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This paper examines the impact of Facebook usage on students' academic performance. In addition, it also analyse whether Socialization influences Facebook usage. Empirical data was collected from 1165 Malaysian university students using a questionnaire survey. It was found that the construct Socially Accepted influences Facebook usage while Acculturation does not have any significant relationship with usage. The results also illustrated that there is a positive relationship between students' Academic Performance and Facebook usage i.e. the higher the usage the better they perceived they perform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new global economy, carbon emission has become an important worldwide issue. One key reason for this is the magnification of the transport sector, as millions of gasoline-based vehicles are plying on roads producing carbon emission throughout day and night. In order to impede these vulnerabilities and promote a more sustainable economy, one solution is to switch from gasoline-based vehicles to using green technology vehicles. There is growing agreement that electrification and the ability to ‘decarbonize’ this sector seems to be significant, as it helps to mitigate the high reliance on fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions. The introduction of electric vehicles has led the automotive industry to a whole new echelon, one with zero fuel dependency and increased fuel efficiency. While the usage of greener and cleaner vehicles, such as electric vehicles, is well supported with government policies and programmes, it is surprising that little information is divulged about the public acceptance of electric vehicles from the social perspective. Public acceptance and diffusion of this new green technology is relatively fresh and unknown in Malaysia. In fact, public acceptance can appear as a prevailing obstacle for market diffusion and encumber the development of technology adoption. The rationale of this paper is to conduct an exploration to determine the key predictors affecting the usage of electric vehicles acceptance in Malaysia. Malaysia has been referred to here, as electric vehicles are just being introduced as one of the initiatives to encourage a low fossil carbon technology within the transportation sector. More specifically, an empirical study using a survey questionnaire was distributed to 1000 private vehicle drivers in Malaysia. An electric vehicle usage model was proposed based on a literature review and a multiple regression model. The results demonstrated that electric vehicles acceptance in Malaysia can be explained as being significantly related to social influences, performance attributes, financial benefits, environmental concerns, demographics, infrastructure readiness and government interventions. In addition, the study offers a valuable wealth of information on the public acceptance of automotive players planning to market electric vehicles in Malaysia. It also offers sensible guidelines for the formulation of marketing strategies that will address the real wants and needs of future electric vehicles users. In the meanwhile, policy-makers should concentrate on the appropriate intervention and policy to encourage the development of electric vehicles as part of the strategy towards a transition to a low carbon society in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers for the future of the world due to its tremendous capability of pollution reduction. Hydrogen utilization is free of toxic gases formation as well as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission. Hydrogen production can be implemented using a wide variety of resources including fossil fuels, nuclear energy and renewable and sustainable energy (RSE). Amongst various RSE resources, biomass has great capacity to be employed for renewable hydrogen production. Hydrogen production from palm solid residue (PSR) via thermochemical process is a perfect candidate for waste-to-well strategy in palm oil mills in Malaysia. In this paper, various characteristics of hydrogen production from thermochemical process of PSR includes pyrolysis and gasification are reviewed. The annual oil palm fruits production in Malaysia is approximately 100 million tonnes which the solid waste of the fruits is capable to generate around 1.05 × 10 10 kgH 2 (1.26 EJ) via supercritical water gasification (SCWG) process. The ratio of energy output to energy input of SCWG process of PSR is about 6.56 which demonstrates the priority of SCWG to transform the energy of PSR into a high energy end product. The high moisture of PSR which is the most important barrier for its direct combustion, emerges as an advantage in thermochemical reactions and highly moisturized PSR (even more than 50%) is utilized directly in SCWG without application of any high cost drying process. Implementation of appropriate strategies could lead Malaysia to supply about 40% of its annual energy demand by hydrogen yield from SCWG of PSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines in a comparative context the determinants of foreign direct investment in Kenya and Malaysia as well as its impact on economic growth in order to inform policy debates. Kenya in the recent past has committed itself to emulating the development experiences of Malaysia in order to inform its industrialization efforts. The study uses time series data for the period 1960–2009, which is analyzed in a vector autoregressive model. The results do provide support for the role of FDI in Malaysia's industrial success but not for growth in Kenya. From a policy view point, Malaysia's success in attracting huge FDI inflows compared to Kenya during this period is due to differences in macroeconomic stabilization, and trade policies as well as infrastructure and institutional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to reinvestigate the relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth by including foreign direct investment, capital and trade openness in Malaysia for the period of 1971–2012. The structural break unit root test is employed to investigate the stationary properties of the series. We have applied combined cointegration test to examine the relationship between the variables in the long run. For robustness sake, the ARDL bounds testing method is also employed to test for a possible long run relationship in the presence of structural breaks. We note the validity of cointegration between the variables. Natural gas consumption, foreign direct investment, capital formation and trade openness have positive influence on economic growth in Malaysia. The results support the presence of feedback hypothesis between natural gas consumption and economic growth, foreign direct investment and economic growth, and natural gas consumption and foreign direct investment. The policy implications of these results are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable energy supply is essential for actualizing Malaysia׳s vision to become a high-income country. The current power production and demand trends show that Malaysia has a reserve margin that will only last for the next few years. This calls for further investment, research and development in the country׳s power sector in order to meet the ever increasing energy demand. The government׳s diversification policy and power sector expansion plan emphasizes on the incorporation of renewable energy sources (RESs) and other less CO 2 emitting sources like nuclear into the national energy mix. However, the environmental ramifications of this policy should be part of any future expansion plan of national grid. This paper presents a panoramic overview of the Malaysian energy sector, the energy policy revolution and the power sector expansion strategy towards secure sustainability. We want to bring into focus the benefits and challenges of Malaysia׳s power sector expansion plan with the aim of stimulating further discussion and research on the environmental ramifications of the plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Malaysian chemicals industry has been progressively growing over the past few decades, the industry associations had not been actively engaged with one another. The Chemical Industries Council of Malaysia was established to form a stronger and more cohesive representation from other sub-sectors of the industry such as oleochemicals, industrial gases, petrochemicals, paints, coating resins, fertilizers, biodiesel and pesticides, as well as their respective chemical traders, distributors and other service providers. Among its initiatives is the Responsible Care programme which has proven to be a very useful tool in promoting responsible practices among signatory companies that protect the environment, human health and safety. While the chemicals industry and related industries have adopted most of the responsible best practices to reduce their environmental impact, participation from small and medium enterprises has been low. This paper aims to provide an overview of the initiatives of the Chemical Industries Council of Malaysia, and assess its current position with regard to providing environmental, health and safety services to its members in view of the expanding global chemicals sector and the challenges it poses. It will also identify the main challenges faced by the chemicals industry, and propose measures to overcome them for the future competitiveness and sustainability of the chemicals industry at both regional and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, global energy consumers are addicted to fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil and coal. Although it has been anticipated that fossil fuels will be depleted soon, these fuels are still dominant as the primary source of energy in the world. Recently, many