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Characterization of neutral sulphite semi-chemical black liquor (NSSCBL), sampled from paper manufacturing process that uses recycled fibers as primary feedstock, was carried out for potential bioenergy and biomaterial applications. Physico-chemical characteristics including inorganic elements content, thermogravimetric analysis, GC/MS, and FT-IR are presented. The black liquor of the recycled fibers in the manufacturing process revealed unique characteristics in terms of chemical composition profile compared to the black liquor originating from regular pulp and paper industries. The major findings include the presence of chemical compounds, from a non-plant origin, such as derivatives of hexanedioic acid in significant quantities. The favorable biofuel characteristics of this black liquor are: neutral pH, a higher volatile content, and HHV. The recycled paper NSSCBL can be a good candidate for biomaterial and biofuel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To overcome declining markets and low-cost competition, Canadian pulp and paper (P&P) mills are considering the diversification of their product platform. Investing in bioenergy is emerging as a promising way to boost the sector. In this paper, we present a mathematical programming approach to evaluate the profitability of bioenergy investments in the case of a P&P mill, while assessing technical and associated economic risks. The mill, called the integrated forest biorefinery (IFBR), could produce a set of high-value bioproducts from biomass generated in the mill or supplied from outside. P&P activity generates residues, such as black liquor and pulp sludge, which could be used to produce bioenergy. P&P activity should then be well managed, by considering the possibility of temporarily stopping the production of P&P, while assuming the costs associated with the shutdowns. The objective is to develop a mathematically-based approach for investors and stakeholders, within the forest sector that aims to optimise the value creation network of the IFBR and to maximise the profitability of future investments in bioenergy, while optimising the existing P&P activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A great interest has been arising about the production of fuels and advanced chemicals from renewable resources such as wooden biomass in the so-called biorefineries. Pulp and paper mills are often seen as the most obvious fundamental module of such industrial sites, because of the common feedstock and the chemical transformations that already occur in the process. In this paper the model of real Kraft pulp and paper mill is developed and optimized from energetic point of view using process integration techniques, in order to assess the potential for energy saving and to establish a starting point for future research on biorefinery sites. Improvements to the configurations of the multi-effect evaporator and of the steam cycle in the CHP system have been introduced, and three different levels of heat integration boundaries have been considered (multi-effect evaporator, mill sub-processes, and total site). Results indicate a significant potential for the decrease in thermal energy requirement and/or the increase in power production for the same pulp and paper production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As a significant fraction of municipal solid waste, waste paper is a potential source for producing bioethanol. In the present paper, bioethanol production from various waste papers (newspaper, office paper, cardboard and magazine) using an enzyme complex (Cellic Ctec 1) was evaluated from an economic standpoint. Four bases cases without pre-treatment and two state-of-the-art cases (including dilute acid pre-treatment for office paper and oxidative lime pre-treatment for newspaper) were constructed using laboratory experimental data, literature values, expert consultations and simulation using AspenPlus™. Several scenarios were also carried out to assess the sensitivity of various technology parameters (i.e. solids loading in saccharification, anaerobic digestion and fermentation efficiency, and sugar yields in pre-treatment). The sensitivity analysis suggested that the economic performance of bioethanol produced from waste paper could be improved significantly with an up to 25% reduction in minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) by increasing solids loading in saccharification and with a 6% reduction in MESP by enhancing fermentation efficiency. The comparison of the bioethanol selling price at pump (reference year 2009) and the petrol price showed bioethanol produced from newspaper, office paper and cardboard were economically competitive with petrol. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract This work investigates the use of biomass fly ash (BFA) and an alkaline effluent (AEF), both generated from the Kraft pulp industry, in the preparation of geopolymeric binders and mortars for construction applications. BFA replaced the metakaolin (MK) while the AEF substituted the distilled water used to dissolve NaOH pellets. The mix design aims to maximize the amount of both the wastes and to optimize the materials properties, such as workability and mechanical performance. At the same time, also the environmental impact decreases enhancing the materials' sustainability and facilitating the circular economy. For the previously optimized BFA/MK ratio (70/30 wt.%) several NaOH/Na 2 SiO 3 ratios and water to AEF substitutions were tested. The best performance was achieved for the alkaline activator having one part of NaOH and three parts of Na 2 SiO 3. According to the main results, the biologic AEF can totally replace the distilled water in the NaOH preparation. Thus will increase the sustainability of the novel materials. Subsequently, the optimized binder was used – with and without AEF - to manufacture mortars with various binder/aggregate ratios. It is concluded that the formulations with a binder/aggregate mass proportion of 1:3 showed the best mechanical performance (compressive strength surpassing 20 MPa, class M20) and the replacement of distilled water with AEF did not affect the specimens final properties, but enhance the materials sustainability. Furthermore, in the pursuit of sustainability, manufacture and curing were conducted at ambient conditions (20 °C, 65% RH), avoiding any external source of energy, involving simple, reproducible, and low-cost processes. Graphical abstract Image Highlights • Biomass alkaline effluent is used for the first time as geopolymer activator. • Biomass fly ash are used as main alumina-silicate source (70 wt.%). • Used industrial wastes are of biologic nature. • Manufacture is highly sustainable and reproducible. • Novel geopolymeric binders and mortars are suitable for structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Waste papers (newspaper, office paper, magazines and cardboard in this study) with 50–73% (w/w oven dry weight) carbohydrate contents have considerable potential as raw materials for bioethanol production. A particle size reduction step of wet blending prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of newspaper was found to increase the glucan conversion efficiency by up to 10%. High-solids loading hydrolysis at 15% (w/w) of four types of paper using two enzyme alternatives, Celluclast 1.5L supplemented with Novozyme 188 and Cellic Ctec 1 (Novozymes A/S, Demark), at various enzyme concentrations were successfully performed in a lab-scale overhead-stirred reactor. This work has identified the relative saccharification performance for the four types of paper and shows office paper and cardboard to be more suitable for producing bioethanol than newspaper or magazine paper. The experimental data were also very well described by a modified, simple three parameter glucan and xylan hydrolysis model. These findings provide the possibility for incorporating this validated kinetic model into process designs required for commercial scale bioethanol production from waste paper resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The pulp and paper industry faces several challenges linked to climate and environmental impact, resource efficiency, rising energy prices, increased competition for biomass resources, and declining demand for traditional printed paper products. However, these challenges also offer strategic opportunities for the industry to develop into a competitive, resource-efficient, and low-carbon industry in line with a biobased economy. Against this background, this paper aims to analyse current energy strategies in the pulp and paper industry in Sweden. Specifically, the paper analyses how companies combine continuous process efficiency to reduce energy costs with activities that could be developed into new energy-related products to increase revenue. Most of the analysed companies work to various degrees with both these strategies, employing methods that include improving energy efficiency, energy security, and energy conversion, as well as developing a wide range of biobased energy products. However, our study indicates that there is an untapped potential associated with energy product development, and we conclude that energy efficiency measures can free up resources, enabling the development of new energy products. Finally, several potential managerial outcomes and implications are outlined. • The paper analyses the energy strategies in the pulp and paper industry in Sweden. • Energy strategies focus both to improve energy efficiency and develop new energy-products. • The companies' energy strategies combined exploitation and exploration. • A number of managerial implications are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain paper industry wastes display high recycling potential. In this investigation, the feasibility of using green liquor dregs and biomass fly ash from the paper industry as filler in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) for road pavement construction is analysed. Particularly, the moisture damage resistance (i.e., water sensitivity) of an AC 22 base B50/70 G has been studied using the Indirect Tensile Strength Test at the Marshall mix design optimum asphalt content. The most important filler properties have been