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Background: Use of an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay or tuberculin skin test for detection and management of latent tuberculosis infection is controversial. For both types of test, we assessed their predictive value for the progression of latent infection to active tuberculosis disease, the targeting value of preventive treatment, and the necessity of dual testing.Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, with no start date or language restrictions, on Oct 18, 2019, using the keywords ("latent tuberculosis" OR "latent tuberculosis infection" OR "LTBI") AND ("interferon gamma release assays" OR "Interferon-gamma Release Test" OR "IGRA" OR "QuantiFERON®-TB in tube" OR "QFT" OR "T-SPOT.TB") AND ("tuberculin skin test" OR "tuberculin test" OR "Mantoux test" OR "TST"). We included articles that used a cohort study design; included information that individuals with latent tuberculosis infection detected by IFN-γ release assay, tuberculin skin test, or both, progressed to active tuberculosis; reported information about treatment; and were limited to high-risk populations. We excluded studies that included patients with active or suspected tuberculosis at baseline, evaluated a non-commercial IFN-γ release assay, and had follow-up of less than 1 year. We extracted study details (study design, population investigated, tests used, follow-up period) and the number of individuals observed at baseline, who progressed to active tuberculosis, and who were treated. We then calculated the pooled risk ratio (RR) for disease progression, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of IFN-γ release assay versus tuberculin skin test.Findings: We identified 1823 potentially eligible studies after exclusion of duplicates, of which 256 were eligible for full-text screening. From this screening, 40 studies (50 592 individuals in 41 cohorts) were identified as eligible and included in our meta-analysis. Pooled RR for the rate of disease progression in untreated individuals who were positive by IFN-γ release assay versus those were negative was 9·35 (95% CI 6·48-13·49) compared with 4·24 (3·30-5·46) for tuberculin skin test. Pooled PPV for IFN-γ release assay was 4·5% (95% CI 3·3-5·8) compared with 2·3% (1·5-3·1) for tuberculin skin test. Pooled NPV for IFN-γ release assay was 99·7% (99·5-99·8) compared with 99·3% (99·0-99·5) for tuberculin skin test. Pooled RR for rates of disease progression in individuals positive by IFN-γ release assay who were untreated versus those who were treated was 3·09 (95% CI 2·08-4·60) compared with 1·11 (0·69-1·79) for the same populations who were positive by tuberculin skin test. Pooled proportion of disease progression for individuals who were positive by IFN-γ release assay and tuberculin skin test was 6·1 (95% CI 2·3-11·5). Pooled RR for rates of disease progression in individuals who were positive by IFN-γ release assay and tuberculin skin test who were untreated versus those who were treated was 7·84 (95% CI 4·44-13·83).Interpretation: IFN-γ release assays have a better predictive ability than tuberculin skin tests. Individuals who are positive by IFN-γ release assay might benefit from preventive treatment, but those who are positive by tuberculin skin test probably will not. Dual testing might improve detection, but further confirmation is needed.Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and Natural Foundation of Yunnan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The first in-situ LA–ICP–MS dating of titanite in the A vein of porphyry deposits has been analyzed in polished thin section. • The titanite dating data (44.4 ± 1.5 Ma) in the A1 vein of the Lancang Laochang polymetallic deposit further delineates the evolutionary timeline from magma to ore-forming fluid in 45–43 Ma. • From magma to the initial ore-forming fluid in the Laochang deposit, a slightly pressure increase (from 93 MPa to 98 MPa) and a minor decrease of temperature (from 697 °C to 680 °C) and log f O 2 (from −16.78 to −17.29) have been revealed. The Laochang polymetallic deposit is the only large deposit in the Changning–Menglian Junction Zone. The deposit features by deep porphyry-skarn Mo–(Cu) and shallow vein Pb–Zn–(Ag) mineralization. Researches on the deposit have yielded extensive data, however, details about the initial evolution from magma to ore-forming fluid remain unclear. This study centers on the in-situ analysis of biotite from the porphyry, as well as phlogopite and titanite from the A vein, leading to the following insights: (1) The biotite geothermobarometer suggests the porphyry intruded in a moderate depth (2.57–4.27 km), with average parameters as P = 93 MPa, T = 697 °C, and log f O 2 = -16.78. (2) The A vein in the deposit can be further subdivided into A1 K-feldspar vein and A2 quartz vein. The phlogopite in the A1 vein formed at P = 98 MPa, T = 681 °C, and log f O 2 = -17.29. The pressure of the A1 vein is slightly higher than the static pressure of wall rock, attributed to pressure increment from the initial exsolved fluid. Conversely, the temperature and oxygen fugacity experience a slight decrease, due to buffering of the adjacent tuff. (3) The in-situ LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of the titanite in the A1 vein yields 44.4 ± 1.5 Ma (MSWD = 1.8, n = 48), comparable to the emplacement age of the porphyry (44.6–44.4 Ma). It is slightly older than the main mineralization age (43.78 Ma), further delineated the initial evolution sequence from magma to ore-forming fluid. Our research suggests that the in-situ analysis of titanite is crucial for preciously tracking the magma–fluid system, as titanite records both time and temperature information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the limited research and its potential hazards, the study aimed to determine the prevalence of Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) caused by Rickettsia conorii (R. conorii), a tick-borne disease, in Yunnan Province, China. Through stratified sampling across five distinct regions in Yunnan, 5358 blood samples were obtained from the general healthy population. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed for analysis. IFA identified 27 (0.50%) subjects with immunoglobulin G (IgG) positivity; none were positive for immunoglobulin M (IgM) via ELISA. PCR detected one individual with R. conorii outer membrane protein A (ompA). Significant seroprevalence variation was observed, particularly in Southern Yunnan (P = 0.032), with R. conorii subsp. conorii confirmed in the PCR-positive sample. This research reveals a correlation between MSF prevalence, geography, and climate in Yunnan. The paucity of prior studies underscores MSF's potential diagnostic challenges in the region. Comprehensive understanding of the pathogen's distribution is pivotal for intervention. Given the study's scope and Yunnan's unique setting, additional research is advocated. • First finding of Rickettsia conorii seropositive individuals in Yunnan. • Regional study by unique climate and geography. • Seroprevalence strongly linked to geographical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lancang-Mekong River Basin (LMRB) has been particularly vulnerable to serious and successive droughts during the last decades. Nevertheless, the characteristics of spatiotemporal variations in meteorological drought (MD) and hydrological drought (HD) with an emphasis on drought propagation have yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, based on reanalysis data, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized runoff index (SRI) were employed to comprehensively examine the evolution and propagation characteristics of MD and HD. Spearman rank correlation and wavelet analyses were employed for the correlation and propagation of MD to HD. The influencing factors of the drought propagation time (DPT) were also explored. The results indicate that: (1) During 1950–2021, the regions with worsening drought conditions were primarily in the Lancang River Basin in Yunnan Province, the highlands in north Laos, and the Khorat Plateau in Thailand. (2) The drought characteristics varied significantly on different timescales. For the longer timescales, the MDs and HDs corresponded to fewer drought events but longer durations and larger severities. The average duration and severity of HD were higher than MD on all selected timescales. (3) The DPTs from MD to HD exhibited noticeable spatial variability ranging from 2 to 9 months. In addition, there were statistically positive correlations between the MD and HD in each sub-region. (4) Precipitation was the dominant factor influencing the spatial distribution of DPTs at the basin scale, while the catchment properties, represented by the land use and elevation, had non-negligible influences on the DPTs. (5) Human activities weakened the correlations between MD and HD. Meanwhile, the DPTs were prolonged as a result of human influence. Our findings highlight the characteristics of HD response to MD in the diverse sub-regions of the LMRB and provide crucial information for early warning and improvement of drought resilience in this transboundary international river. • The duration and severity of the MD prolonged and aggravated in the HD. • The DPTs exhibited noticeable spatial variability and varied from 2 to 9 months. • The spatial patterns of DPT were closely linked with climate and catchment properties. • The linkages between MD and HD have been diminished by human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The faults in the Anninghe-Zemuhe-Daliangshan fault system are mechanically coupled and interact with each other over various timescales. • The fault interactions and mechanical coupling between faults can cause regional earthquake clusters. • The model seismicity, seismic moment release rates, and slip rates on the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault and Daliangshan fault are interdependent and complementary. • The change in mechanical strength of the Daliangshan fault can influence seismicity and slip rates on itself and other faults in this region. The mechanical coupling and interactions between faults over various timescales, and their relationships with regional seismicity have not been clarified. In order to study these problems, we built a three-dimensional viscoelastoplastic finite element model to simulate stress evolution, long-term fault slip rates, and regional seismicity in the Anninghe-Zemuhe-Daliangshan fault system. The fault system consists of two parallel faults, the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault and Daliangshan fault, and is a main boundary between Sichuan-Yunnan block and South China block in southeastern Tibetan Plateau. By analyzing the model results, we investigated mechanical coupling and fault interactions in the fault system, the characteristics of seismicity, and the relationship between them over timescales of earthquake cycles. The results showed that mechanical coupling or fault interaction in a fault system is an important factor to cause earthquake clusters. The model results and observation data showed that seismicity and seismic moment release rates on the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault and Daliangshan fault are interdependent: active seismicity or high seismic moment release rate on one fault is usually accompanied by relatively quiescent seismicity or low seismic moment release rate on the other fault. We observed that the two faults collectively accommodate crustal relative motion and their slip rates are complementary. We also found that the development and maturity of Daliangshan fault in the future can increase its own seismicity and slip rate, but decrease those on the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault. This study reveals mechanical coupling and fault interactions over various timescales and their impact on regional seismicity in the Anninghe-Zemuhe-Daliangshan fault system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates Xiyi Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province, China, which has little mineralized outcrop and rare supergene enrichment. The deposit is overlain by transported cover with a thickness of ~0.2–50 m. The geoelectrochemical extraction method (GEM) was tested over well-characterized areas of the deposit (sections A–B, C–D), and in an unexplored region (area E). GEM results are compared with soil geochemical methods (SGM) in areas of known mineralization and show that the geoelectrochemical anomalies (Pb, Zn, Ge, As, Au) exhibit a positive response to the deep concealed ore body, and that GEM can be more effective for finding the concealed Pb-Zn ore in the study area compared to SGM. A geoelectrochemical prospecting index was created for this deposit type and tested in an area without known mineralization (area E). The index shows that anomalies can be identified where the contrast value (CV) is >1 for Pb and Zn, and where there is the Y1 factor score (y 1) >0 (for Pb-Zn-Ge-As-Mo-Bi). Correlation and factor analysis identify two comprehensive anomaly zones (CAZ) in area E with good prospecting potential, which can be used as the focus of the next exploration. The strong surface geoelectrochemical and soil geochemical anomalies above the fracture belt, with weak to moderate anomalies over thick transported cover above the fracture belt extension, suggest that dilatancy pumping is a dominant migration mechanism in the formation of anomalies in areas of shallow transported cover. • The geoelectrochemical extraction method (GEM) is feasible and more effective than soil geochemical method (SGM). • The anomalies of GEM can indicate the deep concealed mineralization or ore