efforts have been done to substitute renewable alternative fuels to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Biomass as one of the earliest energy sources appears to be the most promising renewable energy source due to its numerous resources and its environmentally sound characteristics. Since Malaysia is agriculture based tropical country, many crops such as palm, paddy rice and sugarcane are cultivated in this region. Malaysian palm oil industry generate huge amounts of palm solid residue (PSR) biomass such as empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm fiber, shell, trunks and fronds as byproducts which are capable to be taken into account in the energy mix of the country. In this paper, an overview of the PSR generation from Malaysian palm oil industries and its social and economic effects has been given. Indeed, performance of the direct combustion of PSR in terms of PSR composition, properties, heating value, emissions and its effects on the equipment or the components of the boilers have been reviewed. It has been found that the very high moisture content of PSR of palm industry makes their collection and transportation expensive, therefore energy conversion process could be inefficient and utilization of these materials inside the palm oil mills seems more beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has abundant but underutilized oil palm fronds. Although the gasification of biomass using preheated inlet air as a gasifying medium is considered an efficient and environmentally friendly method, previous studies were limited to certain types of biomass wastes and gasifier designs. Hence, the effects of preheating the gasifying air on oil palm fronds gasification in a single throat downdraft gasifier are presented in this paper. In addition, the effects of varying the flow rate of the gasifying air and the moisture content of the feedstock on the outputs of oil palm fronds gasification were studied. A response surface methodology was used for the design of the experiment and the analysis of the results. The results showed that preheating the gasifying air to 500 °C increased the concentrations of CO from 22.49 to 24.98%, that of CH4 from 1.98 to 2.87%, and that of H2 from 9.67 to 13.58% on dry basis in the producer gas at a 10% feedstock moisture content. Conversely, the dry basis concentrations of CO, CH4, and H2 decreased from 22.49, 1.98 and 9.67% to 12.01, 1.44 and 5.45%, respectively, as the moisture content increased from 10 to 20%. The airflow rate was also proven to significantly affect the quality of the resulting producer gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critical review of the palm biodiesel landscape in Malaysia. The palm industry is a key source of revenue for the country, where in 2009 the industry was responsible for generating 8% of the gross national income per capita. The interest in palm-based biodiesel can be traced back to the early 1980s however it was only in 2006 that Malaysia officially formulated its first National Biofuel Policy as a strategic government intervention to drive development and implementation of palm biodiesel as substitute to regular fossil-based diesel. As at January 2013, the implementation of the biodiesel mandate (at 5% concentration) has been limited to the Klang Valley central region only. But there are plans for a much wider roll-out and at higher concentration blends in 2014. The policy in its current form assumes that all biofuels are sustainable and therefore fails to provide assurances that the fossil diesel will be replaced by a more sustainable energy source. Here it has been argued that a market-based policy approach would be better than a technology-forcing mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how carbon taxation and economic growth affect environment hazards in Malaysia using time series data over the period 1974-2010. We applied cointegration and causality approaches to determine the long-term cointegration and direction of causal relationship between these variables. Based on the results, we found the cointegration relationship between the variables. Furthermore, we noted that although Kuznets׳ theory, i.e. inverted-U shaped curve between economic growth and CO2 emissions is valid for Malaysia, the carbon taxation policy is ineffective to control CO2 emissions. The causality analysis revealed that there is a bidirectional relationship between carbon tax and CO2 emissions. Economic growth Granger causes CO2 emissions and carbon tax Granger causes economic growth. To enhance the awareness concerning pollution issues, governments should rely on alternative instruments that may give benefit to the taxpayers and reduce pollution, which is the pivotal issue to be tackled globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In view of Malaysia's status as a fast-growing economy with accelerating carbon dioxide emissions, a better understanding of the relationship between economic growth and pollution is vital to the policy makers. This paper, therefore, attempts to investigate the existence of long run relationship among carbon dioxide emission, institutional quality, exports, and economic growth and further examines the causal relationship among these variables in Malaysia for the period 1984–2008. From the bounds test, it is found that a long run relationship does exist among the variables, even using different conditioning information sets. A positive and significant interaction term between carbon dioxide emission and institutional quality indicator (i.e. law and order) implies that good institutional quality is important in controlling carbon dioxide emission in the process of economic development. The results for Granger causality tests further confirm the importance of institutional frameworks in reducing carbon dioxide emissions since institutional quality is found not only affects economic growth directly, but also indirectly via carbon dioxide emissions. This indicates that sound institutional frameworks are essential for Malaysia to achieve high economic growth without sacrificing its environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent surge in crude oil price, finite fossil oil resources, and environmental issues all have aroused grave concerns. The world in 2012 consumed up to 12,476.6 million tons oil equivalent and 87% of this energy came from fossil sources. Malaysia has encountered an increase in energy demand following the country׳s development and economic growth. Currently, biodiesel is one of the main options to replace petroleum-derived diesel. Thanks to its environment friendly properties and almost similar performance with fossil fuels, biodiesel sounds like a promising option. The present paper deals with available renewable energy scenarios and examines alternative energies such as biomass, solar, wind and mini-hydro energy. The purpose of using the new sources of energy is to make sure of availability of reliable and secure supply of energy for the country. The energy demand and supply are also discussed based on source and relation to the country׳s fuel diversification policy. The study evaluates Malaysia׳s status quo in energy and biodiesel market, its strengths from economic, social, and environmental viewpoints and the production of biodiesel in the country. Moreover, the country׳s potentials to become a leading producer of biodiesel are further studied. The concentration in the study is on biodiesel production in Malaysia. The main portion of raw material for producing biodiesel is palm oil as the country is among the largest producers of palm oil at international level. There are optimistic expectations that by developing biodiesel production in the Malaysia, not only will the countries׳ energy needs be met, but the country will emerge as a role model that paves the path toward more production of biodiesel all around the world. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The usage of wind energy as a form of renewable energy is becoming increasingly popular year by year. This technology has been applied widely in several regions in the world and already reached maturity in terms of technology, infrastructure and cost competitiveness. The performance of the wind turbine system depends upon factors such as design, aerodynamic performance and material selection. Thus, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has become crucial in evaluating the performance of wind turbine in real time. Furthermore, the application of smart material in SHM can be utilized as micro energy harvester as well. Nonetheless, the application of SHM in Malaysia׳s climate for wind turbine is still premature, especially in the approach biocomposites material towards its blade system. Several issues are highlighted in this paper such as Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT), biocomposites material selection and the issue in the micro energy harvester as well. The issues are discussed and compared with the recent finding in this review. Several recommendations are suggested for future studies in benefiting the Malaysian especially on the application of wind energy to promote better green technology for tomorrow. