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Recent work on scale, chronotope and scale-making offers exciting ways for rethinking what we often refer to as "context". In this paper, we review these ideas pointing to how we might reconcile some of the overlaps in the concepts of scale and chronotope, while examining how we might look at chronotopic connection across quite different empirical divides drawn from a number of separate research projects in Indonesia. We propose that scale can be thought of as chains of chronotopes and that the semiotic forms that connect them as scale-makers, thus helping relate these two concepts to that of scale-making. • Explores how overlaps in the literature on scale, chronotope and scale-making might be reconciled. • Examines chronotopic connections across quite different empirical divides. • Explores how imitations connect chronotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's internationally- and domestically-significant pulp and paper industries source their feedstock from tree plantations. A suite of regulatory (Indonesian Sustainable Production Forest Management Certification and Timber Legality Verification) and market instruments (forest certification) have been introduced to promote sustainability and legality of production from tree plantations, and some producers have also adopted other voluntary sustainability measures. This study investigates sustainability and legality compliance by actors in an Indonesian pulp and paper value chain as a case study of environmental innovation. Results are based on primary fieldwork along segments of the value chain, and analysis of audit reports and other publicly-available information. The value chain sources fibrewood from tree plantation concessions and pallet wood from a variety of suppliers. Audit reports suggest high levels of compliance with sustainability and legality requirements, but our research suggests that these reports might not reflect some area of poor performance and non-compliance. We identify weaknesses in the design of regulatory systems, and in auditing and monitoring processes, as the principal reasons for these deficiencies. Drawing on relevant theory and on practice elsewhere, we suggest that compliance and sustainability can be improved by addressing key areas of regulatory silence, by shifting auditing to be more performance-than paper-based, by strengthening independent monitoring from civil society, by increasing the frequency of witness auditing from the National Accreditation Board, and by fostering synergies between regulatory instruments and voluntary forest certification. These changes would improve the effectiveness of regulatory and voluntary instruments to promote cleaner production in Indonesian pulp and paper value chains. Image 1 • Indonesian pulp and paper value chains are globally significant. • These value chains must comply with national sustainability certification and legality verification systems. • Audit reports suggesting high levels of compliance do not appear to reflect areas of poor performance and non-compliance. • Weaknesses in regulatory design, auditing and monitoring are the main reasons for poor performance and non-compliance. • Changes in regulatory design and implementation would promote cleaner production in Indonesian pulp and paper value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied to assess the impact of CIFOR’s political economy research on the Indonesian pulp and paper sector. Key-informant interviews triangulated by trend-series tests suggest important influence through advocacy intermediaries and counterfactuals of slower adoption of improvements. Effects on conservation set-asides, overcapacity, and plantation establishment are estimated to avert loss of 76,000–212,000hectares of natural forest (135,000 under main assumptions). Application of an economic-surplus framework for environmental benefits of forest conservation and avoided implicit wood subsidies finds benefits of US$19 to US$583 million (US$133 million main estimate), compared with US$500,000 of direct research costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia produces a wide variety of fermented fish products, and they tend to be specific to different regions. Unfortunately, however, the detailed processes used in their production, including the role of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation process, have not yet been widely investigated. To address this, a literature review was conducted on 14 fermented fish products from across Indonesia, including the characteristics of the lactic acid bacteria isolated from each and their main roles in the fermentation process, as well as their effects on the quality of the product. Furthermore, the paper discusses the current issues related to the development of fermented fish products in Indonesia. This paper is the first report on Indonesian fish fermented products that comprehensively explains the role of lactic acid bacteria and how these bacteria should be explored for the development of fermented products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The tsunami increased household out-of-pocket health expenses by 35% in heavy damage areas in the short run. • Worsened mental wellbeing was associated with a 4% fall in wage earnings among men two years after the tsunami struck. • Worsened physical wellbeing was associated with a 34% fall in wage earnings among men three years after the tsunami struck. • Although the direct health costs of the tsunami were seen only in the short term, indirect costs were apparent in the medium term. This paper looks at the direct and indirect health-related monetary costs that households incurred in the short and medium terms because of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The paper uses three rounds of a longitudinal household survey of Aceh and North Sumatra where data were collected 5–17, 18–30, and 31–40 months after the event. The results show that direct costs, measured by out-of-pocket health expenses, increased significantly by a third (35%) compared to pre-tsunami spending, for households living in heavily damaged areas. This effect, however, was seen only in the short-term, 5–17 months after the tsunami struck, and did not persist to the later years. The tsunami had significant effects on mental wellbeing as measured using the post-traumatic stress reaction score (PTSR). Among men, these changes to mental wellbeing were associated with a 4% fall in wage earnings two years after the tsunami. Physical health also worsened according to self-reported measures, and this was associated with a 34% fall in men's earnings three years after the tsunami. Thus, although the direct costs of the tsunami in terms of increasing household out-of-pocket health spending were seen only in the short term, the indirect costs via effects on mental and physical health were apparent two to three years after the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online library resources can act as a trusted source to find various references for conducting research or writing research papers. With the increasing number of published papers, the use of online library resources becomes increasingly important for academics, including for university students. This study aims to investigate the factors that lead to the continued use of online library resources among university students in developing countries, especially Indonesia. We investigate the impact of resource quality, confirmation, satisfaction, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment of users on their intention to continue using online library resources and the effect on e-WOM intention. This study will enhance the Post-Acceptance Model of Information System (IS) Continuance by adding several other constructs and tested using data from 215 university students in Indonesia who have used online library resources. The method used to analyze the data is Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the study indicate that satisfaction and perceived enjoyment have a significant effect on the intention to continue using online library resources. In addition, it was also found that the continuation intention to use online library resources also affects the user's intention to convey it to others (e-WOM intention). This study provides insight to online library resources service providers in making improvements and formulating strategies to increase users' intentions to continue using their online library resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Indonesian Government failed in disciplining large-scale peatland users. • Major plantation companies steer their worker unions to resist peatland policies. • Corporations actively influence and seek to weaken peatland protection policies. This paper examines new governmental technologies that are emerging in Indonesia to address socio-ecological crises resulting from the conversion of peat forest landscapes to large-scale agricultural plantations. The early implications of Indonesia's 'peatland-fire-free' policy interventions for palm oil and pulpwood industries, including private sector resistance and contestation to this policy, are investigated. Drawing on the Foucauldian concept of disciplinary governmentality, this article analyses the Government of Indonesia's (GoI) failed attempts to render large-scale peatland users governable. The GoI introduced two peatland disciplinary strategies: a spatial and hydro-governance approach to governing palm oil and pulpwood plantations in peatland landscapes. However, significant contestation and opposition arise from these policies as the state attempts to apply disciplinary logics upon powerful and prickly actors. In this context, contestation reflects the complexities of the existing political economy of peatland exploitation in Indonesia, which is decisively shaped through structural and environmental violence. The paper outlines the elements that limit the prospects for fully-fledged disciplinary governmentality over peatland areas and highlights the messy, insecure and unfinished nature of environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has issued a series of biodiesel-related policies to alleviate