bodies. • The CV anomalies of Pb, Zn (CV<1), Y1 (Pb-Zn-Ge-As-Mo-Bi) factor score (y 1 <0) are shown to be prospecting indicators of GEM. • Define and evaluate two comprehensive anomaly zones in the unexplored area E by the GEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A total of 650 Hui males from nine geographical regions in China were genotyped with 157 Y-SNP and 27 Y-STR markers. • High haplogroup diversity and haplotype diversity were found in Hui populations. • The high-resolution panel with Y-SNPs and Y-STRs indicated that Hui populations can be divided into three groups. • Hui populations had close relationships with East Asian populations, especially the Chinese Han population. The Hui group is the second largest ethnic minority and one of the most widespread ethnic groups in China. However, the genetic architecture of the Hui population remains largely unexplored, particularly with respect to the male-specific region of the Y chromosome. Here, we studied nine Hui populations (Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan) using 157 Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and 27 short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) to unravel their genetic substructure and forensic characteristics. A total of 650 unrelated male samples from the Hui populations were genotyped by SNaPshot®, a single base extension (SBE) assay. Finally, 95 terminal haplogroups and high haplotype diversity (0.9999) were observed in Hui populations. Frequency heat map matrices, genetic distance (F ST) and network analysis within Hui populations indicated that these nine Hui populations can be divided into three groups: Hui populations from the northwest (NWH), Hui populations from Sichuan and Shandong (SSH), and Hui populations from Yunnan (YNH). Our results suggested that we should use different databases for different Hui samples in forensic cases. Comparison with other populations that used different population genetic analysis revealed that the Hui populations had close relationships with East Asian populations, especially Chinese Han population. Overall, the high-resolution panel with Y-SNPs and Y-STRs gives new and complete insight into Hui populations, which can be used to interpret the genetic substructure of Hui populations and affect the utility of forensic databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Hongshiyan landslide, the largest landslide (volume ~ 12.24 Mm3) triggered by 2014 Mw 6.2 Ludian earthquake, blocked the Niulan river forming a rockslide dam; the failure potential of the dam created an elevated risk to population and infrastructure downstream. We provide insight into the failure mechanics of the Hongshiyan landslide using data obtained by means of remote sensing techniques and traditional in-situ surveys. Geological data obtained by these methods was then used for kinematic and numerical analyses. Our study shows that failure of the Hongshiyan landslide involved a high rock slope with an average slope of 55° and aspect of 185° SSW, in which the geological setting consists of an upper strong limestone slab and an underlying weak silty mudstone. The geological setting allowed the landslide to develop, as follows: i) the silty mudstone, due to its poor mechanical properties, was subject to ductile deformation under the compressive loading from the overlying strong limestone slabs; ii) a large number of release fractures in the limestone developed as a consequence of pre-failure progressive deformation in the underlying weak mudstone; iii) the oxidation and solution along steep joint walls in the upper limestone indicates that the joints are pathways that allow water ingress into the mudstone, further promoting the degradation of shear strength in this layer. Distinct element modelling (UDEC) was used to back analyse the failure mechanism and develop the geological model that best reproduced the Hongshiyan failure geometry. Results show that the failure surface consisted of two elements. The upper steeply dipping release surface formed along the slope-parallel steep cross joints defining a jointed, strong limestone slab, and the toe of the failure formed a curved failure surface through the ductile weak silty mudstone, underlying the limestone slab, independent of any discontinuities within it. The pre-failure observations and numerical analysis suggest that the Hongshiyan slope was in a state of marginal static stability prior to the earthquake as a result of pre-failure progressive deformation controlled by the shear strength of the underlying mudstone. Overall, the marginal pre-earthquake stability of the Hongshiyan slope, coupled with the strongest seismic loading, which the Hongshiyan slope has been historically subjected to, are the reasons why this moderate earthquake induced a large-scale catastrophic rock slope failure. Highlights • We study a large-scale deep-seated rockslide triggered by a moderate earthquake. • Through a successful numerical analysis we show the mechanics of co-seismic failure. • The slope had been deforming prior to its catastrophic failure as a result of the earthquake. • Instability was only possible because of a weak element in the slope system. • The key to failure was an upper rigid layer overlying a lower ductile layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The exponent (z) of the SAC model was used in urban ecosystems to characterize beta diversity. • We found the species composition of native plants was more heterogeneous than non-natives. • The beta diversity of all species groups was best explained by alpha diversity and urbanization. • Urban spontaneous plants diversity was determined by both the current state and historical processes of urbanization. Urbanization has significantly reshaped regional biodiversity structure globally. Previous studies suggested that urban communities of spontaneous plants are well adapted to the urban environment. However, a perspective of urbanization that accounts for the joint impacts of the current state (as expressed by urbanization intensity) and the historical progress of urbanization (as expressed by urbanization rate) to reveal the mechanisms underlying the biodiversity patterns of spontaneous plants in cities is still lacking. Here we present data and analysis of spontaneous plants sampled in 709 patches within 82 sites of built-up areas from nine cities distributed across climatic and floristic zones in Yunnan province, a biodiversity hotspot in China. We used the exponent (z) of a species accumulation curve (SAC) model to characterize beta diversity among patches in a site, and found a higher beta diversity of native species compared with non-natives, indicating that the species composition of native plants is more heterogeneous. The beta diversity of all species groups was best explained by the constant c of the SAC (a proxy of alpha diversity), followed by the urbanization intensity (as expressed by the proportion of sealed surface and patches' Shannon diversity index), and urbanization rate (as expressed by the sealed surface expansion rate). Moreover, beta diversity of non-native species was additionally negatively correlated with altitude. Our results suggest that the interplay of natural environmental factors and human-induced urbanization shape diversity of urban spontaneous plants in Yunnan province. Our findings emphasize that urban spontaneous plants diversity is not only a reflection of the current state of urbanization, but also a consequence of historical processes of urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing can provide a fast and reliable alternative for traditional in situ water status measurement in vineyards. Several vegetation indices (VIs) derived from aerial multispectral imagery were tested to estimate midday stem water potential (Ψ stem ) of grapevines. The experimental trial was carried out in a vineyard in the Shangri-La region, located in Yunnan province in China. Statistical methods and machine learning algorithms were used to evaluate the correlations between Ψ stem and VIs. Results by simple regression between VIs individually and Ψ stem showed no significant relationships, with coefficient of determination (R 2 ) for linear fitting smaller than 0.3 for almost all the indices studied, except for the Optimal Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI); R 2  = 0.42 with statistical significance (p ≤ 0.001). However, results from a model obtained by fitting using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), using all VIs calculated as inputs and real Ψ stem from plants within the study site (n = 90) as targets (Model 1), showed high correlation between the estimated water potential through ANN (Ψ stem ANN ) and the actual measured Ψ stem . Training, validation and testing data sets presented individual correlations of R = 0.8, 0.72 and 0.62 respectively. The models obtained from the study site were then applied to a wider area from the vineyard studied and compared to further Ψ stem measured obtained from different sites (n = 23) showing high correlation values between Ψ stem ANN and real Ψ stem (R 2  = 0.83; slope = 1; p ≤ 0.001). Finally, a pattern recognition ANN model (Model 2) was developed for irrigation scheduling purposes using the same Ψ stem measured in the study site as inputs and with the following thresholds as outputs: Ψ stem below −1.2 MPa considered as severe water stress (SS), Ψ stem between −0.8 to −1.2 MPa as moderate stress (MS) and Ψ stem over −0.8 MPa with no water stress (NS). This model can be applied to analyze on a plant by plant basis to identify sectors of stress within the vineyard for optimal irrigation management and to identify spatial variability within the vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cenozoic post-collisional potassic igneous suites with compositions varying from mafic to felsic members are widespread in western Yunnan, China, but the major controls on magmatic redox states of the felsic members remain not well understood. To answer this outstanding question, we have carried out an integrated petrological–geochemical study for the potassic felsic volcanic rocks in Jianchuan area, western Yunnan. The samples from Jianchuan are trachytes, containing 59.74–63.96 wt% SiO 2 and 5.50–6.72 wt% K 2 O, with K 2 O/Na 2 O of 1.43–2.02. Zircon grains from the Jianchuan trachytes yield a U Pb age of ∼35 Ma. These rocks are characterized by significant LREE and LILE enrichments, pronounced negative Nb–Ta–Ti–P anomalies and enriched Sr Nd isotopic compositions, which are very similar to those of the mafic endmember in the region, such as the Wozhong shoshonites. The Jianchuan trachytes have zircon ε Hf from 0.04 to 1.48 and δ18O from 7.06 to 7.77 ‰, apatite ε Nd from −3.5 to −2.5, and clinopyroxene (87Sr/86Sr) i from 0.70571 to 0.70746. The above-mentioned similarities, together with uniform whole-rock and mineral isotope compositions, as well as modeled parental magma compositions using trace elements of clinopyroxenes, strongly support the interpretation that the Jianchuan trachytes were formed by fractional crystallization of mantle-derived potassic mafic parental melts similar to the Wozhong shoshonites. Elements and Sr isotopes of clinopyroxenes suggest multiple magma recharge from the same source during the formation of the Jianchuan trachytes. Using the amphibole and sphene-magnetite-quartz oxybarometers, magmatic oxidation states of the Jianchuan trachytes are estimated to be at ΔFMQ (FMQ = fayalite + magnetite + quartz redox buffer) between 1.74 and 2.66, similar to the previously reported values for the Wozhong shoshonites. Our new results show that source, rather than magmatic evolution processes, is the first-order control on magmatic oxygen fugacity of the Jianchuan trachytes. Our results also suggest that, Eocene post-collisional mantle-derived potassic magmas in western Yangtze Craton are most likely oxidized in nature, which are likely crucial for post-collisional porphyry Cu Au formation in the region. • Felsic volcanic rocks formed by fractional crystallization of mafic magmas. • Felsic volcanic rocks have high magmatic oxygen fugacity. • Source is the first-order control on magmatic oxygen fugacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qilu Lake is one of the 9 plateau lakes in Yunnan, China, with a lake surface altitude of 1796.62 m above sea level. In spite of the importance and agriculturally-intensive phenomenon in Qilu Lake Basin, few studies have provided a modern evaluation of pesticide residues and potential effects to local aquatic organisms. The primary goal of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal variations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in this area, and to further assess the related ecological risks. Of the 25 OCPs analyzed, 14 were detected, and the concentrations of ∑ 25 OCPs were highest in the upstream of rivers, followed by regions close to the lake shore, and the lowest concentrations were found in Qilu Lake in every season except winter. The concentrations of ∑ 25 OCPs were the highest in summer, and the lowest in winter. OCP concentrations in spring and in autumn were similar. 