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The electric bus energy consumption is calculated by using spatial–temporal model. • The varying energy losses among the grid and electric bus charging are considered. • The proposed framework can be straightforwardly applied on various bus networks. • The validation of this study is based on Bus-Rapid Kuala Lumpur data. • A tracking system is used to obtain the speed measurement of the driving mode. This work proposes a generic framework to estimate the energy consumption and investigate the penetration impact of a distributed network of battery electric buses (BEBs). The core of this work builds on a novel framework to determine the energy demand of BEBs and their potential as a replacement for diesel-powered buses in transportation networks. This paper uses data mapping technology from the Geographical Information System to cover the potential analysis of BEB penetration for large-scale bus networks. State-of-the-art methods have previously estimated the energy consumption of a BEB by using simulator models for each driving cycle, but these studies have not considered the actual elevation data of a local bus route. In fact, the elevation of the bus route is considered the main factor that varies the energy consumption of BEBs. This study developed a longitudinal dynamic model with a spatial version of a digital elevation model to determine the energy demand of a large-scale BEB network. Additionally, this work assessed two charging protocols—opportunity charging and overnight charging—according to the operating environments of electric buses. The application of the framework is validated in a case study to electrify the entire Rapid Kuala Lumpur bus (Bus-Rapid KL) network in Malaysia. The proposed model used real-world data, which are typically available only to bus transit administration operators. In this paper, the data for bus route lines, bus station locations, and the number of passengers riding the Bus-Rapid KL were considered to formulate the forecasting longitudinal and temporal model by using passenger information system data. The results showed a penetration impact of the BEB charging demand during daytime and nighttime in an urban area in Kuala Lumpur. The proposed forecasting paradigm may permit power network operators to predict the optimal electric bus charging demand based on actual BEB consumption through the bus paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia, as one of the countries that intend to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations (UN). Under the responsible consumption and production goals category, Malaysian households should take part by practising waste separation at home when the Separation at Source Initiative (SSI) under Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672) launched and effective in September 2015. However, many households in Malaysia is unwilling to participate. As the local authority has taken an extrinsic motivation thru SSI, this paper will study the impact of intrinsic motivation among the households. This paper purpose is to emphasise the part of intrinsic motivation thru extended Theory of Planned Behaviour in influencing households waste separation behaviour. A questionnaire survey was conducted towards high-rise residential units in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and obtained a total of 900 valid questionnaires. Data are analysed using the Smart PLS software. The results show that all the determinants from the model that consists of attitude towards behaviour, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control, and moral norm are significant. All the determinants positively influence the waste separation behaviour with the moral norm as the most influential determinant in improving households intrinsic motivation to engage with the waste separation at source behaviour. This paper result with the suggestions to foster waste separation behaviour among households based on the findings. To identify the factors that could positively influence the waste separation at source behaviour among high-rise residents in Kuala Lumpur. This paper intends to discover the application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) extended with Moral Norm (MN) element in influencing the Waste Separation at Source Behaviour (WSB) among households. As this research focuses on intrinsic motivation, the MN element is included as it is one of the elements that represent a person intrinsic motivation. The result will support the application of moral norm together with TPB determinants. Furthermore, it shows the significance of the extended TPB. Most past papers studied the recycling intentions and behaviour among households. This paper is the first study that applying the extended TPB in investigating the WSB among high-rise residents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The implication of the findings is useful for the local authority to encourage waste separation at source behaviour among households. • Moral norm influence the waste separation at source behaviour the most. • All determinants are significant and positively influence behaviour. • A large sample of data is collected to represent the high-rise residential. • From the findings, Malaysia governance could improve the implementation of SSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia's renewable energy policies do not cover production from waste, including the generation of biogas from palm oil mill effluent. This paper combines life cycle cost-benefit analysis (LCCBA) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to provide new insights into costs and benefits of technologies over the life cycles, and on the basis of this information, asks experts to rank different options to enhance policy. The results show that the continuous stirred tank reactor has a higher LCC of 0.63 Million USD/year, compared to a LCC value of 0.55 Million USD/year for the covered lagoon bio-digester. In terms of cost-benefit, the continuous stirred tank reactor has a higher net present value of 0.46 Million USD/year, higher return on investment of 10.11% and a shorter payback period of 9.9 years compared to the covered lagoon bio-digester system, which has a net present value of 0.22 Million USD/year, return on investment of 7.79% and a payback period of 12.8 years. The continuous stirred tank reactor system therefore emerges as more economically feasible compared to the covered lagoon bio-digester system. On providing this information to experts using AHP, the three top ranked policy options emerged as: i) providing detailed environmental guidelines, ii) standardising technical guidelines for biogas installation and iii) covering the open pond wall using lining. Economic insights and policy opportunities based on this research can be used to inform policy decision making in multiple contexts where biogas plant projects are under consideration, in both Malaysia and globally. • Life cycle cost-benefit analysis (LCCBA) on palm oil mill effluent treatment. • Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) ranks policy options. • Combining LCCBA and AHP offers insights linking economic analysis & policy options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimated the environmental performance and primary energy consumption of a newly installed large-scale solar photovoltaic system of 37.57 MW dc in Bidor, Malaysia using the process-based life-cycle assessment approach. The mid-point and end-point impact categories were evaluated, and seven relevant indicators related to energy and global warming were determined. The global warming impact and energy payback time obtained were 30.95 g CO 2 -eq/kWh and 3.43 years, respectively. Furthermore, the global warming impact mitigation potential attained was 811 kilo metric tonne (ktonne) CO 2 -eq throughout the system lifetime. Analyses of contribution, sensitivity and uncertainty were performed to i) identify photovoltaic system components that substantially consumed primary energy and impacted the environment, ii) evaluate the effect of four key parameters, namely irradiation, performance ratio, system lifetime and electricity mix on the energy and global warming-related indicators, and iii) estimate the uncertainty range of the evaluated indicators. The results highlighted that the main contributor to the indicators is the photovoltaic module. Other significant contributors are the civil work and operational and maintenance but the contribution from these components is much lower than the photovoltaic module. Besides that, the cumulative energy demand, energy return on investment, global warming impact and global warming impact mitigation potential showed an improvement when extending system lifetime from 15 to 40 years, i.e. from 0.8136 to 0.3677 MJ, 4.61 to 11.25, 55.37 to 24.99 g CO 2 -eq/kWh and 407.36 to 1055.78 g CO 2 -eq respectively, except for energy payback time and global warming payback time, i.e. from 3.26 to 3.55 years and 1.42 to 1.71 years respectively. • A life-cycle assessment of a real large-scale solar photovoltaic system is performed. • Extending lifetime of the system marginally increases the energy payback time. • The GW impact is about 19 times smaller than the Malaysian grid emission factor. • PV module is the major contributor to total primary energy consumption and GW impact. • BOS and O&M have a moderate share for primary energy consumption and GW impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Knowledge, attitude and practices of design for safety (DfS) among academics and practitioners in Malaysia are investigated. • There are similarities and differences of perceptions about DfS between the academics and practitioners. • Culture, engagement and organizational lifelong are critical for DfS learning. • Funding, early learning, capacity building and guidance influence DfS effectiveness. Design for safety (DfS) is increasingly gaining relevance in improving construction occupational safety and health. Specifically, Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Industry (Management) (OSHCI(M)) guidelines were established in Malaysia to improve DfS practices. Therefore, the need to gauge the DfS knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of construction stakeholders is significant. The objective of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to investigate the DfS KAP between the academics and practitioners. Secondly, to recommend the mechanisms for