determined to study water resistance: filler water content, grain size distribution using light scattering analysis techniques, morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), chemical and mineralogical composition using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, detrimental fines content using the methylene blue test and the stiffening effect of the filler in the mastic by determining the ring and ball (R&B) softening temperature and the bitumen penetration grade. Additionally, the Rolling Bottle method and Boiling Water tests have been conducted to analyse the asphalt-aggregate bond. A control filler (i.e., commercial limestone filler) was used to compare the results. Also the mechanical properties (stiffness and resistance to the permanent deformation) of the mixtures were studied. As a result, it can be concluded that dregs have poor water resistance. Additionally, fly ash displayed inadequate water resistance for HMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ample interest for more efficient utilization of bio-based residues has emerged in the Nordic pulp and paper (P&P) industry, which uses virgin wood as feedstock. Although different bioenergy retrofit technologies for production of liquid, solid, and gaseous bioenergy products have been applied in the existing P&P mills, the number of installations remains small. The lack of profound knowledge of existing bioenergy retrofits hinders the replication and market uptake of potential technologies. This review synthesises the existing knowledge of European installations and identifies the key drivers and barriers for implementation to foster the market uptake of potential technologies. The bioenergy retrofits were reviewed in terms of technical maturity, drivers, barriers and market potential. Based on this evaluation, common drivers and barriers towards wider market uptake were outlined from political, economic, social, technical, environmental, and legal perspective. Technologies already commercially applied include anaerobic fermentation of sludge, bark gasification, tall oil diesel and bioethanol production, whereas lignin extraction, biomethanol production, hydrothermal liquefaction and hydrothermal carbonization are being demonstrated or first applications are under construction. The findings of this review show that a stable flow of residues at P&P mills creates a solid base for retrofitting. New innovative bio-based products would allow widening the companies' product portfolios and creating new businesses. Also, European Union's (EU) legislation drives towards advanced biofuels production. Wider uptake of the retrofitting technologies requires overcoming the barriers related to uncertainty of economic feasibility and unestablished markets for new products rather than technical immaturity. • Bioenergy retrofits can widen the product portfolio of the pulp and paper industry. • Bioenergy retrofits in Europe were comprehensively reviewed for the first time. • Drivers and barriers for the market uptake were assessed from different perspectives. • Retrofits support the REDII targets for advanced biofuels in transport sector. • Utilization of residues for bioenergy products improves mills' resource efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In order to make 2nd-generation biofuels more competitive, high solid-matter content has to be reached. To progress towards this target, the mechanism for destructuring lignocellulose fibres in semidilute conditions has to be well understood, as this configuration shows the basic mechanism which limits transfers and efficiency. This study aims to delve deeply into the biophysical and transfer limitations occurring during enzymatic hydrolysis. A specific experimental set-up associating in-situ and ex-situ physical (rheometry, chord length analysis) and biochemical analysis was used to expand the knowledge of hydrolysis of extruded softwood paper pulp over 24 h under different substrate concentrations (1%–3%) and enzyme doses (Accellerase 1500, 5 and 25 FPU/g cellulose). Non-Newtonian behaviour associated with pronounced yield stress stand as the major factors limiting process efficiency. A critical time was deduced from viscosity evolution, and the existence of a unique, dimensionless viscosity-time curve was established, suggesting similar mechanisms for fibre degradation. In addition, chord length distribution allowed for the description of population evolution and was discussed in the light of in-situ viscosity and hydrolysis yield. Physical (viscosity, particle size) and biochemical (substrate) kinetics were modelled (second-order) and coefficients identified. A chronology of the encountered phenomenological limitations demonstrates the necessity of optimising bioprocesses by considering physical parameters. A reference feed rate is proposed in order to reach high solid loading under fed-batch strategy. Highlights • An in- & ex-situ multiscale approach was used to study the paper pulp hydrolysis. • The bio-physical and transfer limitations during hydrolysis were investigated. • A non-Newtonian behaviour was the major factor limiting process efficiency. • A unique dimensionless viscosity-time curve was identified. • A reference feed rate is proposed to reach high solid loading with fed-batch mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, a paper based enzymatic fuel cell is used as self-recharged supercapacitor. In this supercapacitive enzymatic fuel cell (SC-EFC), the supercapacitive features of the electrodes are exploited to demonstrate high power output under pulse operation. Glucose dehydrogenase-based anode and bilirubin oxidase-based cathode were assembled to a quasi-2D capillary-driven microfluidic system. Capillary flow guarantees the continuous supply of glucose, cofactor and electrolytes to the anodic enzyme and the gas-diffusional cathode design provides the passive supply of oxygen to the catalytic layer of the electrode. The paper-based cell was self-recharged under rest and discharged by high current pulses up to 4 mA cm −2 . The supercapacitive behavior and low equivalent series resistance of the cell permitted to achieve up to a maximum power of 0.87 mW cm −2 (10.6 mW) for pulses of 0.01 s at 4 mA cm −2 . This operation mode allowed the system to achieve at least one order of magnitude higher current/power generation compared to the steady state operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New biocathode including BOD, 4-APA, and BP electrode (BP/4-APA/BOD is suggested. • The biocathode is prepared by electrografting method. • Membraneless paper type EBFCs using this biocathode are fabricated. • This paper type EBFC is well operated even in a condition of living body fluid. • OCV/MPD of this paper type EBFC are 0.612 ± 0.002 V/92.025 ± 0.892 μW cm−2. A new biocathode consisting of bilirubin oxidase (BOD), 4-aminophthalic acid (4-APA) and buckypaper (BP) electrode is suggested for enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs). Here, to enhance the electron transfer rate of BOD, electrografting method is imported. When this method and 4-APA are utilized, BP surface has negative charges by the polarity arrangement of 4-APA, forming BP/4-APA structure. With the modification of surface charge, T1 active site within BODs having positive charges are strongly bonded with the negative charges of BP/4-APA in neutral pH condition, while the orientation of T1 site is well aligned by electrostatic interaction. This treatment increases both reactivities of cathodic reaction and EBFC performance. To prove that, the performance of membraneless paper-type EBFCs using the new flexible BP/4-APA/BOD biocathode is investigated. According to the evaluations, their maximum power density and open circuit voltage are 92.025 ± 0.892 μW cm−2 and 0.612 ± 0.002 V with injection of 10 mM glucose which is a condition of living body fluid. Such performances are far better than those of other membraneless EBFCs and are large enough to be utilized as a power source of implantable devices for the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses the development of a compact paper-based enzymatic microfluidic glucose/O 2 fuel cell that can operate using a very limited sample volume (≈35 µl) and explores the energy generated by glucose at concentrations typically found in blood samples at physiological conditions (pH 7.4). Carbon paper electrodes combined with a paper sample absorption substrate all contained within a plastic microfluidic casing are used to construct the paper-based fuel cell. The anode catalysts consist of glucose dehydrogenase and [Os(4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine) 2 (poly-vinylimidazole) 10 Cl] + as mediator, while the cathode catalysts were bilirubin oxidase and [Os(2,2′-bipyridine) 2 (poly-vinylimidazole) 10 Cl] + as mediator. The fuel cell delivered a linear power output response to glucose over the range of 2.5–30 mM, with power densities ranging from 20 to 90 µW cm −2 . The quantification of the available electrical power as well as the energy density extracted from small synthetic samples allows planning potential uses of this energy to power different sensors and analysis devices in a wide variety of in-vitro applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Densified biomass pellets using waste wood sawdust (S) as main materials and wrapping paper fiber (P) as “solid bridge”, named as P/S-BPs, was prepared by a hydraulic press powder pelletizer under room temperature and pressure lower than10MPa. The effects of the addition of P to S and the compressed pressure on the density, resiliency (R), abrasion resistance (AR), impact resistance index (IRI)) and the combustion behavior of the P/S-BPs were investigated. The results showed that the addition of P to S greatly reduced the negative effects of resiliencies on the densities and mechanical properties of P/S-BPs during storage. For example, P/S-BPs compressed at 6MPa in a P/S mass ratio of 1–3 showed the smooth surface and low resiliency of 10% with a high relaxed density of 1.08kgm−3. This is due to the strengthened interlocking bonds through fabricating “solid bridge” and increasing attracting force by adding P to resist the disruptive force created by elastic recovery even under low pressure. Combustion results showed that the