energy shortage anxiety and reduce carbon emissions. However, no other provinces or cities in China widely utilize biodiesel except Shanghai. This article firstly conducted a comprehensive estimation of the potential botanical biodiesel capacity in China. Then, we examined why biodiesel advancement in China was stagnated by comparing biodiesel-related policies in pioneer countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia. We found the highest mix ratio will be ∼13 % if all potential botanical oils are added to petrochemical diesel and an addition of 3 % blending ratio can be achieved if waste cooking oils are effectively utilized. We concluded that despite the encouragement from policies, insufficient materials and lack of downstream consumptions may be the major reasons for the sluggish development of biodiesel in China. If microalgae biodiesel production technology is overcome in the future, China can compulsorily mix biodiesel on a large scale. This paper provided a comprehensive review of biodiesel-related policies in Malaysia, Indonesia and China, and figured out the key problems that hinder the promotion of biodiesel, helping to understand the dilemma and drive the potential development of biodiesel in China. • Potential biodiesel capacities were estimated among various provinces in China. • The highest biodiesel mix ratio will be ∼13 % if adding all potential botanical oils. • The southern China is more likely to prioritize blending biodiesel than the north. • Biodiesel-related policies in Malaysia, Indonesia and China were fully reviewed. • Inadequate materials and lacking downstream consumption hindered biodiesel growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effectiveness of the monetary policies undertaken by the central bank on economic growth during COVID-19 uncertainty in case of India and Indonesia. We use an innovative framework of Growth-at-Risk as oppose to standard macroeconomic models, which can predict the growth in a much robust way particularly when an economy is facing shocks like COVID-19. The empirical results based on Growth-at-Risk model clearly reveal that effect of COVID-19 pandemic on economic growth is much adverse in comparison to actual declines. Further, this study shows the effectiveness of monetary and financial policies undertaken by the central banks of both India and Indonesia, which have actually subsided the adverse impact of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onshore wind potentials are commonly mapped with site selection criteria that either fully include or exclude land for wind farms. However, current research rarely addresses the variability of these criteria, possibly resulting in overly conservative or optimistic potentials. This paper proposes a method to account for the variability of site selection criteria in resource assessments. We distinguish between static and flexible, non-binary criteria and assess onshore wind's technical and economic potential with bias-corrected ERA5 data, 28 turbine power curves, and a turbine-specific cost model. For Indonesia, we show that our flexible mapping approach improves the transparency of resource potential assessments and could contribute to more informed and useful recommendations. These recommendations could address the (1) calibration of site exclusion thresholds, (2) dilemmas of preferring one land type over others, (3) location-specific challenges of wind farm deployment, and (4) more direct support schemes for affected stakeholders and wind farm operators.. We report a technical potential of 207–1,994 TWh/year in Indonesia, which could cover more than 50% of 2030 electricity demand on all islands. LCOEs range between 5.8 and 24.5 US¢(2021)/kWh with an economic potential of 16 TWh/year, which improves to 31–212 TWh/year with a carbon tax of 100 US$(2021)/tCO 2 e. • New method to account for variability of onshore wind site selection criteria. • We differ between static and flexible site selection criteria for resource mapping. • Their use may change onshore wind potentials by several orders of magnitude. • Flexible site selection enables more transparent and informed recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to elaborate on the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) at the bottom of the economy, where most of them began as unbanked micro-ventures and may continue to be micro-enterprises even after being elevated to higher levels. This study contributes to the field of entrepreneurial finance by identifying the factors that influence the drivers and constraints of MSE upgrading. This paper employed models to show how unbanked MSEs transition to bankable ones, as well as to reveal the dynamics of MSEs' transition to bankability during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study's unit of analysis is MSEs, which initially have little or no access to bank loans. This study employs system dynamics (SD) modeling to investigate and manage the multifaceted response system of MSEs' growth toward bankability in the face of a coronavirus pandemic in Indonesia. This study also simulates a coronavirus pandemic outbreak to fine-tune MSEs' progress toward bankability. The dynamic models in this study reveal a number of variables that are critical in accelerating the bankability status of MSE from un-bankable to bankable, namely entrepreneurial MSE time to bankability, channel business, and MSE NPL. Policymakers can create high leverage policies for MSE bankability progression by changing these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first records of the seagrass species Ruppia brevipedunculata Shuo Yu & den Hartog in Indonesia, which has never been reported before. R. brevipedunculata from a coastal lagoon was identified based on morphological characters and phylogenetics. Indonesian R. brevipedunculata had four carpels and a short peduncle. These differentiated from R. maritima. A phylogenetic analysis of ITS and matK demonstrated the same cluster as R. brevipedunculata. That was clearly shown by the matK gene-marker. Biodiversity exploration and conservation efforts are needed to protect and preserve R. brevipedunculata and its habitat. • Ruppia brevipedunculata is recorded in Indonesia for the first time. • Sea lakes have potential new areas as seagrass habitats. • Conservation efforts are urgently needed to preserve seagrass diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper puts Indonesia in the spotlight assessing the country's ability to combat corruption through ICT enabled governance. The research firstly tries to define governance through the different lens of intergovernmental organisations. This is followed by a comparative analysis of different situational characteristics of governance in developing and developed countries. The paper then explores the role of governance in Indonesia, highlighting the existing barriers, and potential drivers to the implementation of ICT in Indonesia. It is concluded that ICT enabled good governance needs to be in place to support the eradication of corruption in Indonesia. Corruption in Indonesia is considered systematic as the practice is prevalent across public organisations in the country. This study contributes to the information systems discipline by offering new insights into the issues of implementing ICT enabled open governance in developing countries such as Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of legacy as a hidden agenda behind the ambitions and haste attitude of Indonesian state leaders in relocating the capital. It also elucidates the institutional mechanisms employed to achieve this lofty goal. In 2019, President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) issued a controversial declaration on the relocation of Indonesia's capital city from Jakarta to Kalimantan Island. Despite the protracted COVID-19 pandemic and the prevailing global economic and geopolitical uncertainties, he marshalled all necessary means and resources under his command to ensure the capital megaproject could commence and the inauguration could be held before his presidential tenure ends in 2024. As formal and technical arguments for Indonesia's capital relocation have been criticised for inconsistencies, a comprehensive understanding of the real phenomenon necessitates an exploration of the hidden agendas behind this unpopular move. The argument posits that the new capital city serves as a megaproject legacy, signified by the construction of monumental and iconic buildings and structures that will reflect the enduring power and memories of the politicians. Furthermore, the institutional mechanisms of the megaproject legacy tend to be pragmatic, whereby quick, concrete and symbolic actions become the top priority at the expense of the quality of the planning process and outcome. • This paper explores megaproject legacy as a hidden agenda behind capital relocation. • Indonesia's capital relocation can manifest a megaproject legacy. • Official motives for capital relocation are criticized for inconsistencies. • Capital cities reflect state leaders' ambitions and enduring power and memories. • Megaproject legacy building involves pragmatic uses of institutional mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Paper rethinks the concept of 'labour risk' by emphasizing workers' perspective. • Firms in labour-intensive sectors outsource economic risks to workers. • Focussing on Indonesian cruise ship worker's resilience strategies. • Workers relying on family, virtual community networks and the local labour market. • Workers' resilience strategies central for reproducing capital accumulation regimes. The collapse of the global industry due to the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated how precarious the livelihoods of workers embedded in globalised industries are. In the global production network literature, moments of crisis have been addressed in the debate on 'GPN risk'. While this debate has contributed to our understanding of firms' risk mitigation strategies, much less attention has been paid to workers' resilience strategies in the face of risk. To fill this gap, this paper rethinks the concept of 'labour risk' by including the perspective of the workers. Drawing on