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This paper investigates conceptions of explanation, teleology, and analogy in the works of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and Georges Cuvier (1769–1832). Richards (2000, 2002) and Zammito (2006, 2012, 2018) have argued that Kant's philosophy provided an obstacle for the project of establishing biology as a proper science around 1800. By contrast, Russell (1916), Outram (1986), and Huneman (2006, 2008) have argued, similar to suggestions from Lenoir (1989), that Kant's philosophy influenced the influential naturalist Georges Cuvier. In this article, I wish to expand on and further the work of Russell, Outram, and Huneman by adopting a novel perspective on Cuvier and considering (a) the similar conceptions of proper science and explanation of Kant and Cuvier, and (b) the similar conceptions of the role of teleology and analogy in the works of Kant and Cuvier. The similarities between Kant and Cuvier show, contrary to the interpretation of Richards and Zammito, that some of Kant's philosophical ideas, whether they derived from him or not, were fruitfully applied by some life scientists who wished to transform life sciences into proper sciences around 1800. However, I also show that Cuvier, in contrast to Kant, had a workable strategy for transforming the life sciences into proper sciences, and that he departed from Kant's philosophy of science in crucial respects. • Explains the relevance of Kant's philosophy for the emergence of biology. • Explains Cuvier's conception of proper science and explanation. • Explains Cuvier's regulative conception of teleology and analogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larval morphology of Perlidae is relatively understudied compared to that of their adult counterparts, making it challenging to identify species using traditional morphological methods. In this study, we describe and illustrate the larvae of two stonefly species, Kamimuria petasus Chen, 2019 and Neoperla tuberculata Wu, 1937, based on specimens collected from China. Despite sharing a close resemblance in external morphology, the larvae of K. petasus and N. tuberculata can be distinguished based on their color pattern, chaetotaxy, and details of mouthparts. In addition, we generated and compared two DNA barcoding sequences for these two larvae. The analysis revealed that while the two species share some similar sequences, they exhibit high sequence divergence, which can be used to aid in the identification of the two different species based on immature material. The larval morphology and DNA barcodes provided in this study will supplement the classification of Perlidae larvae, enabling their more accurate and reliable identification in both full-evidence phylogenetic studies and bio-monitoring practices in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The click-beetle genus Elathous Reitter, 1890 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) contains almost 50 species distributed in the Palaearctic and Nearctic realms. Specimens of this genus are rare in collections, partly due to their largely unknown biology and ecology. Until now, larvae were known only for three species, all of them described decades ago. Due to the intensive fieldwork research by the first author, who found larvae of Elathous agilis Németh, 2019 in Lebanon and Elathous brucki (Candèze, 1878) in Greece, we have an opportunity to describe their morphology for the first time. We compare them with each other and the remaining known larvae of Elathous and related genera. Although we are able to differentiate larvae of all known Elathous species, our limited knowledge on dendrometrine immature stages as well as the genus-level systematics is insufficient to propose a reliable generic diagnosis for Elathous based on the larval morphology. Additionally, we provide updated information on biology and ecology of Elathous species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study was conducted within the framework of comparative functional morphology of mammalian skin (Sokolov 1982) and "Trichomorphology" (Hausmann 1930; 1944; Teerink 1991) focusing in particular on specialized tactile organs such as whiskers (vibrissae). The architecture of vibrissae was studied for the first time using SEM in the relict rodent Laonastes aenigmamus and in some other representatives of the clade Ctenohystrica (Rodentia): Ctenodactylus gundi , Pectinator spekei , Proechimys guyannensis , Echimys sp., Trichomys apereoides , Chinchilla lanigera , and Octodon degus with the aim to identify the specific characters for each species. The vibrissal architecture is specific and polymorphic: the rod shape and structure of the medulla show differences between species of different genera and differ from those of guard hairs and spines of the same species. In L. aenigmamus, the vibrissal medulla is peculiar in its internal structure, which, together with the structure of guard hairs in this species, confirms its phylogenetically distinct position within Ctenohystrica. For the compared species, the complex medulla is with variously arranged systems of keratinized septa and different degrees of development of air spaces between them (ranging from unstructured and irregular to uni- or biserial ladder-like, cellated or pyramidal). The vibrissae have a non-specialized cuticle serving mostly for protection during tactile contacts, which distinguishes it from the diverse and multifunctional cuticle of guard hairs, spines, and quills. The tactile function of vibrissae is corroborated by the presence of scuff marks, scratches and even cuticle loss at the tip and on the ventral side of the rod, a thickened dense cortex and a poorly developed medullar layer but diverse its internal architecture, which provides only a very limited thermal protection, unlike that of the hair pelage. The SEM study of vibrissal architecture is a promising line of research, because a better knowledge of vibrissae may contribute to the biology and biomimetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schroederichthys maculatus and S. saurisqualus together with S. tenuis present an elongated postpelvic trunk region and are usually referred as the neotenic species group of the genus Schroederichthys. The original morphological description of the two former species was mainly focused on external morphology and detailed information on anatomical structures such as neurocranium and teeth are lacking. This study aims, therefore, to present further information on external morphology, teeth and dermal denticles and to reappraise and illustrate skeletal structures of Schroederichthys maculatus and S. saurisqualus. Ethanol-preserved specimens of both species were measured and dissected for the examination of internal anatomical structures, such as neurocranium, teeth, dermal denticles and visceral arches. Three new tooth measurements are proposed herein. Neurocranial measurements, disposition of orbital foramina and tooth characters vary among neotenic species of Schroederichthys and should be included in future cladistic analyses. A detailed anatomical investigation of S. bivius and S. chilensis is also recommended in order to shed light on the interrelationships within the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over evolutionary time, plants have developed sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to adapt to fluctuating nitrogen (N) environments, ensuring that their growth is balanced with their responses to N stress. This study explored the potential of L-tryptophan (Trp) in regulating sorghum root growth under conditions of N limitation. Here, two distinct sorghum genotypes (low-N tolerance 398B and low-N sensitive CS3541) were utilized for investigating effect of low-N stress on root morphology and conducting a comparative transcriptomics analysis. Our foundings indicated that 398B exhibited longer roots, greater root dry weights, and a higher Trp content compared to CS3541 under low-N conditions. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed substantial differences in gene expression profiles related to Trp pathway and carbon (C) and N metabolism pathways between the two genotypes. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the effects of exogenous Trp treatment on the interplay between sorghum root growth and low-N tolerance. Our observations showed that Trp-treated plants developed longer root and had elevated levels of Trp and IAA under low-N conditons. Concurrently, these plants demonstrated stronger physiological activities in C and N metabolism when subjected to low-N stress. These results underscored the pivotal role of Trp on root growth and low-N stress responses by balancing IAA levels and C and N metabolism. This study not only deepens our understanding of how plants maintain growth plasticity during environmental stress but also provides valuable insights into the availability of amino acid in crops, which could be instrumental in developing strategies for promoting crop resilience to N deficiency. [Display omitted] • Low N stress increases sorghum root growth and Trp content. • Low N upregulates the expression of Trp genes related to the IAA synthesis and signal transduction pathway. • Low N downregulates the expression of C and N metabolism genes except for alpha-amylase genes. • Trp serves as a key coordinator of root growth and low N stress responses by balancing IAA and C and N metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle generation from artificial knee prostheses is a leading cause of artificial joint failures. Vitamin E stabilized highly cross-linked polyethylene (VE/HXLPE) is known for its antioxidant properties and minimal wear characteristics. However, research on the wear behavior of VE/HXLPE is limited. This study aims to compare wear debris from VE/HXLPE with the conventional material Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) under identical in vitro test conditions. Specifically, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to morphologically categorize particles, resulting in four distinct groups for VE/HXLPE and five for UHMWPE. Notably, 68 % of VE/HXLPE particles exhibited