addition of P decreased the soot index (SI) due to the lower devolatilization rate and burnout rate, and increased the HHV per unit volume because of its high relaxed density. Thus, compression of waste P and S in a P/S mass ratio of 1–3 at room temperature under 6MPa is a cost-effective process to produce densified sustainable bio-fuel from waste S and P as well as dispose them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is an extensively growing interest in using paper or paper-like substrates for batteries and other energy storage devices. Due to their intrinsic characteristics, paper (or paper-like) batteries show outstanding performance while retaining low cost, multifunctionality, versatility, flexibility and disposability. In this overview, we review recent achievements in paper (or paper-like) batteries as well as their applications. Various types of paper power devices are discussed including electrochemical batteries, biofuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and nanogenerators. Further scientific and technological challenges in this field are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The MixAlco™ process biologically converts biomass to carboxylate salts that may be chemically converted to a wide variety of chemicals and fuels. This study looked at the viability of the following substrates: office paper, pineapple residue, Aloe vera rinds, wood molasses, sugar molasses, and glycerol. All agricultural substrates were initially tested to determine their carbohydrate and lignin content because lignin reduces substrate digestibility. Only pineapple residue had a high enough lignin content (18.3%) to necessitate pretreatment. Pineapple residue was treated with excess lime (300gkg−1 Ca(OH)2 on dry biomass, t =1h) and then neutralized with CO2, which reduced the lignin content to 4.89%. All substrates were anaerobically fermented in batch culture with marine microorganisms for 24 days. The acid concentrations (g mixed acid L−1) were Aloe vera (25.5), office paper (24.0), glycerol (22.6), pineapple residue (17.2), wood molasses (19.4) and sugar molasses (18.9). The conversions (g volatile solids digested g−1 volatile solids fed) were Aloe vera (0.59), office paper (0.50), glycerol (0.62), pineapple residue (0.52), wood molasses (0.42) and sugar molasses (0.82). The selectivities (g acetic acid equivalents g−1 VS digested) were Aloe vera (0.64), office paper (0.62), glycerol (0.51), pineapple residue (0.39), wood molasses (0.61) and sugar molasses (0.33). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Printable wearable lactate biosensors have attracted significant attention, and printable lactate biofuel cells have gained popularity as suitable power supplies for these sensors. However, realizing an appropriate power supply for the practical application of these sensors as wearable devices, it is necessary to improve the output of lactate biofuel cells. In this study, we fabricated a lactate biofuel cell that employed paper substrate using screen printing. The proposed paper-based biofuel cell (PBFC) features a novel electrode design that affords an open circuit voltage of approximately 3.4 V when using an array with six cells in series. Furthermore, a 6 × 6 array of the lactate biofuel cell, i.e., an array comprising six cells in series and six cells in parallel, yielded a power output of 4.3 mW. To the best of our knowledge, this output of the proposed design is higher than those of previously reported lactate biofuel cells. Arrays of the proposed cell were capable of driving a Bluetooth low-energy device for wireless transmission, without requiring a booster circuit. A commercially available activity meter could be driven for 1.5 h using artificial sweat to fuel a 6 × 6 array of the PBFCs. • Thin, wearable paper-based lactate biofuel cells fabricated via screen printing. • These cells yielded power outputs exceeding those of similar previous cells. • Arrays of these cells drove a Bluetooth low-energy device, without a booster circuit. • A commercially available activity meter could also be driven by these arrays. • The proposed cell design is expected to have widespread practical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable power generation for portable electronic devices is of high interest due to increasing energy demands. Miniaturized biofuel cells are well-reported for this purpose where ubiquitous fluids, like glucose or lactate, can be leveraged. However, such biofuel cells need enzymes to complete the catalysis, leading to many prevalent issues like the longevity of enzymes, complicated immobilization, additional mediators etc. Therefore, non-enzymatic glucose biofuel cells (NEGBFCs) are gaining interest due to their cost-effectiveness, high repeatability and excellent stability. However, based on our best knowledge such glucose biofuel cells are not reported in microfluidic environment, and therefore their potential is not exploited. Realization of the functionality of such NEGBFCs in a microscale is crucial to replace them with their enzymatic counterparts. In this work, for the first time, a microfluidic non-enzymatic glucose biofuel cell (μNEGBFC) is developed on a paper-based platform using metallic catalysts. The catalysts for electrocatalytic energy generation is fabricated using electrodeposition method and their detailed physicochemical characterizations are done. The μNEGBFC is capable of producing a power density of 12.5 μW/cm2 with a stable potential of 410 mV. This green power output can be used to operate low-power micro-devices and lab-on-chip sensors in a more continual and viable manner. [Display omitted] • A simple, cost-effective electrodeposition technique was used for electrode fabrication. • Gold deposited anode and copper deposited cathode were used as electrodes. • A paper-based Microfluidic Non-Enzymatic Biofuel Cell (μNGBFC) was constructed. • The developed μNGBFC generated a power density of 12.5 μW/cm2. • The μNGBFC was capable of retaining 56% of the initial power after 72 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, eco-friendly and disposable paper-based membraneless microfluidic enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) were developed without any mediators to reduce the toxicity and cost of EFCs. Glucose oxidase and laccase were immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes to catalyze the redox reaction of glucose and oxygen. Micromachining techniques well-suited for mass production were used to precisely fabricate micro-scale Y-shaped and cross-shaped EFCs. Experimental measurements showed that the concentration of glucose in the fuel solution affects the cell performance, which occurs because the flow speed of the fuel stream decreases as the concentration of glucose increases. The highest performance of power density (104.2 ± 3.35 μW cm−2) and current density (615.6 ± 3.14 μA cm−2) were obtained with the Y-shaped channel configuration at a glucose concentration of 100 mM. This performance is the best of all paper-based single EFCs reported to date. The new paper-based co-laminar flow mediatorless EFC exhibits strong potential to power miniaturized and portable on-site diagnostic devices. • The first mediatorless paper-based co-laminar flow enzymatic fuel cell was developed. • A glucose biofuel cell was micromachined to be precise and mass-producible. • The microchannel of the biofuel cell was designed with Y-shaped and cross-shaped structures. • Electrolyte flow speed decreased with the rise of glucose concentration in the electrolyte. • The proposed fuel cell shows better performance than enzymatic fuel cells with a mediator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of paper sludge was demonstrated in a pilot plant. • >99 wt% of minerals in the paper sludge are recovered. • The bio-oil with HHV of 40.9 MJ kg−1 is produced with a carbon yield of 21%. • The bio-based chemicals mainly contain paraffins, olefins, and aromatics. Paper sludge is a solid waste by-product abundantly produced in the paper industry and contains fine minerals and lignocellulosic biomass. In this contribution, the ex-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of paper sludge with a high mineral content of ca. 71 wt% is reported for the first time and demonstrated in a pilot-scale unit (feeding rate of 11.3 kg h−1) using a granular Na 2 CO 3 /γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst (loading of 650 g) to produce a high-grade bio-oil at a fast pyrolysis temperature of 475 ± 5 °C (pre-screened using a pyroprobe) and a catalytic upgrading temperature of 500 °C. Besides, > 99 wt% minerals in the paper sludge could be recovered, including paper fillers such as CaCO 3 (major) and talc. The bio-oil obtained at a carbon yield of 21 C.% has a low oxygen content of 3.2 wt%, a low total acidity number of 5.2 mg KOH g−1, low H 2 O content of 0.7 wt%, and a high higher heating value of 40.9 MJ kg−1. It consists of value-added bio-based chemicals such as paraffins, olefins, and low molecular weight aromatics. The results demonstrate that the use of paper sludge to recover minerals and to obtain fuels and chemicals using ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis is technically feasible at a pilot plant scale, which will be of importance for the development of future bio-based economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Land-use change (LUC) estimated by economic models has sparked intense international debate. Models estimate how much LUC might be induced under prescribed scenarios and rely on assumptions to generate LUC values. It is critical to test and validate underlying assumptions with empirical evidence. Furthermore, this modeling approach cannot answer if any specific indirect effects are actually caused by biofuel policy. The best way to resolve questions of causation is via scientific methods. Kim and Dale attempt to address the question of if, rather than how much, market-induced land-use change is currently detectable based on the analysis of historic evidence, and in doing so, explore some modeling assumptions behind the drivers of change. Given that there is no accepted approach to estimate the global effects of biofuel policy on land-use change, it is critical to assess the actual effects of policies through careful analysis and