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Paper products are carbon-intensive and having a huge potential for carbon reduction due to their biomass-oriented characteristics. A uniform standard for total carbon footprint (CF) accounting is vital. However, the existing standards have not yet been unified. Inconsistencies between standards cause difficulties in their use and significantly weaken the credibility and comparability of the carbon footprint of a product (CFP). This work rethought the three most widely used standards (Publicly Available Specification 2050 (PAS2050), Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (GHG Protocol), and Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (ISO14067)) from the life-cycle perspective, and established a more appropriate and comprehensive CF accounting standard for paper products (CFASPP). Sanitary pads were selected as a case study to illustrate the discrepancies between PAS 2050, the GHG Protocol, ISO 14067, and CFASPP, for which the annual production CF results were 1424.60, 1481.08, 1453.57, and 1427.04 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) respectively. The main reasons for the different CF results were the cut-off criteria and the inclusion or exclusion of carbon storage, delayed emissions, and energy recovery. Each element increased or decreased 22.57 (carbon storage), 29.96 (cut-off criteria), 10.4 (delayed emissions), and 27.52 (incineration with energy recovery) tons of CO 2 e in the results. With increasing demand, these discrepancies will become increasingly significant and may lead to corporations shouldering more or less carbon emission responsibilities by selecting different standards, which will challenge the fairness of product carbon neutrality management. CFASPP covers all paper product life-cycle stages and places greater emphasis on the aspects of carbon storage, delayed emissions, and energy recovery in incineration, which cannot be ignored for the CF accounting of paper products and other biomass-oriented products. This study aims to provide a more applicable and comprehensive guide for corporations to evaluate the CF of paper products, and to provide a reference for the construction of a carbon-neutral evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global energy security is a growing worldwide concern in the presence of high economic policy uncertainty (EPU) that can be addressed by advancing sustainable energy diversification (ED) practices. Energy security can be estimated by combining ED and EPU indices; hence, this study uses a dataset covering three continents and 26 countries from 1995 to 2023 to measure energy security employing this approach. The study employs quantile regression and panel data analysis, finding a positive relationship between EPU and ED. The results reveal that when EPU increases, the spectrum of energy sources declines, negatively impacting energy security. Other factors of globalization, Gross Domestic Product, gross capital formation, and the labor force also have an impact on the spectrum of energy sources. To obtain a sustainable level of ED, policymakers should increase investment in gross capital formation because economic growth and openness via pro-global policies have less impact on ED. This study also demonstrates that labor capital shifts have a significant effect on ED. The quantitative results reveal the importance of clear and precise economic policies for increasing investment in carbon-free energy security. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent challenge of reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions has created a growing demand for a more comprehensive understanding of how various technology options can contribute to achieving carbon neutrality. Energy efficiency has long been regarded as a key pathway in this context, but the volume and diversity of efficiency options has resulted in an unclear understanding of their combined impacts. In this study, we present a novel technology-explicit method to estimate the overall abatement potential associated with a comprehensive suite of 115 energy efficiency technologies spanning all relevant sector processes and energy types. By applying our flexible analysis framework to a case study of the Canadian pulp and paper sector, we demonstrate that energy efficiency could be the single largest contributor to achieving a carbon-neutral target for the sector. We find that efficiency can reduce emissions by 4.92 MtCO 2 e/yr (66%) relative to business-as-usual by 2050 at a weighted average abatement cost of -$162/tCO 2 e when accounting for capital, operating, maintenance, and energy costs. Abatement at the energy system-wide level is even larger, reaching 6.67 MtCO 2 e in 2050 when accounting for upstream effects. Adoption of the full suite of efficiency measures could materially improve the competitiveness of the sector by reducing energy and carbon costs. On the whole, our results suggest that proven energy efficiency technologies could be the primary element of a credible low-cost pathway towards achieving a target of carbon neutrality for the pulp and paper sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon footprints (CFs) are the measure of extent of green house gases (GHGs) emitted from any organization or activity. Reporting of extent of CFs in terms of CO 2 e from educational campus may be considered as a first step towards sustainable educational practices. The present study employs a bottom up approach where CFs due to consumption of resources from each academic department is evaluated separately and net is obtained by adding contributions from individual departments. This method has the advantage of avoiding the potential overlaps in the calculation. Hence this approach to calculate carbon footprints can lead to their precise CF evaluation. In order to justify above hypothesis, CF evaluation was carried out at Shikshana Prasarak Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune for three consecutive years starting from 2015 to 2016. The average carbon footprints over the study period were 3630.57 ± 296.79 tones CO 2 e per year with per capita emission of 0.81 ± 0.06 tones CO 2 e. The emission density determined from the average value was found to be 0.0361 ± 0.0029 tCO 2 e m−2 of the campus. It was observed that emission sources classified as scope-1, scope-2 and scope-3 contribute 28%, 48% and 25% respectively to total emission. Out of all the emission sources identified, apart from human contribution through respiration, electricity (35%), biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste, stationary paper, 7%, use of chemicals in the laboratories (5%), paper for official purpose (12%), LPG (3%) and transport (27%) were main contributors. As this is a multi faculty college, science faculty contributes almost 62%, commerce 9% and arts 11% of the total emission. • Present paper highlights carbon footprints from an Indian HEI using bottom up approach. • A questionnaire based survey was used to arrive at departmental and net footprints. • Carbon footprints of HEI in India are much less as compared to developed countries. • The carbon footprints of Indian HEIs are expected to grow at 5–6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Review of advanced electrodialysis techniques for critical mineral recovery. • Investigation of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements sources. • Principles and performances of advanced electrodialysis techniques for metal recovery. • Necessity of feedstock-tailored advanced electrodialysis technologies is suggested. The global challenge of climate change and the pursuit of carbon neutrality drive the demand for clean energy technologies, increasing the need for critical minerals. However, diminishing ore quality and supply chain vulnerabilities highlight the necessity of exploring unconventional mineral sources. This paper assesses the potential of sources such as low-grade ores, brines, and secondary byproducts for extracting critical minerals, focusing on lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements. Conventional refining techniques struggle with the complexity and low concentrations found in unconventional sources, prompting the exploration of innovative methods. Electrically driven membrane technologies, particularly electrodialysis (ED), show promise for selectively transporting metals through ion exchange membranes. The combination of functionalized membranes and advanced ED technologies offers high selectivity for specific elements, and renewable energy-based ED operations can minimize environmental impact. Recent advancements in ED, including selective ED and liquid membrane ED, demonstrate efficient recovery of critical minerals. This comprehensive review explores the principles and recent progress in ED technologies, with a focus on recovering critical minerals from unconventional sources. The paper is structured into three main sections: categorizing the properties of unconventional sources of critical minerals based on the latest literature, exploring the fundamental principles underpinning modern ED technologies, and investigating recent breakthroughs in the separation and recovery of critical minerals from unconventional sources using ED technologies. This framework highlights the potential of advanced ED technologies in efficiently processing diverse unconventional sources and adeptly retrieving critical minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess container terminal (CT) efficiency with the effect of carbon neutrality. Among mechanisms to achieve carbon neutrality in CTs' operations, emission taxes are deemed the most preferred tool to internalize the external costs associated with greenhouse gas emissions by placing a financial burden on polluters. This paper first uses cluster analysis to determine the homogeneous decision-making units (DMUs), i.e., container terminals. A novel approach is proposed to determine the level of emission taxes that DMUs should be levied based on how much CO2 they discharge. Since emission taxes are an undesirable output from the operations of CT operators (CTOs), the Slacks-based Measure Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA) model is thus employed to incorporate the emission taxes into the research model and to determine the optimal emission taxes for CTOs. Finally, the CTOs in Vietnam (hereafter the VN-CTOs case) are empirically surveyed to verify the proposed model. The proposed research framework can contribute a methodological reference toward the relevant literature in achieving carbon neutrality. Further, the empirical results can provide practical information for the Vietnamese CTOs to improve their CT efficiency. • Selecting DMUs by the cluster analysis gratifies DMUs' homogeneity - one of the basic assumptions of the DEA theory. • Incorporating undesirable output in the evaluation framework of efficiency allows ranking DMUs' performance accurately. • Adopting SBM-DEA to incorporate undesirable output in evaluating efficiency is a methodological contribution to the relevant literature. • Empirical findings posit that some