small-sized spheroidal morphology, while UHMWPE mainly produced elongated bioactive particles. Key particle attributes were then assessed, including 'equivalent circle diameter (ECD)', 'aspect ratio (AR)', and 'roundness (R) ', and presented as frequency distributions. The morphological analysis revealed that VE/HXLPE particles displayed various shapes, such as spheroidal, flakes, bulks, rods, and fibrils, and their formation mechanism was discussed. Additionally, the Functional Biological Activity (FBA) of VE/HXLPE wear particles was calculated. The results demonstrated differences in particle sizes, shape distributions, and bioactivity between VE/HXLPE and UHMWPE, which indicates that VE/HXLPE particles had a lower likelihood of inducing osteolysis. This study holds promise for gaining deeper insights into the mechanical properties and the potential for bioactivity in VE/HXLPE as an artificial joint material. • The comparison of morphology of VE/HXLPE and UHMWPE tibial debris from an in vitro test. • The distributions of size and shape and their comprehensive morphologic clustering by the principal component method. • Prediction of bioactivity of osteolysis caused by the VE/HXLPE and UHMWPE debris. • The typical shapes of the isolated debris and their wear mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larval morphology of Plecoptera is relatively insufficient in comparison with their adults. In this study, the larvae of Neofilchneria wanglanga Chen, 2019 and Skwala compacta (McLachlan 1872) from the family Perlodidae are described and illustrated based on specimens from China. The larvae of N. wanglanga and S. compacta share very similar body color patterns. Their morphological differences mainly concern the chaetotaxy of each body part and the structure of abdominal segments. Two DNA barcoding sequences are provided for the widespread S. compacta. Larval morphology provided in this study will promote the larval taxonomy and full-evidence phylogeny of Perlodidae and Plecoptera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compound rhamphothecae are characteristically present in the order Procellariiformes, but other birds also show this feature: ostriches, tinamous, cormorants, pelicans, herons. In Procellariiformes the shape, size and features of the rhamphotheca are not related to feeding mechanisms and/or displays (as in most birds) but with their nasal gland excretions and highly developed olfactory organ. The compound rhamphothecae are composed by several plates: the dorsal culminicorn, naricorn forming the tubes, the laterals latericorn, and premaxillary nail (upper jaw); the ramicorn and the mandibular nail (lower jaw). A nasolabial groove is present between the culminicorn and the latericorn, and caudally to the premaxillary nail. The mentolabial groove is between the ramicorn and the mandibular nail. Diomedeidae present a pseudomental fold and groove in the ventral part of the mandibular nail, the fold varies in its caudal extension. The ramicorn in Procellariidae is divided longitudinally into ventral and dorsal ramicorn by a suture. This feature is not found in other Procellariiformes except in Phoebetria palpebrata (Diomedeidae). The development and fusion of the tubes in Procellariidae vary as: a single tube, a partially fused tube, or completely separated tubes. Its extension is variable, reaching its greatest length in Macronectes giganteus. In Diomedeidae the configuration of the incurrent and excurrent apertures within or outside the tubes vary, and they present the shortest tubes. The grooves in Procellariidae vary in their development: the nasolabial groove sometimes is well marked with sutures, the ramicorn groove is always a sulcus (except for Fulmarus glacialoides) and expands cranially and/or caudally forming a triangle-shape depending on the species. In Diomedeidae the culminolabial groove presents variation at the dorsal branch, it can be: well developed, less developed or brief. Oceanitidae and Hydrobatidae present less variation. Phylogenetically, beaks of Oceanitidae and Hydrobatidae are the most basal, whereas Diomedeidae beaks derived from Procellariidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South American camelids (Lamini tribe) are represented by two genera and four species. Here we studied the skull anatomy of three of them, Lama glama , Lama guanicoe and Vicugna vicugna. The coexistence of these species in wide sectors of their distribution and the osteological homogeneity of these camelids constitute important factors that limit or even preclude identification at species level. This is particularly true in paleontological and archaeological contexts in which bones are the only elements to analyze, and complete or fragmentary remains are potentially recorded. Although some contributions dealing with interspecific differentiation of camelids are available currently, the clear distinction between these species through osteological remains is still a pending issue. The aim of this study was to find osteological characters that facilitate the determination of the analyzed species. For this, we analyzed a final sample comprised mainly adult specimens of 11 guanacos, 9 llamas and 18 vicuñas. We described and compared a diverse set of qualitative and quantitative osteological features of the skull, including foramina, processes, muscular scars, and other features of the cranium and mandible. The set of qualitative features included eight observations on the cranium and four on the mandible. The set of quantitative features included eight linear variables on the cranium and two on the mandible. We performed a Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) based on both qualitative and quantitative variables in order to differentiate camelids species. The best results were obtained when both types of variables were included in the analysis. The most robust characters for interspecific discrimination are those related to the muzzle, the mastoid foramen, the paraoccipital process, the lower incisors and the coronoid and condylar processes of the mandible. The morpho-functional meanings of some of these traits are discussed. This study can be considered as a contribution to future systematic studies and as a basic tool to carry out specific assignment of camelids through complete or partial remains in archaeological and paleontological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pristine environmental conditions and wide biodiversity are the best evidence of pre-colonial times, before anthropic interference in the Anthropocene. The Galeão shell mound represents the main example of an insular archaeological site located in the context of the Guanabara Bay in the Middle Holocene. The faunal remains from this shell mound were identified through comparative anatomy, to access the ichthyofauna and also amphibian, reptile and mammal paleodiversity. The diagnostic elements revealed the presence of predominantly demersal teleost fish, typical inhabitants of estuarine and marine systems, along with the usual species inhabiting rocky shores and rocky bottoms. Additionally, it revealed an exceptional diversity of sharks, including the presence of pelagic taxa, as well as stingrays. The local wildlife consists of species commonly found in swampy, mangrove, Brazilian restinga and Atlantic forest biomes. This study shows widely practiced fishery and hunting by the Amerindian using the resources of the Guanabara Bay and indicates specific targets during the Middle Holocene. Degradation of coastal environments and/or overfishing threaten the local biodiversity, with species now absent and some with statuses which go from Vulnerable to Critically Endangered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodnius species are potential vectors of the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD), the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. CD impacts around seven million people in Latin America, resulting in approximately fourteen thousand deaths per year. Several species of Rhodnius are notable not only for their epidemiological relevance, but also for the challenging distinction between their species. Rhodnius has twenty species, each with its specific epidemiological importance. Rhodnius neglectus and Rhodnius prolixus are found with colonies in domiciliary environments. The observation of eggs in human dwellings signals the colonization process of these insects, increasing the risk of contamination of the population, since correct identification of eggs is necessary to help more effective vector control programs. Here we highlight diagnostic characters of eggs for these three species. [Display omitted] • Cells have different shapes, varying in different regions. • Cells show differences between species and between regions of the same species. • The three species showed significant differences in terms of limiting lines. • The funnels present variations in the aspect of their depth; different regions. • Differences were observed in the operculum of the three species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jumping consists of a series of complex movements with more variability in landing than in take-off. Different modes have been described concerning the landing phase, which seems to be linked to the general phylogenetic relationships of anuran groups. For example, the belly hit has been recorded in the basal-most living frog family Leiopelmatidae. Here we used high-speed videography to observe the role of hand and foot digits in landing behavior in ten species of neotropical anurans exhibiting different locomotor modes. We also calculated the time-lapse of each jump. We hypothesize that the role of digits can be pivotal to many anuran species during terrestrial landing. We also present data on the comparative anatomy of digits and those parts of the hands and feet involved in landing. Our video records show that landing through hand hit among anurans is performed with the distal curved phalanges of the hand digits. The morphological results show that all species surveyed, even the walker ones, exhibit distally curved phalanges, in lateral view. Movements of the distal phalanges of the hand are a