Search

Auto ownership behavior is driven by complex relationships that can vary dramatically across different traveler groups and communities. Differences in auto ownership among racial groups have been of particular interest, given ongoing efforts to advance equity in transportation outcomes. There are a number of studies documenting racial disparities in auto ownership associated with racial and ethnic residential clustering, termed "automobile mismatch." Yet, these differences in auto ownership behavior by race and residential location are virtually never considered in models of travel behavior, despite calls for the consideration for race in transportation planning and decision making. This study aims to bridge the gap between understandings of the connections between race and space and transportation outcomes, using Los Angeles County as a case study. A series of auto ownership model specifications are used to investigate statistical connections between the racial and ethnic categories of residents, and neighborhoods, revealing systematic variations across racial and spatial dimensions. The composite model, which includes racial and spatial indicators, outperforms the base model, suggesting that the inclusion of race and space explains significantly more information on variations in auto ownership and provides a superior fit to the data. Our findings also suggest that the exclusion of racial and spatial indicators may lead to overestimation of certain effects, and may completely misrepresent the importance of certain household, individual-level, and built environment effects in explaining auto ownership preferences. Given the increasing attention to equity and representation in transportation outcomes, models that exclude considerations for race and space may be poorly positioned to support meaningful transportation equity analyses. • Current travel models of auto ownership lack consideration for race and space in shaping auto ownership outcomes. • We systematically compare auto ownership model specifications, that include racial and spatial indicatiors. • The results show that models with such indicators offer better statistical fit and explain more about auto ownership. • Excluding these indicators may bias certain effects and misrepresent important household, individual, and built environment effects. • Interactions between race and space also matter and can siginificantly shape auto ownership outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated more telecommuting (or working from home) than ever. This paper provides an economic analysis of the impacts of telecommuting on the residential location choice equilibrium. In particular, this paper employs a simplified monocentric city model of urban spatial structure to analytically examine the impacts of telecommuting on residential location choices and the associated commuting pattern in a city, considering that telecommuting may have positive, zero, or negative impact on individual income level. We found that the income effect of telecommuting and its relative magnitude against the commuting cost govern whether telecommuting will attract more to live in the suburb or the downtown. Moreover, the impacts of housing supply and commuting costs on the residential location choice equilibrium are dependent on the level of telecommuting, where such impacts diminish when the level of telecommuting increases. Furthermore, this paper derives and examines analytical solutions for the optimal level of telecommuting, the optimal housing supply and the optimal transport investment (that reduces commuting cost) in order to improve social welfare or the housing operator's profit in the context of telecommuting. How these optimal solutions are related to the level of telecommuting is also analyzed. This study provides understanding on how telecommuting may affect the joint equilibrium of residential location choice and commuting and how housing supply and transport investment should be adjusted in response to telecommuting. • This paper analyzes the impacts of telecommuting on residential location choices. • The income effect of telecommuting affects where to live. • We analyze the optimal telecommuting level, housing supply and transport investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since May 2018, federal restaurant menu labeling regulations have required large U.S. chain restaurants to disclose calorie counts on menus. This study estimates the share of U.S. adults who notice calorie information on fast-food and sit-down restaurant menus and identifies the consumer characteristics that predict noticing calorie labels. Using a nationally representative sample of 5,185 U.S. adults aged 18 and older from the 2022 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), linear regression models were estimated to predict the likelihood of noticing calorie labels the last time adults ordered food in a fast-food or sit-down restaurant. The 2022 HINTS data were publicly released in April 2023 and these public-use and de-identified data were analyzed in October 2023. In 2022, about 1 in 2 U.S. adults (49.7%, 95% CI=47.6%, 51.8%) reported noticing calorie labels during their last restaurant visit. The likelihood of noticing calorie information was significantly lower among men, lower income households, unpartnered adults, residents of the Northeast Census Region, and residents of rural areas. Approximately half of U.S. adults reported seeing calorie labels when they last ordered food in a fast-food or sit-down restaurant in 2022. Sex, income, marital status, and residential location influenced the likelihood of noticing calorie counts posted on restaurant menus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the causal effects of English proficiency on residential location choices of immigrants. Based on the ideas that (i) immigrants whose mother tongue is linguistically close to English learn the language more easily, and that (ii) young children learn a new language more easily than older children, we construct an instrument for English proficiency, exploiting linguistic distance from English, and age at arrival in the United Kingdom for childhood migrants. Using a unique dataset, we construct various measures of residential clustering aimed at capturing different types of immigrant enclave, and find a negative impact of better English skills on residency in a language enclave, but a positive impact on residency in an ethnic enclave. We also find strong evidence of an impact of poorer English proficiency on living in a neighbourhood of lower quality. • Study the causal impact of language on residential location choices of UK migrants. • Propose an IV strategy that relies on weaker assumptions than existing studies. • Use unique data linking language skills and residential location characteristics. • Find a varying impact of language skills on living in different types of enclaves. • Poorer English skills lead to residency in a neighbourhood of lower quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Asynchronous online focus groups held with 146 participants giving their views on Mobility as a Service. • Thematic analysis