concepts from labour geography, the article sheds light on the resilience strategies of cruise ship workers from Indonesia during the COVID-19 crisis. We interviewed twenty-two cruise ship workers, two non-governmental organisations, and two political authorities to analyse how workers used different resilience strategies (coping, adaptive and transformative) to respond to the risk outsourcing practices of cruise ship companies. Our study shows that workers cope with the crisis by relying on family relations, virtual community networks, and the local labour market. In a few cases, workers followed adaptive strategies of opening their own businesses and leaving the cruise industry. These results emphasise that workers' resilience strategies play a central role in reproducing exploitative capital accumulation regimes underpinning global production networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia faces serious problems in the number, cost, quality and distribution of teachers. In recent years, its central government has introduced a range of reforms to address these problems but they have produced modest results. This paper suggests that this outcome reflects the way in which predatory political and bureaucratic elites have used the school system for decades to accumulate resources, distribute patronage, mobilize political support, and exercise political control rather than promote improved learning outcomes. Efforts to reduce teacher numbers, enhance teacher quality, and improve teacher distribution have accordingly constituted an assault on the interests of these elites, provoking powerful, if often subterranean, resistance. Broadly, reform has only occurred where the central government has employed policy instruments that have disciplined local governments and maintained a commitment to these instruments in the face of resistance. The paper concludes by assessing the implications for Indonesian education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voluntary standards and certification schemes aim to play an important role in the creation of a more sustainable production of agricultural commodities in the South. In this paper, we contend that most studies on the sustainability of these certifications take the objectives of voluntary standard-setting and certifying arrangements as the reference point, thereby implicitly accepting a problem definition that is not necessarily aligned with the needs, interests and preferences of the smallholder producers in a developing context. Based on the results of a four years research project on coffee and palm oil smallholders and certifications in Indonesia, this paper questions the transformative capacity of the standards and certifications regarding a more sustainable agricultural production. This capacity is located at the interface of the global demands, which are channeled down from the top of the value chain, and the local context where local producers take their decisions. Based on the empirical research it is argued that voluntary standards and certifications pave the way for a more sustainable agricultural production, but are not necessarily the right way forward to a more systemic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rapidly developing country, Indonesia faces a challenge in improving air quality that is made more difficult by frequent forest fires linked to deforestation and volcanic eruptions. This paper analyses the link between development and air pollution in 30 Indonesian cities from 2002 to 2019. Air quality is measured using two novel regional air quality indicators (AQIs) for PM 2.5 and PM 10 estimated from weather observations and NASA satellite data on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). Results from an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis, based on a dynamic panel data model, show that forest fires and volcanic activity have significantly worsened regional air quality in Indonesia. The model also shows that the EKC hypothesis is rejected for Indonesia as cities have followed a monotonically increasing trend in air pollution with respect to economic growth. An additional 1% of economic growth increased long run pollution as measured by AQI PM 2.5 and PM 10 by 0.35% and 0.46%, and forest fire events by 0.11% and 0.06%. A partial Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) of forest fires shows that particulate matter pollution is excessive. Decreasing the frequency of forest fires by 1% would generate a net benefit of between US$17 million to 145 million. The lower estimate of the health benefits exceeds the agricultural benefits of forest fire without accounting for other non-market costs due to forest fires. Our results imply that, as Indonesia grows economically, air quality is likely to continue deteriorating. Further, regions affected by regular volcanic activity and wildfires should apply tighter emission standards to controllable point source emissions from industry and non-point source emissions such as agricultural forest fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-mining land usage (PMLU) is a critical concern in Indonesia as the country needs to figure out alternatives for repurposing mined land into productive activities which could utilize the available potential. This paper analyzed the technical feasibility, economic viability, socioeconomics, and environmental impact of building a solar power plant as a post-mining land use option. Solar energy generation potential near the equator line can complement the land availability after coal mining operations cease. The technical analysis, financial model, and Monte Carlo simulation were conducted for the techno-economic analysis. The 300 MWp project was estimated to be able to generate 464 gigawatt-hours annually with a setup cost of around 3.1 trillion Rupiah (USD 200 million). The base case net present value (NPV) was 437 billion rupiah (USD 28 million), while the discounted payback period (DPP) was 13 years, suggesting the viability of the project. The simulation results returned 93.99 % certainty that the NPV would be positive, and 94.71 % certainty the DPP would be <25 years. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the top financial risk factors are loan interest, tax rate, feed-in tariff, operating cost, structure cost, array efficiency, solar irradiance, and inflation rate. Solar irradiance and inflation rate are systematic risks that cannot be controlled internally, and array efficiency is limited by 100 %. Five risk factors could be internally managed: loan interest, tax rate, feed-in tariff, operating cost, and structure cost. Furthermore, this system would offer additional socio-economic and environmental benefits such as job creation, biodiversity preservation, and pollution reduction. The system would generate 281,780 tCO 2 annual GHG emission savings. • Post-mining land usage analysis for renewable energy plant is an essential part of the mining plan. • The techno-economic analysis of the solar plant for post mining land usage was investigated. • The optimization combinations are obtained through financial model and Monte Carlo analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First-ever large-scale documentation of palm oil conflicts in Indonesia. • In 68% of the studied conflicts communities fail to address their grievances. • Palm oil conflicts generate a 'rightless' form of collective action. • Informalized state institutions foster collusion between powerholders and palm oil companies. • This collusion enables companies to suppress protests of communities against land grabbing. The rapid expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia has generated a large and growing number of protests against palm oil companies over, mainly, access to land. So far, these protests have been mainly studied through scattered case studies, which precludes an understanding and analysis of general patterns. Addressing this challenge, this paper presents the results of the first-ever large-scale collaborative effort to document 150 conflicts between rural Indonesians and palm oil companies in four Indonesian provinces (West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, Riau and West Sumatra). With this material this article unpacks trajectories of the anti-corporate activism sparked by the rapid expansion of palm oil plantations, discussing the causes, character of protests, conflict resolution efforts and outcomes of these conflicts. We find that palm oil conflicts generate a particular 'rightless' form of collective action: instead of invoking legal provisions or rights, communities often avoid formal institutions while adopting largely accommodative forms of protest aimed at improving their bargaining position vis-à-vis companies. Despite regular and intense protests often directed at local governments, we find that in 68 percent of the studied conflicts communities fail to address their grievances. We argue that this limited success is not just due to the inadequacies of legal frameworks but also to the way in which Indonesia's informalized state institutions foster collusion between powerholders and palm oil companies. Such collusion has facilitated the repression of protests and undermined the effectiveness of conflict resolution mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ecotourism occurs through a commodification of nature. • An important vehicle for commodification is the multispecies encounter. • In Sumatra, captured elephants are employed to create value from encounters. • Encounter value produces captive nature. Ecotourism has become an increasingly important market-based practice in nature conservation. Several scholars and non-governmental organizations have discussed this as a commodification of nature in the context of capitalist expansion, but only a few have examined how value is produced in this process. Focusing on ecotourism in Tangkahan, in the Sumatra Island of Indonesia, this paper looks at how value is produced in human-elephant encounters. It builds on the concepts of lively commodities and encounter value to show how the incorporation of captive elephants in ecotourism generates value from two layers of interactions between humans and nonhumans. First, captive