key to understanding landing in anurans. All digits must be resistant to compression, since all the weight of the body falls on them. Digit hit seems to be action-driven by an elastic mechanism, which could indicate the activation, for example, of the flexor digitorum communis muscle. Landing in terrestrial frogs like Rhinella arenarum and Leptodactylus chaquensis follows a highly coordinated and synchronic pattern, with a longer time-lapse to complete each jump. Arboreal jumping frogs like Scinax fuscovarius and Boana riojana and semiaquatic hoppers like Pleurodema borellii and Physalaemus biligonigerus tend to be asynchronic and uncoordinated, but with a shorter time-lapse to complete each jump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal surgeries are the leading causes for patient settlement issues. Recent European Medical Device Regulations aims to reduce complications by enforcing that surgical tools are validated before clinical use. Human cadavers are favored in preclinical use, but due to anatomic variance, decay, and scarce supply, alternative synthetic and animal models are used. This study evaluates the fidelity and validity of porcine models in training and assessment of microsurgical decompressive techniques in the lumbar spine. Anatomic dimensions of 10 human and 5 young pig spines were assessed from computed tomography images. Novel "en bloc" fresh-frozen ex vivo porcine model tissues' fidelity and validity for decompressive surgery was evaluated by 3 expert neurosurgeons, in comparison with other models. The pigs' anatomic dimensions were on average 11% smaller than in humans. The pigs' L4–L5 was most alike humans, and the highest similarity was in lamina and spinous process widths, and the skin to posterior longitudinal ligament distance. Dimensional variability was higher in humans (F = 19.06–0.56, P < 0.05). The pigs' tissues were felt as good as living patients and better than cadavers for skin, fascia, bone, facets, ligamentum flavum, and dura, but poor for vessels (experts' intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.696–0.903). The pig models' validity for assessing drills' adverse features (friction, jitter, heating, and soft tissue trauma) was reported to be unanimously excellent. Pigs are representative for assessing microsurgical decompression techniques in the lower lumbar spine. The novel "en bloc" pig model can be an asset for industries and clinicians during assessment and training of new spinal techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbivory, and thus, the ability to acquire energy from consuming plant material, evolved numerous times independently within vertebrates. Several mechanical solutions for processing plant material have emerged along with the independent rise of herbivorous feeding strategies. Comparative studies of these mechanical solutions suggest that herbivory might generally relate to "improved" and hence comparatively effective food processing mechanisms, often involving the jaws. Such processing behaviours involving the jaws can be referred to as chewing sensu lato. While herbivory is relatively common among vertebrates, it is generally believed that salamanders exclusively feed on other animals (i.e., carnivory). Further, it had been hypothesized that salamander food processing is limited to "simple" and comparably ineffective puncture crushing movements (i.e., opening and closing movements of the jaws in combination with pointed teeth), which may not be efficient enough to break down plant material. However, sirenid salamanders (i.e., dwarf sirens and sirens, genera Pseudobranchus and Siren respectively) have long been reported to consume large amounts of plant material besides feeding on animal prey. Additionally, some sirenids have only recently been shown to apply complex three-dimensional chewing behaviours. These complex chewing behaviours could potentially enable the mechanical breakdown of plant material. Here we comparatively study sirens with particular regards to the form and function of their feeding apparatus and their feeding habits. We demonstrate that sirenids generally seem to apply complex chewing mechanisms and, in fact, consume both plant- and animal foods. Comparative gastrointestinal morphology, however, suggests that among sirenids, only sirens are apt to digest and extract energy from plant material, suggesting that dwarf sirens may not benefit from the energy of their "plant food", while sirens appear to be facultative herbivorous - or better, omnivorous. Consequently, our results indicate that some salamanders can eat, process, and acquire energy from plant material, hence, contradicting the commonly accepted idea that salamanders are generally carnivorous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Quantifying ventricular wall development in humans shows no evidence for compaction. • In mice, some compaction might take place. • In chickens, compaction is pronounced. • Excessive trabecular formation (in mice) yields a noncompacted phenotype. The remodeling of the compact wall by incorporation of trabecular myocardium, referred to as compaction, receives much attention because it is thought that its failure causes left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC). Although the notion of compaction is broadly accepted, the nature and strength of the evidence supporting this process is underexposed. Here, we review the literature that quantitatively investigated the development of the ventricular wall to understand the extent of compaction in humans, mice, and chickens. We queried PubMed using several search terms, screened 1127 records, and selected 56 publications containing quantitative data on ventricular growth. For humans, only 34 studies quantified wall development. The key premise of compaction, namely a reduction of the trabecular layer, was never documented. Instead, the trabecular layer grows slower than the compact wall in later development and this changes wall architecture. There were no reports of a sudden enlargement of the compact layer (from incorporated trabeculae), be it in thickness, area, or volume. Therefore, no evidence for compaction was found. Only in chickens, a sudden increase in compact myocardial thickness layer was reported coinciding with a decrease in trabecular thickness. In mice, morphometric and lineage tracing investigations have yielded conflicting results that allow for limited compaction to occur. In conclusion, compaction in human development is not supported while rapid intrinsic growth of the compact wall is supported in all species. If compaction takes place, it likely plays a much smaller role in determining wall architecture than intrinsic growth of the compact wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In macaques, the frontal eye field (FEF) plays a crucial role in oculomotor control and spatial attention. • In humans, oculomotor and spatial attention tasks activate two frontal sectors (dorsal and ventral hFEF). • The definition of the possible macaque homologs of the two hFEFs is still matter of debate. • In macaques the FEF is surrounded rostrally by several distinct eye-related areas, including areas 45B, and 45A. • It is suggested a homology of the dorsal and ventral hFEF with the macaque FEF and area 45B, respectively. In non-human primates, at the junction of the prefrontal with the premotor cortex, there is a sector designated as frontal eye field (FEF), involved in controlling oculomotor behavior and spatial attention. Evidence for at least two FEFs in humans is at the basis of the still open issue of the possible homologies between the macaque and the human frontal oculomotor system. In this review article we address this issue suggesting a new view solidly grounded on evidence from the last decade showing that, in macaques, the FEF is at the core of an oculomotor domain in which several distinct areas, including areas 45A and 45B, provide the substrate for parallel processing of different aspects of oculomotor behavior. Based on comparative considerations, we will propose a correspondence between some of the macaque and the human oculomotor fields, thus suggesting sharing of neural substrate for oculomotor control, gaze processing, and orienting attention in space. Accordingly, this article could contribute to settle some aspects of the so-called "enigma" of the human FEF anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oropharyngeal dermal denticles and oral papillae are present throughout the oropharyngeal cavity, and incorporate the use of taste buds to orally process and evaluate the food items, whereas oral denticles are thought to provide a form of protection against abrasion during food consumption and improve ventilation efficiency. Herein, are compared the microstructure of the oropharyngeal denticles and papillae of large predatory requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae) (Carcharhinus brevipinna, C. leucas , C. limbatus , C. obscurus , C. signatus , and Galeocerdo cuvier), under scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the largest oral denticles were found in adults of C. signatus , followed by juveniles of G. cuvier , C. leucas , and C. obscurus , respectively. Oral papillae were found to be larger in G. cuvier , C. signatus , and in C. leucas , and all these specimens presented round-shaped papillae. The higher denticles densities were found in the oral cavity of C. signatus, however, this species presented the lowest density of papillae. Carcharhinus limbatus presented the second highest rate of denticles density, followed by G. cuvier , C. obscurus , C. leucas , and C. brevipinna. The highest density of papillae was found in C. brevipinna , indicating that the density of denticles is inversely proportional to the papillae distribution, the same as we observed in C. signatus. The denticles density seems to be higher as the animal increases in size, as we observed in adult specimens of C. signatus , and this shark presented two different morphologies of denticles, different from the other species studied here. This may suggest that densities and sizes of these structures differ as the animals grow, expressed by the prey spectrum