4,4′-DDD, γ-HCH, HCB, trans -chlordane, and cis -chlordane were 5 OCPs with relatively high risk in Qilu Lake Basin. Interestingly, higher OCP concentrations do not necessarily correspond to higher ecological risk levels. Low predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values and relatively high toxicity of these OCPs led to their high risk quotient (RQ) values. This work further illustrated that although OCPs have been banned for many years, they were still frequently detected in surface waters, and caused risks to aquatic animals. [Display omitted] • OCPs concentrations were highest in the upstream of rivers and in summer. • Intensive precipitation in summer strongly affected pesticide migration. • Pesticides with similar properties had similar migration pathways. • Sediments could be a major source of OCP residues in waters. • γ-HCH presented the highest-risk level in Qilu Lake Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effects of long-term mining activities on the agricultural soil quality of Mengnuo town in Yunnan province, China, the heavy metal and soil enzyme activities of soil samples from 47 sites were examined. The results showed that long-term mining processes led to point source heavy metal pollution and Pb, Cd, Zn and As were the primary metal pollutants. Polyphenoloxidase was found the most sensitive soil enzyme activity and significantly correlated with almost all the metals ( P < 0.05). Amylase (for C cycling), acid phosphatase (for P cycling) and catalase (for redox reaction) activities showed significantly positive correlations ( P < 0.05) with Pb, Cd, Zn and As contents. The correlations between soil enzymes activities and Cd, Pb and Zn contents were verified in microcosm experiments, it was found that catalase activity had significant correlations ( P < 0.05) with these three metals in short-term experiments using different soils under different conditions. Based on both field investigation and microcosm simulation analysis, oxidoreductases activities (rather than a specific enzyme activity) were suggested to be used as “core enzyme”, which could simply and universally indicate the heavy metal pollution degrees of different environments. And hydrolases (for C, N, P and S recycling) could be used as a supplement to improve correlation accuracy for heavy metal indication in various polluted environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anle Zn–Pb deposit, hosted by Upper Cambrian dolostone, is located in the southern Songpan–Ganzi Block in southwest China. In this deposit, ore bodies occur as stratiform lenses and consist of galena, sphalerite and pyrite as ore minerals, and quartz, dolomite and calcite as gangue minerals. The mineralization shows mainly vein, banded and brecciated structures. Four ore bodies have been found in the Anle deposit, with a combined 2.0 million tonnes (Mt) of sulfide ores at average grades of 1.64 wt.% Pb, 6.64 wt.% Zn and 45 g/t Ag. Brown, brownish-yellow and yellow sphalerite samples have δ 66 Zn values ranging from + 0.08 to + 0.10‰ (average + 0.09‰, n = 3), + 0.12 to + 0.38‰ (average + 0.24‰, n = 8) and + 0.40 to + 0.50‰ (average + 0.46‰, n = 3), respectively. We interpret the progressively heavier Zn isotopes from brown to yellow sphalerite as being led by kinetic Raleigh fractional crystallization. Calcite samples have δ 13 C PDB and δ 18 O SMOW values ranging from − 4.8 to − 0.2‰ (average − 1.7‰, n = 7) and + 17.9 to + 21.4‰ (average + 19.6‰, n = 7), respectively. Whole-rock δ 13 C PDB and δ 18 O SMOW values of the Cambrian ore-hosting dolostone range from + 0.1 to + 1.1‰ (average + 0.6‰, n = 3) and + 23.2 to + 24.1‰ (average + 23.6‰, n = 3), respectively. This suggests that carbon in the ore-forming fluids was provided by the host dolostone through carbonate dissolution. δ 34 S CDT values of sulfide samples range between − 1.3‰ and + 17.8‰ with an average value of + 6.3‰ ( n = 25), lower than evaporites (such as barite + 19.8‰) in the overlaying Lower Ordovician sedimentary strata. The data suggest that sulfur in the hydrothermal fluids were derived from evaporites by thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR). 206 Pb/ 204 Pb, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios for sulfide minerals range from 17.63 to 17.86, 15.58 to 15.69 and 37.62 to 37.95, respectively. The data are similar to those of the age-corrected Cambrian ore-hosting dolostone ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 17.70–17.98, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.58–15.65 and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 37.67–38.06), but lower than those of age-corrected Ordovician sandstone and slate ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.54–19.58, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.73–15.81 and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.44–39.60). This indicates that ore Pb was most likely to be derived from the Cambrian ore-hosting dolostone. Therefore, our new geological and isotopic evidence suggests that the Anle Zn–Pb deposit is best classified to be an epigenetic carbonate-hosted Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A multi-region multi-phase socio-economic and environmental (SEE) analysis model has been proposed for large-scale hydropower initiatives. • Construction and operational phases have been distinctively considered. • Sectoral SEE effects of Wudongde Hydropower Station (WDD) have been identified. • Contributions of WDD to carbon emission reduction have been highlighted. • The modeling framework can be extended to support the SEE evaluation of other power plants. Large-scale hydropower projects (LHPs) supply a huge amount of clean electricity and could help achieve global/national carbon emission mitigation goals. The development of LHPs generally has tremendous impacts on multiple regions and different socio-economic and environmental (SEE) effects on various sectors at construction and operational phases. Thus, it is significant to quantitively evaluate the distributive and distinctive SEE effects of large-scale hydropower initiatives from a sectoral perspective to provide references for the construction or planning of new water conservancy projects. In this study, a multi-region multi-phase SEE analysis model (MMSEE) has been developed through incorporating a multi-regional input–output model (with 5 regions and 129 sectors) and ecological network analysis. The proposed model was first applied to assess the sector-level SEE effects of the newly completed Wudongde Hydropower Station (WDD) at its construction and operational phases. Results show that the total output and employment of the sector of Construction had been significantly affected by the construction investment of WDD project and the employment increase of this sector accounted for 75% and 63% of the total increase of employment in Sichuan and Yunnan, respectively. Changes in the total outputs of Hydropower sector in Sichuan, Yunnan, and the whole Yangtze River Economic Belt were the biggest at operational phase. In addition, more attention should be paid to sectors of Thermal power, Other manufacturing, and Chemical industry in Guangdong to accomplish future environmental goals by 2025. Results also indicate that the WDD project would help Guangdong save 30% emission reduction space and achieve the emission reduction target of the "14th Five-Year Plan" of this province. In addition, the modeling framework can be extended to evaluate other LHPs around the world and provide policy formulation references for decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An early Middle Triassic stromatolite deposit is documented from the Guanling Formation of the Luoping area, Yunnan, SW China. The Luoping stromatolite shows five types of constructional microbial forms in various magnifications: 1) typical stratified columnar structures, up to 20 cm high, with crinkled laminae. Dark coloured laminae, 1 mm thick, are composed of upright filamentous tubes, averagely 29.4 μm in diameter, showing a vertical growth fabric. 2) Laminoid fenestrae, 0.5–1 mm wide, and 3) prostrate filaments, which are reflected by strong fluorescence in sharp contrast to dolomite cement in fluorescent images. 4) Rod-like aggregates, 4.6–18 μm in diameter, composed of minute dolomite rhombs, are very common in stromatolitic laminae; they resemble present-day cyanobacterial trichome, and thus may represent putative fossilized cyanobacteria. 5) Moreover, small pits, coccoid-like spheroids, calcified biofilms, and fibrous structures are also common in stromatolitic laminae. The last two may represent calcified extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that contributed to the development and lithification of stromatolites. Authigenic quartz grains are common and may also have involved biological processes in stromatolite formation. Of these microbial functional-groups driving accretion and lithification processes of stromatolite documented in literature, both lithified cyanobacteria/oxygenic phototrophs and possible sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which induced microbial formation of dolomite and contributed to the accretion of the Luoping stromatolite, are suggestive of biogenic origin. The Luoping stromatolite differs from the Permian–Triassic boundary microbialites (PTBMs) in having abundant filamentous structures and growing in an oxic marine environment. Both sedimentary facies analysis and abundant fossilized cyanobacteria may indicate proliferation of oxygenic phototrophs in a normal, oxic habitat during the middle Anisian (early Middle Triassic), a period when hospitable environments, coupled with biotic diversification, prevailed in South China and set an agenda for the full recovery of marine ecosystems in middle–late Anisian. However, the post-extinction stromatolites and other anachronistic facies are not necessarily indicative of anoxic or oxic conditions, and their environmental settings are much more complex than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• No study verified the factors affecting the dispersal of shoot beetles in Southwest China. • Landscape-level variables are the more important predictor, the roles of the stand-level variables are also important. • The prediction of damage severity distribution of Tomicus spp. highlights the need for forest management improvement. The outbreaks of shoot beetles (Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall and Faccoli and Tomicus minor Hartig) have caused widespread tree mortality in Southwest China. However, multi-scale variables explaining the shoot damage ratio (SDR) caused by shoot beetles have never been studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of stand-level and landscape-level variables on SDR during outbreaks of shoot beetles in Yunnan pine forests. Sixty-five plots were generated during 2015–2017 based on beetle infestation maps derived from multi-data Landsat images and field survey. Nine explanatory variables were quantified to explain the SDR severity. The forest cover was obtained from a Worldview-3 high‐resolution image. We used the forest resource planning and design survey data to develop landscape context variables. The beetle pressure variable was calculated using beetle infestation maps. The relative importance of the explanatory variables was analyzed using multi-model inference. We established that SDR was higher in the plots that were closer to roads and severely damaged forest areas in the previous year. SDR was negatively affected by edge density (ED) and forest cover, but positively affected by the mean shape index (SHAPE MN) and aspect. Landscape-level variables are probably the more important predictor, stand-level variables also had a significant effect on the shoot beetle outbreak. The prediction models including stand-level variables and landscape-level variables were built. Identifying variables that drive beetle-caused SDR contributed to the improvement of the existing strategies for outbreak control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To examine the prevalence and correlates of smoking versus tobacco chewing, and potential gender differences in tobacco use among HIV-infected individuals in a rural community in Yunnan Province, China. Method: A cross-sectional design using face-to-face interviews. Results: Among the participants, 301 (66.2%) were male; 79 (17.4%) were ethnic Han, 310 (68.1%) were Jingpo minority, 62 (13.6%) were Dai minority; 17.8% had no formal education and 55.6% had only primary school education; 15.4% were never married; 40% reported drinking in the past 30 days; 55.4% had ever used drugs; and 67% were currently receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The mean age of the study participants was 38.1 years (SD=8.8). About 62% were current cigarette smokers. Current cigarette smoking was positively associated with being male (OR=142.43, 95% CI: 35.61–569.72) and current drinking (OR=7.64, 95% CI: 2.68–21.81), as well as having ever used drugs (OR=4.03, 95% CI: 1.31–12.35). Among current smokers, 67.6% were heavy smokers (smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day). Those who were older than 46 years of age (OR=9.68, 95% CI: 1.41–66.59) and current drinkers (OR=2.75, 95% CI: 1.56–4.83) were more likely to be heavy smokers. Approximately 9% were currently used chewing tobacco. Those who were female (OR=41.29, 95% CI: 8.53–199.93) and current drinkers (OR=3.22, 95% CI: 1.02–10.16) were more likely to use chewing tobacco. All who used chewing tobacco were ethnic minorities. Conclusions: Cigarette smoking and use of chewing tobacco were highly prevalent among HIV-infected individuals in rural Yunnan, underscoring the urgent need for tobacco prevention and intervention programs tailored for this population. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The presented study aims to investigate the gaseous fluoride and sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution level in the kitchen, traditional flue-curing barn and outdoor environment and to find economically feasible method to reduce fluorine and sulfur release. The gaseous fluoride and SO2 concentrations in air of outdoor environment, kitchen and traditional flue-curing barn were determined in 56 households in coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas of Zhaotong. Among these, 21 households in Yujiawan Village, Zhenxiong County, Zhaotong City were chosen for this experiment to reduce gaseous fluoride and SO2 concentration in traditional flue-curing barn air by using calcined dolomitic siliceous limestone (CDSL) instead of clay mixed with coal. The result showed that: (1) gaseous fluoride and SO2 concentration in the outdoor air in Mangbu Township area was 0.51 μg dm−2⋅day and <0.05 mg m−3, respectively and in Xiaolongdong Township was 2.7 μg dm−2 day and <0.05 mg m−3, respectively while in Zhaotong City these concentration were lower than the ambient air standard (3 μg dm−2⋅day and 0.5 mg m−3, respectively). (2) The indoor gaseous fluoride concentration (3.7 μg m−3) in air of kitchen with the improved coal stove was within the reference value (10 μg m−3); SO2 concentration (0.94 mg m−3) in kitchen air had decline, but its concentration was still higher than indoor air quality standard (0.5 mg m−3). (3) Average concentration of gaseous fluoride and SO2 in air of traditional flue-curing barn of Xiaolongdong Township was 7.2 μg m−3 and 6.8 mg m−3 respectively, and in Yujiawan village were 10.1 μg m−3 and 14.4 mg m−3, respectively. (4) After using the calcined dolomitic siliceous limestone instead of clay mixed with coal, gaseous fluoride and SO2 concentration in the traditional flue-curing barn air decreased of 45% and 91%, respectively. The gaseous fluoride and SO2 pollution in the traditional flue-curing barn is very serious. The corn and chili baked by open stoves in traditional flue-curing barn (baking room) was also seriously polluted by fluoride and sulfur. After using the calcined dolomitic siliceous limestone instead of clay mixed with coal, gaseous fluoride and SO2 concentration in the traditional flue-curing barn air have declined markedly. The way of adding calcined dolomitic siliceous limestone instead of clay as a binder for briquette-making is an economically feasible way to control the indoor pollution of fluorine and sulfur in coal-burning endemic in Zhaotong, Yunnan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pilot experiments were carried out to reduce the fluorine (F) and arsenic (As) pollution of roasted corn dried by open ovens in “coal-burning” fluorosis area Yunnan, China. The results indicated that the average emission amount of F and As in briquettes in experimental group were 29.20mg/kg and 0.76mg/kg in Xiaolongdong, and 46.8mg/kg and 0.54mg/kg in Mangbu respectively. The results also indicated that the fixing rate of F and As in briquettes in experimental group was more than 4 times and 1.2 times of that in control group respectively. The average concentration of F and As in roasted corn in experimental group were 3.86mg/kg and 13.23μg/kg in Xiaolongdong, and 4.77mg/kg and 122.96μg/kg in Mangbu respectively, which reduced by more than 65% and 75% respectively compared with that in control group. Adding local natural calcium-based materials in briquettes can reduce the emission of F and As and their pollution on roasted corn largely, and thus will reduce the risk of fluorosis for residents greatly in “coal-burning” fluorosis area of southwestern China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the chemical analysis data, Beiya Gold multi-metal Ore contains Au 2.17 g/t, Ag 59.36 g/t, Fe 38.51%, Cu 0.57%, Pb 2.00%, and Zn 0.48%. Chemical phase analysis shows that 95.72% Au exists as nature gold; 67.22% Fe exists as limonite and hematite, and only 23.65% exists as magnetite; 26.41% Cu exists as malachite and only 12.14% exists as sulfide minerals such as chalcopyrite and covellite; in the same way only 3.98% Pb exists as galena and 26.09% Zn exists as sphalerite. So the Systemic process mineralogy study is very necessary to guarantee separating these valuable elements from the ore reasonably and economically. Based on the process mineralogy research, reasonable technology flowsheet is worked out: the ore is ground to 90% under 0.074 mm, leaching Au firstly, then enriching Fe by low-intensity and high-magnetic separation. The Cu, Ag, Pb and Zn in the ore are unavailable now. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Manipulated infestation revealed the crown spectral signature under pine shoot beetle attack. • 4 weeks' pine shoot beetle shoot-feeding attack turned most shoots from green to red. • Crown heterogenous discoloration resulted in a decline of chlorophyll and water content. • Shoot damage influenced the retrieval accuracy of physiological parameter via hyperspectral data. • 35 spectral variables were evaluated in random forest for identifying shoot damage ratio. Pine shoot beetle (PSB, Tomicus spp.) outbreaks cause widespread Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis Franch) mortality in southwestern China. Early identification of PSB attacks could help forest managers mitigate the infestation before it turns into an outbreak. However, the subtle spectral changes and complex process of PSB-induced crown discoloration make the remote sensing approach difficult. This study employed a manipulated insect infestation experiment to reveal suitable monitoring indicators. Healthy Yunnan pine crowns were infested with PSB adults at different preset densities (light, moderate, and severe) using the bagging method. The crown damage parameters, physiological properties, and corresponding spectral data were systematically measured in time series. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to retrieve crown chlorophyll a+b (Cab) and relative water content (RWC) via band reflectance. Random forest (RF) was used to determine the optimum spectral variables capable of capturing dynamic variations in crown shoot damage ratio (SDR). Results showed that (1) after four weeks' PSB shoot feeding attack, SDR reached saturated (26%-50%) for all damage levels, indicating a crown discoloration "switch point". (2) A continuous decline was found in Cab and RWC at both shoot and crown levels during the whole infestation process, and the crown level decrease was smaller than the shoot level due to crown heterogeneous discoloration. (3) For PLSR retrieving crown Cab and RWC, estimation accuracy of healthy crowns could reach R2 = 0.70, RMSE cv = 14.60 mg/m2 for Cab, and R2 = 0.82, RMSE cv = 1.25% for RWC, respectively. However, PSB early attack impacted these retrieval accuracies. (4) Spectral differences were evident in the visible region (530–600 nm) and near-infrared (NIR) plateau (780–1300 nm) among the preset damage levels. Significant differences in spectral variables (AMP, CI, OSAVI, RD, and SR) were observed between healthy and moderately damaged crowns. (5) In RF modeling, the importance of spectral variables for SDR estimation varied throughout the shoot feeding process. OSAVI, CI, MSI, PSRI, and SR2 were the top indicators that were suitable for identifying SDR ranging from 5% to 50%. SDR could be estimated with an accuracy of R2 = 0.71, RMSE cv = 8.92%, after 4 weeks' infestation. Simultaneously, with the RF model, 4 preset damage levels could be differentiated with an out-of-bag error of 14.94% and a kappa coefficient of 0.8835. In conclusion, this study mainly examined the physiological and spectral signatures of PSB early attacked crowns, and provided optimum spectral variables and models which will further help unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite remote sensing identify PSB infestation at the early stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The source and evolution of ore-forming fluids are characterized using lithium and chlorine isotopes. • Magmatic source of ore-forming fluids plays a critical role in the mineralizing systems of the Luziyuan Zn-Pb-Fe-(Cu) deposit. • The increase of δ 7 Li values in the ore-forming fluids during retrograde skarn alteration is the results of Rayleigh fractionation in a closed system. The sources and temporal evolution of fluids related to distal skarn mineralization strongly influence the minerals that form, but remain poorly understood. In this study, we use the lithium and chlorine isotopic compositions of fluid-inclusion leachates (FIL) to elucidate the nature and evolution of fluids that formed the Luziyuan distal skarn Zn–Pb–Fe–(Cu) deposit, China. The δ7Li values of prograde skarn stage rhodonite FIL (+5.37‰–+7.31‰) are similar to those of typical magmatic fluid. The δ7Li values (+11.69‰–+12.54‰) of actinolite FIL are higher than those of rhodonite FIL; this is attributed to Rayleigh fractionation within a closed magmatic–hydrothermal system. It is inferred that up to 70% of fluid-borne Li is sequestered by hydrous minerals during retrograde skarn alteration, consistent with conclusions drawn from previous studies of fluid-inclusions. The δ7Li values of galena FIL (+9.78‰–+13.19‰), black sphalerite FIL (+11.62‰), and reddish-brown sphalerite (+10.44‰–+11.66‰) overlap with those of actinolite FIL, indicating that phase separation occurred during Zn–Pb mineralization at the Luziyuan deposit. The low δ7Li values of light-yellow sphalerite FIL (+6.75‰) and calcite FIL (+3.95‰–+6.49‰) record external fluid input, probably meteoric water. The positive δ37Cl values of rhodonite FIL (+1.82‰–+1.83‰) are consistent with those of magmatic fluids. However, the δ37Cl values of actinolite FIL (+0.49‰) are lower than those of rhodonite FIL, indicating that FIL within hydrous minerals might not record fluid sources reliably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of the polymetallic Nb layer in the upper Permian Xuanwei Formation in southwest China has been documented extensively. The origin of Nb, as well as other metals like Zr and rare earth elements (REEs), has received much research attention; however, the source of these elements remains enigmatic. In recent studies, an uncommon Nb-rich titanite (CaTiSiO 5) has been discovered in the Emeishan basalts beneath the Xuanwei Formation in the eastern Yunnan–western Guizhou region. However, its origins and genetic relationship to the polymetallic Nb layer remain unclear. In this study, we used in situ microanalytical and U Pb dating techniques to investigate the titanite in these Emeishan basalts. Our objectives were to determine the origins of the titanite and its relationship to the polymetallic Nb layer in the lowermost Xuanwei Formation. The basalts consist of approximately 70%–90% phenocrysts and 10%–30% matrix. The phenocrysts are mainly coarse-grained (>30 μm) plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides (ilmenite and magnetite), whereas the matrix comprises mainly fine-grained (<30 μm) titanite and glass. The titanite is hypautomorphic or xenomorphic and occurs as small, disseminated grains within the matrix. The titanite U-Pb dating of basalt sample reveals a Tera–Wasserburg lower intercept age of ca. 259.6 ± 4.3 Ma, which corresponds to the age of the eruption timing of Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP; 260.9–257.4 Ma). This implies that the formation of titanite within the matrix can be attributed to rapid cooling of residual melt subsequent to fractional crystallization of a substantial quantity of phenocrysts. The LA-ICP-MS analysis reveals that the trace element composition of titanites in the Emeishan basalts exhibits similarities to weathering-type titanite, as evidenced by elevated La N /Yb N ratios and low concentrations of Y, ΣREE, Th, and U, as well as reduced Lu/Hf and Th/U ratios. Thus we propose that these titanites crystallised during the late-stage magmatic evolution, resulting from magmatic fractional crystallization and subsequent weathering alteration. The materials required for titanite crystallization in the basalt matrix primarily sourced from the residual melt, while weathering dissolution of plagioclase and clinopyroxene in the phenocrysts may have provided additional Ca and Eu for titanite formation. As weathering progressed, the Nb-rich titanite underwent a transformation into Nb-rich anatase and gradually became enriched in the regolith. This material was subsequently transported to nearby basins and deposited in terrestrial environments, resulting in formation of the polymetallic Nb layer in the lowermost Xuanwei Formation. Our findings provide insights into the origins and evolution of titanite in the Emeishan basalts, as well as formation of the polymetallic Nb layer in the lowermost Xuanwei Formation in the eastern Yunnan–western Guizhou region, southwest China. [Display omitted] • Nb-rich titanite is widely present in the Emeishan basalts in the southwest China. • The titanite originated from fractional crystallization and weathering alteration. • The Nb-rich anatase in the Xuanwei Formation was derived from ELIP basalts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First ethnobotanical and phytochemical study of Gaultheria longibracteolata. • G. longibracteolata used for food, medicine and worship in parts of Yunnan, China. • Methyl salicylate is main component of leaf, stem, and root essential oils (GC–MS). • Essential oils have antimicrobial activity against E. coli , K. pneumoniae, S. aureus. Gaultheria longibracteolata (Ericaceae) has been traditionally used by different linguistic groups in Yunnan Province, China, but it has not been well studied. Through our ethnobotanical study in Lüchun County of Yunnan, we found that this species has multiple traditional uses including food, medicine, and worship. The essential oils from the root, stem, and leaf were investigated by both GC–MS and anti-bacterial assays. The GC–MS study showed that methyl salicylate is the main (>90%) component of the essential oil, and the oil composition extracted from different plant parts showed some similarities. The oil of G. longibracteolata displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus , which is likely due to its methyl salicylate content. Gautheria