elephants are trained by mahouts for the encounters with tourists; then, the production of value takes place through tourists' encounters with the elephants in ecotourism activities (elephant bathing, elephant grazing, and trekking alongside the elephants). We argue that the expansion of the commodification of nature in some cases requires an understanding of the way this encounter value produces a 'captive nature': lively beings that are enclosed, managed, and employed to sell experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motive is an important underlying reason an organization engages in a particular behavior, which includes initiating a particular information systems adoption. Adoption motives, however, are situational, urging motivational studies to be contingent on the context. The purposes of this paper are therefore twofold: (1) reflecting on the case of Indonesian e-voting initiative, to examine the local government’s motives behind e-government adoption; (2) to identify emerging themes that might have influenced the process of e-voting adoption in several Indonesian villages. Qualitative data were collected from five government leaders at both municipal and village levels in a municipality that have previously conducted village e-voting elections. This study found that performance-related rationalities, i.e. cost-savings, reducing service delivery-time, are the main drives for e-voting adoption in this case. Although instances of motives belonging to technological and strategic clusters have also been recorded, none of the leaders responded to operation-related motives. This might be due to the simplistic interpretation of e-voting as merely a replacement for paper-ballots, while its broader implication to democratic values and election best practices have been largely ignored. Moreover, it was evident from the study that the decision to adopt voting technology in this case has been significantly influenced by political interests, where strong cases of leadership further accelerated the adoption process. The strong determination exhibited by higher level leaders has put significant pressures on the lower level authorities to implement e-voting, which might have conflicted with their own organizational strategy, socio-cultural norms, and citizen preparedness. This study is important to identify context-based rationales behind e-voting initiatives in Indonesia and the results are relevant to assist Indonesian government in the development of other e-government strategy in the future. This paper further emphasizes for a broader strategy which takes account of the risks of impairing democratic values and generating conflicts during electoral processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper investigates the way Geographical Indications (GIs) are implemented by national and local governments in Indonesia and Vietnam. The two States are active at all stages of GI development, from the selection of the products candidates for GI registration to the supervision of the GI implementation. Thanks to the involvement of national experts from public agencies in the establishment of the Codes of Practices (CoP), they are able to push for the substitution of traditional local techniques with “good practices” (i.e., mostly those recommended by research centers worldwide). Thus, they put GIs at the service of agricultural modernization when GIs apply more conventionally to specific products based on traditional know-how. However, the implementation of the CoPs and thus the achievement of this objective of modernization depend on the perceived interest of producers in the whole GI dynamic. Indeed, the cases studied in Indonesia and Vietnam highlight the variable level of participation of local producers in the GI. In the four studied cases, the CoPs are mainly based on expert knowledge which differs from the actual practices of farmers and processors. Moreover, GIs are implemented in order to create or reinforce reputations rather than legally protecting preexisting ones. For these two reasons, producers’ motivation to invest in GI certification is weak, which makes difficult the necessary collective involvement. In both countries, the involvement of local governments in GI construction and management modifies the situation. Thanks to their knowledge of local situations and stakes, they are more likely than national experts to identify the most strategic supply chains at local level, enable participatory approaches in GI construction and facilitate the involvement of local producers in the GI managing group. But if competences have been given to local governments in the Indonesian and Vietnamese legal frameworks, the distribution of roles between central and provincial governments in GIs are not clearly enough specified. The nature and the importance of local public intervention differ from one case to another. Finally, this paper recognizes the legitimacy of State intervention in GI development, at least as long as producers’ awareness of GIs is still low. However, this State intervention should not only let enough space for producers in GI governance, but also design a frame for arousing their interest and adhesion and for facilitating their collective involvement. That may be facilitated by a concrete and clearly established decentralization of competences in national policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the developing economies in Southeast Asia, labour migration is increasingly seen not simply to generate income to meet short-term livelihood needs but to secure the family’s future, often by investing in children’s education. While much work has been done studying the impact of parents’ remittances on children’s wellbeing including education access, the impact of parental migration on children’s (educational) aspirations has received less attention. Viewing youth as social actors, this paper interrogates how they make meaning of their parents’ migration, and how this consequently influences their decisions to activate, delay or reshape their hopes and plans for their own educational and work trajectories. With the increasing feminisation of labour migration in Southeast Asia where gendered regimes in care and domestic work make it easier for women to work overseas, this paper focuses attention on the aspirations of young women at the cusp of adulthood from a migrant-sending area in rural East Java, Indonesia. These young women’s ‘navigational capacity’ (Appadurai, 2004) is not only shaped by tangible obstacles such as the lack of sufficient resources, but is also more subtly moulded by an emerging discourse of self-responsibilisation in the making of ‘dutiful daughters’. Drawing on conceptualisations of multiple ‘logics of aspiring’ operating within spatial contexts (Zipin et al., 2015), we show how young women unsettle, inflect and challenge the normative linear education-work transitions by expressing their desire to replace their parents in accessing labour migration as a livelihood option, and reflect on the dialectical relationship between agency and aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the seafood sector in Indonesia, using fish supply-demand modeling, with special focus on the growing role of aquaculture in the country's food portfolio. The paper describes six scenarios for future fish supply–demand dynamics and examines the role of aquaculture growth in fish supply in Indonesia. A business as usual scenario (BAU) assumed exogenous variables of our supply-demand model following historical trends. Five alternative scenarios explored the implications of stagnant capture fisheries; export-oriented growth of aquaculture; domestic-oriented aquaculture growth; slow growth of aquaculture sector; and disease outbreaks to key aquaculture species. The BAU scenario projected that fish supply and demand in Indonesia continues to increase over time and strong aquaculture growth is critical to meet increasing demand for fish. Stagnant capture fisheries resulted in increasing fish prices and decreasing fish consumption. Export-oriented aquaculture growth benefitted fish supply and exports, but also helped lower domestic prices and thus increase consumption. An emphasis on domestic aquaculture commodities increased fish supply, providing best domestic consumption outcomes and lower consumer prices. Slow aquaculture growth reduced fish supply and led to undesirable increases in domestic prices and decreasing domestic consumption as a consequence. Disease outbreaks in shrimp and carp aquaculture resulted in a short-term reduction in aquaculture output and increasing fish prices, lowering fish consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased energy use and attendant green house emissions are associated with increased urbanization. At the same time, climate change poses challenges for the built environment where there are tensions between rapid city building and low carbon growth. This paper develops and tests a method for the institutional development of built environment professions in emerging economies that are dealing with a range of issues, including rapid urbanization, and rapid building and construction. The built environment professions comprise a range of disciplines including architecture. Using the architecture profession as a case study, a ‘deep-dive’ is taken to understanding the role of architects as a central player in the move towards low carbon futures in Indonesia. The architecture profession and practitioners are analysed from the perspectives of curriculum development and governance in universities, private industry, peak industry bodies and other bodies driving low carbon growth such as green building councils. While the paper focuses on one discipline comprising the built environment profession, in reality, all disciplines comprising the built environment professions need to be considered to understand how they interact within the profession and between each other so as to maximize outcomes for low carbon approaches. An institutional approach is helpful in guiding the built professions in other transitioning economies. Generally, transitions to low carbon futures in academia have taken the approach of curriculum development in the various