interpretation of empirical data. Decision makers need a valid scientific basis for policy decisions on energy choices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A conference on current research and educational programs in production of crops for bio-fuel was sponsored and organized by the EARTH University and the University of Florida in November, 2008. The meeting addressed current research on crops for bio-fuel production with discussions of research alternatives for future crop production systems, land use issues, ethics of food vs. fuel production, and carbon sequestration in environmentally sensitive tropical and sub-tropical regions of the Americas. The need and potential for development of graduate and undergraduate curricula and inter-institutional cooperation among educational institutions in the region were also discussed. Delegations from Belize, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Honduras, Panama, The Dominican Republic, and the United States including ministers of Agriculture and Energy attended this meeting. Over a two-day period, four working groups provided a framework to facilitate networking, motivate task oriented creative thinking, and maintain a timely accomplishment of assigned duties in the context of the conference themes. Participants in the conference were assigned to one of four working groups, each following given topics: Agronomy, Environment, Socio-Economics and Education/Extension. It was the consensus of representatives of industry, academic and regulatory community assembled in Costa Rica that significant research, education and socio-economic information is needed to make production of bio-fuel crops sustainable. Agronomic research should include better crop selection based on local conditions, improved production techniques, pest and disease management, and mechanical cultivation and harvesting. Another conclusion was that tailoring of production systems to local soil characteristics and use of bio-fuel by-products to improve nutrient use efficiency and reduction of environmental impact on water quantity and quality is critical to sustainability of bio-fuel crop production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Once again Swedish forest industries are supposed to face a new threatening shortage of wood. Therefore, demonstration of new ideas of producing wood for pulp and fuels (heat, ethanol, hydrogen gas, dimethylether, electricity) in the most southern part of Sweden was very welcome. One example of new ideas is that some farmers planted hybrid poplars on abandoned farming land at Sångletorp (33ha), Johannesholm (15ha), Kadesjö (11ha) and Näsbyholm (2ha) in the southernmost part of Sweden in 1991. Some of these plantations were harvested in 2004, but some are still growing. The harvested wood had been used for pulp and fuel. The results of the harvest and of the plantations that are still growing are analysed here from an economic, ecologic and energy point of view. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The collection of sawmill residues is an important logistic activity for the pulp and paper industry, which uses the biomass as a source of energy. We study a vehicle routing problem for a network composed of a single depot and several sawmills. The sawmills serve as potential suppliers of biomass residues to the depot, which in turn processes and distributes the residues to the pulp and paper mills. This problem consists of identifying the best daily routing schedule for a fixed number of trucks. The objective is to maximize the ratio of energy returned on energy invested, while satisfying a minimum daily amount of dried biomass residues. There are several random components in the problem, including the availability and moisture content of the biomass residues. We use a combination of scenario analysis and heuristics to solve this stochastic vehicle routing problem. A performance comparison of the proposed method reveals an estimated daily energy savings of 6 GJ over the benchmark method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste was studied in analytical and pilot scale.ssa. • Co-pyrolysis significantly affects the composition and properties of the products. • Co-pyrolysis suppressed reactive oxygenates and promoted alcohols and esters. • Plastic waste introduces new challenges related to chlorine, acidity and viscosity. Abstract Earlier studies show that co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics can improve the quantity and quality of the produced pyrolysis oil compared to pyrolysis of the separate feedstocks. In this work three relevant plastic wastes; paper reject, shredder light fraction and cable plastics; were evaluated together with woody biomass (stem wood from spruce and pine) using analytical pyrolysis, Py-GC–MS/FID. One verification experiment was also conducted in a cyclone pyrolyser pilot plant at industrially relevant conditions. The addition of plastic waste to woody biomass pyrolysis was found to significantly affect the composition and properties of the produced pyrolysis products. In analytical pyrolysis experiments, positive synergetic effects were observed in the co-pyrolysis of paper reject and cable plastics together with the stem wood. The yield of reactive oxygenated compounds (ketones, aldehydes and acids) was suppressed while more stable alcohols and esters were promoted. The formation of hydrocarbons was also promoted in the co-pyrolysis of plastics from paper reject and stem wood. The results from the analytical pyrolysis were partly verified in the pilot scale experiment by co-pyrolysing stem wood and paper reject. However, the co-pyrolysis also affected other parameters that cannot be detected in analytical pyrolysis such as higher acidity and viscosity of the oil which highlights the need for undertaking experiments at different scales. The product yields in pilot scale were about the same for the co-pyrolysis case as for pure stem wood. However, a high volatile content of the solid product indicated that the process conditions can be further optimized for co-pyrolysing cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising process for the upgrading of wet biomass residues. Models of HTC processes, in particular at continuous pilot-scale, are needed to move HTC from lab-scale to industrial scale. This study presents a process model for mild HTC, dewatering and conversion to intermediate energy carriers (bio-pellets and biogas for power and/or heat production) of three wet biomass residue streams: paper sludge, olive pomace and orange peels, based on lab- and pilot-scale experiments. In addition, the process energy efficiency and feedstock utilization of the HTC process is calculated and compared with conventional treatment options for the chosen residues, i.e., direct anaerobic digestion (olive pomace, orange peels) or combustion after conventional dewatering (paper sludge). The process model indicates that the HTC pilot-scale process is much more efficient in terms of feedstock utilization to produce heat and/or power than the reference scenarios. The process energy efficiency of the HTC process (pilot-scale) was calculated to be 26 %, 63 % and 40 % for paper sludge, olive pomace and orange peel feedstocks, respectively. For all feedstocks, both the solid and liquid-generated products are equally important for improving the overall process energy efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of HTC processes for upgrading wet biomass waste streams based on continuous pilot-scale data. • Hydrothermal carbonization successfully upgraded wet biomass residues for energy. • Hydrothermal carbonization was more efficient for heat/power than reference cases. • Solid and liquid products are both important to improve process energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Shortage of oil, large variations in exports from Russia of wood to Europe, plenty of abandoned agriculture land, new ideas about a more intensive silviculture; these circumstances are driving forces in Sweden for planting fast-growing poplar and hybrid aspen clones on suitable land. The advantage of such trees is that the wood can be used for both energy (heat, biofuels, electricity), paper and for construction. Poplar clones bred in the USA and Belgium, and older hybrid aspen clones from Sweden, together with new poplar clones collected and selected for Swedish conditions from British Columbia, Canada, were planted during the 1990s in south and central Sweden. The stem diameters and heights of the trees have been measured during the last 10 years and the woody biomass production above ground has been calculated. MAI for all the plantations is 10–31m3 or 3–10ton DM per hectare with the highest annual woody production of 45m3 or 15ton DM per hectare in some years in a very dense plantation in the most southern part of Sweden. All the plantations have been fenced for at least the first ten years. The damage has been caused by stem canker, insects, leaf rust and by moose after removal of the fences. The possibilities for the use of poplar plantations as energy forest and vegetation filters are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study aimed at the evaluation of industrial residues/wastes such as pinewood sawdust, swine manure, and paper sludge to produce liquefied products that can be used as potential biofuels. The afforded products, liquefied pinewood sawdust, liquefied paper sludge and liquefied swine manure were obtained in good yield and subject to chemical analysis. The bio-oils have presented higher carbon and hydrogen content when compared to their precursors while a significant decreased in moisture was observed. Plotting van Krevelen diagram demonstrated that the bio-oils are more closely related to hydrocarbon than to its primitive, raw material. This study also showed a strong potential of LPS to be used as a bio-oil, since it fulfilled two out of the three criteria needed to be considered as a bio-petroleum product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic biomass holds a crucial position in the prospective bio-based economy, serving as a sustainable and renewable source for a variety of bio-based products. These products play a vital role in displacing fossil fuels and contributing to environmental well-being. However, the