efficient CTOs took aggressive policies to alleviate pollutant emissions at port areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carbon neutrality feasibility of buildings was reviewed. • Carbon neutrality of buildings is feasible, but complexity varies. • Multi-building carbon neutrality case studies are limited. • Climate type affects neutrality; high-rise research is deficient. • Long-term lifecycle impacts of carbon measures remain unclear. Achieving carbon–neutral building stock by 2050 contributes to coping with the detrimental impacts of global warming since buildings account for almost 37% of final energy-related CO 2 emissions. This paper reviews the publications on carbon neutrality (CN) feasibility at both single and multi-building complex scales. Publications are retrieved from the Scopus database, and the snowball method is used to find the most relevant studies. The paper addresses the primary question: "Is it possible to reach the life cycle carbon neutrality of buildings?". Various information such as building life cycle carbon assessment, building characteristics (usage type and number of stories), climate type, mitigation measures, and simulation results are extracted, classified, and analyzed. Technically, reaching CN is feasible, but it is challenging given the need to implement multiple mitigation measures simultaneously, especially in the regions with low emissions intensity of the electricity grid, and may not always be economically feasible. A lack of successful case studies for large multi-building complexes, such as cities, is evident in the literature. It can be attributed to the limited availability of input data for carbon assessments as well as the complexity of simulations. Knowledge gaps in the literature and suggestions for future works are also discussed in detail. Due to the small number of studies on the topic, conclusive paths to reach the CN of buildings, specific to different climates and types of buildings, remain unclear, and thus, further research is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core of the energy transformation under the carbon-neutral vision is the gradual replacement of high-carbon energy by zero-carbon and low-carbon energy. However, the large-scale deployment of clean energy technology in turn relies on key minerals such as copper, aluminum, zinc, and nickel. Based on this, this paper conducts research on the demand for key minerals in clean energy transition and the role of key minerals in clean energy transition. In particular, this paper calculated the demand for mineral supply for China's carbon neutrality target, and the impact of some mineral resource constraints on the carbon neutrality path. Relevant results can provide a decision-making basis for the future development and utilization of key mineral resources, as well as the implementation of future carbon-neutral goals. • We evaluate the impact of crucial mineral resource on the carbon neutrality path. • Copper's availability greatly affects the adoption of new energy technologies. • Limited resources hinder early carbon capture and storage development. • Negative emission technologies are necessary for China's carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is a U-shaped relationship between the performance of carbon neutrality and firm value. • The U-shaped relationship is weaker in state-owned firms and firms operating in B2C industries. • The U-shaped relationship is stronger when information uncertainty is higher. Carbon neutrality is critical in addressing the climate crisis. Using the data of Chinese listed firms from 2018 to 2022, this paper shows a significant U-shaped association between the performance of carbon neutrality and firm value. Our key findings hold after a battery of robustness tests and endogeneity concerns. The U-shaped relationship is weaker in state-owned firms and those operating in B2C industries, and stronger when information uncertainty is higher. This paper has implications for the promotion of carbon-neutral practices in enterprises and the realization of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Special difficulties of geothermal drilling, completion and fracturing are reviewed. • Commonly used geothermal drilling and completion technologies are investigated. • State-of-the-art geothermal fracturing methods are reviewed and compared. • Novel heat extraction methods & their applicable reservoir conditions are concluded. Global warming induced by excessive carbon dioxide emission generated from fossil fuels consumption is becoming increasingly severe. Development and utilization of clean and renewable energy is a significant measure to contribute for the carbon neutrality. Geothermal resource is an important clean and renewable energy, because of its advantages of abundant reserves, exploitation without restrictions from the climate and season. Extracting heat from the high temperature geothermal reservoir requires well drilling, completion and fracturing. However, due to some particular conditions in geothermal development, such as high temperature, erosion, leakage, and hard rocks, traditional petroleum well drilling and completion technologies are not well applicable in the geothermal industry. In this paper, the state-of-the-art geothermal drilling, and completion technologies as well as several fracturing methods, such as foam drilling, air hammer drilling, hydrothermal jet drilling, expansion casing technology, high temperature resistant drilling fluid and cement, chemical stimulation and thermal stimulation are comprehensively reviewed. Besides, heat extraction performances of water and CO 2 as working fluids in the geothermal system are discussed. A few novel heat extraction methods including closed loop, open loop, enhanced geothermal systems are compared and analyzed. This review is expected to provide suggestions for research fields worthy of study for geothermal drilling and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of carbon neutrality is summarized in this paper. First, the general concept of carbon neutrality is described. Then, the impact of carbon neutrality on energy and electric power industry is introduced. Finally, this paper introduces the solution of the new power system to achieve the objective of carbon neutrality, from the perspective of power system. This study provides some reference for the exploration of carbon neutrality solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel probability algorithm based on fuzzy information diffusion is proposed to track the global maximum power point. • This method is a probabilistic algorithm based on interval estimation. • Without the random searching process, this method can track the maximum power point quickly. Under stochastic partial shading conditions, the photovoltaic power system often produces a non-convex characteristic curve. It makes the maximum power point tracking a difficult task. In this paper, based on fuzzy information diffusion, a novel probability algorithm is proposed to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) under partial shading conditions. By uniform incomplete sampling and information diffusion, the proposed method can avoid the random searching process of intelligence algorithms, which will effectively improve the tracking speed and global search capability. From the perspective of probability estimation, the information diffusion function is used to fill the information gap caused by incomplete sampling data, thus transforming the discrete sampling points of PV system into a continuous distribution function. According to the fuzzy probability, one or more discrete intervals are selected to estimate the real value of GMPP. At last, the variable step-size P&O method is adopted to get a more accurate result in these selected intervals. In fact, the information diffusion is a global fuzzy probability estimation algorithm. It has a good global search characteristic. The comprehensive simulations and experiments have fully demonstrated the efficacy and applicability of the proposed method in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has committed to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2060. Hebei, as a major energy province in China, has more challenging carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets. Based on the extended STIRPAT model, this paper evaluates the time to peak carbon and post-peak carbon trend changes in Hebei province under different scenarios from 2020 to 2060. Based on the support vector machine model with particle swarm optimization, this paper evaluates the carbon neutral pathways under different scenarios in Hebei province from 2020 to 2060 in terms of forests, croplands, wetlands, grasslands and Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS). The results show that a monotonically flat trend without inflection point, a single-inflection-point plateau-period trend and a multi-inflection-point inverted U-wave trend occur after carbon peaks. Hebei Province can achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 under the policy scenario and the enhanced scenario, and the enhanced scenario is better. Comparing with existing studies, the innovation of this paper is to design different trends of changes after carbon peak, combining carbon absorption and carbon emission, and providing more diversified development paths for carbon neutral strategies through a more integrated perspective and multi-scenario comprehensive analysis. Therefore, In the future, Hebei Province should establish a platform for carbon emissions monitoring and carbon footprint assessment, and set up an early warning and assessment mechanism for carbon peaking, so as to prevent a rebound trend in carbon emissions after peaking. At the same time, it should introduce and develop carbon capture and conversion technologies and promote the low-carbon transformation of the industrial and energy sectors, thereby forcing the early realization of peak carbon. Pay attention to the role of forestry resources in carbon neutrality, increase carbon sink resources such as forests and wetlands, promote the development of CCUS, and enhance the implementation of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At COP26, in November 2021, more than 150 countries declared their commitment to carbon neutrality. A decarbonized society has become a common goal in many countries. The Japanese government has declared that it aims to achieve a decarbonized society by 2050. Urban transportation also requires significant reductions in CO 2 emissions, but there is a risk that carbon neutrality cannot be achieved solely through decarbonizing technologies for transportation vehicles and energy sources; therefore, cooperation with cities and society is necessary. This paper discusses the possibility of achieving carbon neutrality in urban transportation in Japan by reviewing 1) the status of vehicle and fuel decarbonization technologies, 2) the possibility of reducing CO 2 emissions through land use policies, and 3) the effects of information communication technologies on transportation behavior based on the literature. • Status of