the most active radicals implicated in the degradation of EBT and erythrosine by the scavenger's test.

In the current study, a type-I DyVO4/AgBr heterojunction was prepared by a simple and cost-effective co-precipitation method to obtain a highly efficient photocatalyst for water treatment. The effect of different molar ratios of H2Salen to dysprosium and temperature reaction was studied on the morphology of the products. As a result of the energy savings, the optimal temperature for the preparation of DyVO4 nanoparticles was chosen as 25 °C, and DyVO4/AgBr nanocomposites were prepared at this temperature. The XRD results revealed that DyVO4 and DyVO4/AgBr nanocomposites were pure in all conditions. A comparative study was conducted between the photocatalytic behavior of DyVO4, AgBr, and DyVO4/AgBr under UV and visible radiation. The photodegradation result reveals that DyVO4/AgBr performs better than pure DyVO4 and AgBr. 79.8% and 72.0% of methylene blue (MB) were degraded by DyVO4/AgBr nanocomposites under UV and visible light after 90 min, respectively. The kinetics study depicts that the higher reaction constant rate (k = 0.0187 min−1) belongs to DyVO4/AgBr nanocomposite that has the maximum photodegradation.

A new electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by Tb (Terbium) FeO3/g-C3N4 (graphitic carbon nitride) nanocomposite has been developed. In order to characterize the nanocomposite produced, several techniques were employed, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, vibrating sample magnetometry, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). According to XRD data, the nanocomposite produced contained particles of about 36 ± 2 nm in size. TEM examination of the voltammetric response of the offered sensor (TbFeO3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite/glassy carbon electrode (GCE)) demonstrated a catalytic effect against imatinib. In optimized solution pH and scan rate conditions, this sensor demonstrated an excellent electrocatalytic response for detecting imatinib. Furthermore, the fabricated sensor demonstrated acceptable accuracy, reproducible behavior, and a high level of stability during all electrochemical tests. In addition, analytical parameters were determined and the results were compared with those from previous studies.

Pollution of surface waters containing chemical dye combinations and/or biological materials can have adverse effects on human health and other organisms, even in small quantities. The photocatalytic oxidation procedure has been widely regarded as a commercially viable method of removing environmental pollutants. In recent research, Caesium-hexaiodostannate nanostructures (Cs2SnI6) were prepared through a co-precipitation approach and their photocatalytic performance was analyzed. A number of surfactants were examined for their influence on the structure, purity, and morphology of the sample. It was found in the SEM data that the presence of surfactants has a negative impact on the morphology, which may be due to the inability to remove surfactants by calcination at high temperatures. Photocatalytic activity of Cs2SnI6 catalysts was demonstrated over a variety of organic dyes, including methylene blue (MB), rhodamine b (RhB), methyl orange (MO), and methyl violet (MV). Upon exposure to visible light for 180 min, 5 ppm methylene blue showed the greatest degradation (84.0%). Cs2SnI6 nanostructures are being applied for the first time in photocatalytic applications. Due to their wide bandgap (1.7 eV) in the visible region, they may be a suitable candidate for water purification. Moreover, the results indicated that the efficiency of photocatalysis was affected by various parameters, including pH, dye concentration, dye types, catalyst dosages, and surfactants. In the recyclability test, Cs2SnI6 nanostructures were found to be stable, and the removal efficiency was reduced by 6.9% after the fifth run.

The emergence, spread, and persistence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a public health threat. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate novel antimicrobial materials without antibacterial resistance. In this regard, Copper/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites (Cu/g-C3N4 NCs) with different loading amounts of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully prepared via the co-precipitation-sonication approach. The purity of the nanostructures was verified by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The antibacterial activity of Cu/g-C3N4 NCs versus tested bacteria were determined by the microdilution technique. Inhibition of biofilm formation was also evaluated using the microtiter plate method. In addition, the ability of Cu/g-C3N4 NCs to the expression level of the icaA gene was assessed by the Real-Time PCR technique. Our results showed that the doping of graphitic carbon nitride with Cu-NPs can improve the antibacterial activity of g-C3N4. So, sample 4 (Cu:g-C3N4 1;1), with higher Cu content, had the highest antibacterial activity toward tested bacteria. The result also showed that sample 4 recorded the largest inhibition zone diameters against tested bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (29 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16 mm). In addition, Cu/g-C3N4 NCs exhibited a 65% reduction in biofilm formation for Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, icaA gene was down-regulated after treatment with Cu/g-C3N4 NCs. In conclusion, our study showed that extract Cu/g-C3N4 NCs can use as a promising anti-biofilm agent against biofilm–producing bacteria.