availability and the dietary shifts due to the distinct habitat which the species are associated during their life cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathologies of the ventral thoracic spine represent a challenge, igniting arguments about which should be the ideal surgical approach to access this area. Anterior transthoracic thoracotomy and a number of posterolateral routes have been developed. Among the latter, costotransversectomy has demonstrated to provide good ventral exposure with a lower, but not negligible, morbidity. The optimal approach should be the one minimizing surgical morbidity on both neural and extraneural structures while optimizing exposure. The authors described the combined, rib-sparing, bilateral approach (CRBA) to the ventral mid/low-thoracic spine. The technique combines a transfacet pedicle partially sparing approach on one side and a transpedicular with transverse process resection on the contralateral one. A laboratory investigation was conducted. The technique was applied in a surgical setting, and a case was reported. CRBA is rib-sparing, completely extracavitary, and does not require pleural exposure and paraspinal muscle splitting, thus minimizing potential morbidity. The combination of 2 corridors ensures the greatest exposure compared with standard posterolateral approaches. The only blind corner is limited to a small area just in front of the dural sac. A bimanual approach optimizes control during surgical manipulation, even if the area of maneuverability and cross-section areas of surgical corridors are slightly limited compared to traditional costotransversectomy due to the minimally invasive nature of the procedure. CRBA represents a safe and effective option to access the ventral mid/low thoracic spine. It provides great exposure and bimanual manipulation of the surgical target, minimizes potential morbidity, and avoids entrance into the thoracic cavity and paraspinal muscle splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southern steppes of European Russia are rich in archaeological monuments that were extensively studied for many decades. Nevertheless, paleosols buried under the burial mounds and especially the big kurgans of the Bronze Age in the Ponto-Caspian area did not receive proper attention. The paper focuses on soil evolution and climate dynamics during the Bronze Age based on the study of soils buried during several stages of earthen mound construction within one big kurgan in the Kuban-Azov Plain, Russia. The kurgan 1 in the Beysuzhek-9 kurgan cemetery of the Bronze Age, situated in the Korenovsky District, Krasnodar Region, consists of three earthen mounds made at different times. The soils, buried under three mounds of the kurgan, are located in close vicinity from each other and have similar lithology and geomorphic position. They form a chronosequence representing three time slices. Moreover, the chronosequence displays a certain chronological order of burial: paleosols were first buried in the center of the kurgan and later closer to its periphery. The height of the kurgan is about 4 m that ensures good preservation of the buried soils. The research is based on the comparative analysis of morphology, micromorphology and analytical properties of three paleosols buried under different constructions in the kurgan and surface soil. Also, the palynological analysis was performed for the uppermost layers (0–5 cm) of three paleosols. During the first stage of the kurgan construction, the Novotitorovo archaeological culture of the Early Bronze Age at the 27th-22nd centuries BC, the climate of the region was sufficiently humid and provided a high bioproductivity for surrounding landscapes. The interval between the second and third stages of kurgan construction was marked by the gradual increase in aridity. During the third stage of the kurgan construction (the Catacomb archaeological culture, the Middle Bronze Age, the 21st −16th centuries BC), the climate was mostly arid. The results of the palynological analysis are in agreement with the study of paleosols. During the construction of the kurgan , the vegetation pattern corresponded to a Southern forest-steppe. The percentage of herbaceous plants increased markedly, and steppe species appeared during the time of Catacomb culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comparative root anatomy of six Himalayan Dendrobium species is studied with taxonomic implications. • Detailed observation on cells constituting different root tissues was examined quantitatively through ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% level of significance. • Difference in the number of velamen layers occurring in the species was investigated. • Roots of all taxa significantly varied and the anatomical features exhibited epiphytic adaptations. Comprehensive knowledge of plant anatomy is an absolute necessity for accurately identifying taxa during their vegetative phase. Orchidaceae family has been extensively studied in the Himalayan region, with a focus on morphology and floristics. However, the anatomy of orchid roots has not been investigated in detail. This study examines the root anatomy of six Himalayan Dendrobium species (D. chrysanthum, D. densiflorum, D. longicornu, D. nobile, D. rotundatum, and D. transparens) using standard plant anatomy techniques. Qualitative and quantitative traits were observed and analysed, including the multi-layered velamen, stele and cortical tissue area, and number of xylem strands, which are distinct characteristics of genus Dendrobium. ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level were used to quantitatively examine cross-sections of the roots and identify significant differences. All six studied taxa possess velamen tissues with cells having spirally thickened walls, and a single-layered exodermis with cells of varying sizes. The cortex was multi-layered and contained parenchymatous water-storage cells, while a uniseriate endodermis with passage cells were observed. D. chrysanthum and D. rotundatum had xylem and phloem elements embedded in parenchymatous tissues, whereas D. densiflorum, D. longicornu, D. nobile , and D. transparens had xylem and phloem elements embedded in sclerenchymatous tissues. Cell sizes in different root tissues varied significantly. A dichotomous key based on the root anatomical traits for the identification of these Dendrobium species is provided. Future research is suggested to explore additional parameters and to conduct experiments to understand its anatomical response to epiphytism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ciliates Infundibulorium cameli from the faeces of the free-ranging dromedary from Oman were studied using a set of methods of the light and immunofluorescence microscopy and molecular phylogeny. With the use of molecular genetic methods, it was confirmed that the cysts found in the samples simultaneously with trophozoites actually belong to the species I. cameli. Tubulin cytoskeleton organization of trophozoites and cysts of this species were described for the first time. A striking morphological similarity between species I. cameli and Buxtonella sulcata was demonstrated, including the organization of ciliature. Different isolates of I. cameli and B. sulcata formed a common clade on the phylogenetic tree. The level of evolutionary divergence between the 18 S rRNA sequences of I. cameli, B. sulcata and species closest to them according to the results of molecular phylogenetic analysis was estimated. It was demonstrated that the divergence between I. cameli and B. sulcata is extremely low compared to members of other genera included in the analysis. Taxonomic position of I. cameli and B. sulcata was discussed in according to the data of comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Different shaped Fe 2 O 3 nanomaterials were synthesized by a greener method. • Guava leaf extract used as precipitating agent instead of harmful chemicals. • Nanoparticles and nanorods were obtained after hydrothermal and reflux respectively. • Nanomaterials were effectively used for fluoride adsorption. • Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles showed higher adsorption efficiency than nanorods. A greener approach was used for the preparation of iron oxide (α-Fe 2 O 3) nanomaterials with different morphologies using guava leaf extract. After reflux and hydrothermal treatment, the 0D spherical nanoparticles (Fe 2 O 3 (H)) and 1D rod-shaped nanomaterial (Fe 2 O 3 (R)) were produced. The prepared nanomaterials were used for fluoride adsorption from water by batch adsorption method. Rhombohedral crystal structure of the α-Fe 2 O 3 phase was formed, according to XRD investigation. The FESEM analysis revealed the development of spherical nanoparticles and nanorods with sizes of 40–50 nm and 70–90 nm, respectively. The surface area of Fe 2 O 3 (H) is found to 82 m2/g, whereas Fe 2 O 3 (R) is found to be and 60 m2/g. The fluoride adsorption process was pH dependent and extreme adsorption occurred at pH = 5 to 7 with maximum adsorption capacity of 52 mg/g for Fe 2 O 3 (H) and 40 mg/g for Fe 2 O 3 (R). The fluoride adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The common co-existing ions showed dissimilar effects towards fluoride adsorption. The primary factors in the fluoride adsorption mechanism include electrostatic interactions, anion exchange, and inner-sphere complexation. The adsorbed adsorbents were recovered and can be reused up to five cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binders are significant components for the preparation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of different binders. Considering their diverse properties, in this work, we select three kinds of commonly used binders including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and Nafion, as well as introduce a new binder of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to synthetically study the influence of binders. By using the commercial active carbons (ACs) with different binders, four SPME fibers with uniform morphologies and comparative thicknesses (i.e. , ACs-PDMS-coated, ACs-PAN-coated, ACs-Nafion-coated and ACs-PVDF-coated fibers) have