vehicle and fuel decarbonization technologies. • Potential for reducing CO 2 emissions through land use policies. • Effects of ICT use on transportation behavior. • Carbon neutrality in Japan's urban transportation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of China's environmental regulations, with a focus on the green credit policy, on green innovation in pursuit of the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" goal. Given the implementation of the 2012 Green Credit Guidelines, this paper employs the Difference-in-Difference Method (DID) and conducts a quasi-natural experiment to empirically examine the interactions among the central government, local governments, and high-pollution and high-emission enterprises by exploring the impact of green credit policies on green innovation of these enterprises. Relying on 4503 samples of 237 high-pollution and high-emission enterprises listed in the main board in China from 2003 to 2021, this study reveals that the green credit policy can improve green innovation of these enterprises. Specifically, this study explores the detailed mechanism through which the green credit policy enables these enterprises to increase their market concentration and then the monopoly profits, which in turn promotes their green innovative productivity. In addition, this paper also reveals how local governments' political and financial incentives may serve as positive and negative moderating factors, respectively, within the impact mechanism. This study has valuable implications for how to effectively formulate and implement environmental regulations by balancing the interests of the central government, local governments and enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is increasing crucial to improve the sustainable use rate of energy and contribute to carbon neutrality and environmental footprints reduction. This work features cutting-edge selected extended papers and developments that were presented at the 25th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimization for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, held on 5–8 September 2022 in Bol, Croatia. More than 400 papers were accepted and presented at this conference. Out of these papers, the 45 contributions in this Virtual Special Issue represent a selection of the most cutting-edge developments in the topic of the Sustainable Use of Energy Contributes to Carbon Emissions Neutrality and Environmental footprint reduction. This paper provides a review of these contributions and above, and groups them into four research themes: (1) Energy Conversion, Storage, Recovery and Efficiency Improvement, (2) Energy Management, Planning and Optimization, (3) Energy, Environment and Economy, and (4) Heat Transfer, Heat Pumps and Heat Convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent need to address climate change has led to global efforts towards achieving carbon neutrality. However, it is crucial to recognize the existence of carbon inequity, where certain regions or communities bear a disproportionate burden of carbon emissions compared to others. This paper explores the concept of carbon inequity and highlights the importance of considering driving factors in the pursuit of just energy transition. By examining the socioeconomic, environmental, and policy-related factors that contribute to carbon emissions, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying causes of carbon inequity is gained. The study emphasizes the need to address systemic issues such as economic development patterns, industrial structures, energy consumption habits, and social inequalities that perpetuate carbon inequity. It further discusses the significance of collaborative and inclusive approaches to carbon reduction, focusing on bridging the gap between regions with high and low carbon emissions. Policy implications are derived to guide decision-makers in formulating effective strategies for achieving carbon neutrality while ensuring equity and fairness. By considering both the overarching goal of carbon neutrality and the distributional aspects of carbon emissions, a more holistic and equitable approach can be adopted to accelerate the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon future. • It is crucial to recognize the existence of carbon inequity to address climate change. • This paper explores the concept and importance of carbon inequity of just energy transition. • Policy implications are derived to guide decision-makers while ensuring equity and fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identify three key factors impacting carbon neutrality in rMSW management. • Perform LCA comparison of environmental impacts for different treatment technologies. • Comprehensive comparison of rMSW characteristics in China, Germany, Japan, and the USA. • Identify four major challenges hindering low carbon rMSW management in China. • Present a three-stage road-map for "low-, zero-, and negative-carbon" management models. Solid waste management is rapidly developing and undergoing technological transformation in China. However, Waste Classification (WC) methods and the corresponding end-of-pipe technologies have not been fully harmonized, resulting in large volume and complex residual municipal solid waste (rMSW) that poses challenges for waste management. To achieve carbon neutrality in solid waste treatment, a well-designed rMSW management system is necessary. In this paper, we identified the common factors influencing the carbon emissions in solid waste management. Then we presented a comprehensive assessment of four emerging low-carbon rMSW technologies, including their advantages, disadvantages, project examples, and environmental impacts. Finally, with reference to the experiences of Germany, Japan, and the United States, and based on the history and current status of rMSW management in China, we summarized the challenges faced by China and proposed a low-carbon development pathway. This paper aims to offer support for the early achievement of carbon neutrality in solid waste management in China. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to Japan's ambitious pursuit of carbon neutrality by 2050, this paper investigates the potential for tidal power generation in the Seto Inland Sea (SIS), Japan, utilising high-resolution ocean modelling and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) combined with GIS-based spatial analysis. The analysis incorporates a 100 m resolution tidal current and water depth layers from the ocean model. The criteria used for evaluation were divided into main criteria, namely, proximity to existing infrastructure, wave height, and shipping density, and subcriteria, namely, distance from ports, power stations, highly populated areas, and coastlines. The identified optimal locations include the Naruto Strait, Akashi Strait, Matsushima Island, Hanaguri Strait, Funaori Strait, Taizaki Island, Kurushima Strait, Obatake Strait, and Tsuwaji Strait. With a focused analysis of the Obatake Strait in Yamaguchi Prefecture, analytical assessments of potential tidal power were conducted by considering two tidal turbines, Openhydro and Voith. The results indicate a power supply for approximately 100,000 households and a reduction of approximately 198,000 t-CO 2 per year in the most optimistic scenario. In a less optimistic scenario, with the installation of only 10% of the maximum capacity, a power supply for approximately 10,000 households and a reduction of approximately 19,800 t-CO 2 per year are observed. As Japan targets carbon neutrality by 2050, this research offers vital and practical insights for policymakers, energy planners, and environmentalists, identifying the Seto Inland Sea as a strategic area for tidal power development, aligning with Japan's commitment to a sustainable and resilient energy landscape. • High-resolution ocean model used with GIS for optimal site selection of tidal power • The Seto Inland Sea is vital for tidal power with optimal sites equals to 1.18 km2. • Tidal power quantification is based on the dominant tidal velocity • 10% of tidal power in Obatake Strait supplies 60% of Yanai City households • 10% of tidal power in Obatake Strait resulted in 19,800 t-CO 2 reduction per year [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving an efficient, modern, and sustainable energy transition towards carbon neutrality has attracted worldwide attentions. Composite statistical indices are increasingly recognized as valuable tools for policymakers, offering enhanced understanding of the present condition and anticipated direction of energy transition. In this research, we constructed a comprehensive index to track provincial energy transition in China. With this index, we monitored the energy transition progress of 30 provinces in China. The Provincial energy transition index (PETI) scores exhibited considerable heterogeneity across provinces and throughout different time periods, with eastern provinces having the highest scores, and some northwestern and large coal provinces, like Shanxi, having the lowest scores. These findings indicated that provincial energy transition policies should be tailored to the local energy status and economic structures. The paper delineated conclusions and policy implications derived from the study's extensive evaluation. Specifically, effective ways to further improve a region's sustainable energy transition path include advancing the use of clean energy, vigorously promoting power grid construction, and investing in new energy sectors. The implementation of these strategies is expected to reduce energy consumption and carbon intensity, thereby decreasing carbon emissions, then ultimately accelerating the realization of the dual carbon targets. • We present a provincial energy transition index to track regional energy transition process. • There was significant heterogeneity in PETI scores across different provinces. • There were disparities among the performances in the three dimensions of the PETI. • Energy transition policies ought to give precedence to regions that are lagging in their energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessing solar power technical potential in China with high-resolution data. • Quantifying the gap between actual generation and technical potential at plant level. • Actual solar power generation is only 30% of the technical potential. • Technology, construction, and management factors cause the underperformance. Improving the power output of solar photovoltaic (PV) farms is critical to maximize the potential of PV power and reduce extensive land use in the context of large-scale deployment of renewable energy. In this paper we developed an integrated solar power potential assessment framework to quantify the gap between technical potential and actual generation of solar PV farms on national, provincial, and plant scales, and identify the key factors that cause the underperformance of PV farms. Specifically, to assess technical potential, hourly meteorological reanalysis data is adopted and the power generation-related parameters are calculated (i.e. optimal panel tilt, array