Accordingly, employing plant extracts for the green synthesis of different nanoparticles (NPs) has caught the interest of scientists, and researchers due to the ease of accessibility, widespread distribution, and safety of plants. In the current study, a TbFeO3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was made using a green chemistry technique that utilized grape juice, which acts as an active capping, and reducing agent to create NPs with well-organized biological characteristics. Several methods, including HRTEM, TEM, SEM, XRD, BET-BJH, and VSM, were employed to characterize the produced NPs. The XRD results indicated that the produced NPs had particles with an average size of 38.74 ± 2 nm, which the TEM examination verified. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the NPs was examined to assess their anti-proliferative effects on the cancer cell lines T98, and SH-SY5. In the case of T98 cells, viability was about 60, 70 and 90% in concentration C1 to C4 respectively after 24 h of drug administration. And viability decreasing by pass the time. Also, viability reduce bout 65% in all concentration about SH-SY5Y cells, surprisingly only the first three concentrations, C1 to C3 caused cell death after 48 h of drug administration and in lower concentrations, the death rate should decrease with the passage of time, viability was about 80 and85% in C4 and C5 respectively.

Photocatalysis is considered to be one of the most promising strategies for reducing water pollution, a global issue that threatens the environment. The electro-spinning technique was used to synthesize Pt–Au/TiO2/BaFe12O19 nanofibers. The optical part of a Pt–Au/TiO2 nanocomposite was obtained by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and the magnetic part was obtained by using BaFe12O19 nanoparticles synthesized through ultrasound waves and Ficus carica extracts. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Dispersive Spectra analysis (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), high-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) have been employed to assess products. The photocatalytic performance of Pt/TiO2, Au/TiO2, nanocomposites and Pt–Au/TiO2 BaFe12O19 nanofibers was investigated under visible light. In the presence of changing parameters, such as dye type (azo dyes with different numbers of azo groups), concentration and pH, the highest decolorization has been achieved 95.2%, with the reaction rate coefficient of 0.0247 min−1 for Acid Red 14 by Pt–Au/TiO2 nanofibers. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that noble metals may increase dye degradation through the electron sink effect of Pt and the SPR effect of Au.

Water pollutants have been a significant concern in recent years. It is essential to use advanced materials that effectively reduce these pollutants. This work introduces Ho2Cu2O5/Ho2O3 nanocomposites as a novel catalyst for photodegradation of various water-soluble organic pollutants. First, Ho2Cu2O5/Ho2O3 nanocomposites were prepared via a simple and fast ultrasonic-assisted route. The chemical and morphological features of the as-synthesized sample were determined using VSM, FTIR, XRD, EDS, SEM, and TEM analysis. Also, the optical bandgaps and pore diameter were determined to be 3.1, 3.6 eV, and 12.74 nm via ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for Ho2Cu2O5 and Ho2O3, respectively. The findings revealed that the prepared nanocomposite could act as a photocatalyst for removing various organic pollutants from water. 93.01% and 92% of Eriochrome black T (ECBT) and Acid yellow (AY) were degraded under UV irradiation at optimum conditions after 120 min (0.03 g of photocatalyst and 10 ppm of pollutants). The kinetics of the ECBT removal was studied through the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, and the apparent rate of the pseudo-first-order reaction (k = 0.03465 min−1) was obtained. The use of different scavengers made it clear that formation •O2– species were primarily responsible for the photodegradation of pollutants.

Thulium vanadate (TmVO4) nanorods were successfully prepared by a simple sonochemical approach using Schiff-base ligands. Additionally, TmVO4 nanorods were employed as a photocatalyst. The most optimal crystal structure and morphology of TmVO4 have been determined and optimized by varying Schiff-base ligands, the molar ratio of H2Salen, the sonication time and power, and the calcination time. A Eriochrome Black T (EBT) analysis revealed that the specific surface area was 24.91 m2/g. A bandgap of 2.3 eV was determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) spectroscopy, which makes this compound suitable for visible photocatalytic applications. In order to assess the photocatalytic performance under visible light, two anionic dyes (EBT) and cationic dyes (Methyl Violet (MV)) were used as models. A variety of factors have been studied in order to improve the efficiency of the photocatalytic reaction, including dye type, pH, dye concentration, and catalyst loading. Under visible light, the highest efficiency was achieved (97.7%) when 45 mg TmVO4 nanocatalysts were present in 10 ppm Eriochorome Black T at pH = 10.