longbracteolata appears to be a useful natural wintergreen oil substitute, but further studies are needed to develop this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment carrying capacity and reduction of carbon emissions are the challenges faced in the ecologically fragile areas. Therefore, the evaluation of carbon security is imperative. This paper, using Yunnan as an example, built up models of carbon footprint and vegetation carbon carrying capacity to assess the level of carbon security. The IPCC method, which is internationally recognized and universal applied, was adopted to calculate carbon footprint. Forest, grassland and crop plant were selected to calculate carbon carrying capacity. The study relied on data from 2008 to 2017 for analysis and arrived at the conclusion that Yunnan's carbon footprint rose from 272.48 million tonnes in 2008 to 317.71 million tonnes in 2017. The result shows that the carbon carrying capacity of vegetation assumed an increasing trend from 339.52 million tonnes in 2008 to 416.30 million tonnes in 2017. The carbon pressure index was 0.80 in 2008 and 0.76 in 2017, showing a trend of first rising and then falling. This implies that Yunnan is carbon surplus and the level of carbon security is within the region of relatively safe. It is appropriate to improve upon the carbon carrying capacity and reduce the carbon footprint to maintain carbon security in the future. • The carbon footprint and carbon carrying capacity in Yunnan were calculated. • Carbon security rating was evaluated by the carbon pressure index. • Yunnan is carbon surplus with relatively safe of carbon security. • Energy consumption structure of Yunnan should be optimized in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Distribution of forest fire was concentrated in the southern region near the border. • There was an increasing trend of forest fire crossing national and provincial borders. • Forest fire policy is the main driver, followed by biophysics and human intervention. • Human interventions via policy significantly affected the forest fire occurrences. • Fire prevention publicity and education near the national border should be improved. Forest fire is a recurrent and serious problem which stirs major environmental, economic, and social concerns. Information on the temporal–spatial distribution of ignition probability and identifying the factors that drive the pattern of forest fire occurrences are the most challenging issues over the world. In this study, the spatial distribution and temporal variation in forest fire occurrence were examined by applying the Maximum Entropy (Maxent) algorithm. Redundancy analyses were used to determine the contributions of driving factors (forest fire policy, human interventions, and biophysical variables) to the forest fire occurrences. In addition, the strength of the relationship between the forest fire policy, human interventions, and biophysical variables and their direct and indirect effects on forest fire occurrences were determined using structural equation models (SEMs). Our results showed the Maxent model was suitable for predictive modeling of the distribution of forest fire occurrences in southwestern China. The predicted area of forest fire occurrences in southwestern China during 2000–2017 was 3.25 × 105 km2 which mostly concentrated in the southern region. There was an increasing trend of forest fire crossing national and provincial borders. According to the temporal pattern of forest fire occurrences, additional ignition probability areas including the central Yunnan and the eastern Sichuan were found in spring when compared to those in winter. Moreover, forest fire policy is the main driver underlying the ignition, followed by biophysical factors and human interventions. These should be considered as key elements in the design of forest fire prevention programmes. Although the explanatory power of driving factors varied, national border distance (NBD) and conductive index (CI) that represented effects of forest fire policy were constantly the key driving variables. In addition, there is heterogeneity among the biophysical factors. The meteorological factors significantly affected on ignition probability in different temporal scale, while the effects of topographic factors were smaller. Human interventions had no significant direct effect on ignition probability, while they via fire policy had a significant positive indirect effect on the probability of fire occurrence. The results suggest that we should strengthen the administrative capacities to prevent forest fires, and improve the fire prevention publicity and education on the residents living near the national border and/or in low population density areas to get higher awareness and compliance of forest fire policies for local residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentrations exhibit distinct spatiotemporal heterogeneity, mainly due to the natural environment and human activities. Yunnan Province of China was selected as the research area, and a real-time measured PM 2.5 concentration dataset was acquired from 41 monitoring stations in 16 major cities from February 2013 to December 2018. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and data on four meteorological variables from 2000 to 2018 were employed. A novel hybrid model was constructed to estimate the historical missing PM 2.5 values from 2000 to 2012, calculate the missing PM 2.5 concentrations from 2012 to 2014 in some major cities, and analyze the driving factors of the PM 2.5 concentration changes and causes of key pollution events in Yunnan Province over the past 19 years. The temporal analysis results indicate that the annual mean PM 2.5 concentration in Yunnan Province exhibited three stages: continuous stability, a rapid increase and a rapid decrease. The year 2013 was an important breakpoint in the trend of the concentration change. The spatial analysis results reveal that the annual mean PM 2.5 concentration in the north was lower than that in the south, and there was a significant difference between the east and the west. In addition, springtime biomass burning in Southeast Asia was found to be the main cause of PM 2.5 pollution in Yunnan Province in spring. Image 1 • The PM 2.5 concentration exhibits heterogeneity due to human activities and the natural environment. • Springtime biomass burning has a significant influence on the surrounding air quality. • The air quality of Yunnan Province improved after 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study explores household land rental practices in a multi-ethnic society. • Interethnic land rental between Han and Jingpo ethnic households has been examined. • Cash crop expansion is mainly dominant by Han people through interethnic land rental. • Interethnic land rental increases the income gap but allows possibilities for positive interactions. • Interethnic land rentals with long tenancy and one-off payments should be considered in policy-making. This study presents detailed evidence on the characteristics, processes, and consequences of land rental practices in a multi-ethnic rural society in Yunnan Province, Southwest China, which have rarely been explored. It contributes to the existing literature on land rental and control by considering the dimension of ethnicity. The findings show the following: Interethnic land rental is a very common and noteworthy feature in the selected Han-Jingpo multi-ethnic rural society. Han ethnic households rented and accumulated a large proportion of farmland and forestland from neighbouring Jingpo ethnic households. This was done to expand cash crops and timber forest, as opposed to the activities of Jingpo ethnic households. Interethnic land rental was mainly triggered by different development capabilities and attitudes towards agricultural commercialization supported by differences in resource assets due to ethnic living patterns and other dynamic socio-political reasons. Consequently, Jingpo ethnic households are experiencing an increasing income gap due largely to declines in farmland and forestland, while possibilities for positive interethnic interactions were found. These findings are relevant for rethinking land rental policies in China and also provide useful insights for rural sustainability in any multi-ethnic area where interethnic interactions of land or other resources coexist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riedel shear structures are often developed within strike-slip fault zones. This study focuses on the Riedel shear structures within the co-seismic surface rupture zone and the co-seismic landslides produced by the 2014 Mw 6.2 Ludian earthquake. All the geologic, seismic, and geodesic data indicate a WNW–ESE principal compressive stress acting on the Baogunao-Xiaohe fault zone (BXFZ). Based on the idealized Riedel shear model, together with evidences form the particular distribution of aftershocks and co-seismic surface effects, the 2014 Ludian earthquake could be with a complex faulting process related to the Riedel shear structures under this present tectonic stress, i.e., NNW-striking sinistral strike-slip fault plane (Y shear) which trends approximately N40°W, and ENE-striking dextral strike-slip fault plane (R' shear) which is nearly perpendicular to former. Field surveys and structural analysis of the co-seismic surface rupture zone are performed based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), borehole drilling, and adit excavation, to the north of Wangjiapo Village, southeast of the epicenter. The results indicate that these co-seismic surface ruptures were produced following a pre-existing sinistral transtensional duplex structure in plan view, which mainly comprises i) typical Riedel shear structures characterized by en echelon cracks running northwest and ii) tensile cracks subparallel to the slope contours running northeast. And the inward-dipping geometry of faults under the sinistral transtentional duplexes converges downwards into a single shear zone, which is defined as a negative (normal faulted) flower structure in vertical cross-section. In addition, on the basis of the analyses of three large-scale landslides, this study demonstrates that the slopes in a state of marginal static stability just situated inside the region of main energy release, which was predominantly controlled by the Y shear fault, are the reasons why this moderate earthquake induced anomalous co-seismic landslides. • Why did 2014 Ludian moderate earthquake cause anomalous co-seismic surface effects? • Complex faulting process related to Riedel shear structures. • Co-seismic surface ruptures following the pre-existing transtensional duplex structure. • Internal structure of Riedel shear structures within the co-seismic surface ruptures. • The effects of different types of strike-slip duplex structures on slope stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysing spatial effects of trees is critical for improving forest management. • This study explored spatial effects of trees using biomass data in Yunnan, China. • The significant spatial autocorrelations vary with stands, components, and distances. • The stands' spatial heterogeneity increased with distance and stabilised at 10 m. The trees in a given stand compete with each other for light, water and nutrients, producing spatial effects. To understand spatial effects, it is critical to characterise the spatial distributions and patterns of the aboveground biomass (AGB) of individual trees and the biomass of their components (stem, bark, branches and foliage). This study investigated the spatial effects by examining the AGB of individual trees and the biomass of their components in the context of typical sub-tropical tree species in Yunnan, China, including a Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis natural forest (PN), a Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis plantation (PP), and a Eucalyptus spp. plantation (EP), using datasets for three clear-cutting plots. Ripley's L function was employed to identify the spatial distributions and patterns of the AGB of individual trees and the biomass of their components. Then, Global and Local Moran's I indices were utilised to analyse spatial autocorrelation, with Intra-group variance being calculated to quantify spatial heterogeneity. This led to following findings. Firstly, with increasing distance, the spatial heterogeneity of the three stands increased before stabilising at a distance of 10 m. Secondly, excluding bark, all components of the tree biomass in the PN stand exhibited significant dispersion. In contrast, all the components in the PP stand showed significant dispersion. The spatial distributions and patterns of trees and their biomass in the EP stand indicated the coexistence of clustering and dispersion. Moreover, the significant spatial autocorrelations of tree AGB and components biomass could be noticed but depending on the stands, components and distances. These findings provide theoretical support for sustainable forest management based on biomass and carbon stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes and detrital zircon U-Pb ages of samples from the Paleoproterozoic to Lower Permian Daoshitou Formation (P 1 d) in Central Yunnan are reported. • The Li-rich claystone of the Daoshitou Formation (P 1 d) are mainly derived from the underlying Weining Formation (C 2 w) basement. • Detrital zircon crystals of the Daoshitou Formation (P 1 d) primary sourced from the Early Ordovician strata. A new lithium-rich claystone from the Lower Permian has been detected in Central Yunnan, Southwestern China that could be great potential for Lithium (Li) exploration, yet the origin of the claystone is still being debated. To study