spacing, packing factor etc.) with consideration of their spatial variability. For actual power generation, a detailed plant-level dataset is first established by this study which integrates technical, operational, and geospatial information from 145 solar farms across seven provinces in China. Our results show that the actual PV power generation per square meter is only 1/3 of the estimated technical potential. Technological factor is the primary factor, accounting for 48.43% of the underperformance, followed by engineering and management factors, accounting for 38.55% and 13.02%, respectively. The novelty of our study is revealing the underperformance level of solar farms in reality, identifying the causing factors, and highlighting the importance of integrating land-use efficiency indicators into solar power planning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A cost-efficient CCS operation cannot be realized without a CO 2 pipeline network. • The paper presents a framework to study different scenarios of a future CO 2 network. • The model uses several geospatial datasets and a dedicated optimization scheme. • The costs of the investigated scenarios range between 1.3 and 3 billion EUR. • The model is flexible and can be used for investigating other scenarios and regions. Carbon capture and storage will be necessary for some industries to reach carbon neutrality. One of the main associated challenges is the design of the network linking the CO 2 sources to the storage sites. Establishing a CO 2 network can be impacted by many uncertainties such as CO 2 amounts, pipeline routes and the locations of emitters and carbon sinks. We present a framework to investigate different scenarios of a future CO 2 network in Germany. The analyses compare the routes and associated costs of different scenarios. The developed model uses several geospatial datasets and an optimization scheme to yield realistic and cost-efficient outcomes. Parameters such as population density and existing infrastructure are integrated to calculate potential routes, which are then used as an input for the developed heuristic model to determine the optimum network. The derived framework is flexible and can be used for investigating other scenarios, regions and settings. The results show that the different scenarios have a profound impact on the optimal layout and costs. The investment costs of the investigated scenarios range between 1.3 and 3 billion EUR. The outcomes are important for academia, industry and policymaking for the ongoing discussions regarding the development of carbon infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Biden administration has revitalized the United States' climate agenda. Current research on the U.S. climate mitigation policies has predominantly focused on individual policies and legislative measures, demonstrating a lack of a comprehensive and systematic analysis. To address this gap, this study establishes a systematic analytical framework for US climate mitigation policies, including the "Vertical Policy Hierarchy - Horizontal Policy Path - Policy Instruments" dimensions, drawing upon first-hand policy data to thoroughly assess the U.S. climate mitigation policy system, pathways, instruments, and potential policy outcomes. The study finds that, (i) Concerning the vertical policy hierarchies based on the government's governance structure, the U.S. federal government has been proactive in advancing climate mitigation policies. However, the government faces multiple risks arising from various factors, including elections, public opinion, limited authority, frequent economic and social unrest, and the ever-shifting domestic and international political factors. These vulnerabilities may undermine the effectiveness of policies. The Congress also encounters certain challenges of significant fragmentation and influence from diverse economic and political factors, which poses challenges to the enactment of related environmental legislation. Moreover, the Supreme Court's climate litigation rulings tend to exhibit a conservative and highly politicized nature. (ii) In terms of the horizontal policy path, which is categorized into six major focus areas, the U.S. climate mitigation policies have made positive strides in the general sector, buildings sector, transport sector, and agriculture and forestry sector. However, challenges persist in the energy sector and industry and business sector. (iii) An analysis of 706 policy instruments indicates that Financial/Fiscal Mechanisms and Direct Investment are the primary means of implementing U.S. climate mitigation policies. Since President Biden assumed office, Regulatory Reform has emerged as a significant breakthrough, accompanied by the gradual adoption of Commercialization Mechanisms and Governance Mechanisms. However, Market-based Mechanisms have encountered challenges in their implementation at the federal level. (iv) An analysis of the potential effects of policy instruments indicates that institutional requirements are a primary consideration; policy design emphasizes environmental justice and equity. Many policies demonstrate positive outcomes in terms of environmental effectiveness, economic effectiveness, and innovation. Policies are also beneficial in improving people's livelihoods, reducing inflation, increasing employment, while also exhibiting positive synergies and enhancing competitiveness. Combining these results and issues, this paper also discusses prominent trends in the policy and offers recommendations for climate decision-making in the United States and other countries. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As major strategic development areas in China, the provinces around the Yangtze River are facing the pressure of large aggregate CO 2 emissions and high per capita CO 2 emissions. The study on the pathway of reducing CO 2 emissions and increasing carbon sequestration will help China better clarify the ways realize the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality as soon as possible. In this paper, the extended STIRPAT model and OLS regression were used to establish a prediction model to estimate the CO 2 emissions during 2010–2060 under different scenarios. Meanwhile, the InVEST model was used to estimate the carbon sequestration, and the comparison with the CO 2 emissions was analyzed. The results show that Qinghai and Yunnan have achieved the goal of carbon neutrality in 2010. Under the low-carbon and energy-saving scenario and the baseline scenario, all provinces within the study area are anticipated to attain their emissions peak by 2030 or earlier, and the CO 2 emissions peak value of the whole study area is 3111 Mt and 3199 Mt, respectively. While under the high emissions scenario, only Chongqing and Qinghai will reach the emissions peak in 2030, and the whole study area will reach the emissions peak in 2040, with peak value of 3470 Mt. Under the three scenarios, the whole study area cannot achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Only Sichuan and Hubei can achieve carbon neutrality in 2050 and 2060 under the low-carbon and energy-saving scenario. All provinces and municipalities in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are facing huge pressure of emissions reduction. The research reveals that the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality should be achieved by developing clean energy, transforming industrial structure, increasing carbon sequestration and improving carbon emissions trading system. [Display omitted] • The CO 2 emissions showed a pattern of increase during 2010–2020. • The whole study area will achieve carbon peak by 2040 or earlier. • The whole study area cannot achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. • The realization pathway of carbon peak and neutrality was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the built environment is among the main contributing sectors to climate change, it is needed to investigate new paradigms to push decarbonization efforts towards the ambitious objectives defined internationally. It is a shared understanding that shifting the perspective from the single building to the district perspective is required to fully take into consideration the complexity of all interactions undergoing within the built environment, thus the concept of Positive Energy District emerged as a district with annual net zero energy import and net zero CO 2 emission working towards an annual local surplus production of renewable energy. In this framework, this paper explores the investigation of the potential for achieving the level of Positive Energy District in a group of non-residential buildings in Balaguer, Catalonia, Spain. These buildings, occupying 8,825 m2 in the city centre, require significant refurbishment for improved energy performance. The analysis includes building energy modelling and simulation, renovation studies, several alternative balance calculations, and carbon emissions assessment. The paper also considers mobility and embodied energy and their impact on energy/carbon balances. The results show that Positive Energy Districts carbon and primary energy balances are not met with rooftop PV installations when retrofitting an existing district towards the Positive energy target but further significant PV areas (roughly + 50%) are required to meet merely the use stage balances: negative results are traced when mobility and embodied energy are computed. A formulation alternative to the simple mathematical balance to facilitate the diffusion of Positive Energy District as catalyst of urban decarbonisation could be needed, including context factors and alternative systems (e.g., rating systems). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the past research on public attitudes or choices on electric vehicles (EVs) have used user survey data (i.e., at a microscopic level). This paper adopts a multi-method approach to conduct a data-driven exploration of public sentiment evolution using a public tweet database spread across the last decade (2012–2022) (i.e., at a macroscopic level). Data mining from Twitter has enabled this research to obtain a rich alternative source of public sentiments on EVs. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques were then used to analyse the evolution in sentiments and reveal the underlying patterns in the discourse on EVs. Results and discussions in this paper categorise the shifts in public opinion and recognise critical linkages of economic summits or global events to sentiment changes. The research outcomes are expected to offer a strategic vantage point on the evolution of public discourse related to EV adoption and assist in designing better transportation electrification policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon neutrality is the future development direction of China. Achieving the goal of carbon neutrality requires the combined efforts of all industries, especially heavy industries. As one of the heavy industries, the mining sector contributes significantly to China's national economic development. This paper calculates China's mining sector's rebound effect and explores the impact of market-oriented reform on its rebound effect. We use the Shephard energy distance function to measure energy efficiency and analyze the effect of marketization on the rebound effect with the threshold model. Based on our results, the mining sector's average rebound effect is 46.4%. Moreover, with the increase in the decision-making flexibility of mining enterprises, the rebound effect presents an upward trend. We conclude by urging policy-makers to implement energy price reforms and promote energy consumption permits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasingly prominent of climate concerns, promoting carbon neutrality has become a pressing issue. In contrast to most recent studies, which utilized a linear perspective and focused on accelerating carbon neutrality solutions from carbon sources, this study innovatively measures the carbon neutrality index of 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2020 based on multichannel sources of carbon sinks and sources. It explores threshold effects of its drivers using a spatial autoregressive threshold panel model. The empirical results indicate a non-optimistic overall carbon neutrality situation in China; however, its polarization between provinces has weakened. Furthermore, China's provincial carbon neutrality index has a positive spatial spillover effect, and there is a complex spatial nonlinear relationship between carbon neutrality and its major driving factors, such as human activities and climate change, within the two regimes divided by economic development. These findings offer crucial guidance for China and other developing countries in formulating and implementing effective carbon-neutral planning. For example, developed areas should develop new low-carbon technologies, increase environmental protection expenditures, introduce green and clean enterprises, and expand vegetation areas. Less developed areas must eliminate their reliance on fossil fuel energy, optimize their industrial structure and layout, and strengthen environmental regulations and resource protection awareness. • This paper scientifically quantifies provincial carbon neutrality in China. • We incorporate carbon sinks and sources into the unified accounting system. • Carbon neutrality in adjacent provinces increases 1 unit can lead to that in observing province increases 0.4661 units. • The driving factors of carbon neutrality have clear nonlinear characteristics. • A single threshold effect regarding economic development is found, with a threshold value of 51,761.4012 Yuan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the nexus between the efficiency of carbon emission allocation and the efficiency of green development within the context of innovative city construction. Leveraging data from 283 prefecture-level cities and corresponding provincial-level panel data spanning the period from 2005 to 2019 in mainland China, the research employs the zero-sum gain DEA model to compute provincial carbon emission allocation efficiency and allocate allowances. Furthermore, it utilizes the all-factor non-radial directional distance function and the SBM-DEA model to gauge the green development efficiency of prefecture-level cities. The double-difference method is applied to evaluate the impact of innovative city construction on regional green development efficiency. The results indicate that an imbalance between carbon emission allocation efficiency and emission quotas detrimentally affects urban green development. However, technological progress, factor accumulation, and the institutional environment associated with innovative city building mitigate this negative impact. Heterogeneity analysis reveals a differentiated effect of innovative city building on regional green development efficiency. This paper not only explores the concept of achieving an equitable distribution of carbon emission allowances but also examines how innovative city building influences regional green development. By establishing connections between urban policies, the equitable distribution of carbon emission allowances, and regional green development, it introduces a new perspective for promoting high-quality development at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collaborative development of the electricity and carbon markets can reduce transaction costs, stimulate energy conservation and emission reductions, and accelerate the social transition to low carbon. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the current state and policy challenges of electricity-carbon trading and present an in-depth analysis of key research directions and technical details of electricity-carbon collaboration in the context of large-scale access to renewable energy. Then, by constructing a multi-agent behavioral decision-making model, we refine the decision-making mechanism of electricity-carbon synergy, simulated market clearing outcomes under different mechanisms, and proposed policies and incentive mechanisms to promote electricity-carbon trading. Furthermore, leveraging the massive data in energy systems, we design a carbon measurement method and carbon emission flow tracking method for low-carbon energy companies, achieving real-time carbon accounting for the power system. We establish a collaborative simulation model of the electricity and carbon markets, enabling an accurate prediction of the day-ahead carbon emission intensity. This study provides a new research framework and complete technical route for electricity-carbon coordination, which can further promote the low-carbon transformation of the energy system. • An incentive-compatible electricity-carbon trading market mechanism is designed. • Established carbon measurement methods and carbon emission flow tracking methods. • Established an electricity-carbon coordinated simulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because transport in the port hinterlands heavily depends on roads with negative externalities, much social interest has been in modal shifts (MSs) to rail and shipping with lower environmental impact. Currently, leading industry sectors to ambitiously embrace technological innovations to decarbonize—consequently, in line with these changes, the significance of MSs should change; however, no previous studies have comprehensively presented the overall CO 2 emissions and transport mode shares for future regional cargo transport. This paper presents a scenario analysis of CO 2 emission reductions in the Japanese domestic hinterland of international maritime container transport based on future scenarios of technological innovation and change in shipper behavior. The simulation results using the global logistics intermodal network simulation model showed that up to 87% CO 2 reduction is possible, and the primary driver for this is technological innovation. Moreover, the significance of MSs fluctuates depending on the advancement of technological innovation, suggesting that MSs hold a degree of import as a decarbonization measure during the transitional phase toward carbon neutrality (CN) as technological innovation advances. The results of this study, which fluctuated considerably by scenario and timing, have policy implications with respect to the path to be followed toward CN, including whether to promote MSs. • Scenario analysis of CO 2 emission reductions in Japanese maritime transportation. • Up to 87% CO 2 reduction possible using technological innovation. • Significance of modal shifts fluctuated with the degree of technological innovation. • Policy implications suggesting that the path toward carbon neutrality is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's energy transformation has been accompanied by potential energy security issues. However, the influence degree and driving mechanism behind this phenomenon remain unclear. In this paper, we developed a complex network-based technical resilience assessment framework and quantified both the historical trajectory and the prospective pathway of energy technical resilience in China. We proposed to reveal the relationship between cleaner energy supply and technical resilience by defining three energy technology resilience indicators: energy robustness, energy recovery rate, and energy performance loss. The results showed a consistent decline in energy technical resilience within China, predominantly characterized by an average diminution of 6.83% in energy robustness from 2010 to 2018. Taking carbon neutrality as a target, China's energy system transformation, characterized by increasing clean energy supply, leads to a significant improvement of 7.73% in energy robustness from 2020 to 2060. Conversely, the nationally determined contribution scenario exhibited negligible changes (±0.57%) in energy robustness, while a decline of 2.21% was noted under the business as usual scenario. Furthermore, energy robustness exhibited increments of 12.07%, 2.3%, and 4.17% for every 10% rise in the share of clean energy supply during 2020–2060, demonstrating greater resilience for cleaner energy systems against disruptions, including energy import interruptions, malicious attacks, and random failures. It has been concluded that enhancing the supply of clean energy can significantly contribute to bolstering China's energy technical resilience, while simultaneously addressing climate change concerns. • Network analysis is used to assess China's energy technical resilience. • Energy technical resilience is evaluated regarding robustness, recovery rate, and performance loss. • Energy system robustness significantly increases under carbon neutrality scenario. • Increasing clean energy supply strengthens resilience against shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's climate and environmental problems remained prominent. Energy transition was the key to improve climate and pollution, and it was at a critical period. Previous studies mostly focused on the impact of climate policies on the reduction of air pollutants and the environmental health impacts of individual sector or pathway policies. Thus, focusing on the synergistic abatement of CO 2 and air pollutants and health effects of energy transition in carbon neutrality was significant for building beautiful and healthy China. LEAP-HEA model was constructed to project energy demand, CO 2 and air pollutants, and assess energy transition's environmental health effects from 2020 to 2060. LMDI model was adopted to decompose the abatement contribution. Synergistic assessment index was used to estimate the coordinated abatement effects. Cost-effectiveness of energy transition and regional heterogeneity of PM 2.5 toxicity were not considered. The results indicated: (1) energy demand would decrease and structure would be optimized significantly under deep energy transition scenario. (2) Deep energy transition could promote earlier realization of carbon neutrality. It would contribute significantly to CO 2 and air pollutants abatement with strong synergistic effects. (3) Energy transition would reduce health risks with large economic benefits. Recommendations were proposed based on the conclusions. The framework of LEAP-HEA