inherent recalcitrance of biomass poses a significant obstacle to the efficient access of sugar polymers. Consequently, the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars remains a prominent challenge in biorefinery processes to produce biofuels and biochemicals. In addressing these challenges, extensive efforts have been dedicated to mitigating biomass recalcitrance through diverse pretreatment methods. One noteworthy process is Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pretreatment, characterized by its dry-to-dry nature and minimal water usage. The volatile ammonia, acting as a catalyst in the process, is recyclable. AFEX contributes to cleaning biomass ester linkages and facilitating the opening of cell wall structures, enhancing enzyme accessibility and leading to a fivefold increase in sugar conversion compared to untreated biomass. Over the last decade, AFEX has demonstrated substantial success in augmenting the efficiency of biomass conversion processes. This success has unlocked the potential for sustainable and economically viable biorefineries. This paper offers a comprehensive review of studies focusing on the utilization of AFEX-pretreated biomass in the production of second-generation biofuels, ruminant feed, and additional value-added bioproducts like enzymes, lipids, proteins, and mushrooms. It delves into the details of the AFEX pretreatment process at both laboratory and pilot scales, elucidates the mechanism of action, and underscores the role of AFEX in the biorefinery for developing biofuels and bioproducts, and nutritious ruminant animal feed production. While highlighting the strides made, the paper also addresses current challenges in the commercialization of AFEX pretreatment within biorefineries. Furthermore, it outlines critical considerations that must be addressed to overcome these challenges, ensuring the continued progress and widespread adoption of AFEX in advancing sustainable and economically viable bio-based industries. • We review AFEX-pretreated biomass for biofuels, animal feed and bioproducts production. • Biomass recalcitrance poses a major challenge for efficient access to sugar polymers for biofuels and biochemicals. • AFEX pretreatment facilitates opening cell walls, enhances enzyme accessibility and sugar conversion. • We discuss the mechanism of action of NH 3 on lignocellulosic structure of biomass. • Substantial effect of AFEX on increasing biomass conversion efficiency is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry use biomass residues, such as paper sludge and bark as fuel to provide energy for their plants. However, issues such as high-water content or low heating value limit the amount of energy that can be utilized. Processes to improve heat generation include biomass densification, which facilitates transportation and handling and can increase energy yield. However, the technical feasibility of briquetting is a function of the feedstock and preprocessing. This study introduces a novel approach to briquette production from biomass residues by utilizing wet biomass with water as a natural binder, contrasting with conventional methods that require forced drying and/or the addition of binders. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of briquetting both unprocessed biomass and post-hydrothermal carbonization. The study focused on manufacturing briquettes derived from different sources, including bark (Balsam fir), paper sludge, and hydrochar of paper sludge. The feedstock was characterized for ash content and higher heating value. Biomass particle size (range), moisture content (range), process temperature (range), process pressure (range), and process residence time (range) were varied in briquetting experiments to determine conditions to produce high-quality briquettes with minimal energy input. Moisture content as high a 50 wt% in feedstock produced technically feasible briquettes, with appropriate physical-mechanical properties (durability, volumetric expansion and apparent density), and energetic potential (calorific value). The addition of heat (pressing temperature of 150 °C) during the pressing process resulted in briquettes with enhanced physical-mechanical, and energetic properties, surpassing those produced at room temperature. Further tests with additional steps in the production process are required to meet commercialization standards in Canada, but the treatments conducted in this study effectively improved the energy potential of biomass for internal industrial energy gains. • Wet briquettes (20 wt% and 50 wt%) production was technically feasible. • Briquettes with added heat (150 °C) exhibited superior properties. • All biomass briquettes exhibited improved energy potential. • Hydrochar briquettes showed superior energy content and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuels from microalgae have promising potential for a sustainable bioeconomy. Algal strains' oil content and biomass yield are the most influential cost drivers in the fourth generation biofuel (FGB) production. Genetic modification is the key to improving oil accumulation and biomass yield, consequently developing the bioeconomy. This paper discusses current practices, new insights, and emerging trends in genetic modification and their bioeconomic impact on FGB production. It was demonstrated that enhancing the oil and biomass yield could significantly improve the probability of economic success and the net present value of the FGB production process. The techno-economic and socioeconomic burden of using genetically modified (GM) strains and the preventive control strategies on the bioeconomy of FGB production is reviewed. It is shown that the fully lined open raceway pond could cost up to 25% more than unlined ponds. The cost of a plastic hoop air-supported greenhouse covering cultivation ponds is estimated to be US 60,000$ /ha. The competitiveness and profitability of large-scale cultivation of GM biomass are significantly locked to techno-economic and socioeconomic drivers. Nonetheless, it necessitates further research and careful long-term follow-up studies to understand the mechanism that affects these parameters the most. [Display omitted] • Genetically modified microalgae offer a higher yield, growth rate, and tolerance. • Outlines the challenges and bioeconomic potential of Fourth Generation Biofuel. • Explores the financial burden of diffusion control strategies on the bioeconomic of FGB. • Hoop greenhouse and lining can control GM dispersion from open pond cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nitrogen rich wastewater from monosodium glutamate industry (MSG) and paper-mill wastewater were used in this study as low cost fertilizers for growing corn, a common fuel crop. Detailed characterization of the wastewaters and toxicity testes were conducted to assure the safety of these wastewaters. In a greenhouse pot experiment, effects of these wastewaters on corn growth and biomass yield along with the soil properties were evaluated. MSG-wastewater was applied at three rates i.e., zero, 5 m3 ha−1 and 7.5 m3 ha−1 and paper-mill wastewater was applied at and zero, 3.5 m3 ha−1 and 5 m3 ha−1 in a complete randomized blocks design experiment. Significant increase in the corn biomass yield was observed in all the wastewater treatments compared to the Control. Both these wastewaters did not show any adverse effects on plant. N-use efficiency from the MSG-wastewater was comparable to urea-N application. This study emphasizes on sustainable practices for energy crop production by utilizing wastewaters as fertilizer sources. Hence, we report for the first time that the MSG-wastewater can be used for growing corn as a low cost green practice without adverse affects on the soil properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study describes the estimation of biogas energy use from the anaerobic treatment system of cattle, swine, and poultry slaughter units in Brazil. The simulation includes spatial distribution of the results and geographical comparison with other energy matrices and clean sources of electricity generation. The paper is divided into four sections: 1) the database formation, which included a survey and geocoding of cattle, swine and poultry slaughter units across the country; 2) a literature review covering the period from 2000 to 2020 to obtain the average Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for each of the effluents; 3) a simulation of electricity generation in the slaughter units, according to their classes and origins; and, 4) the preparation of national distribution maps of slaughter units, national bioenergy potential, by state and by animal origin, comparison maps of Electric Slaughter Units (ESU) using hydroelectric, photovoltaic and wind power plants, as well as the comparison map between the biomass energy use (biogas, sugarcane bagasse and black liquor). The slaughter units bioenergetic potential presented on the maps that the density in the distribution of these units adopts the effluent treatment proposal. Moreover, biogas is considered a decentralized energy matrix, but the density of slaughter units within the work proposal opposes this concept. The results indicated the formation of a corridor with a high potential for electricity generation, coinciding with regions that experience electrical stress in Brazil. In numbers, the potential would be enough to supply a population of up to 900,000 inhabitants, emphasizing ESU as a potential alternative for electricity using biogas. This is because the Brazilian meat market is somewhat consolidated, important worldwide and continuously generates effluents, which can add up to 28% to electricity from biomass. The greatest bioenergy potential was obtained in the Midwest region (1792 MW), followed by the South (1486 MW), Southeast (1278 MW), North (923 MW) and Northeast (236 MW) regions of the country. In terms of clean energy, when comparing the distribution of slaughter units with photovoltaic, wind and hydroelectric plants, a large territorial gain is observed (more uniform distribution in the country) and in relation to the electrical use of biomass, biogas use from ESU would promote it as the second largest matrix representing about 31% of national energy. • Bioenergy potential from slaughterhouses in Brazil