disciplines. While this approach is laudable, it is not enough. It is clear that curriculum development alone is insufficient to bring about broad scale and lasting changes to low carbon futures. Educational changes in universities represent only one institutional approach. In reality however, educational institutions need to work in tandem with several other institutional agencies to drive, complement and support changes for low carbon futures; including government, industry practitioners and peak industry bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on social development in Indonesian Villages. In this study, I use data from different waves of the Indonesian Village Potential Statistics (Potensi Desa) to determine whether mobile phone signal strength affects social development indicators. The results indicate that villages with a strong signal are statistically more likely to possess the proper infrastructure programs. Furthermore, mobile phones increase the availability of village libraries and access to credit for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Using the plausibly exogenous variation of lightning strike intensity as the instrumental variable, this study suggests that higher mobile phone signal strength is positively associated with the policies implemented by the village head and leads to better social development. As the mechanisms, this study shows that mobile phones increase the likelihood of having collective action and civic engagement, increasing villagers' political participation and use of telecommunication services, thus leading to an increase in village government's accountability. • Villages with a strong signal are more likely to possess infrastructure programs. • Mobile phones increase the availability of village libraries and access to credit. • This paper uses the variation of lightning strikes as the instrumental variable. • There are several mechanisms to explain the impact of mobile phones on policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We investigate the use of jurisdictional approaches to promoting sustainable palm oil production. • We theorise the intervention pathways through which jurisdictional approaches promote sustainability. • We analyse the effects of implementation contexts for how jurisdictional interventions are combined and sequenced. • We propose contextually adaptive strategies to improve the impact and resilience of jurisdictional approaches. Voluntary systems of sustainable commodity governance have come under intensified criticism for failing to catalyse transformative change beyond directly regulated supply chains. In response, there has been a surge of efforts to 'scale-up' sustainability impacts through governance interventions at landscape and jurisdictional scales. While these ambitious, scaled-up approaches are attracting significant interest, such approaches demand substantial changes to established repertoires of policy interventions and associated understandings of the pathways through which these contribute to sustainability outcomes. Drawing theoretical insights from scholarship on multi-stakeholder sustainability governance together with findings from a qualitative study of jurisdictional governance experiments in the Indonesian palm oil sector, this paper explores how emerging jurisdictional initiatives are promoting change pathways towards more sustainable commodity production, and how the political, environmental governance and economic contexts in which these interventions are implemented influence these pathways. Analysis shows that by integrating a distinctive mix of market and policy-driven interventions, jurisdictional approaches are contributing to three core pathways of change, centred respectively on network and coalition-building, collaborative governance, and resource mobilisation. However, which of these pathways are most influential, how interventions are sequenced and operationalised, and how the pathways interact in shaping change is highly sensitive to varied subnational implementation contexts, with important implications for the impact and resilience of jurisdictional programs. These findings highlight the need for jurisdictional policy interventions to respond flexibly to contextually-variable configurations of actor interests, coalitions and power relations within contested multi-scalar processes of sustainable commodity governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports indicate that international migration patterns will continue to grow between 50 and 60 million per decade. Consequently, people's perceptions of a country's image will evolve. Country image is an important phenomenon affecting organizations and people's decisions to travel, invest, study, migrate, and many more. Hence, this study aims to examine the influence of global and local identity on citizens' and migrants' perceptions of their countries' images. In addition, the paper investigates the mediating effect of lower sociocultural adaptation and cultural intelligence on a country's image. Our sample is drawn from Indonesians and Australians who completed survey questionnaires in the two countries. The sample comprises citizens and migrants (n = 1188) from Australia and Indonesia. The results show local and global identity differences in how individuals perceive other countries. For Indonesians, local identity makes people perceive Australia more positively. In contrast, for Australians, global identity makes people perceive Indonesia more negatively. Furthermore, the results indicate the importance of cultural intelligence over sociocultural adaptation. This paper will make several theoretical and managerial contributions. First, the paper contributes to cultural and identity literature. Individuals' perceptions of a country are influenced by their identity and values. Second, this study shows the importance of sociocultural adaptation and cultural intelligence. Mere identity (global or local) is insufficient to justify the relationship between identity and perception of a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the well-publicised risks, millions of Indonesian women labour abroad as domestic workers, where they face significant risks. By offering community education and current information on migration, Indonesian non-governmental organisations (ngos) attempt to mitigate these risks. Yet, interviews with migrant workers and ngos reveal that rather than seeking out migration information from government or ngo sources, women instead rely on fate and the information they receive from the middlemen who are paid to recruit women for work abroad. This paper, which is based on ten months of fieldwork in Java, focuses on the centrality of fate in women's migration narratives. This paper examines how women's belief in fate helps them explain their position in the migration industry and their ability to control the outcomes of their migration decisions. In addition, this paper analyses why migration authorities take up the language of fate and the challenges this presents to education and activist projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption is a serious concern all over the world. Due to the limited amount of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) research on specific issues such as bribery, this paper aims to determine the extent of anti-corruption information disclosure in annual reports that demonstrate organizational commitment towards combatting corruption. The index consists of 40 items developed from an analysis of past literature and several organizations' published reports. The input data was based on observation of several organizations' annual reports, CSR and sustainability reports, past literature and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting indicators. The sample consists of 24 companies that participated in the ACCA Malaysia Sustainability Reporting Awards (MaSRA) and 34 Indonesian companies that participated in the Indonesia Sustainability Reporting Award (ISRA). The disclosure of anti-corruption practices (ACP) is still in its infancy in both countries. This study shows that the disclosure of anti-corruption codes of conduct and whistle-blowing practices was the most reported item. Interestingly, Indonesian companies disclosed higher amounts of ACP information compared to Malaysian companies. This is possibly because there is a higher level of coercive pressure to disclose ACP information in Indonesia compared to Malaysia. Further, there are several challenges to curbing corruption in Malaysia which potentially contribute to the low disclosure level of ACP information. This research contributes to CSR studies with a focus on anti-corruption practice, particularly in emerging economies. Some implications to improve the level of anti-corruption disclosure are also presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines returns to scale in building constructions in Indonesia based on large sample sizes of different project types (i.e., hotel or apartment, hospital, office, campus, and plant). The analysis demonstrates that costs tended to vary with sizes at a constant rate, as shown by cost capacity factors close to unity, with the exception of campus cases that supported decreasing returns to scale. This finding affirms those of previous studies that non-constant returns to scale in cost-size relationships appear to weakly exist for building constructions. At the very least, it also implies that a simple unit-cost approach remains a reliable method for early cost estimates. This paper also identifies some potential issues associated with constant returns-to-scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the role of tourism in explaining Indonesia's current account balance. We extend the conventional model of current account determinants by augmenting it with tourism (visitor arrivals) and expected and unexpected tourism shocks, where tourism shocks are akin to income shocks. We show that expected and unexpected positive tourism shocks improve Indonesia's current account balance, particularly in the most recent period (2010Q1–2017Q4). Equally importantly, our empirical investigation shows that the current account reacts asymmetrically to positive