model. [Display omitted] • The synergistic abatement and health effect of energy transition were explored. • The models of LEAP, LMDI, exposure-response and the data of 2020 were used. • Energy transition would have significant synergistic abatement and health effect. • The paper has significance for promoting carbon neutrality and healthy China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of renewable energy as a pivotal green industry in decarbonizing the global economy and addressing the climate change is profound. The rise of China's regional renewable energy serves as a testament to its transition from an industrial powerhouse to a leader of sustainable growth, offering valuable insights for a sustainable future worldwide. This study analyzes renewable energy efficiency, alongside the factors that influence it, in Qinghai Province over 2000–2021. It uses a combination of the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index factor decomposition, Data Envelopment Analysis of Super-SBM models, and field research with a rounded approach. The study finds a robust increase in renewable energy capacity, particularly after 2016. Efficiency in renewable energy generally has risen, although periods of inefficiency were noted from 2014 to 2019. Despite fluctuations, the overall impact of factors such as renewable energy structure, electricity intensity, energy security, energy intensity, carbon productivity, and carbon emissions, all contribute positively to the development of renewable energy, notably in recent years. The paper concludes with a discussion of green industrial policies with wider implications for the renewable energy sector. • The rise of China's regional renewable energy offers valuable insights for sustainability. • Renewable energy capacity in Qinghai increased robustly over 2000-2021. • Renewable energy efficiency has risen but with inefficiency from 2014 to 2019. • Despite fluctuations, the overall impact of influencing factors promoted renewable energy, notably in recent years. • There is a need for stable green industrial policy, diverse energy mix, strengthening grid infrastructure, and promoting sustainable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global concern shifts from developed countries—many of which have made significant strides towards carbon neutrality—to developing nations, an urgent need arises: how can the latter effectively borrow and adapt strategies that have proven successful in the former? This review thoroughly explores the successes and challenges encountered by developed countries in terms of emission accounting, mitigation strategies, and transitioning to renewable energy sources. We then explore how these strategies can be feasibly integrated into the economic, social, and political contexts of developing countries. Furthermore, this paper highlights the importance of customizing these strategies to the unique challenges and opportunities of developing nations, rather than simply replicating efforts. Through a comparative analysis, we present a roadmap to carbon neutrality that acknowledges the distinct contexts of these developing countries while drawing inspiration from global successes. This approach underscores the necessity of a collaborative, global effort in addressing climate change, recognizing the interconnectedness of all nations in this endeavor. It also sets the stage for future research and policy development that are both locally informed and globally conscious. [Display omitted] • Comprehensive analysis of emission accounting successes in developed countries. • Exploration of the unique challenges and opportunities in developing nations. • Emphasis on tailoring, not duplicating, carbon neutrality strategies. • Proposing a cohesive, global approach grounded in local context and solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of global climate change has led to a widespread consensus on carbon reduction, with the power industry being the principal contributor to carbon emissions necessitating an inevitable transition of its energy structure. Concomitantly, the escalating frequency of natural disasters caused by extreme weather presents formidable challenges to both secure power supply and the low-carbon transition of the power system. To fulfill the developmental requirements of a low-carbon power system and address the carbon emission risks imposed by natural disasters, this paper proposes a bi-level model for generation expansion planning (GEP) that incorporates constraints on the carbon emission trajectory and the influence of natural disasters. The planning-level model optimizes investment costs of various generation technologies and energy storage (ES), as well as the overall operational expenses over the planning period, with an objective to minimize them. It incorporates carbon emission trajectory constraints and policy constraints, such as carbon peaking, carbon neutrality and renewable energy (RE) penetration rates, in order to optimize the planning installed capacity of power sources. The operational-level model aims to minimize typical daily operating costs while also simulating power unit outputs in routine and disaster scenarios. A case study is conducted in a disaster-prone province in southern China to analyze the power generation expansion planning and the trajectory of carbon emissions from 2020 to 2060 under different scenarios. The simulation results show that compared to thermal power, the planning scheme mainly focused on RE with ES is better suited to achieve the goal of a low-carbon transition of the power grid. Moreover, after considering natural disasters, the cost and carbon emissions of power system planning are higher, and the risk of carbon emissions increases with the severity of disasters. • A multi-time scale bi-level low-carbon GEP model is proposed. • Natural disaster scenarios and low-carbon policy constraints are considered in the GEP model. • Carbon emission trajectory of the planned power system is estimated and introduced as a constraint into the GEP model. • Evaluation indicators that comprehensively consider low-carbon performance and economic feasibility are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A CGE model elaborately depicting six CCS technologies was developed. • Impacts of four CCS incentive scenarios on decarbonization pathways were simulated. • CCS can sequester 960 ∼ 1,604 MtCO 2 annually in China by 2060 with policy incentives. • CCS incentives can reduce China's future primary energy demand by 7.7 ∼ 17.4 %. • CCS incentives can increase GDP by 5.64 ∼ 6.59 % compared to no policy scenario. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, considered as a pivotal tool in mitigating climate change within the fossil energy system, particularly in China, has experienced slower development than expected. The exploration of direct incentive policies to facilitate its growth remains relatively underdeveloped. This study developed a hybrid dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the substantial impacts of CCS incentive policies on China within the context of carbon neutrality target. Two potential incentive policies, carbon emission trading system (ETS) and 45Q tax credit, were simulated, with different sectoral coverage. The results indicate that CCS technologies can reduce carbon emissions by 960 ∼ 1,604 MtCO 2 annually by 2060 through the strategic implementation of these incentive policies. The 45Q tax credit demonstrates its effectiveness in promoting early-stage research and development (R&D) and demonstration of CCS, while the ETS policy facilitates the commercial development of CCS in the later stage of development. By 2060, the implementation of CCS incentive policies could potentially result in 7.7 ∼ 17.4 % reduction in China's primary energy consumption, 71.2 ∼ 82.7 % decrease in the carbon price of ETS and 5.64 ∼ 6.59 % increase in the GDP compared with the no-policy scenario. In addition, the sectoral output in various sectors and the welfare of urban and rural households also increase. This paper provides an important reference for the realization of China's carbon neutrality goal and the model framework can be applied to other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The low-carbon technologies (LCT) in realizing urban carbon neutrality are reviewed. • More than 150 papers with high citation rates are selected for specific analysis. • Three main aspects are investigated: LCT, ECER and CCSU. • Building energy consumption is a huge carbon emitter and poses a challenge for SUD. This work aims to study the role and current situation of Low-Carbon Technology (LCT) in realizing urban Carbon Neutrality goals and Sustainable Urban Development (SUD). This work focuses on the three main aspects of Carbon Neutrality by means of investigation: the new energy-supported LCTs, building-oriented Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction (ECER), and Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization (CCSU) technology. The research of the past ten years (2013–2022) is reviewed from the Web of Science, Google Academic, and other literature databases. Over 20,000 articles are selected by using the keywords "Carbon Neutrality Technology," such as "IEEE," "Elsevier," and other journal documents. Finally, more than 150 papers with high citation rates and relatively novel research results are selected for specific analysis. This work also establishes a case study of urban green development with multiple co-governance and a case study of building energy conservation and carbon reduction solutions. Finally, suggestions are put forward for achieving SUD. China's energy consumption and Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) emissions have increased year by year, but the Carbon Peak has not yet been reached. About 85% of CCUS technologies extract CO 2 from the air and use it for other emission reduction processes. In addition, the carbon storage time and storage efficiency need to be improved, and the general level can only reach about 60% of the storage efficiency. The secondary use of CO 2 by technology is of practical significance to many industries and must be fully implemented from the perspective of the whole life cycle. Especially building energy consumption is a huge carbon emitter and poses a challenge for SUD. How to take effective measures to control emissions is still an arduous task [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has set an ambitious national determined contributions target to peak CO 2 emissions by 2030 and aims to be carbon neutral by 2060. One of China's top energy consumers and CO 2 contributors, the steel industry accounts for 13% of the country's total consumption and 15% of CO 2 emissions. In response to the present global warming trend, there is an urgent need to cut energy consumption and CO 2 emissions to promote low-carbon growth. This paper attempts to provide a detailed analysis of the steel industry's CO 2 emission reduction path to carbon neutrality. Further efforts in terms of industrial structure, material efficiency, energy efficiency, and low- or zero-carbon technologies are required