been prepared successfully. The effect of binders on the pore structure of ACs is firstly investigated. It is found that PDMS and PAN would cause pore blocking, and the specific surface area of ACs coatings decreases from 1362 m2 g−1 to 280 and 196 m2 g−1, respectively. While the specific surface area of ACs-PVDF composite remains 940 m2 g−1. Based on SPME, the influences of acid/alkali, high temperature and matrix towards different fibers are further systematically surveyed. Finally, the enrichment performance of prepared fibers towards various organic pollutants is preliminarily discussed. The comparison results show that PVDF demonstrates outstanding stability in all aspects. Therefore, PVDF might be an excellent candidate for the preparation of SPME fiber. Moreover, all obtained results are expected to provide the reference value for the further development of novel SPME fibers. Image 1 • The binder of PVDF was first proposed for SPME fiber preparation. • Four binders were successfully used to prepare SPME fibers with uniform morphologies. • The effects of different binders towards as-prepared SPME fibers were studied. • The PVDF might be a potential coating binder in view of its outstanding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a seminal study on elasmobranch systematics, Maisey proposed the monophyly of a large lineage of sharks based primarily on the sharing of an orbitostylic jaw suspension. This group was later redefined as the Squalomorphi, which included Squatinidae but not Batoidea. Subsequent morphological analyses, however, rejected Maisey's scheme, which was left aside for nearly two decades until the first molecular phylogenies began to cluster again the orbitostylic sharks into a monophyletic group. In a broad comparative investigation of the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton of cartilaginous fishes, we discovered new evidence supporting the monophyly of squalomorph sharks: the presence of a posterior process at the lateral region of the coracoid bar serving as a origin site for the depressor pectoralis II muscle. This feature would be the first strong morphological evidence in 40 years potentially supporting the monophyly of Squalomorphi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Many cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome were described before 1916. • Georges Cuvier probably died from a severe Guillain–Barré syndrome (1832). • This may be the first case report of the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial paralysis. • if all was written, all was not always read. Although Guillain-Barré syndrome was officially described in 1916, other cases had been reported earlier, such as some cases of Landry's paralysis. This year is the 250th anniversary of the birth of Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), one of the fathers of comparative anatomy and palaeontology: he died at age 63 from an unknown disease. By reading medical reports about his last days and hours, we conclude Cuvier died from a severe form of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Moreover, we think this observation could be the first complete report of acute polyradiculoneuropathy with pharyngeal-cervical-brachial onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinnids are semi-infaunal bivalves with several unusual morphological features, some of them regarded as adaptations to environments with high concentration of suspended particles. The presence of a waste canal on the mantle wall, for example, helps rejecting surplus particles from the mantle cavity. Despite being such anatomically intriguing bivalves, detailed comparative morphology studies on pinnids are still scarce. To gain further insights into the functional anatomy of pinnids, we have thoroughly investigated the mantle of Pinna carnea Gmelin, 1791 by means of scanning electron and light microscopy, including the application of histochemical staining methods. Additionally, the mantle was analyzed in ten pinnids from the genera Atrina , Pinna , and Streptopinna obtained in museum collections. Comparative morphology revealed a uniform structural organization of the mantle in Pinnidae, but a pronounced variation in pigmentation, presence of commarginal folds, and papillae. Our results also revealed intense secretory activity in the inner mantle fold, inner mantle epithelium, and waste canal, including at least three secretory cell types. Secretions are diverse and comprise mainly acidic mucosubstances on the mantle margin, while the waste canal secretes abundant acidophilic material apparently composed of basic proteins, and also possibly lipid content. Based on these results, we hypothesize that efficient mucociliary transportation is achieved in a hydrophobic environment provided by the waste canal, rapidly agglutinating and removing large amounts of particles from the mantle. Discoid glands secreting protein-rich content were found on the middle mantle fold of Pinna carnea and Streptopinna saccata (Linnaeus, 1758). Surprisingly, these mantle glands have hitherto not been recorded in the Bivalvia, representing, therefore, a new morphological feature in the Pinnidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Maps of cell count and cell type distributions reveal evolution of brain complexity. • Number and distribution of neurons and glial cells is species-specific and clade-specific. • Number of neurons in pallial telencephalon correlates with cognitive abilities. • Isotropic fractionator can be used to estimate cell numbers in hundreds of species. • Whole-brain immunolabeling and FISH are tools for cell type distribution mapping. The stereotyped features of brain structure, such as the distribution, morphology and connectivity of neuronal cell types across brain areas, are those most likely to explain the remarkable capacity of the brain to process information and govern behaviors. Recent advances in anatomical methods, including the simple but versatile isotropic fractionator and several whole-brain labeling, clearing and microscopy methods, have opened the door to an exciting new era in comparative brain anatomy, one that has the potential to transform our understanding of the brain structure-function relationship by representing the evolution of brain complexity in quantitative anatomical features shared across species and species-specific or clade-specific. Here we discuss these methods and their application to mapping brain cell count and cell type distributions—two particularly powerful neural correlates of vertebrate cognitive and behavioral capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bilateral congenital anophthalmia is the absence of the eyes, and means no light can be detected pre- or post-natally. • In humans with anophthalmia, the occipital lobe and superior colliculus respond to auditory input. • Motion area V5/hMT + in people with anophthalmia shows a tonotopic organization. • In human and non-human primates, anophthalmia leads to degeneration of the lateral geniculate nucleus. • We propose that auditory input projects from superior colliculus via the pulvinar to V5/hMT+. Investigating the changes in the brain that result from a loss of sensory input has provided significant insight into the considerable capacity of the brain to reorganise. One of the difficulties in studying sensory-deprived populations is that the time and extent of sensory loss vary significantly. In this review, we consider the changes in the human brain associated with complete absence of visual input resulting from bilateral congenital anophthalmia, in which the eyes fail to develop. We describe the functional reorganisation and associated structural and connectivity changes that occur in the brain of those affected by the condition. By considering animal models of this condition, we investigate the changes that may be occurring on a scale that is not captured by human in vivo imaging techniques. Finally, we lay out a model pathway for taking auditory information to the occipital cortex that may be specific to anophthalmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Advanced neuroimaging methods are useful for comparative neuroanatomy studies. • Modern diffusion MRI replicates classic strychnine neuronography findings. • Quantitative MRI maps are similar to classic myelin stains across species. • Historical neuroanatomy guides interpretations of comparative neuroimaging studies. Comparative neuroanatomy studies improve understanding of brain structure and function and provide insight regarding brain development, evolution, and also what features of the brain are uniquely human. With modern methods such as diffusion MRI (dMRI) and quantitative MRI (qMRI), we are able to measure structural features of the brain with the same methods across human and non-human primates. In this review article, we discuss how recent dMRI measurements of vertical occipital connections in humans and macaques can be compared with previous findings from invasive anatomical studies that examined connectivity, including relatively forgotten classic strychnine neuronography studies. We then review recent progress in understanding the neuroanatomy of vertical connections within the occipitotemporal cortex by combining modern quantitative MRI and classical histological measurements in human and macaque. Finally, we a) discuss current limitations of dMRI and tractography and b) consider potential paths for future investigations using dMRI and tractography for comparative neuroanatomical studies of white matter tracts between species. While we focus on vertical association connections in visual cortex in the present paper, this same approach can be applied to other white matter tracts. Similar efforts are likely to continue to advance our understanding of the neuroanatomical features of the brain that are shared across species, as well as to distinguish the features that are uniquely human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anatomical characters are useful to the taxonomy of Cyrtopodium. • Some characters reflect environmental conditions, life forms and adaptive strategies. • Some structures are first described here for