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Background/purpose: The study aim was to develop a model for predicting patients with emergency medical service (EMS) witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods: We used fire-based EMS data from Taipei city to develop the prediction model. Patients included in this study were those who were initially alive, non-traumatic, and age ≧20 years. Data were extracted from electronic records of ambulance run sheets and an Utstein-style OHCA registry. The primary outcome (EMS-witnessed OHCA) was defined as cardiac arrest occurring during the service of emergency medical technicians before arrival at a receiving hospital. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the Hosmer–Lemeshow (HL) test were used to examine discrimination and calibration. The point value system with Youden's J Index was used to find the optimal cut-off value. Results: From 2011 to 2015, a total of 252,771 patients were included. Of them, 660 (0.26%) were EMS-witnessed OHCA. The model, including the predictors of male gender, respiratory rate≦10 cycles/min, heart rate

This paper addresses perceptual synthesis by comparing responses evoked by visual stimuli before and after they are recognized, depending on prior exposure. Using magnetoencephalography, we analyzed distributed patterns of neuronal activity – evoked by Mooney figures – before and after they were recognized as meaningful objects. Recognition induced changes were first seen at 100–120 ​ms, for both faces and tools. These early effects – in right inferior and middle occipital regions – were characterized by an increase in power in the absence of any changes in spatial patterns of activity. Within a later 210–230 ​ms window, a quite different type of recognition effect appeared. Regions of the brain’s value system (insula, entorhinal cortex and cingulate of the right hemisphere for faces and right orbitofrontal cortex for tools) evinced a reorganization of their neuronal activity without an overall power increase in the region. Finally, we found that during the perception of disambiguated face stimuli, a face-specific response in the right fusiform gyrus emerged at 240–290 ​ms, with a much greater latency than the well-known N170m component, and, crucially, followed the recognition effect in the value system regions. These results can clarify one of the most intriguing issues of perceptual synthesis, namely, how a limited set of high-level predictions, which is required to reduce the uncertainty when resolving the ill-posed inverse problem of perception, can be available before category-specific processing in visual cortex. We suggest that a subset of local spatial features serves as partial cues for a fast re-activation of object-specific appraisal by the value system. The ensuing top-down feedback from value system to visual cortex, in particular, the fusiform gyrus enables high levels of processing to form category-specific predictions. This descending influence of the value system was more prominent for faces than for tools, the fact that reflects different dependence of these categories on value-related information., Highlights • Recognition effects following Mooney figure disambiguation were decoded from MEG data. • Neural changes occur in 3 stages that challenge the hierarchical view of perception. • Category-specific activity in the brain’s value system precedes that in visual cortex. • Face-specific response in the right fusiform gyrus is delayed for disambiguated faces. • The top-down influence of the value system is more prominent for faces than for tools.

The purpose of this paper was to explore creating as a behavioural attribute of entrepreneurship and its relationship with innovation and performance outcomes from an industry ecosystem perspective. A mixed design approach was adopted which involved exploration of the creating, innovation and performance constructs as adapted from previous studies, and a diagnosis of their hypothesized relationship. Quantitative data was collected in a mixed sampling of fifty-eight Nairobi-based Leather Articles Entrepreneurs Association (LAEA) members and ten industry support organizations. A seventy-six percent response rate was achieved from leaders as key informants of a representative sample of the leather value-system actors in Kenya. Instrument reliability was established using the Delphi Technique and a pilot study (Cronbach's Alpha 0.717 – 0.761). Principal Component Analysis was used to explore the constructs before inferential analysis.The study showed creating, innovation and performance as valid constructs. Creating and innovation had a significant and positive causal relationship with performance of value-system actors in Kenya's leather industry (R2=0.135 p

This study focuses on how different brokerage roles affect innovation by co-located firms. The study takes into account the effects of the interaction between brokerage activities and the firm's absorptive capacity and extra-cluster openness, and evaluates synergies that derive from the simultaneous development of two different brokerage profiles. Comprehensive fieldwork in the Toy Valley cluster in the Valencia region (Spain) shows that intermediating between firms that are in different positions in the local value system unevenly affects the broker's innovation capability. Furthermore, for roles with a high effect on innovation, the broker's absorptive capacity and extra-cluster connections moderate network position effects., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Research Project Number ECO2012-32,663). The authors are responsible for all limitations and errors that may relate to this study.

This chapter presents a broad overview of the existing model of value-based decision making in the brain. It begins with a brief overview of the basic elements of the standard model by compartmentalizing, for didactic purposes, the brain networks involved in learning and storing value (the value system) and the brain networks involved in selection of an option from a limited set (the choice system). This brief overview is followed by a more detailed explication of each of these two systems. The relationship between frontal valuation circuits and fronto-parietal choice circuits is also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of an emerging alternative to the standard model before showing how perceptual decision-making models like those described in Chapter 19 can be integrated into the standard model of value-based decision making.