tourism shocks. In other words, expected tourism shocks worsen the current account when it is already in deficit and improve it when it is in surplus. Finally, we show that an unexpected tourism shock improves the account balance, regardless of whether the account is in deficit or surplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Risk research must increase our understanding of what is considered a hazard. • Hazards (incl. floods) are the product of past and present socionatural relations. • Relational approaches to risk and natural resources aid the study of hazards. • In Jambi, Sumatra, land-use change alters the materiality and meaning of flooding. • The prioritization of dry land for plantation development is a main driver of this. In Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia, flooding is a recurrent rainy season phenomenon. Historically considered manageable, recent political economic developments have changed this situation. Today, flooding is an environmental hazard and a threat to people's livelihoods and health. Based on qualitative research and literature that has developed relational approaches to risk and water, we investigate past and present hydrosocial relations in Jambi province and reconstruct the changing meaning of flooding. We suggest that flooding as a hazard in Jambi was produced through the introduction of the plantation industry to the area and its prioritization of dry land for agro-industrial development. This development altered the materiality of water flows, reconfigured power relations and changed the socio-cultural dimensions of flooding. Together, these changes have led to a separation of flooding from its original social and geographic realm, producing new risks and vulnerabilities. This paper provides insights into the material and symbolic dimensions that influence how environmental processes come to be imagined, controlled and contested. It shows how tracing the socionatural production of hazards may help explain the increasingly systemic nature of risks and provide insights into the wider social meaning of environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schemes for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and enhancing carbon stocks (REDD+) have raised concerns about their effects on forest communities and social equity more generally. National legal frameworks play a critical role in mediating these concerns within different country contexts, from the definition of fundamental constitutional rights to the articulation of specific REDD+ legislation. However, the complexity of REDD+ and its associated legal frameworks makes assessing the balance of rights, responsibilities, benefits and costs challenging indeed. This paper draws on a case study of Indonesia to illustrate how the application of an equity framework can help navigate this complexity. The paper applies the McDermott et al. (2013) Equity Framework to assess core legal texts at multiple scales, including key articles of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as Indonesia's Constitution, its REDD+ strategy and selected legislation. We find that these selected legal instruments address the procedural issue of who is considered a relevant REDD+ stakeholder, including forest-dependent communities and private and public actors. Policies in the form of Ministerial Decrees also prescribe the distribution of carbon payments. However, the current legislation does not address critical contextual dimensions, including the distribution of bundles of rights and obligations regarding land and forest entitlements of forest-dependent people. Likewise, while there are Ministerial Decrees that spell out the distribution of rights and duties of different levels of government (central, provincial and local), there is no clear indication if the resources needed to ensure their respective attributions are equitably allocated. These results highlight the importance of adopting comprehensive frameworks for assessing equity that situate detailed analysis of specific REDD+-related laws within their broader legal and fiscal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traceability is broadly understood as a technical means of understanding, communicating and steering the relations of production and trade in the global food system. Using an assemblage lens, this paper challenges this technical understanding by analysing how traceability affects and is affected by the relations that constitute global value chains. Analysing the introduction of the ThisFish traceability system in a small-scale tuna fishery in Indonesia we show how an NGO, Masyarakat dan Perikanan Indonesia (MDPI), de-stabilised existing relations and expertise around landing and trading tuna and subsequently re-stabilised these relations in a different assemblage through the collection, collation and management of fisheries data. In doing so MDPI worked through rather than reconfigured the social relations of production and trade in the implementation of traceability, thereby becoming part of the assemblage the NGO sought to change. The results demonstrate how the implementation of traceability is, in contrast to its technical framing, more accurately understood as a process of 'active embedding' by 'boundary subjects' who re-assemble contingent interactions by enacting multiple roles simultaneously. Traceability is as such contingent on the performance of these boundary subjects rather than on market incentives or objective monitoring and control. However, we also conclude that because it also dependent on the negotiated identity and function of these boundary subjects, traceability (and similar market based forms of governance) risk reinforcing rather than transforming the relations of production and trade they engage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trends of bilocality – in which an individual will spend part of the year in a rural area, and the other in an urban area – presents a unique and increasingly common manifestation of the circular migrant. In this paper, we explore the dynamics of bilocal migrants in Indonesia from a Central Java city and examine migrant points of origin in terms of their characteristics, mobility patterns, and remittance uses. Data were collected from 105 sample cases among those classified as migrants distributed across the study area. We apply the Flocktracker software for our study, which is a mobile-based application that combines online questionnaires and provides associated locational attributes. Most of the bilocal migrants continue to migrate as a strategy to address the lack of income in rural areas. Migrants not only circulate between two destinations from their rural origins to one city, but also increasingly gravitate to other cities as a multiple destination strategy depending on networks and employment availability. A key finding of this study is that overall, although migration to urban areas supports rural household incomes, it contributes in limited ways to the commonly anticipated rural development outcomes. This suggests that policy interventions are mistaking job creation and remittances as a proxy for rural development, whereas policy priorities should be looking beyond job creation to identify other ways to support development in rural areas. • Bilocal migrants migrate as a strategy to address the lack of income in rural areas. • The amount of remittance is following the income-earning by the migrants in the city. • Migrants invest more on-farm supporting activities instead other types of investment. • Income gain contributes in limited ways to rural development outcomes. • Bilocal migration is a distinct trend to live to some degree in both worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural off-grid electrification systems powered by renewable energy have become popular in the Global South. Unfortunately, many microgrids have experienced trouble during their first years of operation, leading to premature system deterioration. In this paper we trace these problems to institutional issues associated with goal displacement in implementing organizations and, relatedly, ineffective programme upscaling, which have remained under-researched in the rural renewable energy literature thus far. Using literature about implementation of large infrastructure projects, political economy of policy making, and replication of innovations as our conceptual lens, we examine a government-initiated microgrid programme in Indonesia. Early project failure was found to be linked to a one-sided policy focus on expanding the number of installed systems, instead of ensuring service quality. This focus is driven by political campaign strategies in which microgrid technologies are used as instruments for political legitimation, and pressure from aid donors to achieve early quantifiable results. It leads higher governmental echelons to care about reaching pre-set installation targets rather than ensuring that lower-level governments face incentives to focus on maintenance and repair. The focus on quantitative expansion also explains a lack of incentives or pressures to address a persistent lack of clarity about responsibilities of each government level, local communities, consultants, and contractors. Similar patterns can be noted in other countries, suggesting the findings have broader relevance for understanding key determinants of microgrid unsustainability in the Global South. To improve governance, pressure needs to be brought on the government by the general public, academia, NGOs and the press through increased public exposure of early system deterioration. These actions should be grounded in research that seeks to understand the complex causes of the problem, considering the whole scope of interlinked incentives and policies, before trying to tackle it. • Failure of government initiated microgrids is due to focus on system numbers, not service quality. • Focus on quantitative expansion explains a lack of incentives to address lack of responsibilities. • Similar patterns are seen in the Global South on key determinants of microgrid unsustainability. • To improve, the government needs to be pressured by the general public, academia, NGOs and press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm kernel expeller (PKE), a by-product of the palm oil production process in Indonesia, has evolved into a billion-dollar export 'flex' commodity to feed cows in intensified dairy production in New Zealand. As the PKE trade grew in New Zealand, the dairy industry became a transnational behemoth and a leading global exporter. Through our examination of PKE, an understudied commodity, we reveal the ways that ecological degradation to local, regional, and world-ecologies are exacerbated and intertwined. This paper argues that neoliberalisation of regulatory and trade policy, both within and between the two countries, laid the groundwork for the growth of the ecologically destructive palm oil operations of Indonesia as well as the intensified dairy operations in New Zealand, both of which rely on dispossession of Indigenous lands. Our theorisation builds on the flex commodity literature by analyzing the ways PKE became an 'environmental fix' and part of a transnational waste regime linking two semiperipheral regions. This environmental fix for the dairy industry temporarily limits the negative impacts of climate change induced drought. The world-ecology(ies) of such 'fixes' is becoming increasingly urgent and increasingly tenuous in the face of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although religious diversity is legally supported in Indonesia, incidents of attacks on religious minorities and anxiety towards the practice of religious pluralism have continued to plague the country. This paper will analyse factors limiting the practice of religious diversity in post-Suharto Indonesia with a focus on two types of important grass-roots religious institutions. The first type is religious philanthropic organizations, which provide social services for natural disaster victims and the poor. The second type of religious institution is traditional Islamic schools known as pesantren salaf, one of most the important educational institutions for Islamic scholars. This paper will show that increased religiosity has contributed to the growth of socially-engaged religious organizations being used to address social problems, but these religious institutions are naturally developing their operational links within their own religious affiliations and communication beyond their religion is restricted because of mutual anxiety. This paper will also examine the challenge presented by traditional Islamic educational institutions. In order to protect Islam from secularism, these institutions are promoting theologically conservative Islamic teachings that curtail the practice of religious diversity at the grassroots level. Our case studies show that religious education has unintentionally limited the development of religious diversity in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Although urbanization in smaller cities is arguably not imperative, the future of urban living is no longer expected to be principally in mega-cities. People increasingly live in intermediate and smaller cities, in line with the proportion of people residing in urban areas, which is also gradually rising. Smaller cities in Indonesia, like other smaller cities in the developing world, are relatively densely populated, and many of them are experiencing extended urbanization, thereby exceeding their administrative boundaries. This paper seeks to explore the factors triggering urban development in these smaller cities, for a case in Indonesia. Urban change in Cirebon Region has accelerated in recent years, very much in line with the decentralization policy in Indonesia. This paper shows how urban change is influenced by economic restructuring, which encourages people to live closer to the core of the region, representing a new link between the core and new emerging urban areas in the region. This paper reveals these attributes to identify the characteristics of smaller urban centres, thereby contributing a more nuanced image of small cities in general. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper argues that existing approaches to Indonesian media hypostatise what may be more imaginatively understood as a rapidly changing assemblage of arguments and practices. A series of intellectual manoeuvres creates the appearance of a relatively stable, knowable and measurable system. These include confusion over the precise object of study, omission of anything that does not fit the theory and rigid techniques of closure that prevent these weaknesses being evident. Critiques of Eurocentrism raise broader questions of processes of power/knowledge by which the discourse of Indonesians is culturally translated into the hegemonic language of an élite of experts, producers and politicians. The paper proposes instead to approach Indonesian media as assemblages of practices of production, distribution, engagement and use by different people in different situations. Such practices constitute performances, which may be differently articulated by different participants on different occasions. The paper concludes by rethinking key genres of Indonesian television broadcasting as performances. Indonesia emerges less as a stable, coherent entity than as the shifting object of antagonistic representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The study of heights provides a promising approach to a better understanding of the biological welfare of countries and regions for which conventional economic data are relatively sparse. This paper is based on a dataset previously unexploited: the individual records of nearly 10,000 Indonesian men conscripted into the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) used together with individual data on another 10,000 Indonesians, recorded as part of the Indonesian Family Life Surveys (IFLS). These two sets of records provide the height and place of birth of members of birth cohorts spanning nearly the entire 20th century. Our aim in this paper is to trace the development of average height in Indonesia over the course of the twentieth century. Whereas both average height and average income increased during the second half of the century, we find that this was only after they had diverged in the first half: a divergence similar to the one (frequently discussed in the literature) that had occurred in several other countries toward the end of the 19th century. Using a newly developed “height accounting” method, we estimate that in Indonesia increasing income inequality accounts for about half of this divergence, which gradually disappeared after the Second World War, as income inequality decreased and average height increased until it was rising in tandem with average income. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Disasters create enormous pressure to provide survivors with permanent housing and normally lead to large-scale reconstruction programmes. In this respect, the concept of sustainable reconstruction has surfaced in the international arena as a successful strategy to deal with disasters, since it addresses the issue of sustainability during the recovery process. This paper focuses on Nias, an Indonesian island hit by the December 2004 tsunami and the March 2005 earthquake, and shows why and to what extent governance is key to achieving sustainable reconstruction. In analyzing these issues, the article uses evidence from field research and relies on primary data collected through questionnaires, semi-structured elite interviews and in-depth interviews. Finally, the paper draws conclusions regarding some major governance gaps that might have prevented the reconstruction process in Nias from being sustainable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract This paper describes the contemporary context of Zikir Maulud, a popular, religiously-inspired musical practice that has a long history in Sambas, a regency in West Kalimantan. The formation of a Zikir Maulud association several years ago resulted in the establishment of a monthly, inter-village circuit, one in which women figure prominently as performers and the representatives of their village. Despite this initiative, there is little evidence that Zikir Maulud is attracting new performers. The paper outlines three broad approaches to the study of Malay cultural forms, before arguing that people's interest in Zikir Maulud is best understood in relation to changes associated with urbanisation, social mobility and new media. These social forces not only erode the forms of sociality that support Zikir Maulud as a village-based cultural performance, but result in new cultural sensibilities and modes of textuality, which shape people's level of interest and participation in cultural forms. Here Zikir Maulud and its association with older, village-based forms of entertainment cannot compete with vernacular forms of digitalised and audiovisual entertainment that situate people in broader, translocal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Social capital is the key resource for community-based hazard responses. • The urban form of a neighborhood and the emerging social capital are clearly linked. • Different forms of public meeting places enhance different forms of social networks. • In North Jakarta, the urban form facilitates bonding social capital. • Adaptive neighborhoods require bonding, bridging, and linking ties. This paper analyzes the relationship between the urban form of neighborhoods and collective bottom-up adaptation processes. The adaptive capacity of urban populations in marginal settlements of the Global South is critically related to social capital, as manifested through social networks, self-organization, and collective action. We analyze these responses and hypothesize that they are significantly shaped by the specific spatial forms of neighborhoods, particularly in the presence and form of places to meet. Drawing on mix-method research, we investigate socio-spatial practices and collective responses to hazards in coastal neighborhoods of Jakarta, including a standardized household survey (n = 300) and cultural mapping. Our findings demonstrate that social capital is key to community-based hazard responses. Importantly, the presence of different types of public meeting places enhances different forms