improving the learning of DfS among the key stakeholders. This study used a KAP survey and a discussion forum from five DfS workshops, followed by the development of framework using a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD). The findings revealed that stakeholders are very positive towards DfS implementation. Creating a culture of shared DfS learning, continuous engagement in education and training, and organisational lifelong DfS learning were highlighted as ways to improve DfS learning. The CLD shows that the effectiveness of DfS learning is attributed to funding, early learning, capacity building, and practical DfS guidance. This study helps advance DfS learning towards improving the KAP of construction professionals, hence facilitating DfS diffusion within and beyond the organisation and construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the energy demand keeps growing with the world's increasing population, concerns have arisen about the carbon emissions that contribute to critical environmental issues. These environmental concerns drive many nations to commit themselves in pursuing sustainable energy resources. Different process integration techniques have been developed to achieve a viable energy planning sector. In reference to the literature review, the use of time-sliced based models in optimization problems is still sparse. Hence, this paper aims to develop a time-sliced based optimization model that can be integrated into energy integration models. With that, a multi-period pinch-based methodology (targeting, scheduling, and optimization) for electric power systems with the hybridization of renewables and fossil-based energy is proposed. The prospective framework is designed to meet the emissions limit, fulfil energy demand, and minimize the electricity bill. An illustrative case study in Malaysia incorporated with an actual billing system is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The results show that it is capable of reducing the total electricity bill by 35% and achieving a 71% reduction of emissions by using solar PV as the renewables. • Three-step multi-period pinch-based methodology for energy planning is presented. • The model incorporates an actual billing system. • Time-sliced based optimization model is developed in the proposed framework. • Optimal emission reduction ratio and storage size are identified as 0.71 and 236 kWh. • The total electricity bill can be further reduced by 35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effectiveness of optimized and conventional resistivity arrays for resolving shallow geological features was investigated at Penang Island, Malaysia. The assessment was between the inversion results from Noise-Weighted Compare R (NWCR) optimized arrays, and commonly used conventional arrays (Dipole-Dipole (DD) and Wenner-Schlumberger (WS)). This is demonstrated using two field cases studies. The first case was conducted at an area characterized by fractures /cracks in the walls and ceiling of a heritage building in Georgetown city. The aim was to identify the weakness zone responsible for the observed fractures. The second case study was conducted in the main campus of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), to delineate the interface between the granitic bedrock and the unconsolidated sediments. In the first case, the results show a layer with a resistivity value of less than 2 Ohm-m between 2 m to 6 m depth. This layer could be the weak zone in the investigated area. The NWCR optimized arrays detected this zone better than the DD and WS. This finding correlates quite well with the shear wave velocity (V s) model, with V s less than 115 m/s in the same line and depth. For the second case study, the results were compared with the borehole log in the middle of the resistivity line. The ERT model obtained from the NWCR defines the granitic surface at around 32 m depth, which correlates well with the borehole log, while the model from the DD arrays underestimated depth. In summary, the NWCR optimized arrays give a more accurate image of the subsurface resistivity distribution, followed by the DD array. The WS array performed the least. • Effectiveness of NWCR optimized and conventional resistivity arrays are illustrated. • NWCR is advantageous in creating a realistic subsurface model than standard arrays. • Advantages of NWCR optimized arrays were shown from two field cases studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents an application of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) with a view to analyzing the environment aspects of rice straw-based power generation in Malaysia. It also compares rice straw-based power generation with that of coal and natural gas. GHG (Greenhouse gas) emission savings were calculated. It finds that rice straw power generation can save GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions of about 1.79 kg CO2-eq/kWh compared to coal-based and 1.05 kg CO2-eq/kWh with natural gas based power generation. While the development of rice straw-based power generation in Malaysia is still in its early stage, these paddy residues offer a large potential to generate electricity because of their availability. Rice straw power plants not only could solve the problem of removing rice straw from fields without open burning, but also could reduce GHG emissions that contribute to climate change, acidification, and eutrophication, among other environmental problems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Objectives: Since the initial discovery of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysia, cases have been reported from several neighbouring countries. Tourism has also resulted in an increasing number of cases diagnosed in Europe, America, and Oceania. In this review we focus on the risk of the travel-associated acquisition of P. knowlesi malaria. Methods: A search of the literature in PubMed was carried out to identify articles and literature on the distribution of P. knowlesi infections in Southeast Asia and details of its acquisition and importation by travellers to other continents. The cut-off date for the search was December 1, 2013. Search words used were: “Plasmodium knowlesi”, “Plasmodium knowlesi infections”, “Plasmodium knowlesi travellers”, “Plasmodium knowlesi prevalence”, “Plasmodium knowlesi host”, “Plasmodium knowlesi vector” “Plasmodium knowlesi RDT”, and “Plasmodium knowlesi Malaysia”. Traveller numbers to Malaysia were obtained from the Tourism Malaysia website. Results: A total of 103 articles were found. Using a selection of these and others identified from the reference lists of the papers, we based our review on a total of 66 articles. Results: P. knowlesi malaria appears to be the most common malaria species in Malaysian Borneo and is also widely distributed on the Malaysian mainland. Furthermore, locally transmitted cases of P. knowlesi malaria have been reported in Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Singapore, Myanmar, Indonesian Borneo, and Cambodia. Two cases have been reported from non-endemic countries in Asia (Japan and Taiwan) in people with a history of travel to Malaysia and the Philippines. Twelve cases were imported to their home countries by travellers from other continents: two from the USA, two from the Netherlands, two from Germany, and one each from Spain, France, Sweden, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand. In most cases, the infection was associated with a trip to or near forested areas. The symptoms were fever (n =12), headache (n =6), chills (n =6), nausea (n =4), myalgia (n =3), back pain (n =3), abdominal problems (n =1), anorexia (n =2), fatigue (n =2), malaise (n =1), arthralgia (n =1), sore throat (n =1) vomiting (n =2), and jaundice (n =1). All patients were treated successfully with currently available antimalaria treatments. The identification of the pathogen by microscopy can be problematic due to the morphological similarity of P. knowlesi to Plasmodium malariae. Conclusion: P. knowlesi appears to be a threat not only to the local population in Malaysia, but also to the estimated 25 million annual tourists and occupational travellers to Malaysia, especially those who visit rural, forested areas of the country. The P. knowlesi risk is not limited to Malaysia, and travellers from Southeast Asia presenting with possible malaria should be considered for a diagnostic work-up that includes P. knowlesi. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The biomass wastes from the palm oil industry offer great potential for large-scale power generation in Malaysia. It has been estimated that 85.5% of available biomass in the country comes from oil palm agriculture. The introduction of the FiT (Feed-in Tariff) regime in 2011, which superseded the underperforming SREP (Small Renewable Energy Power) scheme, is expected to catalyse and accelerate the development of the renewable energy industry, including biomass technology. Despite a major overhaul of the market structure under the new scheme, the sustainability of the grid-connected oil palm biomass renewable energy industry downstream components remains questionable. Hence, this paper aims to investigate and analyse the market response to six sustainability-related topics. The research methods include electronic and conventional postal modes to disseminate questionnaires to all of the palm oil producers. The returned questionnaires were then analysed with a statistical tool and inferences were drawn to identify the gaps in the existing policy system. The survey identified several key factors for the government's consideration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper investigates the long run behavior of house prices and their dynamic interactions with bank credits, real output and interest rate for the case of Malaysia. Apart from the aggregate house prices, the analysis also covers various house price sub-indices, namely, the terraced house price index, the semi-detached house price index, the detached house price index and the high-rise price index. From the aggregate perspective, we note the presence of a long run relation among the variables. Moreover, the findings suggest the long run causality that runs from the included variables to both the aggregate house prices and bank credits. Dynamic interactions between house prices and bank credits are further reflected by the generated impulse-response functions. The disaggregate analysis indicates that only the terraced house price index forms a long run relation with bank credits, real output and interest rate with their dynamic interactions to mimic well the aggregate systems. Still, a further analysis reveals that shocks to the terraced house price tend to diffuse to other segments of housing markets. Among the housing types, the detached house price is relatively segmented and affected only indirectly through the diffusion/ripple effect. These findings bear important implications for macroeconomic stability, monetary policy and investment decisions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) systems are the most promising renewable energy sources in Malaysia because of its location being around the equatorial region where sunlight is available throughout the year. However, the country is warm and surrounded by the South China Sea and Malacca Straits. A large amount of clouds is created and passed over the region. The impacts of the passing clouds on the PV power outputs and voltage magnitude have to be studied thoroughly. Therefore, an experimental low-voltage network integrated with a PV system is set up. The experimental results show that the passing clouds result in the frequent and rapid fluctuations of PV power outputs, hence producing a large amount of flickers to the distribution networks. Some of the flickers are actually greater than the statutory limits. To mitigate this power quality issue, a dynamic load controller is proposed to be the solution because its components are cheap. The load controller is made of a number of 200 W power resistors and solid-state relays. A central controller switches the resistors on and off very rapidly based on the fluctuations of the network voltage. The experimental results show that the dynamic load controller is able to reduce the flickers effectively on the distribution networks. The studies and solution presented in this paper are very valuable to different parties, such as the government, policy makers, utility companies and owners of the PV systems, in order to ensure an effective growth of the PV systems without compromising the quality of electricity supply to the customers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to examine whether energy consumption in Malaysia, disaggregated by sector and type, is stationary or contains a unit root. To realize our objective we apply the Lagrange multiplier (LM) family of unit root tests with up to two structural breaks. Depending on the decision rule for selecting between results in the no-break, one-break and two-break cases, we find that energy consumption is stationary for between 50 per cent and 70 per cent of the disaggregated energy series and between 25 per cent and 50 per cent of sectors. Implications for the Malaysian government's attempts to reduce fossil fuel consumption are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to measure the total factor productivity (TFP) growth of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) from 1975 to 2005. Prior to 1995, TNB was essentially the sole electricity provider in Malaysia. However, since 1995 independent power producers (IPPs) have also begun generating electricity, all of which is purchased by TNB under fixed Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). The introduction of IPPs has reduced the need for TNB to find finance for new power plants. It has been argued that the participation of IPPs in the electricity generation industry should also facilitate improvements in TNB's productivity; however this proposition is yet to be tested. In this study we calculate TFP growth using a Törnqvist index method, finding that there is no direct evidence of productivity improvements attributable to the industry restructuring. Furthermore, it is not clear that consumers have benefited from this, since the PPAs have generally been quite generous to the IPPs in terms of risk sharing and prices paid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The renewable energy (RE) industry in Malaysia began in 2001 in the context of the growing concern about future depletion of conventional fuels and the global environmental concerns about greenhouse gas emissions. The Small Renewable Energy Programme (SREP) is a tool that was first designed to drive the development of the industry based on the abundance of oil palm biomass reserves and other identified renewable energy resources. Due to the slow uptake of this scheme, a new system, the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) was introduced in 2011 to stimulate the industry. By considering the deficiencies of the previous scheme, this paper examines the sustainability of the FiT policy framework in steering the future expansion of small-scale biomass renewable energy businesses in Malaysia. Resulting from the evaluation of the current policy settings and a market based appraisal, this work outlines strategies for enhancing the scheme and suggests future studies aimed at improving the flaws in the present system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Currently, around 90% of Malaysia's electricity generation depends on fossil fuels. This reliance, in a long run, is not a secure option. However, renewable energy sources can contribute to a sustainable electricity generation system; but diversifying fuel supply chain is a complex process. Therefore, the aim of this paper is two folds. Firstly, various renewable resources potential are reviewed, and secondly an assessment model is developed for prioritizing renewable options. Four major resources, hydropower, solar, wind, biomass (including biogas and municipal solid waste) are considered. Their electricity generation potential, along with any likely shortcoming is also discussed. Moreover, using a multi-perspective approach based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP), an assessment model is developed. AHP model employs four main criteria, technical, economical, social and environmental aspects, and twelve sub-criteria. From the review it was found that renewable resources seem to have a sufficient potential to develop a sustainable electricity system. Furthermore, AHP model prioritize those resources, revealing that solar is the most favorable resource followed by biomass. Hydropower and wind however, are ranked third and fourth, respectively. The model also shows that each resource is inclined towards a particular criterion; solar towards economical, biomass towards social, hydropower towards technical, and wind towards environmental aspect. Besides reporting AHP model for the first time in Malaysian context, the assessment performed in this study, can serve decision makers to formulate long-term energy policy aiming for sustainability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is a common belief that countries located in the doldrums with prevailing monotonous weather, characterized by light winds, cannot harness the wind for feasible energy production. This paper reexamines such a belief and presents a novel approach to assess the techno-economic potential of wind turbine generator sites in Malaysia, which lies in the equatorial, low wind speed doldrums. Dissimilar to other techniques that account for planetary-scale winds only, a numerical weather prediction (NWP) prospecting tool for mesoscale winds is used to forecast the wind characteristics. Potential sites from the forecasting studies are further investigated for economic feasibility by using a commercial wind turbine generator and a financial analysis method. From the economic analysis, it is found that unlike what is widely touted, there is an actual potential of wind energy in Malaysia, manifested through the several economically viable wind turbine generating sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) appears to be a catalyst to reduce the cost of renewable energy projects in Malaysia. Carbon credit gained from developed countries enhances financial states of the nation and potentially pushes forward renewable energy industries. Most of the registered CDM projects are related to renewable energy, which recorded 69% out of total projects. This paper adopted to-date data from GreenTech Malaysia in order to present the CDM projects in energy sector. Institutional framework has been discussed to demonstrate the registration in CDM cycle. Although the extent of CDM's successfulness is controversial, the number of registered CDM projects in energy sector is in rising trend and helps in large amount of emission reductions in Malaysia particularly through biomass and biogas projects. CDM should encourage more new renewable technology including wind energy and tidal energy in Malaysia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Today, an unprecedented increase in global temperature is attributed to the rising rate of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions due to human activities. Fossil fuel combustion in end-use sectors releases the majority part of GHGs. Global warming and climate changes occur due to the GHGs production and CO2 forms around 72% of total GHGs. Necessity of investigation in GHGs reduction in different countries is more highlighted when statistics illustrate that CO2 emission has raised 1.6 times in recent decades. Although, Malaysia is not listed in Annex I countries in Kyoto Protocol (KP), this developing country has taken part actively in GHG reduction under the KP programs. Rising rate of GHGs generation in Malaysia due to conspicuous progressive in industry and increasing rate of the population have convinced the government to invest in GHGs reduction through different programs. Fuel consumption optimization, alternative fuel utilization and palm trees plantation are the main strategies have taken into account by Malaysian government. This paper is an overview of the main sources of GHGs in Malaysia and aims to review the preventive proceedings that should be taken by the Malaysian government. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Rural electrification to help rural communities improve their quality of life needs to be designed in a sustainable manner with the intention of keeping village culture and environment from eroding. Micro-hydropower systems (MHS), especially run-of river schemes, are examples of renewable energy projects that, if managed well, can be socially and environmentally sustainable. This paper presents the results of a field survey conducted in Ba'Kelalan, in Sarawak, Malaysia, where several MHS have been implemented by various funding agencies using different planning mechanisms as well as different design and operational procedures. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used in a case study comparison of two MHS in Ba'Kelalan based on criteria such as system loads, electricity tariff, the level of community involvement in the project, and the arrangements put in place for maintenance. Several barriers to sustainability were found in the operation and maintenance of the MHS due to a lack of knowledge by unskilled operators. The key lessons learnt from the case study are that sustainable development of MHS requires financial and load distribution management at the beginning of the project, as well as capacity building for both operation and maintenance personnel, as well as the community. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Effective population-level solutions to the obesity pandemic have proved elusive. In low- and middle-income countries the problem may be further challenged by the perceived internal tension between economic development and sustainable solutions which create the optimal conditions for human health and well-being. This paper discusses some of the ecological obstacles to addressing the growing problem of obesity in 'aspiring' economies, using Malaysia as a case study. The authors conclude that current measures to stimulate economic growth in Malaysia may actually be exacerbating the problem of obesity in that country. Public health solutions which address the wider context in which obesity exists are needed to change the course of this burgeoning problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The generation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) alongside with the production of crude palm oil has created environmental issue for the palm oil mill industry in Malaysia due to its polluting characteristics. POME with its high organic content is a source with great potential for biogas production. However, POME is commonly treated using open ponding system just to comply with government regulation without capturing biogas released from the process. Biogas generated from anaerobic digestion of POME can replace palm kernel shell and mesocarp fiber which has higher economic value as boiler fuel; upgraded to be used in gas engine for power generation. It is estimated that net profit of RM 3.8 million per year can be obtained in a palm oil mill with processing capacity of 60tonnes/hr from electricity generation using biogas produced from POME treatment. This review paper will elaborate on the potential of POME as a source of renewable energy and the challenges faced by the palm oil mills in Malaysia which deters the development of biogas plants in the mill. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Remote sensing for geology in tropical environments is very challenging, because of the dense vegetation cover and the problem of persistent cloud cover. In this research paper, we have investigated and demonstrated the detection of hydrothermal alteration zones and structural elements associated with intrusion-related gold mineralization using various types of remote sensing data in the Bau gold mining district in the State of Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. The climate of Bau is tropical with persistent cloud cover and very dense vegetation ground. Geological analyses coupled with remote sensing data were used to detect hydrothermally altered rocks and structural elements associated with gold mineralization in the Bau area. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ (ETM+), Hyperion and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data were used to carry out lithological–structural mapping of the mineralized zones in the study area and surrounding terrain. Hydrothermal alteration zones were detected along the SSW to NNE structural trend of the Tai Parit fault that corresponds with the occurrence of other gold mineralization in the Bau Limestone. The results show that the known gold prospects and potential areas of mineralization are recognizable by the methods used, despite limited bedrock exposure. The approach used in this study is broadly applicable to the detection of gold mineralization using ETM+, Hyperion and PALSAR data in tropical/sub-tropical regions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, a green strategy for systematic design of waste-to-energy supply chain is proposed. The presented green strategy includes efficient resources management and reduction of carbon footprint of a waste-to-energy supply chain. A novel two-stage optimisation model (macro- and micro-stage) is developed in this work. Micro-stage involves the optimisation and allocation of waste (e.g., biomass, industrial waste, etc.), as well as the design of integrated processing hub. Meanwhile, macro-stage handles the synthesis and optimisation of waste-to-energy supply network. Based on the optimised result, the operation and logistics management of the waste can be determined. In addition, the optimum technologies which convert waste into value-added products are determined. An actual case study that geographically based on west coast of Peninsular Malaysia was developed to illustrate the proposed strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Municipal solid wastes (MSW) disposal and treatment essentially pose problems in many countries due to their voluminous characteristic. The customary means of MSW management is via landfill disposal but its dependency is gradually being limited by developed countries due to environmental concerns. Even though not apparent as it seems, Malaysia is gradually experiencing scarcity of available land for development. As such, the local government is currently looking into the possibility of employing high-end and large-scale incineration processes to address this issue. MSW as a combustion source for thermochemical conversion application, represents a two-pronged approach in solving its disposal dilemma as well as providing a source of energy fuel. This paper highlights the current issues and future directions as well as energy recovery initiatives associated with incineration of MSW in Malaysia. In Malaysia, energy recovery initiatives are focused on application of waste-to-energy (WTE) as well as refuse-derived fuel (RDF) technologies. Aspects regarding MSW landfill gas capture and energy generation are also discussed since they may directly influence (or potentially compete against) the widespread adoption of RDF technologies. A relatively successful RDF pilot plant in Malaysia is highlighted as a case study. It is deemed that application of large-scale incineration technologies in Malaysia is inevitable as opening of new landfill areas will ultimately cease in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The need for renewable energy is a global demand due to both the economic factors and the environmental concerns. Malaysian government has been supportive on the research and development in the renewable energies. Renewable Energy Act (2011) and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act (2011) have been enacted to boost the industry of renewable energy. This paper presents the current status and future prospects of renewable energy in Malaysia with particular focus on the ocean renewable energy. Five types of ocean renewable energy were reviewed including tidal barrage, tidal current energy, wave energy, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and salinity gradient power. The comparison of various types of ocean renewable energy has been made to present their recent technologies in electricity generation. Tidal current energy is identified as a preferable option particularly in the Straits of Malacca. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the labor market outcomes of two different forms of cross-border higher education degree programs (i.e., study abroad vs. twinning) between Malaysia and Japan. Based on a new graduate survey, it examines whether there are differences in the labor market outcomes between the two programs and what other factors have significant effects on the labor market outcomes. We observed no significant differences in the labor market outcomes between the two programs. Instead, the degree fields, internship, and university rankings are significant for the first employment. For current work, post-graduation qualifications and skills such as English become important. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the earlier companion paper (Ong and Choo, 2018), direct shear tests were performed on reconstituted tunneling rock spoils for the development of equivalent tangential cohesion, c' t,p and friction angle, ϕ' t,p. These equivalent rock strength parameters were used in assessing jacking forces, which were measured from three pipe-jacking drives negotiating the highly weathered lithologies from the Tuang Formation, Malaysia. The measured jacking forces were back-analyzed, leading to the development of frictional coefficient, μ avg and the vertical stress at the tunnel crown, σ EV. In this paper, the reliability of using the parameters, c' t,p , ϕ' t,p , μ avg and σ EV was assessed through the use of three-dimensional finite element modeling of the studied pipe-jacking drives. The peak tangential strength parameters, c' t,p and ϕ' t,p were applied to the modeled rock mass and the strength parameters of the pipe-rock interface were developed from μ avg. Arching ratios were developed from σ EV , which were subsequently used for post-analysis assessment of the results from numerical modeling. There was sound agreement between the resulting pipe-rock interface shear stresses, τ 1 and reaction loads, Σ F y from the numerical analysis against the field measured jacking forces, thus demonstrating the reliability of the use of developed equivalent rock strength parameters, c' t,p , ϕ' t,p , μ avg and σ EV in the assessment of pipe-jacking forces through highly weathered lithologies. Unlabelled Image • Jacking forces were backanalyzed using tangential parameters, c' t,p and ϕ' t,p. • The reliability of c' t,p and ϕ' t,p was assessed using finite element modeling. • Backanalyzed μ avg was used to model the strength of pipe-rock interface elements. • Arching ratios were developed from σ EV for post-analysis of modeling results. • The simulated results were in reasonable agreement with measured jacking forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilized the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) technique to forecast the near future rainfall using the long-term satellite rainfall data. At present, many of the future rainfall and climate forecast was conducted for a long-term period (>10 years) at the macroscale (∼1000 km and above) level. Those forecasts are inappropriate to meet the demand for the short-term action (1–3 years). In addition, the macroscale information is unsuitable and too general for the local administrative council and water resources stakeholders to make the adaptation plan, mitigation action, and preventive measures at smaller scale (10–50 km). Many developing countries were facing hydrological data conflict (scarcity, sparse, etc.) and utilizing the publicly accessed satellite data could be useful alternatives. Therefore, sound evidence is required to validate the hypothesis where the use of ARIMA and the long-term satellite rainfall data could provide near future rainfall forecast. Prior to that, the southern part of Johor in Malaysia is selected as the experimental site for this study. To perform the task, 204 of monthly gridded of satellite rainfall from 1998 to 2014 is utilized. In implementing the ARIMA, the standard seasonal lag based on local monsoon period is chosen. The auto-regression co-efficient is computed for each individual grid based on the time series of monthly rainfall, as well as the forecasted rainfall. To determine the ideal duration of historical rainfall for the best near-future forecasted rainfall, the rainfall datasets are divided into decadal and semi-decadal (epoch is every 5 years). The results showed that the satellite-based forecasted rainfall based on ARIMA (SAFORA) using half-decadal datasets able to forecast the 2015 rainfall at average temporal correlation of 0.703. Measurement biases range from 5 to 70%, depending on monsoon season. The SAFORA tends to overestimate low rainfall months. The output of this experiment proved that SAFORA able to forecast the monthly-scale rainfall at reliable accuracy and could be useful for hydrological data conflict situation catchment or location in the humid tropics. • The satellite forecasted rainfall using ARIMA was able to forecast the monthly rainfall with correlation of 0.703. • The best datasets to forecast near future of monthly rainfall for the study area is half-decade datasets. • Measurement bias range from 5 to 70% depending on monsoon season. • The satellite forecasted rainfall using ARIMA (SAFORA) tends to overestimate ground rainfall during low rainfall months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biomass energy sector in most developing countries is not well established due to the high cost of implementation and lack of quantitative planning tools. This paper addresses this issue by presenting a quantitative planning tool used to plan and optimise biomass supply chains based on carbon reduction targets. The tool proposed in this work centres on three important stages: Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis (CEPA), mathematical optimisation, and multi-stakeholder analysis. CEPA is used to determine the minimum amount of biomass to achieve carbon reductions. Then, mathematical optimisation is used to optimise the biomass supply chain based on the carbon reduction target. The optimisation step considers the use of new biomass power plants and co-firing existing power plants. Following this, the importance of power plants within the optimal biomass supply chain is identified using a multi-stakeholder analysis method known as Shapley-Shubik power index. Shapley-Shubik power index is used to determine the level of power held by each power plant in the biomass supply chain based on the number of times each stakeholder become pivotal in achieving several quotas (i.e., power purchase agreement). A case study comprising a biomass supply chain in Malaysia is solved to demonstrate the presented tool. The case study analyses several scenarios in which the biomass supply chain can be deployed. Case study results indicated that co-firing existing power plants did indeed minimise capital and operating expenditure. Conversely, the cost of transporting biomass may be high depending on the location of these plants. Boiler systems were the most chosen due to their high biomass-to-power conversion rates. The multi-stakeholder analysis determined that a power plant with higher power output, cheaper costs, and superior biomass-to-power conversion rate often appears as the more significant player in the supply chain. • A methodology is developed for optimal biomass supply chain planning based on carbon reduction targets. • Shapley-Shubik power index is used to determine pivotal players in optimal biomass supply chain. • Co-firing opportunities are considered to achieve targets in a cost-effective manner. • Results show co-firing schemes were more preferred compared to new biomass plants due to lower cost. • Plants with higher efficiency and lower cost tend to become pivotal players in optimal supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Several hybrid multilayer Perceptrons and Coupla Bayesian model averaging are proposed for streamflow prediction. • Multilayer Perceptrons had been trained using several evolutionary optimization methods. • The hybrid models using either regular or Copula-based-Bayesian model averaging outperformed other models. • Accuracy of the streamflow prediction had been significantly improved using combined MLP and Copula-based-Bayesian model averaging. Streamflow prediction help the modelers to manage water resources in watersheds. It gives essential information for flood control and reservoir operation. This study uses the copula-based -Bayesian model averaging (CBMA) as an improved version of the BMA model for predicting streamflow in the Golok River, the Kelantan River, the Lanas River, and the Nenggiri River of Malaysia. The CBMA corrected the assumption of the utilization of Gaussian distortion in the BMA. While the BMA used normal distribution for the variables, the CBMA uses different distribution and copula functions for the variables. This study works on the Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) to train the mutlilayer perceptron (MLP) model. The ability of the MLP-AOA model was benchmarked against the MLP-bat algorithm (BA), MLP-particle swarm optimization (MLP-PSO), and the MLP-firefly algorithm (MLP-FFA). The models used significant climate signals, namely, the southern oscillation index (SOI), El NiÑo–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), and the pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) as the inputs to the models. The Gamma test (GT) was coupled with the AOA to provide the hybrid GT for choosing the best inputs. The gamma test was used to determine the suitable lag times of the Nino 3.4, PDO, NAO, and SOI as the inputs. The novelty of the current paper includes introducing new hybrid MLP models, new gamma test for choosing the best input combination, the comprehensive uncertainty analysis of outputs, and the use of an advanced ensemble CBMA model for predicting streamflow. First, the outputs of the MLP-AOA, MLP-BA, MLP-FFA, MLP-PSO, and MLP were obtained, following which, the CBMA as an ensemble framework based on outputs of the hybrid and standalone MLP models was used to predict monthly streamflow. The CBMA at the training level, decreased the root mean square error (RMSE) of BMA, MLP-AOA, MLP-BA, MLP-FFA, MLP-PSO, and MLP models by 28%, 32%, 52%, 53 53%, and 55%, respectively. The CBMA at the training level of another station decreased the mean absolute error (MAE) of BMA, MLP-AOA, MLP-BA, MLP-FFA, MLP-PSO, and MLP models by 6.04, 29%,42%, 49%, 52%, and 52%, respectively. The Nash Sutcliff efficiency (NSE) of the CBMA at the training level was 0.94 while it was 0.92, 0.90, 0.85, 0.84, 0.82, and 0.80 for the BMA, MLP-AOA, MLP-BA, MLP-FFA, MLP-PSO, and MLP models. The RMSE of the