Cyrtopodium. • Subsidizes micromorphological, phylogenetic and eco-physiological studies in monocots. • May shed light on the evolution of epiphytism in monocots. Cyrtopodium comprises 50 species, 37 of which are found in Brazil, with 19 being endemic. Some of the Brazilian species are morphologically similar, with similar life forms, and are often confused in herbarium collections. We tested whether the anatomical characters of the vegetative systems of eight species of the genus occurring in savanna areas of Central Brazil could be used to differentiate them, or if those differences reflect environmental conditions. We found that: i) the studied species can be differentiated by leaf characters (e.g., the types and locations of their epicuticular waxes and cuticle ornamentations, the presence or absence of prismatic crystals and trichomes, midrib contour, composition and orientation of the leaf margin, numbers and arrangements of the vascular bundles), by pseudobulb characteristics (e.g., the shapes of the subepidermal cells), and by radicular characteristics (e.g., numbers of cortex and velamen layers, the presence or absence of trichomes, phi thickening, spiral idioblasts, the numbers of protoxylem poles); and that, ii) the thick cuticle of the pseudobulb, the density of waxes, and the presence of supra- and substomatal chambers in the leaves, as well as tilosomes and the numbers of layers of velamen in the roots, may reflect adaptations to environmental conditions and life forms. Additionally, we report here for the first time for the genus, the presence of crystals in epidermal cells, striae and epicuticular waxes, root trichomes, phi thickening, and spiral idioblasts, and describe the ascending and tangled " trash-basket " roots of C. saintlegerianum in an ecological-functional context associated with epiphytism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tayassuids entered South America, forming part of the Great American Biotic Interchange, and have had success in South America since the Pliocene, evolving into six genera, and several species have been described. The extinct peccary Brasiliochoerus stenocephalus in late Pleistocene beds of northern Uruguay (the Sopas Formation) is substantiated based on an almost complete and well-preserved skull. A set of associated diagnostic features supports a confident assignment of the material to this extinct species. This peccary was present in the last 40 ka in this area. It was unearthed together with Tayassu pecari , which is found in the same beds, indicating the co-occurrence of both taxa. According to a quantitative analysis, B. stenocephalus is characterized by having a skull much larger than those of T. pecari and Dicotyles tajacu and equal to or larger than the largest individuals of Parachoerus wagneri. However, if only dental variables are computed, despite having a large skull, it shares the morphospace with T. pecari , with P. wagneri being the species with the largest teeth. A high consumption of C 3 plants is suggested by δ 13C results, and the same kind of browser diet could be roughly inferred for B. stenocephalus and T. pecari. Considering δ 18O and δ 13C together, both specimens seem to have eaten mostly in the canopy frugivore range, including leaves and some floor plants. T. pecari seems to have not significantly varied its feeding behavior, at least between ca. 40 ka and today. The isotopic results support a browser semiopen woodland lifestyle in C 3 –C 4 grassland to open-canopy environments reinforced by accompanying fauna. • Brasiliochoerus stenocephalus, large extinct peccary, in late Pleistocene of Uruguay • This large extinct peccary co-occurred with the extant white-lipped Tayassu pecari • Having a large skull, cheek-teeth sized with T. pecari instead , lesser in skull size • Both peccaries were browser feeder consuming mostly C 3 plants, isotopes indicate • Browser lifestyle in C 3 –C 4 grassland to open-canopy, accompanying fauna also support [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertebrate digestive system, responsible for providing nutrients for maintaining body homeostasis, consists of two components in anurans: the digestive tract and the accessory glands. The digestive tract includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine, ending in the cloaca. Morphological characteristics of the digestive tract are distinct between anuran species. In this work, we describe the digestive tract of anurans of the genus Boana , establishing a comparison between the other anurans already described in the literature. For this, six adult male specimens of each species, Boana albopunctata and Boana raniceps , were collected. The digestive tracts were removed and processed for the anatomical and histological analyses of their different components. In both species, the esophagus, stomach and intestines had similar anatomo-histological characteristics. However, histological divergences were observed with respect to the presence of pluricellular glands in the esophagus, muscle cells in the submucosa of the esophagus and intestines, and the type of esophageal epithelium, compared to other anurans. These findings corroborate the interspecific differences between anurans and provide knowledge for future studies aimed at evaluating the digestive system in Neotropical anurans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Ovary wall was the key tissue for Vaccinium corymbosum fruit growth, and approximately 70% of pericarp cell layer were formed before anthesis. • 12 isolated V. corymbosum cyclin and CDK sequences were deeply conserved among the plant kingdom, especially with Actinidia chinensis. • The expression tendency of Vccyclins and VcCDKs followed the flower bud and fruit development, but had not significant difference between two cultivars. • VcCycA2L , VcCycB2L , VcCycD3;1 , VcCycT1;4L , VcCDKB2;2 , VcCDKC1L and VcCDKE1 were directly involved cell proliferation and cell volume during V. corymbosum flower bud and fruit ontogeny. Abstract Cell-cycle system controls flower and fruit growth, size and mass precisely, accompanied by cumulative cell proliferation and cell expansion. Vaccinium corymbosum shows significant variation in berry size, but its underlying anatomical and molecular mechanisms are poorly known. In this study, single fruit mass and cell layers of Southern highbush blueberry cultivars 'O'Neal' and 'Bluerain' were analyzed, and 12 cell-cycle related genes were isolated and detected its expression tendency. The results showed that blueberry flower buds had a lower contribution to mature fruit mass, and fruit growth exhibited a double-sigmoid pattern. Ovary wall (or pericarp) was the vital component for final fruit size, and approximately 70% cell layers of pericarp were produced before anthesis. Cell division in the blueberry fruit was arrested at pre- and post-anthesis. The sequences of Vccyclins and VcCDKs were relatively conserved, and its expression tendency followed flower bud and fruit developmental pattern, while VcCycA2L , VcCycB2L , VcCycD3;1L , VcCycT1;4L , VcCDKB2;2 , VcCDKC1L and VcCDKE1 might be directly involved in cell proliferation and cell expansion. However, the difference of expression pattern between two cultivars was not quite significant, indicated that isolated Vccyclins and VcCDKs were not the key factors for blueberry fruit size. Collectively, this study expands our understanding of the complex cell division and cell expansion mechanisms, and cell-cycle regulatory mechanisms were involved in V. corymbosum flower and fruit during ontogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle drives the elevation and retraction of the soft palate to facilitate speech and feeding, but undergoes atrophic changes in patients with cleft palate deformity. This study aimed to establish an effective drug delivery technique for LVP muscle regeneration. An intraoral injection technique for rat LVP muscle regeneration was developed based on careful examination of the rat craniofacial anatomy. The accuracy and reliability of this technique were tested by cone-beam computed tomography and nitrocellulose dye labeling. Recombinant human Wnt7a was delivered via this injection technique, and the subsequent responses of the levator veli palatini muscle were analyzed. Both the cone-beam computed tomography orientation of the needle tip and dye labeling suggested repeatable accuracy of the injection technique. Recombinant human Wnt7a delivery via this technique induced regeneration-related changes, including increased expression of centrally nucleated myofibers and Ki67+ve nuclei. The intraoral injection technique is safe and efficient. It can be used for accurate drug delivery and to screen regenerative therapeutics for the LVP muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the role of the primate tongue as a means to better understand the evolution of oral function among primates – an example of adaptation within the restricted phylogenetic group - we review the morphological knowledge of the tongues of extant primates in relation to phylogenetic classification. Prosimians tongues are more effective than those of Haplorhini for taking up food with the tongue alone, because they are capable of fine movement when outside the oral cavity. However, the role of the tongue in food uptake has diminished when juxtaposed with progress in hand manipulation of food and tools in Haplorhini, especially with the manipulation of tools by Homininae. This change in the tongue from prosimians to Homininae can be regarded as degeneration in food uptake by the tongue, although the functional role of the tongue within the oral cavity has not diminished. The distribution pattern and form of lingual papillae, except foliate papillae, are very similar among all reported primates species. Although foliate papillae are generally well developed in Haplorhini, most prosimian species have no foliate papillae, or a different type of papillae that substitute for foliate papillae. There are three vallate papillae in prosimian species and the New-World macaques, Platyrrhini. These papillae exhibit an inverted V-shape and are more numerous in Old World macaques, Catarrhini. These differences seem