to achieve a low-carbon transition. Given that decarbonization is a significant priority in the steel industry in many countries, this study focuses on the goals and technological paths of low-carbon emissions projects to optimize existing technology priorities and propose development directions. Deep decarbonization is also projected to be achieved by combining CCUS and hydrogen metallurgy technologies. The steel industry requires collaborative efforts to standardize CO 2 emission accounting methodologies and establish a carbon trading system to strengthen carbon emission management. • The steel industry is one of the key contributors to carbon neutrality which needs to accelerate decarbonization. • Reducing energy consumption and CO 2 emissions to keep up with the current global warming trend are reviewed. • This paper selects low-carbon emission projects to optimize current technology priorities and provide development directions. • Policy recommendations and next steps for low-carbon transition are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon neutral strategies can help companies implementing short terms solutions while developing long-term carbon reduction projects. • Drivers for agri-food companies are the possibility of saving costs and increasing profit. • Costs and related companies' lack of resources and budget are at the same time one of the main barriers. • The most costly, time-consuming, and complex phase is developing internal offsetting/insetting projects. • Financial enabling factors are receiving free or subsidized certifications/verifications and accessing packages of technical assistance, especially for the supply-chain. Agri-food companies are developing carbon neutral strategies to set long-term targets to reduce carbon emissions while implementing short terms solutions to boost the transition towards a low-carbon agri-food sector. However, the uptake of the carbon neutrality process presents some limitations and difficulties. The paper analyzes the different aspects that characterize the carbon neutrality strategy in the agri-food sector also highlighting both drivers and shortcomings, specifically related to the sector. To better analyze companies' carbon neutrality approaches and to identify the costs of different approaches to carbon neutrality, this paper presents the results of semi-structured interviews with sustainability managers of agri-food companies and consultancy firms that are dealing specifically with the carbon neutrality process. Moreover, a survey was conducted to evaluate the interest of companies in receiving technical assistance, free or subsidized certifications/verifications, and favorable borrowing conditions. Results from this study show how major drivers for agri-food companies are the possibility of saving costs and increasing profit, external pressures, and the possibility of minimizing corporate risks. Moreover, costs related to the carbon neutrality process and companies' lack of resources and budget has been found as one of the main barriers along with the lack of a strong and robust policy framework and carbon offsetting mistrust. Analyzing costs, time, and complexity of the different phases, the paper shows how the development of internal offsetting/insetting projects is the most complicated for companies, contrary to the acquisition of carbon neutral certifications and labels. Finally, from the survey, we found that financial enabling factors for companies are receiving free or subsidized certifications/verifications and accessing packages of technical assistance, especially for their supply-chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An original two-layer stochastic planning model of IDC and distribution network is proposed. The operational characteristics of multi-types of ES, as well as the differentiated characteristics of flexibility resource are taken into account in the ES storage planning model. • A practical scenario-generation method based on Monte Carlo simulation and K-means clustering is put forward to handle uncertainties of DGs and loads. • The Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) theory is introduced to provide the concept and calculation method of carbon neutrality loss risk. • The large M method and the polygon method are first used to solve the mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. The number of Internet Data Centers (IDC) is developing rapidly, and the large-scale load has a significant impact on the secure, economic, low-carbon, and efficient operation of the distribution network. This article proposes a joint expansion planning framework of IDC and distribution network driven by carbon neutrality goals. Firstly, considering the impact of various factors such as service level, parameters, and environment on the IDC load operation, we conducted in-depth research on the characteristics of different IDC load and established an IDC load demand response model. Secondly, in response to the uncertainty of new energy output and load, the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) theory is introduced to provide the concept and calculation method of carbon neutrality loss risk. Then, with the goal of minimizing the investment operating total cost of the distribution network, a two-stage stochastic expansion planning model of IDC and distribution network is constructed. The large M method and the polygon method are first used to solve the mixed integer nonlinear optimization model. Finally, an improved IEEE-33 node system is taken as a simulation example to verify the effectiveness and progressiveness of the proposed method. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the planning method proposed in this paper has effectively reduced the total investment cost by 23.52 % compared to the independent planning method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and utilization of wind energy can help promote the carbon neutrality. Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis based on supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) can effectively improve wind turbine reliability and reduce operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. However, the complex data characteristics (e.g., time-varying and distribution-free) make it difficult to use a unified model to comprehensively evaluate the turbine state. To finely detect and analyze the turbine faulty mode, a hierarchical condition monitoring and fault diagnosis (CMFD) method is proposed, which consists of variable-level and turbine-level. First, the SCADA data is divided into two blocks: the nonstationary part with time-varying distribution, and the stationary part with time-invariant but non-Gaussian distribution. At the variable-level, this paper proposed a local monitoring unit based on sparse cointegration analysis (SCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) to detect faulty samples of different variable blocks. And the fault-related variables are isolated based on the proposed distributed reconstruction. At the turbine-level, the evaluation results from variable-level are fused: on the one hand, Bayesian inference is used to integrate monitoring statistics of stationary and nonstationary parts to comprehensively evaluate the operational state of the turbine; on the other hand, the root fault subsystem is deduced from the fault-related variables isolated from the two parts based on Gaussian process regression. The proposed method is applied in the operation and maintenance of a real wind farm, and the performance advantages are verified by the comparison with popular benchmarks. • An innovative hierarchical CMFD strategy for wind turbines is proposed which consists of variable-level and turbine-level methods. • At the variable-level, the monitoring and isolated methods are proposed based on SCA and ICA. • At the turbine-level, Bayesian inference is used to integrate variable-level monitoring results, and the root faulty subsystem is deduced based on Gaussian process regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development has many dimensions, such as clean energy, green growth, and sustainable industry. Green finance has a key role in realizing these targets. The core focus of the existing paper is to demystify the influences of green finance, green energy on environmental dynamics in Malaysia covering the timeframe from 1990 to 2018. To this end, we employ the QARDL technique to peruse the effect of green finance, renewable energy, and economic growth on CO 2 emissions and ecological footprint separately. By doing so, we crosscheck the empirical outcomes and inspect the consistency of the analysis. Firstly, empirical results show that the ecological footprint model yields similar results to the CO 2 emissions model in terms of statistically significant quantile ranges and the magnitude of the coefficients. According to the overall results, GDP increases environmental degradation while green finance and renewable energy have a mitigating role. Finally, we confirm a significant EKC hypothesis for Malaysia. Based on these findings, we recommend Malaysian policymakers focus on energy efficiency, realize financial reforms and promote green energy through the financial system to achieve the 2050 net-zero emission target. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability and stability of global forest carbon sinks confront challenges arising from deforestation, forest fires, and land use changes. The trajectory of forest carbon sink development, whether convergent or divergent, not only influences the global carbon balance but also holds direct implications for climate policies. Fostering international collaboration in the collective establishment of carbon sinks is essential to alleviate climate change. A critical imperative lies in comprehending the distribution and dynamics of global forest carbon sinks. This paper, within this context, examines the convergence trends of forest carbon sinks among 147 countries. Utilizing a data-driven algorithm, the presence of club convergence is test, followed by an analysis of the influence of economic and social factors on club convergence. While uniform convergence in forest carbon stock across the entire sample is not evident, club convergence is indeed identified among the 147 countries. This study, informed by club convergence outcomes, provides insights into the global development pattern of forest carbon sinks. Additionally, factors such as GDP, land use, temperature fluctuations, and energy consumption are pinpointed as catalysts for the formation of convergence clubs. These findings offer valuable insights into regional variations in forest carbon absorption capacity, contributing to the formulation of more effective climate policies. Achieving environmental, economic, and socially sustainable development demands a nuanced equilibrium between economic growth and forest preservation. • The development pattern of forest carbon sink holds implications for policies. • The Log t- test is employed to assess the absence of uniform convergence. • The club convergence did exist among the 147 countries. • Land should be made better