In Chapter 5, the author discussed librarians’ role in library business, and pointed out that they should create the future of the library with both Tao and utensils. From the perspective of utensils, which refers to methods and tools, the library will have to be focused on its own service because of cloud computing technology, and system reform will be a thorny issue that cannot be avoided. From the perspective of Tao, the best embodiment of the library value system is to give full play to the library’s social functions in the process of social development. Three major aspects related to Chinese social development were discussed most closely: ensuring basic public culture service, advocating reading for the construction of a spiritual home, and promoting cross-culture communication and exchange.

Publisher Summary This chapter takes a look the possibility of solving problems in a more intellectual or calculating way, by analyzing the problem, dividing it into smaller problems, solving each at a time, and then to trying to coordinate them. However, this method is doubted because its difficulties increase in proportion to the degree of complexity. The conventional methods have obvious advantages, so they are continued to be employed. However, people have now started to explore the possibility of employing intuitive thinking to solve problems. Intuition is a mental system that tells us how to act. It is older than analytic and causal thinking. There are two modes of thinking; one logical/verbal, which is referred to be the scientist's way, and one intuitive/wordless, which is consequently called the artist's way. Drawing can also be a way to get in contact with silent or wordless knowledge connected to experience and a profound value system, and thus start a mental process capable of handling complex problems without a definite solution. In other words, drawing uses another kind of thinking than the logical/verbal. It uses visual/intuitive thinking.

This chapter discusses the normative development of the adolescent. As members of a society, adolescents are confronted with values, norms, usages, traditions, customs, and religious beliefs. Society also lays down guidelines, principles, rules, and norms expressing its conceptions of right and wrong, proper and improper and good and evil. One of the main tasks of adolescents is to develop a personal value system. The cognitive ability of adolescents to formulate, examine and draw inferences from hypotheses, and to think abstractly, enables them to reflect on and form a rational opinion about alternative values and religious practices. Normative development is a core element of an adolescents' overall development and it involves their conative life. Adolescents become increasingly competent at focusing their will on the initiation and completion of intentional actions in an independent and responsible way. Normative maturity is based on consciously applied religious principles according to which good and evil are evaluated and behaviour is regulated. It is immaterial whether the religious sensibility underlying a person's behaviour is centred on or directed against godhead.

This paper has presented the experience of a brief treatment team in treating 16 homosexual patients who were in crisis. They were seen for one to three interviews. We have discussed the challenges to the therapists' value system in treating homosexual patients and the importance of delineating the patients' priorities.

Summary In addition to the use of the term as a specific type of countertransference reaction, it is proposed that the term “counteridentification” also be used to describe an excessive and inappropriate identification on the part of a mental health consultant with all or a portion of the value system of a consultee or consultee organization. It is suggested that this is a ubiquitous phenomenon in all mental health consultation, since mutual identification between consultant and consultee appears to be a prerequisite for the development of an effective consultative relationship. It is also suggested that such counteridentification may prove disruptive to the consultative relationship, as well as injurious to individual clients and patients. If these impressions are correct, then there is additional support for Caplan's admonition to all workers in the field of mental health consultation: “The need for professional self-awareness and self-control in this area is similar to that which is familiar to us in our interaction with individual patients. The difference is that the therapeutic role of the psychiatrist has become well defined, as has the complementary role of patients, as a result of many years of experience and as a development of a much older doctor-patient role relationship in the general medical field. The role of the preventive psychiatrist in social action is relatively new, and its development must be carefully watched to ensure adequate professional safeguards.”

The purpose of this study was to collate statements about the quality of family life and the home, as perceived by student teachers of home economics. A content analysis of the papers of 50 student teachers was made. The framework developed to analyze the comments included: the individual family member, the state of the family, the educational system, and the environment. An important quality in the environment was change. Members of the family should have the ability to cope with change under the pressures of today in the world of tomorrow. A desirable factor in the state of the family was the introduction to all family members, and synthesis by the members, of a value system which permitted growth and the achievement of individual destinies, by support from the family. Home economics student teachers should seek to improve the everyday life of the family in practical ways, relevant to the needs of the students.

A most important key to improvement in the material and “spiritually” valued quality of life is a better understanding of our identity and our relationships with the rest of “creation.” Current dogmas of equalism and enivronmentalism influence major political and legal decisions which will reduce the quality of life. The “laws” of nature are the firmest base for our value system.