to be the result of phylogenetic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative morphological study of the genus Theages Walker was performed. Five species, T. decorum (Schaus), T. griseatum (Rothschild), T. hoffmanni Travassos, T. pinasi Grados, and T. occultus Grados, were redescribed and the previously unknown female of T. pinasi was described. In addition, the occurrence of odoriferous organs on metatibia of some species was recorded for the first time to the genus. A new combination was proposed for Theages darantasium (Druce), comb. nov. All species were illustrated (habitus and male and female genitalia), and their distribution records were updated and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Dioecy is a sexual system with two groups of sporophytes within a species. • Dioecious species are frequent in ecosystems with strong biotic and abiotic pressures. • Wood anatomy differs between pistillate and staminate sporophytes of dioecious species. • The differences between wood of pistillate and staminate sporophytes are species-specific. Abstract Comparative studies of dioecious plants are still rare in the literature although they are considered of great importance for understanding the genetic variability within a species, the spatial colonization of plants in stressful environments, and differences in resource allocation for reproductive and vegetative growth, for example. Clusia fluminensi s Planch. & Triana and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi are woody, dioecious and native species of the restinga of Southeast Brazil. In this study, we described and compared the wood anatomy of pistillate flower-bearing sporophytes and staminate flower-bearing sporophytes of these species. There were no qualitative differences between sporophyte types of either species, which allowed a single taxonomical description for each of them and corroborates the homogeneity of the features analysed at the specific level. However, six of the 23 quantitative features statistically analysed differed significantly (p < 0,05) different between the sporophyte types in Clusia fluminensis , while in Schinus terebinthifolia , three quantitative features are significantly different. Eleven of the quantitative features of wood anatomy have similar patterns of variation between the two sporophyte types in the two species, eight of which are smaller in the pistillate flower-bearing sporophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Most fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) do not feed as adults, with the exception of females of some species of the Photurinae subfamily, which are specialists in preying on other fireflies. Even though famous for their predatory behaviour, little is known about the morphology of the photurine fireflies, and how it relates to their predatory behaviour. Females of Nearctic Photuris Dejean, 1833 species are known to readily prey on other fireflies using a diverse behavioral repertoire, which has not been seen in males. Although such sex-specific behaviour is expected to lead to morphological differences, sexual dimorphism has not been investigated in detail in any species of this subfamily. Therefore, the goals of this work were twofold: (i) report for the first time the predatory behaviour of a South American species, Photuris femoralis Curtis, 1839, and review its taxonomy; and (ii) correlate the form of typical photurine features and their function during predation, based on field and cage observations of P. femoralis. Females, but not males, readily preyed on Macrolampis Motschulsky 1853, Amydetes Illiger, 1807 and Aspisoma Laporte, 1833 species. We found that three major features typical of the photurine (observed in 21 species spp. belonging to three genera) are directly involved in predation in P. femoralis : (i) the well developed mandibles and clypeal teeth (greater in females) are used in chewing and piercing the prey; (ii) the strong and flexible legs (including robust, elongated coxa and femora, enlarged trochanters, a loose trochanter-femoral joint, and toothed claws) facilitate prey handling on ground, and also may help catching prey on flight; and (iii) an overall fusiform – less flattened – body shape may increase aerodynamics. The fact that typical photurine features are directly involved in predation suggest that these architectural departures from the ancestral lampyrid body plan may have played a role during the evolution of the typical predatory behavior of the Photurinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract No consensus exists for the homology and terminology of the male genitalia of the Hexapoda despite over a century of debate. Based on dissections and the literature, genital skeletomusculature was compared across the Hexapoda and contrasted with the Remipedia, the closest pancrustacean outgroup. The pattern of origin and insertion for extrinsic and intrinsic genitalic musculature was found to be consistent among the Ectognatha, Protura, and the Remipedia, allowing for the inference of homologies given recent phylogenomic studies. The penis of the Hexapoda is inferred to be derived from medially-fused primary gonopods (gonopore-bearing limbs), while the genitalia of the Ectognatha are inferred to include both the tenth-segmental penis and the ninth-segmental secondary gonopods, similar to the genitalia of female insects which comprise gonopods of the eighth and ninth segments. A new nomenclatural system for hexapodan genitalic musculature is presented and applied, and a general list of anatomical concepts is provided. Novel and refined homologies are proposed for all hexapodan orders, and a series of groundplans are postulated. Emphasis is placed on the Endopterygota, for which fine-grained transition series are hypothesized given observed skeletomuscular correspondences. Highlights • The penis of the Hexapoda is derived from medially-fused gonopods. • Ectognathan genitalia include secondary gonopods from the preceeding segment. • Ephemeroptera and Neoptera have intromittent penes, the latter with a novel protractor muscle. • New genital skeletomuscular apomorphies and nomenclature are proposed based on all orders. • Emphasis is placed on correspondences and inferred transformations of the Endopterygota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifteen years ago, Passingham and colleagues proposed that brain areas can be described in terms of their unique pattern of input and output connections with the rest of the brain, and that these connections are a crucial determinant of their function. We explore how the advent of neuroimaging of connectivity has allowed us to test and extend this proposal. We show that describing the brain in terms of an abstract connectivity space, as opposed to physical locations of areas, provides a natural and powerful framework for thinking about brain function and its variation across the brains of individuals, populations, and species. Highlights The concept of the connectivity fingerprint was described 15 years ago to suggest a crucial relationship between the connections (functional integration) and function (functional segregation) of an area. The advent of neuroimaging now allows for this concept to be applied on a much larger scale, describing brain organization in terms of a connectivity space. Describing brain organization in this space is closer to its functional organization and can predict differences in functional activation and behaviour. By abstracting away into connectivity space one can compare brains across individuals and species. Comparing differences in the connectivity fingerprints of areas or subareal units in terms of gradients, one can investigate which dimension of connectivity space is relevant for understanding particular aspects of brain organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Deltaic and coastal ecosystems are changing in response to natural and anthropogenic forces that require ecosystem-level restoration efforts to avoid habitat degradation or loss. Models that link ecosystem components of hydrodynamics, morphodynamics, nutrient and vegetation dynamics to represent essential processes and feedbacks are advancing the field of environmental modeling and are vital to inform coastal restoration decisions. An Integrated Biophysical Model was developed by creating a new vegetation dynamics component and linking it to other primary ecosystem components that included essential feedbacks. The model performance was evaluated by applying it to a deltaic ecosystem that included marshes and estuaries. The Integrated Biophysical Model output captured the general temporal and spatial environmental trends of key variables. This integrated model is capable to perform long-term simulations to assess responses of deltaic and coastal systems to global change scenarios and can be used to inform restoration strategies in ecosystems worldwide. Highlights • Development of Delft3D model to assess changing deltaic and coastal ecosystems. • Hydrodynamics, morphodynamics, nutrient and vegetation dynamics were coupled. • Integrated Biophysical Model captured the general environmental trends. • Model is capable to run long-term simulations of environmental conditions. • Software availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pipeline steels are vulnerable to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) during intergranular corrosion (IGC) at potentials of active dissolution in moderately alkaline carbonate-bicarbonate solutions. Morphology evolution accompanying IGC has not been fully described, despite the relevance of the corrosion geometry to crack initiation. The present article reports a characterization of concurrent morphology and mechanical stress development during the initial stages of IGC of X70 steel in sodium bicarbonate solution, in the potential range of high SCC susceptibility. Morphology was revealed by scanning electron microscope examination of cross sections through the IGC layer, and stress evolution was monitored by curvature interferometry. At potentials in the range of SCC susceptibility, IGC creates triangular wedges of porous corrosion product centered at grain boundary