In-situ synthesis of TbAlO3 (TAP)/Tb3Al5O12 (TAG)/Tb2O3 three-component nanocomposite by sol–gel method using natural reactants and investigation of its photocatalytic activity can be considered eco-friendly aspects of this work. The bioactive components of natural compounds may play as a reductant and progress the process through auto-combustion sol–gel technique. It was found that Mulberry has more bioactive components than Capparis spinosa L., so nucleation overtook growth and produced finer particles with less agglomeration. Optical property studies represented a band gap at about 3.8 eV that is different from the amounts related to TAP and TAG. Hence, e--h+ transfers in this nanocomposite were studied by estimation of energy levels of its constituents. According to findings, these components formed a UV-active photocatalyst with Type-I configuration to degrade organic pollutants. In other words, presence of Tb2O3 helped to benefit from properties of two ferroelectric compounds, that they have large band gaps, in photocatalytic reactions. After optimizing the photocatalytic parameters, maximum yield was obtained at about 94 %. Kinetics studies showed the photocatalytic process follows zero-order kinetics. In addition, the oOH was found as the most active promoter agent.

Nanotechnology and biomedical sciences open the door to a wide range of biological research topics and medical applications at the molecular and cellular levels. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles has been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical and physical methods. Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is a green chemistry approach that connects nanotechnology with plants. Novel methods of ideally synthesizing NPs are thus proposed that are formed at ambient temperatures, neutral pH, low costs and in an environmentally friendly fashion. The goal of the current study is to examine the cytotoxic activity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in various kinds of human cancer cells and potential mechanisms at play. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were created by the sol–gel method using lemon extract as a capping and reducing agent to achieve environmentally friendly synthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA, VSM and HRTEM. They were tested for cytotoxicity against T98 and SH-SY5Y, two human cancer cell lines. The synthesized nanostructures significantly caused in vitro cell death in cancer cells. The results confirmed that synthesized nanoparticles significantly decreased the percentage of cells that survived. Nevertheless, it is essential to perform more investigations to find out the exact mechanisms involved. Binding energy of Hydroxyapatite- SH-S5YS complex and Hydroxyapatite- T98 complex calculated by molecular docking. However, it is essential to perform more investigations to find the underlying mechanisms.

In this study, ZnO-Red Ochre nanocomposite was green synthesized by Rosa Damascena (RD) extract (RDZRONCs). Proton Induced X-ray Emission microanalysis (Micro-PIXE) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the presence of hematite (Fe2O3), and quartz (SiO2) mineral phases in the Red Ochre (RO) nanoclay. In addition, the XRD pattern shows the ZnO, ZnFe2O4, SiO2, Fe2O3, and Si phases in the RDZRONCs that were green synthesized with natural RD extract and RO. The RDZRONCs were used to modify the carbon paste electrode (CPE) for the electrochemical determination of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were employed to investigate the surface behavior of modified CPE (RDZRONCs/CPE). The electrochemical behavior of 5-FU at the RDZRONCs/CPE was exanimated by CV, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), chronoamperometry (CA), and chronocoulometry (CC). Based on the DPV technique, a linear relationship between peak current and concentration of 5-FU was obtained in the dynamic range of 0.05–140.0 μM and with a detection limit equal to 0.0016 μM. The selectivity of RDZRONCs/CPE for 5-FU was studied in the presence of different inorganic and organic species. Also, the content of 5-FU was measured in real samples by RDZRONCs/CPE.

Herein, a novel and stable Tb-Co-O nanocomposite photocatalyst is fabricated through a one-pot microwave route for 2 min (600 W, 20 s On, 60 s Off), which is introduced as UV/Visible light active catalysts in wastewater treatment. Employing various combined parameters of Tb:Co ratio, pH adjustment agents, chemical and natural templates, the resulting nanostructures displayed the intrinsic structure nature, narrow size distribution, good optical properties, and excellent photocatalytic efficiency. The formation of Tb-Co-O nanostructures and their features were verified via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) technologies. Detailed physic-chemical measurements exhibited that all as-prepared nano-photocatalysts possesses both cubic (TbO1.81) and orthorhombic (TbCoO3) crystal structures. Furthermore, optical characterization by DRS developed light-sensitive channelization with band-gap energies at approximately 2.95 and 3.20 eV for Tb-Co-O nanocomposites. Finally, the photocatalytic studies of the resulting nanocomposites were compared by determining the elimination of Erythrosine (EY), Acid Violet 7 (AV7), and Acid Black 1(AB1) under UV and Visble light illumination. As a results, the TbCoO3/TbO1.81 nanocomposties with molar ratio of 1:3 (Tb:Co), valerian distillate as natural directing agent and ethylenediamine (en) as alkaline template yielded the optimum degradation percentage of 88 % for EY dye under the reaction condition of 10 ppm dye concentration in the presence UV light toward other pathways. Also, we proposed a mechanistic insight of photodegradation based on the radical scavengers, which revealed that h+ did the important role, and OH• and •O2− represented an irrelevant role in the degradation of EY. The current study offer an effective way for development of a high-efficiency Tb-Co-O photocatalyst in eliminating dyes from contaminant water.