it further, new geochronological, geochemical, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic analyses were systematically conducted on the Daoshitou Formation (P 1 d) claystone, as well as on the underlying strata. Through detrital zircon U–Pb dating of the claystone in the Daoshitou Formation, three major age peaks were revealed, at ∼960 Ma, ∼790 Ma, ∼550 Ma, respectively, along with three minor peaks of ∼2500 Ma, ∼1500 Ma, and ∼1200 Ma. Detrital zircons in the claystone have age spectra that closely match those of the Lower Ordovician sedimentary rocks in Central Yunnan, indicating these rocks are the major contributor of detrital zircons. However, the rock source determined by geochemical features decouples with the zircon source determined by detrital zircon data. The A–CN–K ternary diagram obviously reveals analogous predicted weathering trends between the Weining Formation (C 2 w) and Daoshitou Formation, suggesting a potential provenance link. Furthermore, the weathering trends of samples from three drill cores indicate that the transformation of clay mineral (smectite–illite–chlorite/kaolinite) may facilitate Li enrichment. Smectite, as the precursor mineral for Li enrichment, typically forms and preserves in a slightly alkaline environment, which suggests that the Li-rich claystone is likely to formed in this environment. Low Na/Li and K/Li ratios indicate low cation exchange selectivity in sedimentary environments, which promote the proliferation of adsorption sites for Li on smectite. The weathering products from the Weining Formation, composed of impure carbonates, could provide a slightly alkaline environment with low ion strength for the adsorption of Li. In addition, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions also reveal the significant similarity between the Daoshitou Formation and Weining Formation. Therefore, we suggest that the weathering of the Weining Formation provided the primary material to Daoshitou Formation claystone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Evaluated the spatio-temporal distribution of ecological risk under different scenarios on the QTP from 2000 to 2030. • Using the Sharpe ratio of future uncertainty to assess ecological risk. • Spatial heterogeneity in the ecosystem service values on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under future scenarios. • Discussing the different impacts of uncertainty in integrated scenario-based risk assessment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As one of the world's critical ecological regions – often called the "Third Pole" – the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has outstanding ecosystem service values (ESV). However, its variable climate and fragile environmental conditions make it vulnerable to disturbance by human activities. Based on land use data from 2000, 2010, and 2020, we developed three simulated scenarios of land use distribution on the QTP: business as usual (BAU), farmland protection (FP), and ecological protection (EP). Finally, we employed the Sharpe Index to evaluate ecological risk across the QTP. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, land use change was mainly in the form of conversion of grassland to unused land, totaling an area of 63,717 km2. The ecosystem service value showed an increasing trend, from US$752.6 billion to US$783.0 from 2010 to 2020. The simulation results from the three scenarios revealed significant differences. Farmland area shows a declining trend in both the EP and BAU scenarios, while exhibiting an increasing trend in the FP scenario. Forest area on the plateau experiences a decreasing trend in the EP and BAU scenarios, but shows an increase in the FP scenario, predominantly in the southeastern region, including Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. The ecological risk assessment results indicate that the eastern region has higher ecological risk compared to the western region, highlighting the western region as a priority area for risk control. The expansion of built-up land and unused land has had significant impacts on regional ecological risk. Integrating risk assessment outcomes with land use planning to identify focal areas can provide guidance for the sustainable development of this globally important ecoregion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Allele frequencies and haplotypes of 11 Y-chromosome STR loci, DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385 ab, DYS438, DYS439 and DYS437 were determined in 320 unrelated Yunnan Han Chinese males. A total of 293 haplotypes were identified, of which 268 were unique, 23 were shared in two individuals, and 2 were shared in three individuals. The allele diversity values for each locus ranged from 0.4087 (DYS438) to 0.9701 (DYS385). The allele observed haplotypes diversity value was 0.9994. The combined Y-chromosome STR polymorphisms provide a powerful discrimination tool for routine forensic applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The M S 6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi County, Yunnan Province, China, on 21 May, 2021. The earthquake is located on the west side of the Red River fault, the western boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block in the SE margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The Yangbi M S 6.4 earthquake has aroused great concern due to its unique geographical location and frequent strong earthquakes in Yunnan. In this study, a total of 4695 local earthquakes of the Yangbi M S 6.4 earthquake sequence are relocated using the double-difference location method, including the mainshock source location of 99.879°E, 25.687°N, and depth of 9.67 km. The mainshock has a moment magnitude of 6.1, and one of the fault-plane solutions is 137°, 83° and − 163° in strike, dip, rake respectively. Combined with the relocation and focal mechanism solutions results, it is suggested that the seismogenic fault of the Yangbi M S 6.4 earthquake is a NW-SE trending fault on the southwest side of the Weixi-Qiaohou fault (WQF), with high dip of SW, which is a previously-unknown blind fault. The regional 2D stress field shows that the principal compressive stress around the Yangbi earthquake is NNW-SSE and nearly N-S direction, which appears to be deflected counterclockwise by a small angle on its east side and changed to N-S and NNE-SSW direction on its west side, while both the north and south sides of the Yangbi earthquake show directional coherence. Strong differential deformation distorts in the upper crust to the northeast of the seismic source as reflected by tectonic stress field and the upper crust seismic anisotropy, indicating strong influence of Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault (LXF). The stress field in the source area is jointly controlled by southeastward movement of southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, the northeastward movement of Indian plate and the differential movement between the different tectonic blocks. • The Yangbi M s6.4 earthquake sequences are relocated to reveal two burst areas of small earthquakes. The seismogenic fault is a blind fault. • The new detailed 2D stress field is released, and a model of stress field is reported around the source area. • Strong differential deformation distorts in the upper crust to the northeast of the source area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are studying the freshwater lignicolous fungi along a north-south latitudinal gradient in Asia. In this paper, fresh collections of Minimelanolocus from submerged wood in streams in Yunnan Province, China are characterised based on morphology and molecular phylogeny based on three rDNA regions: 18S (SSU), ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and 28S nuclear rDNA (LSU). The phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU and SSU sequence data and a separate analysis of ITS placed the isolates within the family Herpotrichiellaceae , order Chaetothyriales . An updated phylogenetic backbone tree for Chaetothyriales is provided with available ex-type and additional isolates. One of the isolates collected was identified as Minimelanolocus obscurus based on morphology and molecular data. Minimelanolocus aquaticus , M. asiaticus , M. curvatus and M . melanicus are described as new species considering the interspecific ITS variability and morphology. The phylogenetic placement of Minimelanolocus in Chaetothyriales is novel and provides new sequence data for the genus as a distinct lineage in Chaetothyriales . The conidial characters of all the known species in the genus are summarized. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the five species of Minimelanolocus with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Anthropogenic impact has warming effect on the LSWT. • When human activities cause a 1℃ increase in LSWT, the overall average increase in LSWT is 0.24℃. • The impact of human social policies on the surface water temperature of lakes will continue. In the past 40 years, the surface water temperature of lakes worldwide has generally shown an upward trend, with a significant spatial heterogeneity. Previous studies generally attributed the change in lake surface water temperature to direct impact of climate change. However, few studies have explored the potential impact of additional anthropogenic factors, resulting in an incomplete understanding of the anthropogenic influence on lake surface water temperatures. We thus propose a new method to quantify the anthropogenic impact on the surface water temperature of lakes. We selected 11 lakes characterized by significant variations in the intensity of watershed urbanization development on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China for an empirical study, and discussed the trend of LSWT (lake surface water temperature) changes under the anthropogenic impact, as well as the potential link between these changes and human social policies. The research results show that (1) The mean annual rate of change in LSWT due to anthropogenic impact fluctuates of 0.06℃ per year. (2) LSWT is sensitive to changes in anthropogenic activities; a 1℃ increase in LSWT due to anthropogenic factors typically results in a mean temperature variation of 0.24℃. (3) During the three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, LSWT on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau was significantly affected by anthropogenic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yinzishan Au deposit was discovered in the Simao block that is dominated by telluride minerals, and is just 25 km from the Dapingzhang deposit, contains a total resource of ≥20 t Au and ore grading at 8.90 g/t Au. Through SWIR mapping reveal that dominant alteration minerals in the Yinzishan deposit are alunite, kaolinite and/or pyrophyllite, dickite, and topaz. The spatial distribution of alteration mineral combination topaz + alunite has a good relationship with Au mineralization. The SWIR Scalars of topaz (Dep2086>0.2), alunite (Dep1470>0.06), chlorite (Pos2250>2250 nm), and kandite/pyrophyllite (Dep2170>0.07) can be used as effective exploration indicators and visualization tools to explain the metallogenic environment and determine the location of hydrothermal/mineralization centers in the Yinzishan deposit. [Display omitted] • SWIR data and detailed petrography proves that the Yinzishan deposit is a typical HS deposit. The Au mineralization was caused by later magmatic-hydrothermal overprinting events. • Tellurium was introduced into the site of ore deposition by vapor dominantly F-rich fluid and HS-complexes are thought to be main carriers of the Au. • The alteration mineral combination topaz + alunite has a good relationship with Au mineralization. The SWIR Scalars of topaz (Dep2086 > 0.2), alunite (Dep1470 > 0.06), chlorite (Pos2250 > 2250 nm), and kandite/pyrophyllite (Dep2170 > 0.07) can be used as a vector tool for mineral exploration. The Yinzishan epithermal Au deposit discovered in the Simao block, is dominated by telluride minerals, and contains a total of ≥ 20 t of Au with ore grading at 8.90 g/t Au. The mineralization is hosted within thick accumulations of steeply dipping andesitic to rhyodacitic volcaniclastic units. The distribution of Au orebodies in this deposit is largely controlled by NNW-oriented faults and the higher porosity and permeability of the volcaniclastic host rocks. A detailed study of the Yinzishan deposit geology, occurrence of gold, and short wavelength infrared (SWIR) data from the northern to southern sections of the deposit was performed to characterize the hydrothermal minerals and alteration zonation, and assess the deposition mechanisms of the metal. The dominant country-rock alteration of the deposit is silicification, advanced argillic alteration, chloritization, sericitization, and pyritization and the main ore mineral combination is pyrite–enargite–covellite–chalcopyrite–calaverite. Au mainly occurs as native gold and calaverite or micronsized inclusions in tellurides (e.g., melonite and tetradymite) and pyrite. The characteristics of the ore minerals and alteration assemblages indicate that the ore-forming fluid was relatively oxidized, with SO 2 -, H 2 S-, and F-rich acidic hydrothermal fluids. This feature supports the high-sulfidation origins of the Yinzishan Au deposit. Tellurium was introduced into the site of ore deposition via vapor in F-rich fluid and HS–complexes are thought to have been the main carriers of Au. The mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric waters was the crucial control on the precipitation of the Au telluride ore. The SWIR spectroscopy revealed that the mineral combination of topaz + alunite has a good coupling relationship with Au