was modeled. • Midwest Brazil has the highest bioenergetic potential from slaughterhouses. • Slaughter units' biogas can potentially be part of Brazilian energy matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity significantly influences the long-term development of society. Traditional power generation technologies have encountered numerous challenges. The rising demand for power generation and the scarcity of fossil fuel resources have prompted the adoption of renewable energy sources. Biomass is a renewable energy source that can be utilized to generate power and promote a more sustainable environment. This paper presents improved Pythagorean Probabilistic Hesitancy Fuzzy Set (PPHFS) multi-criteria information fusion processes. The development of connection numbers (CN) and the proposal of a distance measure between CNs have been initiated. The suggested solution involves a distance measure based on the CN score function. Set-pair analysis (SPA) is a prior uncertainty theory that incorporates three elements of CN and overlaps with the PPHFS. Biomass energy generation poses a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem that requires a wide range of resources for evaluation. The study introduces a novel Projection Ranking by Similarity to the Referencing Vector (PRSRV) and Simultaneous Evaluation of Criteria and Alternatives (SECA) to effectively handle data ambiguity and generate weights for all criteria in the MCDM problem. The criteria's weights were found to fall within the range of 0.2122 and 0.0232. The proposed method indicates that animal residues are the most desirable resource for bioenergy production, followed by municipal solid residues, agricultural residues, forest and crop residues, industrial residues, and algae. The research aims to assist decision-makers and organizations in evaluating and prioritizing various energy sources on a sustainable scale. The method presented exhibits superior data adaptability compared to other MCDM approaches. • An innovative perspective for assessing biomass energy sustainability is considered. • An innovative PRSRV system developed for sustainability priority. • PPHFS reveals the unpredictability and complexity of assessment parameters. • A hybrid PPHFS-SECA method was used to determine the weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densification is the most effective forming technology, the production of which, pellets are the most intensive energy content of biomass solid fuels. Increasing the overall utilization efficiency of bioenergy, extending available types of wastes and residues for pelleting, and improving the pellet quality comprehensively are necessary. This paper reviewed feedstocks used for pelleting, binding mechanism of biomass pellets, and evaluation systems of pellet qualities. To extend the supply amounts and improve the qualities of raw biomass, various feedstocks and formulation recipes were classified based on their regions, sources, and species. And applicable objects and conditions of several different pretreatment technologies for feedstocks were compared. Physical properties and biochemical analyses are also concluded to evaluate the flowability, compactibility, and potential characteristics as solid fuel. For a better understanding of energy consumption and conversion during the densification process, pelleting devices and binding mechanism are elaborated. Associations and differences between single pelleting press in lab-scale and industrial pelleting in pilot-scale are also discussed. Suggestions are proposed for the optimization design of pelleting devices and processes for different feedstock densification. Lastly, relationships between operating parameter factors of pelleting process and pellet quality are presented. This review could provide theoretical analyses for powder compression, new insights for waste to energy, and guidance for achieving global peak carbon and environmental strategic objectives. [Display omitted] • Biomass feedstocks and recipes used for pelleting are reviewed. • Pelleting process is explained from theoretical and experimental aspects. • Durability and water sorption of biomass pellets are discussed. • Suggestions are given for optimizing pelleting process and mechanical device design. • New methods and concepts in industrial pelleting are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to present renewable energy market development with particular regard paid to biofuels in the EU. The analysis included data on the share of renewables in Gross Island energy consumption, changes of renewable energy in the years 2004–2016 and the amount of liquid biofuels. The authors of the paper used descriptive and statistical methods to describe the changes in bioenergy development in the European Union (EU). The biggest share of biofuels and renewable waste can be seen in Latvia (31.2%), Finland (26.7%) and Sweden (24.8%). The highest percentage of wind energy in 2015 was found in: Denmark (7.2%), Portugal (4.3%), Ireland (4.0%) and Spain (3.5%). The highest share of solar energy in 2015 was found in Cyprus (3.5%), Spain (2.6%) and Greece (2.2%). The highest contribution of geothermal energy was found in 2015 in Italy (3.5%), Portugal (0.8%) and Slovenia (0,7%). Hydropower was the biggest in 2015 in Sweden (14.2%), Austria (9.6%) and Slovenia (5.0%). The highest coefficients of variation of the share of electricity from renewable energy sources were found in the years 2004–2017 in Malta (140.3%), Cyprus (101.1%) and United Kingdom (71.9%). In addition, the highest coefficients of variation of share of renewable energy sources in heating and cooling in the years 2004–2017 were found in Malta (72.4%), United Kingdom (69.81%) and Hungary (44.91%). Moreover, the highest coefficients of variation of share of renewable energy sources in transport in the years 2004–2017 were found in Finland (113.78%), Malta (115.52%) and Belgium (96.53%). The biggest producers of ethanol and biodiesel in EU were Germany, France and Poland. Cluster analysis data show that Germany and France are of key importance in the production of biodiesel and ethanol. The biodiesel production increased in the years 2003–2017 from 719,32 million liters to 13323 million liters (increase 1852.2%). However, in the years 2014–2017 a stagnation in biofuel production was observed from 13673 million liters to 13323 million liters (−2,56%). The situation on the market and the increasing demand for green energy suggest that the production of ethanol and esters of vegetable oils will increase by 2030, which will contribute to the development of this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Having a noticeable role in CO 2 sequestration and O 2 production, microalgae as precious sources of the third-generation biofuel, offer various advantages for energy efficient architecture. Although biofuel production from microalgae biomass has a considerable research background, integrating microalgae culture system with building façade is in its infancy. It is mainly due to the fact that there is only one real building named BIQ house adopting the bioreactor façade technology constructed in Germany, 2013. Hence, there are various challenges associated with this newly emerged technology. This paper aims to detect and estimate the probable causes of damage to microalgae photobioreactor panels integrated with building façade known as SolarLeaf. In order to realize the paper key objective, by comprehensively studying the literature review, surveying and interviewing with the experts, the factors causing damage to bioreactors were recognized and categorized. Based on the results, the main damages are classified as internal and external. Internal causes include bio/chemical and structural factors, while external ones involve climatic and operational/constructional ones. These are the fundamental damage categories of microalgae façade systems that architects and engineers should get familiar with in order to meet and consider the defects developed in the bioreactor panel structure during the design and construction process. Highlights • Microalgae as precious sources of the third-generation biofuel, offer various advantages for energy efficient architecture. • This paper aims to detect and estimate the probable causes of damage to microalgae photobioreactor panels integrated with building façade known as SolarLeaf. • The main damages are classified as internal and external. Internal causes include bio/chemical and structural factors, while external ones involve climatic and operational/constructional ones. • Architects and engineers should get familiar with in order to meet and consider the defects developed in the bioreactor panel structure during the design and construction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Greater production of agricultural biomass for energy generation means a greater overlap between the energy and agricultural value chains. The production of biofuels from food crops was previously criticised as conflicting with food production. Use of so-called 'marginal land' is proposed to overcome previous controversies. Using interviews and document analysis, this paper explores the meaning of 'marginal land' for non-food energy crop production in Denmark and conflicts that arose over its proposed use. In Denmark there was a different conception of marginal land – environmentally sensitive land where intensive cultivation causes impacts. Policies were put in place to promote the use of this 'environmentally marginal land'. However, competing environmental objectives for this land – for different types of biodiversity, ecosystems services and aesthetic preferences meant these policies were repealed. The paper shows how discussions of biomass production on agricultural land, and particularly marginal land, reflect the nuances of competing land uses in agriculturally intensive countries like Denmark. It is not only a matter of trade-offs between different types of agricultural production, such as food and fuel, or between environmental benefits and production, but over the optimal environmental use of the land to achieve multifunctional benefits. As well as questions of equity, access and practicality, the marginal land debate in agriculturally intensive countries needs to include questions of