Due to the fact that researchers and scientists have been interested in environmentally friendly synthesis using plant extracts because of the wide distribution of plants, their ease of availability, and their safety in use, in the current work, ErFeO3/Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite was produced using a green chemistry method via sucrose indicating the importance of both an active capping and reducing agent for the synthesis of nanocomposite materials with well-organized biological properties. Number of methods, including TEM, SEM, XRD, BET-BJH, VSM, and HRTEM, were used to characterize the produced nanocomposite. The XRD data showed that the produced nanocomposite had pure particles with a range of 37 ± 2 nm in size, which was validated by TEM examination. Additionally, the nanocomposite's cytotoxicity was examined to test its anti-proliferative effect against the T98, and SH-SY5Y cancer cell lines. It was also discussed how to effectively induce cancer cell death in vitro when manufactured nanocomposite was present. The results showed that the percentage of cells that survived was drastically decreased by the synthesized nanocomposite. However, further research must be done to identify the precise linked mechanisms.

In this study, Cu3Mo2O9 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by ultrasonic technique as a facile method. The effective parameters on properties of products including: sonication time, capping agent and calcination temperature were changed in order to prepare the desired properties including fine particles with homogeny morphologies. The nanoparticles synthesized in the optimum conditions were utilized to prepare graphene quantum dots-based nanocomposites (Cu3Mo2O9/GQDs NCs). Next, antibacterial activities of the prepared products were studied. According to the results, the antibacterial performance of the nanocomposite was better than pristine nanoparticles. It can be interpreted through two mechanisms that both of them are related to the presence of graphene quantum dots: (a) increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (b) increasing the surface area that increases aggregation of nanoparticles on cell walls of bacteria. According to the results, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition of Cu3Mo2O9/GQDs NCs were recorded 156.25 μg/ml and 27 mm against Staphylococcus saprophyticu, respectively. Consequently, the prepared nanocomposite can be identified as a promising antibacterial product.

The dispersion of nickel catalysts is crucial for the catalytic ability of CO2 methanation, which can be influenced by the fabrication method and the operation process of the catalysts. Therefore, a series of fabrication methods, including ultrasonic, hydrothermal, microwave, and co-precipitation, have been applied to prepare 25Ni-5Er-Al2O3 catalysts. The fabrication method can partially influence the structural and catalytic activity of the nickel aluminate catalysts. Among the catalysts modified by Erbium prepared with various methods, the catalyst fabricated by ultrasonic pathway exhibited better catalytic performance and CH4 selectivity especially, at a temperature (400 ℃). The impact of the temperature of the reaction (200–500 °C) was examined under a stoichiometric precursor ratio of (H2:CO2) = 4: 1, atmospheric pressure, and space velocity (GHSV) of 25000 mL/gcath. The results demonstrate that the ultrasonic method is strongly efficient for fabricating Ni-based catalysts with a high BET surface area of about 190.33 m2g−1. The catalyst composed via the ultrasonic technique has 69.38 % carbon dioxide conversion and 100 % methane selectivity at 400 °C for excellent catalytic performance in CO2 methanation reactions. The fabrication effect can be associated with its high surface area, which is achieved via the hot spot mechanism. Besides, the addition of Erbium promotes the Ni dispersion on the supports and stimulates the positive reaction because of the erbium oxygen vacancies.