of social networks due to highly diversified locations and user groups. We found that North Jakarta's urban form facilitates bonding social capital, which enables the formation of 'responsive neighborhoods' capable of responding on mid-term scales. Meeting places in neighborhood centers foster bonding ties, which, together with attachment to place and social belonging, appear to be key local assets for dealing with natural hazards e.g. by creating informal 'insurance systems'. However, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the current urban form of North Jakarta supports the formation of 'adaptive neighborhoods' in the long- term, which would require bridging and linking ties to the outside world. Our findings suggest that a spatial perspective on collective hazard response action is important for urban planning strategies to empower local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the ongoing (2013–present) eruption of Sinabung volcano, north Sumatra, we have routinely used a variety of satellite remote sensing data to observe and forecast lava dome and lava flow collapse events, to map the resulting pyroclastic deposits, and to estimate effusion rates. In this paper, we focus on the first two years of the current eruption (September 2013–December 2015), and we summarize major events in 2016. We divide the eruption into 5 major phases: 1) phreatomagmatic (July 2013–18 December 2013), 2) first dome growth and collapse (18 December 2013–10 January 2014), 3) lava-flow (10 January 2014–mid-September 2014), 4) second lava dome and collapse (mid-September 2014–July 2015), 5) lava dome collapse and ash explosion phase (August 2015–present). Throughout the eruption, remotely sensed information has been instrumental in assessing the stability of the lava dome and flow and to forecast collapse events that produce pyroclastic density currents (PDCs: block-and-ash flows, co-ignimbrite surges, and blasts). Forecasts based on remote sensing data in combination with seismic, geodetic and gas-monitoring data have also helped inform decisions related to alert levels and evacuations. Relatively unusual aspects of the Sinabung eruption include the transition from dome to flow morphology (phase 2 to phase 3 transition) and the frequent occurrence during phase 3 of collapses from the lava flow-front and flow-margins—collapses that produced extensive pyroclastic density currents. By analogy to the well-known "Merapi type" collapses and pyroclastic deposits, we propose that lava flow-front and flow-margin collapses with associated PDCs be known as "Sinabung type." Although detailed study of deposits has not been possible due to continuing hazards, our observations suggest that the transition from lava dome to lava flow and the occurrence of flow-front and flow-margin collapses reflect a particular combination of lava viscosity and steepness of slope. Our observations also show clear evidence of at least one slope-parallel high-velocity and dilute PDC (a "blast") that emanated from a lava-margin collapse site 500 m downslope from the vent. This 1 February 2014 blast downed and singed a forest out to at least 3.9 km from the collapse site and killed 16 people. We also use a combination of field and remotely sensed data to map the distribution of Sinabung deposits. We estimate eruptive volumes and extrusion rates by combining sequential measurements of lava surface and pyroclastic flow areas with thickness estimates derived from simple geometric assumptions, oblique photographs and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from remotely sensed data. Our estimates of short-term effusion rates vary widely on a daily to weekly basis, from <1 to >20 m3 s−1. In a few cases, periods of increased extrusion precede lava flow-front collapses by a few days to a week, suggesting delays in transmittance of effusion pulses as lava moves from vent to flow front. We find that, as of 1 January 2016, the total area of deposits is 107 m2, and their approximate deposit volume is about 0.3 km3, equivalent to 0.2 km3 Dense Rock Equivalent (DRE). We anticipate that our deposit maps will be valuable in the future as a framework for the study of the magmatic and textural evolution of eruptive products through time. • Satellite remote sensing was used with and ground-based monitoring was used to issue warnings and reduce risk during the eruption of Sinabung volcano. • Eruption rates and volumes and distribution of lava and pyroclastic deposits were determined with remote sensing. • Unusual lava flow front and margin collapses were deadly; eruptions with these types of collapses are deemed "Sinabung type." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrition transition hypothesis poses that as low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) become wealthier and more urbanised, they experience a shift in dietary consumption towards 'Western' diets high in sugars, fats, animal-source foods, processed and packaged products. This paper uses panel data covering a period of 23 years to examine how changes in the urban environment relate to food expenditures, dietary diversity and traditional practices (food self-production and sharing) in Indonesia, a country that has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanisation over the last few decades. We first examine trends separately for urban and rural areas, and then use fixed effect models to examine whether change in urban residence is associated with changes in food expenditures, traditional practices, and overall dietary diversity. Results show that, despite some increases in acquisitions of animal-source foods and of packaged and ready-made foods, budget allocations for other food groups has remained constant, and that changes have largely occurred in parallel across urban and rural areas. In turn, traditional diets high in cereal and plant products, as well as traditional food practices continue to be dominant in both rural and urban areas, despite the context of rapid socio-economic change and urbanisation. Fixed effect regression suggests that transition from rural to urban residence is not significantly associated with changes in food expenditures for any of the outcomes examined. On the other hand, there is some evidence that moving specifically to Jakarta is associated with some change towards 'Western' food preferences. • Limited evidence of shift to "Western" dietary patterns for 13 Indonesian provinces (1993–2015). • Little or no change in expenditures for foods associated with the local traditional diet. • Urban residence not associated with "Western" dietary patterns except for Jakarta. • Pace of change similar in urban and rural areas; faster in rural areas for some foods. • Traditional food practices (self-production, transfers) retained in both urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural areas in Indonesia are older relative to urban areas. This paper questions how levels of social engagement vary across among the elderly in rural Indonesia. A sample of 2750 respondents aged 60 and over was drawn from 10 purposely-selected relatively "old" villages. Our three measures of social engagement are: participation in income-generating activities, in communal activities, and in care work. While there are notable village-level differences in patterns of social engagement, the majority of our respondents are actively engaged in productive activities in their old age until they can no longer be so. A negative educational gradient in the likelihood of work participation suggests that needs for income security is a driver of the elderly's work participation. The notion of promoting active ageing, as typically understood in the Western and/or urban contexts, is of secondary importance to health care provision and managing old-age disability in these ageing rural communities. • Fertility decline and out-migration created pockets of ageing in rural Indonesia. • We analysed how social engagement varies among persons aged 60 + in 10 villages. • Living in poorer villages is associated with higher odds of social engagement. • Those with lower education have higher odds of working in old age. • Policy should focus on health care provision and managing old-age disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The implementation of waste to energy technology such as the production of biogas from animal waste has been considered as one of the best means to achieve sustainable energy development goals in many developing countries including Indonesia. In the past several years, the rapid increment in the number of animal husbandries in Indonesia could potentially provide a considerable amount of feedstock for the generation of biogas. Therefore, this article is aimed at highlighting the potential application of waste to energy technology via the production of biogas from animal waste as an alternative source of power generation in Indonesia. Here, Indonesia's energy mix and several issues regarding waste management is comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, this article also discusses the current status in Indonesia's energy generation from new and renewable resources, especially from waste. Hence, several key technologies on how to utilize waste for power generation are presented. Based on the analyses, numerous opportunities could be explored in terms of turning animal waste to energy by biogas production in Indonesia. It is estimated that about 9597.4 Mm3/year of biogas could potentially be generated from animal waste in Indonesia. This large amount of biogas production could be utilized to generate electric power up to 1.7 × 106 KWh/year. Finally, this paper also highlights several main challenges faced in the implementation of large-scale biogas production in Indonesia. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Current issues in Indonesia's high-energy demand and waste management. • Recent development in waste to energy technologies in Indonesia. • Biogas production from organic waste as a promising renewable energy source. • The potential of biogas from animal waste for electricity generation in Indonesia. • Future prospects and challenges for large-scale biogas production in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]