mineralization. Moreover, the SWIR scalars of four characteristic single minerals/mineral assemblages, including topaz (Dep2086 > 0.2), alunite (Dep1470 > 0.06), chlorite (Pos2250 > 2250 nm), and kandite and/or pyrophyllite (Dep2170 > 0.07), provide a visualization tool for determining the ore-forming environment and the location of hydrothermal/mineralization centers. Therefore, we proposed that the combined application of detailed SWIR-based analyses of alteration minerals and interpretations of the SWIR scalars of characteristic minerals is an effective approach for the exploration of epithermal hydrothermal deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Luobushan deposit is controlled by both structure and lithology. • The sulfides have micro- to fine-grained textures. • The reduction of marine sulfate has undergone a shift from BSR to TSR. • The main source of metal is the lower Permian bioclastic limestone. • The Luobushan deposit is similar to MVT deposits. The Luoboshan Pb-Zn deposit (0.2 Mt Pb + Zn metal reserves, @ 0.94 % Pb and 5.33 % Zn) is located in the Lanping-Simao Basin in the southern part of the Sanjiang Tethys metallogenic domain in Yunnan Province, SW China. The deposit comprises three ore bodies hosted in the lower Permian bioclastic and micritic limestone. Ore body I is stratiform (mineralization is small in scale and ores have been mined out), with average grades of 0.02–1.44 % Pb and 1.5–14.88 % Zn. Ore bodies II and III are lens-like, the average grades of them are 0.10–5.07 % Pb and 1.68–12.39 % Zn, and 0.10–1.71 % Pb and 1.14–11.79 % Zn, respectively. Two hydrothermal stages were identified in the Luoboshan deposit: Pyrite-I-sphalerite-galena-calcite (stage I) and Pyrite-II-calcite (stage II). The in-situ δ34S values of pyrite and sphalerite reveals a medium range of −8.80 ‰ to +10.1 ‰. Furthermore, Py-I and sphalerite exhibit low δ34S values from −8.80 ‰ to −3.04 ‰, but Py-II displays high δ34S values (+2.37 ‰ to +10.0 ‰). These results suggest distinct formation mechanism for reduced sulfur during different stages of Pb-Zn mineralization. A reasonable explanation is that a transition from bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) in the early stage to thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) in the late stage as the likely mechanism for the formation of reduced sulfur. In addition, the in-situ Pb isotopes exhibit a narrow range (206Pb/204Pb = 18.660–18.672, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.665–15.677 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.940–38.980), indicating that the metals originated from either a single source or a uniform mixture of different sources. Comparison of geological charateristics and isotopic geochemical data (S and Pb) indicates that the basin sedimentary strata (wall rocks) is the only and most probable source. Hence, we propose that the formation of the Luoboshan deposit involved biogenic in-situ acid generation of marine sulfates, which subsequently mixed with Pb-and-Zn-rich hydrothermal fluids, initiating TSR and resulting in Pb-Zn mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We construct a novel lightweight network named IDC Net to realize 3-classification tasks, BI-RADS 4 sub-categories 4a, 4b, and 4c. • The IDC Net has two paths, CNN and CapsNet, which combines the advantages of both. CNN is used to extract rich and deep local semantic features, and CapsNet is used to extract the position and posture information of the image. • For the CNN path, we design a network named ID-Net, which is composed of two sub-paths: one is constructed by superimposed ID block to extract rich semantic information from bad artifact images, and the other is constructed by superimposed DD block to better extract boundary information. • To realize the lightweight of the network, we use a special operation when fusing the information extracted by the two paths, which can control the growth of parameters caused by the combination of CNN and CapsNet. In the diagnosis of breast cancer, the 3 sub-categories 4a-4c of BI-RADS 4 are of great significance to doctors. However, low resolution of ultrasound image and high similarity between different category images pose great challenges to this task, which requires the network to be more capable of extracting image features. Therefore, in response to the efficient classification of BI-RADS 4a-4c in breast ultrasound images, we developed a lightweight classification network IDC Net, a neural network model combining the advantages of convolutional neural network(CNN) and CapsNet. In this model: Firstly, we proposed ID-Net based on CNN architecture and mainly constructed by ID block and DD block, which ensure the ID-Net deep and wide enough to extract sufficient local semantic information of image, and at the same time being lightweight. Secondly, we use the CapsNet to learn the position and posture information between the global features of the image, which makes up for the defects of CNN. Finally, two parallel paths of IDC Net and CapsNet are fused to enhance IDC Net's capability of feature extraction. To verify our method, experiments have been conducted on the breast ultrasound dataset of Yunnan cancer hospital and two public datasets. The classification results of our method have been compared with those obtained by five existing approaches. The experimental results show that the proposed method IDC Net has the highest Accuracy (98.54 %), Precision (98.54 %) and F1 score (98.54 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The β-mannanase gene, man5C1, was cloned from Penicillium pinophilum C1, a strain isolated from the acidic wastewater of a tin mine in Yunnan, China, and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The sequence analysis displayed the gene consists of a 1221-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 406 amino acids (Man5C1). The deduced amino acid sequence of Man5C1 showed the highest homology of 57.8% (identity) with a characterized β-mannanase from Aspergillus aculeatus belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 5. The purified rMan5C1 had a high specific activity of 1035U mg–1 towards locust bean gum (LBG) and showed highest activity at pH 4.0 and 70°C. rMan5C1 was adaptable to a wide range of acidity, retaining >60% of its maximum activity at pH 3.0–7.0. The enzyme was stable over a broad pH range (3.0 to 10.0) and exhibited good thermostability at 50°C. The K m and V max values were 5.6 and 4.8mgmL–1, and 2785 and 1608μmolmin–1 mg–1, respectively, when LBG and konjac flour were used as substrates. The enzyme had strong resistance to most metal ions and proteases (pepsin and trypsin), and released 8.96mgg–1 reducing sugars from LBG in the simulated gastric fluid. All these favorable properties make rMan5C1 a promising candidate for use in animal feed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents an epidemic model aiming at the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Yunnan, China. The total population in the model is restricted within high risk population. By the epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Yunnan province, the population is divided into two groups: injecting drug users (IDUs) and people engaged in commercial sex (PECS) which includes female sex workers (FSWs), and clients of female sex workers (C). For a better understanding of HIV/AIDS transmission dynamics, we do some necessary mathematical analysis. The conditions and thresholds for the existence of four equilibria are established. We compute the reproduction number for each group independently, and show that when both the reproduction numbers are less than unity, the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable. The local stabilities for other equilibria including two boundary equilibria and one positive equilibrium are figured out. When we omit the infectivity of AIDS patients, global stability of these equilibria are obtained. For the simulation, parameters are chosen to fit as much as possible prevalence data publicly available for Yunnan. Increasing strength of the control measure on high risk population is necessary to reduce the HIV/AIDS in Yunnan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Accurately mapping forest AGB for large areas using images is challenging due to topographic complexity. • Random forest (RF) methods were compared for mapping forest AGB using Sentinel-2 images for Chuxiong. • Quantile RF coupled with the smallest mean error of each quantile led to the most accurate estimates. • Texture measures with windows of 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 pixels were more sensitive than other spectral variables. • Red edge 1 (B5) and Near-infrared bands derived EVIs were more sensitive than other vegetation indices. A simpler, unbiased, and comprehensive random forest (RF) model is needed to improve the accuracy of aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation. In this study, data were obtained from 128 sample plots of Pinus yunnanensis forest located in Chuxiong prefecture, Yunnan province, China. Sentinel-2 imagery data were applied to extract the important predictors of forest AGB, which were screened using the Boruta algorithm. We compared the fitting performance of two modified random forest models − regularized random forest (RRF) and quantile random forest (QRF) − with the random forest model. Moreover, we combined the smallest mean error of each quantile model as the best QRF (QRFb). The result showed: (1) Window sizes of 3 × 3 pixels and 5 × 5 pixels demonstrated greater sensitivity and suitability for estimating AGB than the 7 × 7 pixels window size. Enhanced vegetation indices derived from Red Edge 1 (B5) and Near-Infrared bands (B8A) were strongly correlated with AGB, indicating the heightened sensitivity of B5 and B8A bands to biomass and their potential in AGB estimation. (2) The RRF model outperformed both the standard RF and QRF in fitting performance, with an R2 of 0.56 and RMSE 57.14 Mg/ha. (3) The QRFb model exhibited the highest R2 of 0.88 and lowest RMSE of 29.56 Mg/ha, significantly reducing overestimation and underestimation issues. The modified RF regression supplies new insights into improving forest AGB estimation, which will be helpful for future research addressing carbon cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Incorporate the ecological security pattern into the constraints of future land use simulation. • Integrate future building land expansion with the ecological security pattern to identify ecological early warning areas. • Considering land use types, propose ecological restoration strategies for ecological restoration and early warning areas. The scientific determination of crucial regions for ecological land restoration and reasonable early warnings for ecologically weak areas are vital for implementing land ecological restoration. Five major plateau lake basins in central Yunnan (China) are selected as the study area in this research. An ecological security pattern (ESP) is constructed using the source-resistance surface-corridor-pinch point framework to effectively identify crucial areas for ecological restoration. Finally, the land use/cover change (LUCC) in the study region in 2030 is simulated in terms of the natural development prospect (NDP), with priority given to urban development (PUD) and priority given to ecological protection (PEP) scenarios, and identify areas where future urban expansion poses a threat to current ecological source areas and corridors as early warning regions. The results indicate the following: (1) There are 15 ecological source regions in the Five Lakes Basin, mainly forestland and waters, with a total area of 787.54 km2. The ecological corridor spans 245.72 km, with a total area of 439.90 km2. (2) The key ecological restoration areas include 72.87 km2 of ecological pinch points, 70.46 km2 of barrier points of ecological, and 71 breakpoints. (3) The ecological land under the NDP scenario and the PUD scenario were damaged to varying degrees. The ecological land dominated by forestland and water area under the PEP scenario is effectively protected. (4) The seven ecological protection space early warning points are mainly distributed in the eastern part of Dianchi Lake and the northern part of Fuxian Lake, which have good economic development and better habitat quality. The comprehensive analysis identified key ecological restoration areas and identified future ecological stresses due to land use change in the Five-Lakes Basin. Restoration strategies are proposed based on current land use and future scenarios to enhance the ESP in central Yunnan's Five Lakes Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Macadamia-based agroforestry systems influence microbial necromass C and its contribution to SOC. • Soil fungal β diversity controlled and significant negative effect over microbial necromass C and its contribution to SOC. • Woody aboveground biomass indirectly affected microbial necromass C via soil fungal β diversity. Agroforestry management practices governed soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial community structure in terrestrial ecosystems, yet the effect of these practices on microbial necromass carbon (C) remain poorly understood in a subtropical region. Here, we compared the differences in fungal, bacterial, and microbial necromass C (indicated by amino sugars) and their contributions to SOC among different forest types including macadamia monoculture plantation (MMP) and macadamia-based agroforestry systems intercropping with dasheen (MDAS), konjac (MKAS), and maize (MMAS) in the Lincang city, southwest Yunnan province, China, and assessed the impact of aboveground biomass, soil fertility, and soil microbial community structure on