In this work, gadolinium titanate (GT = Gd2Ti2O7) nanoparticles were synthesized using expired vials of B12 vitamins (reusing the waste) as a capping agent and reductant by a sol–gel technique. Then, GT/N-GQD (nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots) nanocomposite was prepared by synthesis of N-GQDs in presence of the GT nanoparticles. Next, this nanocomposite was used for photodegradation of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) as a multi-function drug with a long half-life during the photocatalytic reactions under visible light. Because of the necessity of measuring the concentration of this drug in human blood serum, tablets, and wastewater, this nanocomposite was utilized as an electrochemical sensor for its detection. Finally, photocatalytic activity of this nanocomposite was approved by 76 % degradation percent of HCQ and the limit of detection (LOD) equals 0.064 nM confirmed that this sensor is the most sensitive sensor prepared for measurement of HCQ, up to now. Since acetaminophen (AC) is one of the most commonly used drugs which is usually consumed along with HCQ, the performance of this sensor was examined in presence of it. The results showed that the presence of AC couldn’t affect the performance of the sensor. The obtained results were supported by a variety of analyses.

In this research, a perovskite-type neodymium cobaltite (NdCoO3) was successfully fabricated by a facile and affordable co-precipitation method. Different surfactants and solvents, such as ethylene glycol, water, and ethanol, were also applied throughout this preparation for morphological studies. The outcomes demonstrated that homogenous morphology was obtained in the presence of ethylene glycol and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with an average diameter of 51.8 nm. Based on the results of UV-Vis spectroscopy, NdCoO3 has a relevant bandgap (2.84 eV) associated with the visible region and can be used as a catalyst in the photodegradation procedure. The photocatalytic performance data showed that this compound has a high ability to degrade cationic (malachite green 79.7%) and anionic (phenol red 75.2%) dyes in high value. We investigated the effect of several parameters, such as dye types, dye concentration, and Nd2O3 as a by-product on the efficiency. The scavenger test has shown that •O2− plays a major role in degradation. The kinetic studies have shown that the higher reaction rate constants (k = 0.013 min−1) provide the best photocatalytic performance.

Gold (Au) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles decorating reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was designed by hydrothermal method using the agent of 1,8 diamino, 3, 6 dioxaoctan (DDO). This novel DDO with triple function: reducing agent, capping agent and alkaline agent lead to the decoration of Au and ZnO on the RGO. Ternary nanohybrid of Au/ZnO/RGO are probed as photocatalysts for comparative photo-degradation study. The pollutant model of Rhodamine B with different concentrations and pH in the presence of diverse dosages of designed nanohybrids was tested in terms of photocatalyst degradation. Further, Au/ZnO/RGO nanohybrid delivered a good efficiency of 95.05% at pH of 11 and dye concentration of 10 ppm in the presence of 0.06 g designed photocatalysts under visible light. The efficiency retention over 7 runs was 85.80%.

Due to poor rate proficiency and electrochemical capacity of transition metal oxides, production electrode materials as operative way to develop the electrochemical performance is a crucial strategy to make sure the great electroactive sites and fast electron/ion diffusion route. In order to solve this problem, carbon-based nanocomposites as conductive substrates are applied. The nanostructured BaMoO4/ZnO was produced by sonochemical method in the presence of tween 20 as stabilizing agent. Effect of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and graphene oxide (GO) for developing hydrogen capacity of BaMoO4/ZnO was studied by providing representative composites of BaMoO4/ZnO-GQDs and BaMoO4/ZnO-GO. For this purpose, GQDs was synthesized using green source of Spiraea crenata and the GO provided by commercial company. The structural analysis shows preparation of scales-like morphology of BaMoO4/ZnO without any impurities through SEM, TEM, XRD, EDS and FT-IR characterization data. Also, the specific surface area for BaMoO4/ZnO-GQDs (11 m2/g) and BaMoO4/ZnO-GO (124 m2/g) nanocomposites increased by comparing to BaMoO4/ZnO (9.1 m2/g). The resultant nanocomposites used as new active compounds for applying in hydrogen storage strategies using cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry tests. Comprehensively, the hydrogen capacitance after 15 cycles was demonstrated on the nanostructured BaMoO4/ZnO about 129 mAhg−1. It demanded the maximum capacitance for BaMoO4/ZnO-GQDs and BaMoO4/ZnO-GO nanocomposites were 284 and 213 mAhg−1 respectively, which was higher than the initial nanostructured BaMoO4/ZnO. It was exposed from the carbon based structured that; the endorsed electrochemical hydrogen storage (EHS) performance is ascribed to the reaction of the redox pair of Mo6+ /Mo5+ at the active sites throughout the EHS procedure. This study delivers a novel plan and potential sorption electrode materials to progress the intrinsic action of conductive compounds.