appropriate and desired environmental outcomes and means of stakeholder engagement to establish these. Highlights • Growing biomass on marginal land is seen to overcome 'food versus fuel' debates. • Danish stakeholders identified marginal land as environmentally sensitive land. • Growing biomass on 'environmentally marginal' land creates environmental benefits. • Use of this land for biomass was resisted due to landscape and biodiversity change. • 'Marginal land' debates should include symbolic and aesthetic land use dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • High-concentration alkali lignin nanospheres were synthesized. • The lignin nanospheres with no chemical modification are very stable at pH 4–10. • This green lignin nanosphere is an effective way to utilize high value lignin. Abstract Biomass nanomaterials based on aromatic ring monomers have broad application prospects in the fields of drug delivery, catalysis and environment. In this paper, based on the effective dissolution of commercial alkali lignin in imidazole ionic liquids, lignin nanospheres were rapidly prepared by adding anti-solvent of water. In the three imidazole ionic liquids (1-amyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (C5mim][Ac]), 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmim][Ac]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][Ac])), lignin can dissolve well, and the dissolution rates are all >25%, which is much higher than other organic solvents. And the longer the alkyl chain in imidazole ring is, the lower the solubility of lignin is. The paper also studied the effects of lignin concentration, the addition rate of anti-solvent, stirring rate and pH on the size of lignin nanospheres. It was found that the lignin nanospheres prepared under suitable conditions have particle size in the range of 52–210 nm and have good stability for over two months. And, compared to other studied, the particle size of the nanospheres is much smaller and easier to control. Moreover, the quality of lignin nanospheres was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis) measurements which found the molecular weight of lignin nanospheres was slightly lower the raw alkali lignin, and the main structure of the aromatic ring of lignin is preserved in the process of preparation of the nanospheres by ILs. The method of preparing lignin nanosphere from lignin-ionic liquids solution with water as anti-solvent is simple, rapid and environmentally friendly, and provides an efficient and feasible path for the high value utilization of lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The optimal site selection is extremely important for straw biomass power plant. Uncertainty composed of fuzziness and randomness is an important issue in the site selection under increasingly complex environments. The 2-dimension linguistic information is a powerful tool to express the fuzziness of information, and meanwhile, the cloud model depicts the randomness of information with three numerical characteristics perfectly. Combining them together, this paper proposes the specialized decision framework of straw biomass power plant site selection. Firstly, a comprehensive set of index system is established to meet the need of scientific and reasonable evaluation. Secondly, the paper combines three-parameter interval number and order relation to determine the index weight, the importance of each factor is calculated. Thirdly, this paper uses the 2-dimension uncertain linguistic variable group decision-making model which solves the bias caused by individuals, fully expresses expert opinions and reflects the psychological states well, reduces the information missing. Finally, the paper proposes the specialized decision framework of straw biomass power plant site selection which clearly standardizes the decision-making process, provides the project managers with executable and real solutions. The results show that the model is very effective to study the straw biomass power plant site selection and is well worth popularizing in the future studies. Highlights • An evaluation index system of SBPP site selection assessment is built. • A model for converting the 2-dimension linguistic variables into clouds is proposed. • An optimal site selection decision framework of SBPP projects is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Vinasse is considered as the largest source of contamination in the ethanol production industry from sugarcane. Vinasse can be used to produce suitable fertilizer; however, it contains low macronutrients and micronutrients. On the other hand, it is one of the resources with a high potential for biogas production. The biogas production from vinasse has both economical and environmental benefits. Nevertheless, vinasse has a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio; thus, complementary substances, e.g., animal manure, organic industrial waste, and lime fertilizers, should be added to improve the biogas yield. Currently, 22.4 gigalitres of vinasse are produced throughout the world, which have the potential for producing 407.68 gigalitres of biogas. This potential can be considered as a significant source of renewable energy. This paper gives a general summary of the properties of vinasse and the production of biogas from vinasse. Furthermore, a review of the optimal conditions for biogas production, the potential of biogas production, and the advantages of biogas production from vinasse are provided. Highlights • The importance, properties, and environmental impacts of vinasse are reviewed. • Anaerobic digestion is among the most promising method for vinasse processing. • Optimal conditions for biogas production is crucial for efficient processing. • Adding co-substrate is necessary to obtain a high biomethane yield. • In this paper, the advantages of biogas production are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Thermochemical conversion of heavy metal-contaminated biomass is reviewed. • The possibility of linking phytoextraction to bioenergy recovery is presented. • Pyrolysis is the preferred option due to less transfer of heavy metals to products. • Contaminated biomass is a potential source for bioenergy and value-added chemicals. • The necessity and effects of pre-/post-treatment technologies are discussed. Abstract Over the past few decades, bioenergy production from heavy metal-contaminated biomasses (HMCBs) has been drawing increasing attention from scientists in diverse disciplines and countries owing to their potential roles in addressing both energy crisis and environmental challenges. In this review, bioenergy recovery from HMCBs, i.e. contaminated plants and energy crops, using thermochemical processes (pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and liquefaction) has been scrutinized. Furthermore, the necessity of the implementation of practical strategies towards sustainable phytoextraction and metal-free biofuels production has been critically discussed. To meet this aim, the paper firstly delivers the fundamental concepts regarding the remediation of the brownfields using phytoremediation approach, and then, reviews recent literature on sustainable phytoextraction of heavy metals from polluted soils. Thereafter, to find out the possibility of the cost-efficient production of metal-free biofuels from HMCBs using thermochemical methods, the impacts of various influential factors, such as the type of feedstock and metals contents, the reactor type and operating conditions, and the role of probable pre-/post-treatment on the fate of heavy metals and the quality of products, have also been discussed. Finally, based on relevant empirical results and techno-economic assessment (TEA) studies, the present paper sheds light on pyrolysis as the most promising thermochemical technique for large-scale electricity and heat recovery from HMCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of transportation and logistics in the biomass supply chain has been recognized, yet the specific research on those topics has been limited. This paper reviews the peer-reviewed literature to assess the current challenges, trends, and ideas in the biomass transportation and logistics research. All papers were selected based on three English keywords: transportation, logistics, and biomass. We addressed literature statistics per research category and then discussed four criteria that significantly influence the viability of the supply chain: transportation/logistics cost, shipping distance, plant capacity, and system efficiency. A brief review of industry literature was also conducted to identify topics potentially absent from the peer-reviewed literature. The study findings included the great variability of values used in the literature, both related to the fixed and variable costs of transportation and to the optimal shipping distance based on logistics conditions. From transportation mode and plant capacity perspective, we found that studies have concentrated on improving system efficiency of truck transportation for smaller plants while large plants have received less attention. The research gaps included the seemingly poor fit of typical logistics and supply chain frameworks with biomass systems. There is also a lack of sustainable transportation cost model to account for economic, environmental, and social factors. Finally, there is a need to explore the effects of feedstock conversion and upgrading options to biomass transportation logistics (BTL) and to combine the BTL studies with long-term biomass sourcing strategies to mitigate supply variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Proposing an LIRP model for microalgae biofuel production and distribution system. • Developing viable model to find optimum cost and pollution of the system. • Presenting two metaheuristic algorithms to solve the real-world problems. • Formulation of uncertainties in demand and delivery times by using Queueing theory. • Evaluating the model with a case study for a microalgae-to-biofuel network in Iran. Abstract This paper introduces a viable two-objective model for the design of algae biofuel production and distribution network with integrated formulation of location, inventory and routing decisions. The model consists of an algae biomass production facility, several distribution