triple junctions. The wedge shape indicates a higher corrosion rate at the grain boundary compared to the grain surfaces. Compressive stress is generated during IGC due to internal oxidation on grain surfaces forming a thin compact corrosion product layer. Polarization at a potential below the SCC range resulted in selective grain dissolution with no internal corrosion product or compressive stress increase. Silicon solute atoms are selectively oxidized into the compact grain boundary corrosion product film. Highlights • Anodic polarization in bicarbonate solution leads to intergranular corrosion. • Wedges of oxide-carbonate product form at grain boundary triple junctions. • Internal oxidation on grain boundaries generates compressive stress. • Grain boundaries oxidize only at potentials of stress corrosion susceptibility. • Silicon in steel is selectively oxidized into grain boundary corrosion product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at characterizing the variability of the Late Pleistocene to Holocene western Indonesian archipelago ancient populations based on second molars , which are described by means of comparative morphology (ASUDAS), and metrics (BL and MD measurements). We furthermore test similarity and differentiation by metric and non-metric statistics analysis to observe group clustering among the samples. Results show two different dental types. The "Preneolithic" one is present on Early to Middle Holocene fossils, between 12 to 4.5 ka, and the "Neolithic-Paleometallic" type consists of Late Holocene remains, from 3.2 ka. This study opens new perspectives regarding the scenario of human occupation in the western Indonesian archipelago during those periods, and questions as well the chronological significance of some features classically described as 'archaic' or 'derived' in dental palaeoanthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first study to report anatomy and endogenous hormonal profiles in the early seedling stage of kohlrabi. • The de novo formation of supplementary vascular bundles and phloem ring are the key features of kohlrabi stem. • IAA, IAAsp, GA and tZ profiles were significantly varied in the stems while the ABA profile was different in the leaves. • The stunted stem and vascular activity of cambium are positively correlated with endogenous GA and cytokinin in kohlrabi stem. To unveil the mechanism of tuberous stem formation at early growth stages in kohlrabi, the comparative stem morphology, anatomy, and endogenous plant hormone profiles were studied at different days after germination (10 to 30 DAG). Stem anatomy revealed that the notable feature of the kohlrabi stem during the transition from primary to secondary growth was the formation of vascular bundle circles, with many phloems formed separately and arranged in a circular pattern along with the cambium layer, resulting in an expanded ring of primary and secondary phloem. In addition, medullary supplemental vascular bundles were differentiated in the central region of pith and successively supplied small-sized meristematic parenchymatous cells which contribute to the tuber initiation in kohlrabi. Six phytohormones were quantified in the stems and leaves of both genotypes. The absence of Gibberellin A4 (GA4) in kohlrabi stem might be the cause of the stunted stem of kohlrabi. The total endogenous cytokinin in stem of kohlrabi was more than twice of that of broccoli, where trans-zeatin was the most abundant bioactive form. This can be explained by the meristematic nature of the cambium of kohlrabi stem. Profiles for Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-3-acetylaspartic acid, and Abscisic acid of the stems and leaves of kohlrabi and broccoli were significantly different at several time points tested. Thus, the key features of kohlrabi during the initiation of tuberous stem were the formation of the phloem ring along with the cambium and the supplemental vascular bundles. This is the first paper showing the hormonal profile in the early seedling stage of kohlrabi. These findings provide useful information to elucidate the mechanism of tuberous stem formation of kohlrabi and other tuber crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological differences between the Neandertal and modern human glenoid fossa are mostly attributed to functional factors. However, the intimate relationship between the pectoral girdle and the shape of the thorax on which it rests calls for a structural analysis of the morphology of the glenoid fossa. Using both 3D Geometric Morphometric techniques and classical osteometry we carry out an analysis of the morphology of Neandertal scapular glenoid fossa, considering the effects that independent parameters such as allometry, sexual dimorphism and laterality could exert on the glenoid fossa shape. We also discuss how the morphological configuration of the thorax together with other functional factors could explain some of the differences between Neandertals and H. sapiens , and we assess the morphological evolution of this structure in the context of the genus Homo . To this end, 3DGM methods were applied in a comparative framework including the new SD-2101 + specimen from the Sidrón site (Spain) dated to 49,000 years ago, other Neandertal, Homo sapiens , KNM-WT 15000 (Homo ergaster/erectus ) and Pan troglodytes specimens. A total of 75 sliding semilandmarks were used to collect the morphology of the glenoid fossa. Morphological comparison and variability were assessed through principal component analysis. Our results confirm the metric and morphological features of the Neandertal scapular glenoid fossa and point to a multifactorial effect in the glenoid morphology. We also detect a morphological trait of the Neandertal glenoid fossa that has not been reported previously: the projection of the upper part of the ventral border shared with modern humans and influenced by structural factors related to the configuration of the rib cage and shoulder. These results are consistent with the evolutionary framework of the hominin glenoid fossa, with some morphological changes being caused by functional factors, and others by structural factors such as the configuration of the thorax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A taxonomic revision of the Rhinocerotidae from the latest Oligocene locality of Thézels in SW France is provided, based on comparative description of several hundreds of mandibular, dental, and postcranial specimens. In terms of abundance, the small-sized and slender-limbed rhinocerotine Mesaceratherium gaimersheimense Heissig, 1969 widely outnumbers the medium-sized and shorter-limbed teleoceratine Diaceratherium aff. lemanense . The material from Thézels in particular adds to the knowledge of M. gaimersheimense in providing for the first time valuable information on most elements of its appendicular skeleton, virtually unknown thus far. This work further confirms that M. gaimersheimense is restricted to the latest Oligocene interval, whereas M. paulhiacense (Richard, 1937) also first occurring in latest Oligocene deposits, survives during the earliest Miocene (Aquitanian standard age; Agenian European Land Mammal Age). The Agen area in SW France (type area of the Agenian ELMA) provides a well-documented sequence for latest Oligocene-earliest Miocene rhinocerotids of Western Europe with Thézels (MP30), Paulhiac (MN1), and Laugnac (MN2). Mesaceratherium gaimersheimense shows several postcranial differences with M. paulhiacense (shape of articular facets on central metapodials; slenderer astragalus but less slender metapodials) suggesting a still more cursorial locomotory mode for the latter species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) has been developed which uses through-hole anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane as the binder to achieve fast response (up to 80 kHz) and sufficient transparency in visible wavelength. The AAO membrane has well-organized nanostructure with through holes, which are prepared from typical AAO by first chemically removing the aluminum substrate and then applying a pore opening procedure by chemical etching. The geometry of AAO membrane, including thickness, pore size and porosity can be precisely defined by controlling the parameters of the anodization process. The pressure-sensitive paint was prepared by dipping the AAO membrane into the solution of a ruthenium-based luminophore. The sensing performance of PSP samples, including signal strength, pressure sensitivity and response time, was evaluated based on static and dynamic calibrations. The effects of pore size and porosity on PSP performance were investigated and their relations with the binder’s optical properties were discussed in detail. Unlike the conventional AA-PSP, the application of this semi-transparent membrane PSP (STM-PSP) is not limited to aluminum models. In addition, its high transparency allows back-illumination and back-imaging during applications if necessary, and makes it very suitable for developing multi-layer paint systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual dimorphism is a common feature of life. Researchers have noted that some species of Amblypygi (Class Arachnida) exhibit male-biased sexual dimorphism, but a broad overview of the prevalence of sexual dimorphism in the order does not exist. In order to provide such an overview, we imaged and measured morphological characteristics of 390 amblypygids from 36 species. Our aim was to gain insight into general patterns of sexual dimorphism across the order. We found that, generally, males have larger pedipalps, longer antenniform legs, but smaller carapace widths relative to conspecific females for nearly all species studied. Species ranged from no sexual dimorphism ( Phrynus exsul and Charinus insularis ) to male pedipalps almost double the length of females in some species ( Charon grayi , Euphrynichus amanica ). Phylogenetic patterns remain unclear in Amblypygi and our data better match geographic patterns than evolutionary history. We thus suggest that sexual dimorphism is ancestral for the order, but has been reduced or lost in some species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]