Medicine/nanotechnology as a new and applicable technique according to drug delivery systems has gained great consideration for cancer treatment. Polysaccharides including, cellulose, β-cyclodextrin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan as natural bio-materials, are appropriate candidates for designing and formulations of these nanosystems because of the exceptional advantages such as bio-compatibility, bio-degradability, non-toxicity, and gelling characteristics. An intelligent drug delivery platform based on these hybrids nowadays is developed, which can be used for dual-responsive dual-drug delivery. Nanotechnology accompany with biological molecules has been carefully considered to decrease the drawbacks of conventional cancer treatments. Consequently, this review is intended to state and investigate on the latest development on the combination treatment of platforms based on the hybrids of anticancer drugs/nanoparticles/Polysaccharides in the fields of biomedical therapeutics and cancer therapy owing to the bio-compatibility, great surface area, good chemical and mechanical features, the challenges and future perspectives are reported as well.

In this work, a green technique for preparing TbFeO3/CuO was reported by employing Crataegus and Lantana Camara leaves as fuel and alkalizing agents, respectively. The new sensor based on the perovskite-type nanocomposite was employed as a sensitive and selective platform to detect Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) simultaneously. TbFeO3/CuO/Carbon paste electrode (CPE) exhibited a large specific surface area and great electrical conductivity, which enhanced electron transport in the electrochemical process considerably. Moreover, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was used for the investigation of some factors influencing the sensor sensitivity like pH, modifier concentration, as well as accumulation time and potential. Therefore, the low detection limit (LOD) and a wide linear range were obtained at optimum conditions. In this study, a linear range between 0.9 and 110 µg/L for three ions and LOD of 0.48, 0.29 and 0.12 for zinc, cadmium and lead were achieved, respectively. Moreover, TbFeO3/CuO/CPE was employed to detect zinc, cadmium and lead ions simultaneously in the real samples so that the results have shown consistency with a standard inductively coupled plasma (ICP).

In this research, we investigated the photocatalytic activity of CuInS2 nanoparticles in visible light during the decomposition of three toxic dyes (Eriochrome Black T, Rhodamine B, and Erythrosine). The CuInS2 nanostructures were synthesized by a rapid and simple sonochemical method using dithiooxamide as a sulfur reagent and various capping agents, including SDS, CTAB, and PVP, were applied to achieve a pure structure with fine morphology. The flower-like structure was observed through FESEM images, implying different capping agents and fabrication had a considerable influence on the morphology of samples. The suitable bandgap of CuInS2 (1.53 eV) was obtained from DRS analysis and resulted in higher photodegradation efficiency. The fabricated CuInS2 revealed better photodegradation efficiency (74.8%) to the anionic dyes than cationic dye. A possible photodegradation mechanism was suggested based on scavenger tests of active species.

There has been a great interest in injectable hydrogels for cartilage tissue regeneration since it can simply fill damaged defects within minimum invasive surgical therapies. Injectable nanocomposite hydrogels provide a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold that fits perfectly with the defects and combines the structure of an extracellular matrix to mimic cartilage cells. In this research, we present novel thermoresponsive injectable gelatin (GEL)/oxidized alginate (OA) hydrogels reinforced by zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)/1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) as chemical cross-linkers of polymer chains in the 3D scaffold system. The effect of ZnO NPs concentrations was investigated on the mechanical properties of scaffolds, and the outcomes revealed that boosting ZnO NPs content improved the storage modulus of the hydrogel by more than five folds. Comprehension of the injectable hydrogel viscoelasticity is essential in the formulation of suitable GEL/OA/ZnO nanocomposite scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. The morphology of the scaffolds possesses porous structures. The scaffold containing 0.05% ZnO NPs has a denser structure compared with uncross-linked hydrogel, and the pore size reduces by increasing the amount ZnO NPs. The in vitro swelling ratio has decreased at higher quantity of ZnO, due to the smaller pore sizes in the scaffolds, which minimizes the water absorption. The in vitro biodegradation reveals that the scaffold containing a higher amount of ZnO NPs (0.05%) is more durable than the one without ZnO NPs. The nanocomposite scaffold exposed biocompatibility >90% for MTT assay and excellent cell adhesion to MG-63 cells.

The photocatalytic procedure is one of the most favorable methods for the elimination of poisonous organic dyes to achieve clean drinking water. In this research, a fast sonochemistry method was accomplished to attain Er2Cu2O5 (ECO) nanoparticles with a progressive photo-degradation catalytic routine. Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) was operated as both alkaline and complexing agents to control growth of designed nuclei due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between active surface groups of TEPA and nuclei and, lastly stop nano-product accumulation. The ultrasonic time and power factors in sonochemistry reaction were improved to control the final nanostructures properties. The surface features of products were measured via diverse characterization systems of spectroscopic and microscopic. The elimination of dissimilar artificial dyes was carried out through Er2Cu2O5 nanoparticle catalysts. The outcome of altering of artificial pollutant, pollutant concentration, scavenger, nano-catalyst dosage and solution pH was titled on the proficiency of nano-catalyst utility. Optimized Er2Cu2O5 nanoparticles have an efficiency of 97% for degradation of erythrosine dye in an acidic medium. The possible mechanism of deletion dye by photocatalytic purpose was studied and concluded that •O2– radicals help UV-degradation of contamination.