microbial necromass C and its contribution to SOC. Compared with monoculture plantation, macadamia-based agroforestry decreased SOC, and changed significantly soil microbial α diversity, β diversity, and microbial necromass C and its contribution to SOC (P < 0.01). Microbial necromass C and its contribution to SOC were no significant difference between MMP and MMAS. MDAS and MKAS had lower microbial necromass C than MMP (35.11 % and 63.62 %, respectively). SOC increased with increasing soil fungal and microbial necromass C among the agroforestry systems. Soil fertility was the most important factor affecting fungal (41.45 %), bacterial (33.84 %), and microbial necromass C (40.63 %). Importantly, soil fertility and fungal β diversity directly negatively affected soil fungal and microbial necromass C and their contributions to SOC. Furthermore, woody aboveground biomass affected microbial necromass C directly or indirectly via soil fungal β diversity. Overall, our findings suggest that soil fungal β diversity drove microbial necromass C accumulation and its contribution to SOC in a macadamia-based agroforestry systems, which reveal that sowing crop may be key considerations in mitigating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) is an important factor in lake ecological environments. It has been observed that LSWT have followed an upward trend in the last half century, which has had serious impacts on regional biodiversity and climate. It is important to understand the main reason for this phenomenon in order to have a basis for controlling and improving the regional ecological environment. In this study, the contribution rates of near surface air temperature (NSAT), surface pressure (SP), surface solar radiation (SSR), total cloud cover (TCC), wind speed (WS) and Secchi depth (SD) to LSWT of 11 naturally formed lakes in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are quantified. The characteristics of and relationships between the various factors and LSWT in lakes of different types and attributes are revealed. The results show that: (1) from 2001 to 2018, most lakes were warming; the change rate of LSWT-day was higher than that of LSWT-night. The mean comprehensive warming rate (MCWR) of LSWT-day was 0.42 °C/decade, and the mean comprehensive change rate (MCCR) was 0.31 °C/decade; the MCWR of LSWT-night was 0.19 °C/decade, and the MCCR was 0.01 °C/decade. NSAT and SSR were most strongly correlated with LSWT-day/night. There were no large seasonal differences in the correlation between NSAT and LSWT-day, while seasonal differences in the correlations between NSAT with LSWT-night and SSR with LSWT-day/night were observed. (2) NSAT and SSR were the most important factors affecting LSWT-day/night changes, with contribution rates of 30.24% and 44.34%, respectively. LSWT-day was more affected by SP and SSR in small, shallow, and low-storage lakes. For larger lakes, LSWT-day was more affected by WS, while LSWT-night was greatly affected by TCC. Urban and semi-urban lakes were more affected by SSR and NSAT; for natural lakes, the decreasing SD affected the increases in LSWT, which indirectly reflects the impact of human activities. LSWT-day/night responded differently to different morphological characteristics of the lakes and different intensities of human activity. Image 1 • The heterogeneity of LSWT warming of 11 major plateau lakes were discussed. • 6 main factors impact on LSWT were analyzed quantitively. • LSWT changing heterogeneity was revealed from lake type and morphometry perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal catalytic pyrolysis has been applied in the clean and efficient utilization of low-rank coal to obtain combustible gases and high value-added chemicals. Herein, Ni–Co–Ca catalysts were added into coal through impregnation for catalytic pyrolysis of Yunnan lignite and the char steam gasification. The H 2 production reached 3.24 mmol/g of coal and the gas conversion was 27.84% of the coal pyrolysis under 5Ni–5Co–1Ca. The char conversion reached 98.21% and the H 2 production was 90.68 mmol/g of char steam gasification. Ni and Co could promote coal catalytic pyrolysis by cracking the C–H and C–C bonds. The formation of Ni–Co alloy could prevent catalysts inactivation due to the metal oxidation, lattice distortion and carbon deposition. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the electron transfer from Co to Ni has been improved due to the Ca promoting effect, enhancing Ni catalytic activity and promoting coal pyrolysis for more small gaseous molecules. Ca could endow char with abundant pore structure, improving the irregular degree of char crystallite structure, which was attributed to the char gasification at high temperature to obtain H 2. This study provided guidance to modulate pyrolysis products distribution by regulating catalysts properties. Ni–Co–Ca catalysts were added into coal through impregnation for catalytic pyrolysis of Yunnan lignite and the char steam gasification for high H 2 yield and efficient char conversion. Ni and Co could promote coal catalytic pyrolysis by cracking the C–H and C–C bonds. Ca promoted the electron transfer from Co to Ni, enhancing Ni catalytic activity and promoting coal pyrolysis for more small gaseous molecules. [Display omitted] • Ni–Co–Ca in catalytic pyrolysis and char gasification were investigated. • The formation of Ni–Co alloy prevented catalysts inactivation. • Ca improved the electron transfer from Co to Ni. • The H 2 yield were 3.24 mmol/g of coal pyrolysis and 90.68 mmol/g of char gasification, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Metallogenic materials and reduced sulfur primarily originated from ore-bearing carbonate rocks. • The precipitation of sulfides was jointly controlled by the W/R reaction and TSR process. • The metallogenic fluids exhibit an evolutionary trend from the metamorphic basement to ore-hosting carbonate rocks. • The Maoping deposit was formed within the late Triassic compressive tectonic setting, with the involvement of Emeishan magmatism. The Maoping Pb-Zn deposit is spatially associated with the late Permian Emeishan basalts and structurally controlled by the NE-trending reverse fault-anticline tectonic system. Nevertheless, there remains limited comprehension of its genetic association with the Emeishan magmatism, as well as the coupling relationship between the overall metallogenic processes and geodynamic evolution. In order to clarify these scientific issues, the syn -ore hydrothermal calcites, sulfides, and sulfates were systematically collected from the representative No. I ore body at different elevations in the Maoping deposit for bulk C-O-S and in situ S-Pb isotopic analyses. Bulk C-O isotopic compositions of syn -ore calcite (δ13C V-PDB = − 4.94 to −0.81‰, δ18O SMOW = +17.66 to +21.16‰) and associated fluids (δ13C V-PDB = −4.56 to −0.48‰, δ18O SMOW = +8.63 to +12.13‰) indicate that C in fluids was mainly derived from ore-bearing carbonate rocks, whereas O was generated by fluid/rock (W/R) interaction process between initial fluids and carbonate rocks. Such process also triggered carbonate dissolution and syn -ore calcite precipitation. In situ Pb isotopic ratios of galena (208Pb/204Pb = 39.116–39.425, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.742–15.767 and 206Pb/204Pb = 18.603–18.753) are more comparable with those of ore-bearing sedimentary rocks, while in situ and bulk S isotopic compositions (δ34S Py+Sp = +20.06 to +23.86‰; δ34S Gn = +17.26 to +18.44‰) of sulfides exhibit high consistency with those of sulfates (δ34S Brt = +17.01 to +19.07‰) within the ore-bearing strata. This suggests that the majority of metallogenic materials and reduced sulfur originated from this source. Meanwhile, the S-Pb isotopic data and relatively high ore-forming temperature (206 ℃) further reveal that the ore-bearing fluids underwent gradual migrated and evolved from the basement to the ore-hosting strata. The Emeishan magmatism not only provided the majority of the thermal power for the fluid circulation, but also contributed a portion of the ore-forming fluids and materials. During the late Triassic, ore-forming fluids migrated along compresso-shear reverse faults to coeval secondary extensional ore-hosting structures due to regional compressive tectonic stresses caused by the Indosinian orogeny and Xuefengshan intraplate orogeny. The mixing of metal-rich hydrothermal fluids with the marine evaporites (mainly gypsum) within sedimentary rocks first triggered thermos-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) process. The subsequent continuous W/R interaction resulted in a decrease in fluid acidity and temperature, ultimately leading to the precipitation of metal sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic minority medicinal plants (EMMPs), an important valuable resource of traditional medicine, are experiencing an unprecedented risk of extinction due to various threat factors, and there is a profound lack of systematic and comprehensive research regarding their geographical distribution and conservation effectiveness. In this study, we investigated the distribution pattern for 1893 EMMPs used by the Miao, Zhuang, and Dai ethnic groups in southwest China based on >400,000 occurrence records and identified four classes of hotspots based on thresholds of top 5 %, top 10 %, top 17 %, and top 30 %, and then assessed the conservation effectiveness of the current protection networks for the hotspots and analyzed the threat factors experienced by endangered EMMPs. Although there were apparent differences in distribution patterns among the EMMPs, the hotspots of all EMMPs were mostly confined to southwest China, particularly the provincial boundary regions, which contained >98.78 % of EMMPs. The combined conservation effectiveness indicated that >68.16 % of hotspots and 98.47 % of EMMPs were protected, and provincial nature reserves played a more important role in hotspot conservation. But >18.18 % of all hotspots were unprotected. Moreover, plants where roots or the complete herbs were used for medicine were at higher risk of extinction. Over-harvesting associated with an increasing population was the key driver causing EMMPs to become endangered. We suggest that optimization of conservation networks, changes in the medical usages of plants or their parts, and promotion of artificial cultivation to ensure extensive resources. [Display omitted] • Distribution patterns of three EMMPs were first presented based on big occurrence data. • Hotspots mainly confined to inter-provincial border areas of southern China. • Conservation gaps continuously emerge in the boundary areas of Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou. • Conservation effectiveness of NNRs will be surpassed by PNRs with increasing of hotspot thresholds. • Over-harvesting is the major threat factors of threatened EMMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Anisian (Middle Triassic) marine ichnocoenoses are reported from the Boyun and Junmachang (JMC) sections located along the eastern and western margins of the Kamdian Continent, Yunnan Province, Southwest China, respectively. The Boyun ichnoassemblage is middle Anisian in age and is dominated by robust Rhizocorallium , while the JMC ichnoassemblage is of an early Anisian age and is characterized by the presence of Zoophycos . The ichnoassemblage horizons of the Boyun section represent an inner ramp environment, while the JMC section was likely situated in a mid-ramp setting near storm wave base as indicated by the presence of tempestites. The ichnofossil-bearing successions are usually highly bioturbated in both the Boyun (BI 3–5, BPBI 5) and JMC (BI 3–4, BPBI 3–4) sections. Three large, morphologically complicated ichnogenera: 1) Rhizocorallium ; 2) Thalassinoides ; and, 3) Zoophycos characterize the Anisian ichnocoenoses. Of these, Rhizocorallium has mean and maximum tube diameters up to 20.4 mm and 28 mm, respectively, while Thalassinoides mean and maximum tube diameters are 14.2 mm and 22 mm, respectively. Zoophycos is present in the early Anisian strata of the JMC section, and represents the oldest known occurrence of this ichnogenus following the latest Permian mass extinction. Similar to coeval ichnoassemblages elsewhere in the world, the Yunnan ichnocoenoses embrace a relatively low ichnodiversity, but their burrows usually penetrate deeply into the sediment, and include large and complex Rhizocorallium and Thalassinoides . All of these ichnologic features are indicative of recovery stage 4 after the latest Permian crisis. Anisian ichnoassemblages occur globally in six different habitat settings, and all show similar ecologic characteristics except for slightly different degrees of ichnotaxonomic richness, indicating that depositional environment is not a crucial factor shaping the recovery of the trace-makers, but may have an impact on their ichnodiversity. When compared with some important Early Triassic (mainly Spathian) ichnoassemblages worldwide, the Anisian ichnocoenoses examined for this study are slightly less diversified, and possess more or less the same maximum burrow sizes, but the penetration depth of burrows and the distribution of burrow sizes are much larger than those from the Early Triassic. It is worthy of note that the lower ichnodiversity of the Anisian ichnocoenoses may have resulted from intense bioturbation by deeper tiers, representing a taphonomic product that is totally unrelated to environmental stress. In addition, Anisian Rhizocorallium and Thalassinoides have much larger burrow sizes than the same ichnotaxa from the Lower Triassic, implying that ichnocoenoses may have recovered in Spathian, but did not stabilize until the Anisian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]