MLP-AOA was reported 4.3%, 12%, 14%, and 17% lower than those of the MLP-BA, MLP-FFA, MLP-PSO, and MLP models, respectively. The current research showed the CBMA and the BMA models had high abilities for predicting monthly streamflow. The results of this current study indicated that the CBMA and BMA provided lower uncertainty the standalone MLP models. The general results indicated that the streamflows in the hotter months decreased and flood control is of higher priority during the other months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilized the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) technique to forecast the near future rainfall using the long-term satellite rainfall data. At present, many of the future rainfall and climate forecast was conducted for a long-term period (>10 years) at the macroscale (∼1000 km and above) level. Those forecasts are inappropriate to meet the demand for the short-term action (1–3 years). In addition, the macroscale information is unsuitable and too general for the local administrative council and water resources stakeholders to make the adaptation plan, mitigation action, and preventive measures at smaller scale (10–50 km). Many developing countries were facing hydrological data conflict (scarcity, sparse, etc.) and utilizing the publicly accessed satellite data could be useful alternatives. Therefore, sound evidence is required to validate the hypothesis where the use of ARIMA and the long-term satellite rainfall data could provide near future rainfall forecast. Prior to that, the southern part of Johor in Malaysia is selected as the experimental site for this study. To perform the task, 204 of monthly gridded of satellite rainfall from 1998 to 2014 is utilized. In implementing the ARIMA, the standard seasonal lag based on local monsoon period is chosen. The auto-regression co-efficient is computed for each individual grid based on the time series of monthly rainfall, as well as the forecasted rainfall. To determine the ideal duration of historical rainfall for the best near-future forecasted rainfall, the rainfall datasets are divided into decadal and semi-decadal (epoch is every 5 years). The results showed that the satellite-based forecasted rainfall based on ARIMA (SAFORA) using half-decadal datasets able to forecast the 2015 rainfall at average temporal correlation of 0.703. Measurement biases range from 5 to 70%, depending on monsoon season. The SAFORA tends to overestimate low rainfall months. The output of this experiment proved that SAFORA able to forecast the monthly-scale rainfall at reliable accuracy and could be useful for hydrological data conflict situation catchment or location in the humid tropics. • The satellite forecasted rainfall using ARIMA was able to forecast the monthly rainfall with correlation of 0.703. • The best datasets to forecast near future of monthly rainfall for the study area is half-decade datasets. • Measurement bias range from 5 to 70% depending on monsoon season. • The satellite forecasted rainfall using ARIMA (SAFORA) tends to overestimate ground rainfall during low rainfall months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to the city concept is widely debated in academic discourse yet ambiguously executed in public discourse. In much of the discussion, the right to the city is advocated as a right that humans should claim—i.e., participating in urban space living. Nonetheless, constraints and limits are imposed on such advocacy, resulting in a tokenized implementation state. With such a background surmounting the COVID-19 pandemic era, this study is aimed at understanding the right to the city propagation and revealing the possible wrongs of such civic advocacy. Multiple cases in Malaysia were selected for analysis and as the discussion context representing the state-of-the-art aspect of right to the city in the context of an emerging country. Two potential misconceptions through the action of right to the city were identified: first, the concept of right to the city has the potential to infringe the centrality of power, which both citizens and the authority have to make clear; second, the lack of a sign of contribution from citizens poses a severe challenge to build a co-created urban space for all. This paper contributes to removing a blind spot—the possible wrong to the right to the city—and provides ideas to achieve authentic citizen participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of the ageing population has increased the attention paid towards the provision of retirement village (RV). RV is a new form of housing on the ageing landscape that provides a full range of care from independent to assisted living to meet the diverse needs of the elderly. Numerous studies conducted in the past examined factors that influence elderly intention to relocate to the RV and the intention to adopt the smart home technology. The current study focused on the intention of elderly to relocate to the smart retirement village (SRV) (i.e., RV with the smart home technology). A customer-driven open innovation survey was conducted to solicit opinions from the elderlies. This paper applied the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine such intention among the elderly in Malaysia. The types of smart home technology preferred by the elderly at the SRV were determined. The results from the multiple regression analysis (N = 305) indicated that attitudes, social norm, and perceived behavioural control contributed significantly to the elderly intention to relocate to the SRV. Further investigation revealed that 83% of the elderly choose the smart emergency contact system as the most important smart home technology to be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hemp is an underutilised multipurpose crop for the tropical environments. • A rapid assessment framework for hemp in tropical environments was developed and tested. • The multistage suitability assessment includes crop modelling and economics. • Suitability and performance of hemp showed its potential for Malaysia. • This approach can be used for agricultural diversification with underutilised crops. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a multipurpose industrial crop which is mainly cultivated in temperate regions. With its high potential for economic returns for its seeds and fiber, there is growing interest in cultivating hemp in many territories including Malaysia and other Asian countries, where its cultivation is currently illegal. To date, no comprehensive study on the suitability of this crop under Malaysian conditions has been conducted. In this paper, we propose an assessment framework as a roadmap to develop the hemp industry in Malaysia and possibly other Asian countries with equatorial climates. This framework includes suitability assessment (climate and soil), crop modelling (current and future yields under climate change) and economic analysis (net present value (NPV), NPV benefit (NPVB) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR). The land suitability assessment classified hemp as an adaptable crop for most of the land in the country. The AquaCrop model, parameterised from secondary data collected from literature was used in simulations and potential yield mapping. The estimated average potential seed and fiber yield at six locations between 2010 and 2019 was 1.61 ± 0.25 and 2.78 ± 0.39 t ha–1 respectively. Using five general circulation model (GCM) simulations, yields under future climates in Malaysia showed an increase in most of the locations. The highest NPVB of 1641 USD ha–1 (BCR of 1.33) for seed was estimated under current climate conditions. Yields of 1.38 t ha–1 (seed) and 3.62 t ha–1 (fiber) are the minimum economically feasible yields with a Benefit-Cost Ratio of 1.00 suggesting a potential for hemp cultivation in comparison to countries with established hemp industries. The present framework could be used to develop a pathway for adoption of hemp as a crop for the future in tropical countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media has become a useful tool for learning and teaching due to its functions for knowledge sharing, such as documents exchange, virtual communication, and knowledge formation. Higher education institutions (HEIs) that recognise the value of social media and the importance of individual motivation have sought to encourage its use to bolster learning performance. Using social cognitive theory and connectivism theory, we developed a model that theorises the influence of social media and individual motivation (reputation and altruism) on knowledge sharing and learning performance among students in higher education. To test the model, we employed covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB SEM) on survey data that was collected using questionnaires from 407 students enrolled in the top 10 private universities in West Malaysia. Congruently, we established the utility of the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio (which was traditionally confined to variance-based or partial least squares SEM) as a discriminant validity measure for CB SEM. As a result, our study empirically evidences that social media functions (documents exchange, virtual communication, and knowledge formation) and individual motivation (reputation) are core factors that HEIs can leverage to encourage knowledge sharing and improve learning performance among tertiary students. The paper concludes with a discussion of its implications, limitations, and future research directions. • Social media positively enhances students' knowledge sharing. • Social media positively influences students' learning performance. • Reputation positively influences knowledge sharing behaviour. • Document exchange is a key driver of students' learning performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]