The treatment of industrial and domestic colored effluents and the use of photocatalysts have today attracted much attention among researchers. With the varied photocatalytic materials, the ones with narrow bandgap are thus of greater significance thanks to their acceptable performance in optical fields. The other obvious property of such materials is their lower costs because a large part of sunlight is in the visible region. In this work, the bare perovskite-type neodymium cobaltite and neodymium cobaltite/graphite carbon nitride (p/n-type NdCoO3/g-C3N4) was synthesized using sol-gel auto combustion. Different reductants were also employed during this fabrication for morphological engineerings, such as glucose (carbohydrate), L-valine (amino acid), and citric acid. As well, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to prove the purity of the specimens, and then transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were applied to explore their morphology. The various properties of the product, such as the optical, magnetic, porosity, and surface features, were correspondingly checked by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, respectively. Citric acid was thus selected as an optimal fuel because of the formation of finer particles and morphology. In addition, the NdCoO3 nanoparticles (NPs) were exploited as a catalyst for the degradation of anionic dyes (viz. erythrosine [Red No. 3], methyl orange [MO], and eriochrome black T [EBT]) and cationic ones (i.e., rhodamine B [RhB], acid red 14 [ACR14], and acid yellow 23 [AY23]) under visible-light irradiation. The study findings accordingly revealed that the heterostructures emerged at the interfaces between the p-type NdCoO3 and n-type g-C3N4, leading to the EBT decolorization, reached 95.8% after 120 min, and were higher than the photodegradation of the pristine NdCoO3 and g-C3N4.

This work suggests a green method for synthesizing Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of Salix aegyptiaca extract. The mechanism of green synthesized AuNPs was examined by molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) calculations. AuNPs were characterized with different techniques such as Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical investigation of modified glassy carbon electrode using AuNPs (AuNPs/GCE) shows that the electronic transmission rate between the modified electrode and [Fe (CN)6]3−/4− increased. Process of oxidation, energy gap, and chemical reactivity indexes of the (+)-epicatechin (2S,3S) were investigated using electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) as well as UV–Visible spectroscopy and compared with quantum mechanical calculations. DPV and CV were used to obtain HOMO energies of the (+)-epicatechin (2S,3S), an optical energy gap was obtained from the UV–Vis spectroscopy. Frontier molecular orbitals analysis (FMO) and reactivity indexes such as chemical hardness (ŋ), electrophilicity (ώ), electronic chemical potential (μ), electron acceptor power (ώ+), electron donor power (ώ−) were determined with functional theory (DFT) calculations. In summary, the HOMO energy obtained from the experimental analyses (EHOMO (from DPV) = -5.24 eV, and EHOMO (from CV) = -5.28 eV) has a relative agreement with the HOMO energy calculated by B3LYP/6–31 g (d, p) including the solvent effect (water) (EHOMO (from B3LYP) = -5.75 eV). Also, UV–Vis spectroscopy gives the bandgap energy equal to 4.31 eV, while the 4.13 eV is calculated by TD-DFT-b3lyp/6–31 + g(d).

In current research, nano-scaled Li2B4O7/NiO/Ni3(BO3)2 (LiBNi) composites were fabricated through improved pechini sol–gel method for advanced photocatalytic applications to remove dye contaminations of drinking water under UV/Visible irradiation. To optimize LiBNi nanocomposites properties, different complexing agents including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid and phthalic acid were utilized in pechini sol–gel process. Various sizes and morphologies of Li2B4O7/NiO/Ni3(BO3)2 nanocomposites obtained that were characterized by SEM and TEM techniques. Also, to confirm crystalline and structural features of nano-sized LiBNi samples, analyses of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were performed. By consideration of UV–Vis data, band-gap of LiBNi nanocomposites premeditated is 3.35 eV. Moreover, photocatalytic degradation of Li2B4O7/NiO/Ni3(BO3)2 nanocomposites was examined via UV/visible waves in aqueous solution for degradation acid red 88 pollutant after 90 min. Some operative factors such as nanocatalyst concentration and irradiation type for optimized LiBNi nanocomposites were assessed for removal of drinking water contaminant.