facilities, multiple extraction sites, and transport vehicles. In this model, the system implementation cost and its pollution impacts via CO 2 emission are considered simultaneously. Our model allows the decision maker to determine the number and location of distribution facilities, the allocation of extraction sites to these facilities, the routes by which extraction sites need to be served, and the minimum inventory level that should be maintained at each distribution facility to achieve the mentioned objectives. In an attempt to bridge the gaps in the literature, the paper tries to incorporate the uncertainty in parameters and also a queueing system into integrated formulation of location, inventory and routing decisions and develop a viable model with economic and environmental objectives considered simultaneously. Since the proposed model belongs to the class of NP-hard problems, two multi-objective metaheuristic algorithms, namely MOPSO and NSGA-II, are tested for solving the formulated model. For this purpose, Taguchi method is used to set the parameters of these algorithms, and then their results are compared in terms of five evaluation criteria. These comparisons show that, for the formulated model, NSGA-II outperforms MOPSO in the majority of evaluation criteria. Finally, the proposed model is evaluated with the real data related to the implementation of an algae biofuel production and distribution network in Iran and the results are further examined. The results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the urgency of climate change, Climate Engineering has been framed as a fast and feasible technological solution. At the same time, however, critique against it is getting increasingly louder. This paper articulates a critical analysis of Climate Engineering technologies from a point of view situated within the degrowth discourse. In the first part two approaches discussed within the degrowth debate are presented: the concept of viability based on a biophysical perspective and the concept of conviviality based on a socio-cultural approach. In a second step formalized arguments from the point of view of applied ethics are articulated and applied to three Climate Engineering Technologies: Sulfate Aerosol Injection, Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage, and Afforestation. In a third step, an extended version of the trade-off argument about mitigation versus Climate Engineering solution is discussed from a degrowth perspective: accordingly, within the current dominant growth paradigm, climate engineering technologies might lead to reduced mitigation efforts. The paper follows the argumentative turn in applied ethics and displays a formalization of arguments that can help clarify decision-making and identify the different dimensions at stake. The paper articulates arguments against the deployment of CE technologies and advances a new version of the trade-off-argument based on a degrowth perspective. From the point of view of a degrowth-based critique of technology, the only type of Climate Engineering Technology ethically acceptable would be afforestation under specific conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine particulate matter (PM) emission from biomass boilers for non-industrial heating represents one of the most important causes (together with the transport sector) of air pollution, in particular during winter. Separation technologies for fine PM are already well-known and adopted on an industrial scale, as a consequence of strict limits set by national and international regulations. On domestic boilers, the same technologies utilized on an industrial scale are not feasible due to high investment costs. Moreover, the emission limits for small size biomass boilers are higher than for industrial boilers, so high efficiency separation technologies are not needed, and are sometimes not present at all. The main goal of the paper is the development and testing of a mathematical model that is able to foresee the PM removal efficiency of a wet scrubber device. After an experimental validation based on several tests, it was possible to approach the preliminary design of an innovative wet scrubber, which is described in the paper. The main characteristics are (i) removal efficiency over 99.9%, (ii) specific energy consumption under 36 kJ m −3 , which is an industrial reference, and (iii) relatively low investment, operation and maintenance costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resident's willingness to pay(WTP) for the environmental improvement of renewable energy source (RES) is supposed to be highly correlated with the information he or she acquires. This paper provides both theoretical proof and empirical evidence of resident's cognitive bias regarding green power. A large-scale field survey was conducted in Shanghai and more than 3000 respondents were selected to examine their WTP for green energy. Applying double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method (DBDC), this paper elicits the urban residents' WTP for green power and identifies the information effect. Given all the other factors, our research shows that accurate information provision on the costs and environmental improvement effects compared to thermal power would reduce the residents' WTP for RES. The emission information of thermal power, however, would insignificantly change the residents' WTP for RES. The result indicates that residents in urban China have cognitive bias regarding the costs and environmental benefits of RES. Blind testing or improper way of information provision are essential aspects to be avoided for the purpose of eliciting real WTP from consumption side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport is one of the sectors of the energy consumption where the presence of renewable energies is lower and its increase is hard to achieve especially in countries that import all the fuels that they consume. This paper addresses the progress that Portugal is making toward a more sustainable transport sector. A near- and medium- term scenario analysis is performed, based on the energy consumption in the past and on a detailed evaluation of the trends for renewable energy in the transport sector. The near-term scenarios aim at portraying the conditions that allow the country to fulfill the target of 10% renewable share in transportation established by the European Union. The medium-term scenarios highlight the implications, in terms of emission reduction and of energy independence, deriving from the use of electric vehicles and natural gas, synthetic and fossil, as alternatives to liquid fuels. The results show that electric vehicles would substantially reduce the total energy consumption and the greenhouse gas emissions, while the promotion of routes for synthetic natural gas would contribute to taking advantage of local resources. The paper also provides some insights about the design of future policies to build a more sustainable transport sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale woody biomass energy systems have an inherent ability to aid in emissions reduction while stimulating local economies and, as collective energy systems, are strongly connected to supply chain design based on local conditions and stakeholder integration. Despite an abundance of forest area alongside the promotion of biomass in energy policies, however, woody biomass utilization still remains low in Japan. The woody biomass supply chain, considered as a socio-technical system, involves a complex, cross-sectoral stakeholder network in which inter-organizational dynamics necessitates well-organized management based on an understanding of formal factors such as technology, as well as informal factors such as social relations and culture. In this paper, success factor perceptions from across the woody biomass supply chain are investigated based on semi-structured interviews with four stakeholders in the Kyushu region of Japan. Identified success factors here are: 1) respect of values & traditions, 2) transportation infrastructure, 3) business model integration, 4) relationship & trust, 5) local vitalization and 6) biomass quality control. A convergence as well as divergence of perceptions are observed, involving both formal and informal dimensions. Aiming to balance perceptions and to enable long-term success of woody biomass in Japan, a series of policy implications are drawn, including cross-ministerial integration, knowledge building on wood logistics, forest certification, local coordinators, biomass quality control standards and a feed-in-tariff for heat. This paper suggests a new arena of policy-making based on the importance of considering both informal and formal dimensions in energy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the expected rise in the importance and rate of decisions being made in the biofuel sector and the complexity of the system, this paper is focused on an analysis that, although well-established in economic and environmental evaluation theory, has not been widely used yet to assess biodiesel production. The aim of this study, in particular, is to analyze, from a quantitative point of view, the water footprint resulting from the use of various types of crops for the production of Italian biodiesel, combining it with the import costs of these crops, based on the current trade partners, and the crop energy conversion efficiency. The problem from the importing country's point of view is to minimize the total cost related to the import of crop products and, at the same time, to minimize the overall water footprint, ensuring a quantity of biodiesel produced at least equal to the pre-defined target set by the European Union for 2020. The paper provides a first glance at addressing optimal resource allocation and the design of biodiesel imports in the EU regulation context, contributing to reducing the water footprint, without ignoring the economic aspects. The study represents an original contribution for the identification of potential environmental policy drivers in the context of an economic sector characterized by potential growth, serving as a guide for the resolution of the trade-offs between biodiesel demand, import costs of feedstocks and water impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]