utilization for sustainable forest development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the challenges caused by climate change, the spread of green buildings is increasing. Moreover, it is becoming necessary to secure sustainability through the management of new and renewable energy operations. Accordingly, this paper describes the proposal and empirical demonstration of an energy operation optimization method for renewable energy-integrated buildings utilizing photovoltaics (PVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). The proposed optimization method begins with the calculation of a weather index (WI) based on environmental and climatic data, with particular emphasis on its relevance to PV production. Additionally, we develop the weight-prox algorithm (W-PA) for controlling and optimizing daily building energy operations. The goal of this optimization method is to enhance the performance of three sustainability indicators of green buildings. Simulations are then conducted in a digital transformation environment using real green buildings as targets. The results demonstrate the improved performance of sustainability indicators, including renewable energy efficiency, economic resilience, and eco-friendliness. The output of this study can serve as a set of guidelines that considers the convenience of implementation for building operators. This study is also significant by raising awareness of the need for climate change response and contributing to the use of renewable energy for the sustainability of green buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution is a global menace that poses harmful effects on all the living ecosystems and to the Earth. As years pass by, the available and the looming rate of pollutants increases at a faster rate. Although many treatments and processing strategies are waged for treating such pollutants, the by-products and the wastes or drain off generated by these treatments further engages in the emission of hazardous waste. Innovative and long-lasting solutions are required to address the urgent global issue of hazardous pollutant remediation from contaminated environments. Myco-remediation is a top-down green and eco-friendly tool for pollution management. It is a cost-effective and safer practice of converting pernicious substances into non-toxic forms by the use of fungi. But these pollutants can be transformed into useable products along with multiple benefits for the environment such as sequestration of carbon emissions and also to generate high valuable bioactive materials that fits as a sustainable economic model. The current study has examined the possible applications of fungi in biorefineries and their critical role in the transformation and detoxification of pollutants. The paper offers important insights into using fungal bioremediation for both economically and environmentally sound solutions in the domain of biorefinery applications by combining recent research findings. [Display omitted] • Mycoremediation uses fungi to remediate pollutants. • Fungal species with varying capabilities in degrading pollutants are discussed. • Circular economy which utilizes fungi to transform pollutants into valuable resources are reviewed. • Synergism with phytoremediation were elucidated. • Challenges and future works were summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It maps the CO 2 storage potentials in shale basins in China comprehensively. • Both shale oil and gas basins are quantitatively estimated via different equations. • Basins are classified into three tiers for carbon storage with varied time scales. • The equations for the estimations of CO 2 storage potentials are optimised. • The density variation of CO 2 at different conditions was considered. China is the second largest shale gas and oil producing country possessing large and significant shale basins, and it is also one of the top carbon emitting countries. Therefore, there is significant potential to store CO 2 in shales in China to remove the carbon emission and enhance and gas recovery simultaneously. This research provides a comprehensive prediction of potentials of CO 2 storage in major shale gas/oil basins in China based on most recent publications where density variation of CO 2 at different subsurface conditions is considered and the different stages of development are classified. We optimise the calculation equations for shale gas and oil respectively, and further classified the three tiers (i.e. commercial, potential and possible reservoirs) in the calculation to prioritise the sequestration site selection. A total of around 6194 Gt, CO 2 sequestration in shales, including 172 Gt for commercial, 849 Gt for potential and 5147 Gt for possible storage, equivalent to a total of 620 years' carbon emissions in China is expected. These can be realised in around 20 years, 20–50 years and 50–100 years respectively. For future applications, more concerns should be on the evaluation criteria of sequestration sites in shales, CO 2 fracturing mechanisms and potential leakage, multi-phase seepage and reactions, and environmental monitoring systems. As a comprehensive assessment of potentials of CO 2 storage in shale basins in China, this paper will provide an important guide for future academic studies, industrial operations and government policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• More reliable modeling assumptions and methods are proposed. • Price regulation may increase industrial output in China. • The reform can lead to a cleaner power mix and better economic structure. • The reform can be of great help to alleviate the fiscal deficit. • Impact mechanisms through cost linkages in different situations are put forward. China promised to achieve carbon neutrality in 2060. However, electricity prices are still regulated, which may affect the effect of carbon neutrality, especially in China, because 70% of China's electricity comes from thermal power generation. In this paper, a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium model (CEEEA/CGE model) is applied to simulate the electricity market-oriented reform under the target of carbon neutrality from 2020 to 2060. The results show that the target may increase the demand for labor and capital to cope with increasing energy costs, and the reform may reduce GDP. However, power reform can significantly optimize the energy and economic structures and alleviate the fiscal deficit. Moreover, this paper finds and concludes the mechanism causing these effects (such as factor substitution, price advantage, government revenue, and structure), which provides policymakers with a new perspective of power reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building sector plays a key role in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union (EU). The revision of the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) sets out how Europe can achieve a decarbonised building stock by 2050. This paper offers an overview of the recent policy developments and examines the introduced provisions on new and existing buildings. While nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) remains the current building standard since 2011 for new buildings, zero emission buildings (ZEBs) are set as the future building target as of 2030. Accordingly, this paper provides insights into ZEBs, clarifying how and when this concept brought out. In particular, it discusses the key methodological aspects that ZEBs should address, outlining the decisive role of energy efficiency and renewable energy. This paper provides the main features of a pragmatic ZEB definition which should be distinguished from other building concepts. It suggests an approach to ZEBs calculations of grouping energy uses and associated emissions, as well as the steps to derive numerical benchmarks for operational energy. Furthermore, it examines the link with other policies as well as the market readiness for zero carbon buildings. The study points out how ZEBs are a crucial component of the EU strategy towards climate neutrality, able to trigger additional benefits, such as resilience, recyclability, security, and health. Within that framework, the ZEB concept must be promptly transposed, avoiding the downturn that characterized the initial NZEBs implementation. Giving the essential elements to move from a theoretical to an empirical ZEB level, this paper highlights how binding requirements based on a holistic approach are urgently needed in order to tackle GHG emissions in the building sector and move rapidly towards a climate neutral continent. • The main challenges around decarbonisation of the EU building sector are outlined. • An analysis of recent policy developments on buildings is provided. • The main elements around Zero Emission buildings (ZEBs) definitions are discussed. • The path and barriers for ZEBs implementation are depicted. • The differences between ZEBs and nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Short Communication Paper approaches the CO 2 emissions from forest biomass produced in sustainable managed forests from aspects related to photosynthesis and variations in vitality and capability of CO 2 uptake, depending on i.a. different rotation periods and management regimes. These aspects are ignored or diminished in most other analyses on the subject as those analyses typically are based on simplified rigidly structured models. This Short Communication Paper suggests application of more relevant methodologies closer to actual real conditions. Two CO 2 issues are covered; the CO 2 balance between growth and harvesting of biomass in sustainably managed forests, and combustion of woody biomass in comparison with fossil fuels with regard to CO 2 emissions. The analysis of the first issue leads to the conclusion that biomass harvested from sustainably managed forests should be regarded as “carbon neutral” as the vitality and CO 2 absorption is sustained and kept on the same (or better) level. Moreover, to transform old pristine forests to young vigorous forests would be an effective (long term) means of reducing atmospheric CO 2 . Regarding the second issue, we notice that some other authors of papers on bioenergy claim that biomass would not be “climate neutral” when used for energy as, for generation of a given energy amount, more fixed carbon is released from biomass than from fossil fuels. In our opinion, authors of these papers apply obsolete, too general or sometimes illogical default values. This Short Communication Paper suggests that emissions from combustion of forest biomass should be compared with emissions from coal as it is the most common and relevant fuel to replace. Also additional emissions from mining/harvesting, transport, leakage, etc. should be included both for biomass and for reference fuels like coal, gas, and oil. The comparison should also be based on state-of-the-art technology, which for biomass would mean i.a. flue-gas condensing and efficient fuel treatment. Under these conditions, typical biomass applications for energy would be both carbon neutral and climate neutral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]