Hydrogels have been employed in regenerative treatments for decades because of their biocompatibility and structural similarity to the native extracellular matrix. Injectable hydrogels with interconnected porosity and specific internal structures are momentous for tissue engineering. Here, we develop a group of injectable hydrogels comprised of oxidized alginate (OA)/gelatin (GEL) strengthened by modifying the amount of Zn2SiO4 nanoparticles. The physicochemical characteristics of OA/GEL/Zn2SiO4 hydrogels were studied by mechanical strength, swelling ratio, and morphology. The outcomes revealed that the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels containing a higher amount of Zn2SiO4 (0.12 wt%) improved more than five times than the hydrogels fabricated without Zn2SiO4. The in vitro degradation outcomes manifested the degradation of the hydrogel comprising 0.12 wt% Zn2SiO4 NPs was slower than one without NPs, and remaining masses of hydrogels depend on different contents of Zn2SiO4 NPs. The hydrogel containing Zn2SiO4 NPs exhibited less cytotoxicity and good cell attachment than the hydrogels prepared without the nanoparticles. The cell viability and attachment show that the nanocomposite hydrogels are biocompatible (>96%) with great cell adhesion to osteosarcoma cell line MG63 depending on the presence of Zn2SiO4. The superior physical, chemical as well as mechanical characteristics of the hydrogels containing Zn2SiO4 NPs along with their cytocompatibility suggest that they can introduce as good candidates as scaffolds in tissue engineering.

Today, investigating the adverse effects of nanoparticles is one of the challenges that researchers are facing. In this study, Al2W3O12 nanoparticles (AWO NPs) were prepared using the ultrasonic procedure for the first time. The probable mechanism for ultrasonic synthesis is creating high-temperature bubbles and nanoreactors in the synthesis medium. Therefore, in this method, the reaction rate and efficiency are improved. An optimum sample in terms of size and morphology was selected by applying multiple analysis such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After that, three different concentrations of NPs (40, 80, 160 ppm) were added to the algal culture medium to investigate the effect of NPs on algae growth. After ten days, biological surveys, including the amount of biomass, number of cells, carotenoids, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured. The results showed that a concentration of 80 ppm could be used to increase the growth rate of algae for biotechnology purposes. Furthermore, using higher concentrations in cases involving the aquatic environment could be dangerous. These achievements can be of great importance for mass production and biotechnological exploitation of such algae.

Graphene and its derivatives are ideal candidates for a variety of applications due to their distinctive optical, thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties, but its high price limits its application. Because of scalable graphene production method still stands as a serious barrier for its broad use. Here we develop a simple method to produce high quality single layer graphene with approximately 3 $/m2 in cost, while current price is about 56,000 $/m2. Food waste (bread waste) is used as starting material. Therefore, our introduced method also can serve as a valuable alternative to recycle food waste. Precursor concentration, pH and reaction temperature can create significant effects on the quality of final products. Single layer graphene sheet is achieved when concentration, reaction temperature and pH is used in 2 g/L, 180 °C and 7, respectively. Reaction is performed in ambient condition which is an advantage for scale up this method.

Hexachlorocyclophosphazene (PNT)) was used as new P and N doping source for synthesizing of graphene quantum dots (N,P-GQDs). Hydrothermal process was applied for importing P and N atoms into the GQDs texture. Three different amounts of hexachlorocyclophosphazene were used to obtain optimum sample. All products were characterized using XRD, SEM, PL, FT-IR, EDS, AFM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. XRD result indicated that the sample with 0.1 g of PNT (sample 2) has sharp peaks with medium wide and intensity and has a more principle in structure in comparison with other samples. So sample 2 was chosen as optimum sample. Also sample 2 showed strongest PL emission under excitation at 396 nm which was an evidence of successful doping of P and N atoms in the GQDs structure during hydrothermal process. The Fe3O4/TiO2/N,P-GQDs nanocomposite which was obtained using S2 as N,P-GQDs source showed a high activity in organic dye degradation. The higher catalytic activity of Fe3O4/TiO2/N,P-GQDs versus TiO2 can be attributed to the synergistic effect between TiO2 and N,P-GQDs. The magnetic properties of the catalysts allow fast separation of the catalysts from the reaction media Keywords: Hexachlorocyclophosphazene, Photoluminescence, GQDs, Citric acid, Fe3O4/TiO2/N, P-GQDs nanocomposite