results considered in terms of home location: urban, peri -urban, and rural. • Accurate, reliable information is a core requirement of any MaaS app, regardless of a person's home location. • Urban residents could benefit from extra information, but rural residents need novel mobility solutions. • Peri-urban residents are a key target group, with MaaS having the potential to influence attitudes to non-car travel. Understanding the perceptions and needs of different types of prospective end-users of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an important step towards successful scheme and customer-facing app design. The travel behaviour literature typically favours quantitative approaches; however, qualitative methods can offer unique insights in this regard. To this end, this article reports on a series of online focus groups held with 146 residents of a region in which Mobility as a Service is on the cusp of being rolled out. Participants' perceptions of MaaS, in terms of their information needs, the incentives that might help them use it, and the challenges they perceive, were explored with respect to their place of residence: urban, peri-urban, or rural. Inductive thematic analysis of over 30,000 words of text lead to the identification of a variety of themes and sub-themes. Accurate, reliable, and up-to-date information is a core requirement for all. For those in urban areas, the presentation of multiple journey options, with associated information on travel time and cost, are key. For those in peri-urban areas, detailed route information that facilitates the linking of private transport with public transport, and the facilities available at stations and stops, are of particular significance. For those in rural areas, fundamental service provision limitations hamper the potential for traditional, urban-focussed MaaS schemes reliant on public transport networks. A successful rural MaaS system will be distinct from urban MaaS, with a lesser focus on traditional public transport, and peri-urban residents represent an important target group for encouraging modal shift and improving transport system sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing body of evidence indicates correlations between the symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and those of eating disorder (ED). However, further investigation is required to elucidate the temporal and causal relationships between the aforementioned disorders. This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD) was analyzed both as the cause and consequence of ED. We collected the data (from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2011) of patients with antecedent TMJD (N = 15,059) or ED (N = 1219) and their respective controls (1:10), matched by age, sex, income level, residential location, and comorbidities. This study included patients who had received a new diagnosis of an ED or a TMJD between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2013. Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of ED or TMJD development in patients with antecedent TMJD or ED. TMJD patients had an approximately 3.70-fold (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.93–7.10) risk of ED development. Similarly, patients with ED had an approximately 4.78-fold (95 % CI: 2.52–9.09) risk of TMJD development. Subgroup analyses based on ED subtypes indicated antecedent TMJD and bulimia nervosa as the predictors of increased bulimia nervosa and TMJD risks (hazard ratios: 6.41 [95 % CI: 2.91 to 14.11] and 5.84 [95 % CI: 2.75 to 12.41]), respectively. Previous TMJD and ED are associated with increased risks of subsequent ED and TMJD; these findings suggest the presence of a bidirectional temporal association between TMJD and ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'Integrated Township Project' is an urban development policy scheme by the Government of India to promote mixed land-use and result in reduced trip lengths. This study examines the prevalence of short work trip length scenario and the factors influencing the residential location choice at the Megapolis Township (MGT), Pune, India. The mean work trip length worked out from the trip data collected from individuals working at some of the employment centres in the MGT does not certify the short work trip length scenario as expected. With the help of a Stated Preference (SP) survey data administered on these individuals and the land-use data of Pune, a binary logit model is developed. Mixed land-use, house rental value, household size, and car ownership are found to be the significant factors influencing the residential location choice. This study infers that the promotion of mixed land-use through Integrated Townships coupled with the regulation of house rental prices within the townships can help in reducing work trip lengths. As an alternative to the regulation of house rental prices, provision of incentives to attract the individuals (working at various employment centres in the township) to reside within the township may help in reducing the work trip lengths and thus aid the process of sustainable urban land-use and transport growth. Hence, this study calls for necessary attention regarding the regulation of house rental values or alternative strategies at Integrated Townships to promote short work trip length scenario from policy makers involved in urban infrastructure and transport planning. • Shorter trip length scenario at an Integrated Township in Pune, India, is examined. • The mean work trip length obtained do not indicate shorter work trip lengths. • Residential location choice preference surveys are conducted. • Binary logit model shows factors influencing residential location choice. • Regulation of house rent is expected to promote shorter work trip length scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord ependymomas (SCEs) represent the most common intramedullary spinal cord tumors among adults. Research shows that access to neurosurgical care and patient outcomes can be greatly influenced by patient location. This study investigates the association between the outcomes of patients with SCE in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Cases of SCE between 2004 and 2019 were identified within the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, a combined dataset including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries and National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between urbanicity and SCE treatment, adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex, race and ethnicity. Survival data was available from 42 National Program of Cancer Registries (excluding Kansas and Minnesota, for which county data are unavailable), and Cox proportional hazard models were used to understand the effect of surgical treatment, county urbanicity, age at diagnosis, and the interaction effect between age at diagnosis and surgery, on the survival time of patients. Overall, 7577 patients were identified, with 6454 (85%) residing in metropolitan and 1223 (15%) in nonmetropolitan counties. Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties had different age, sex, and race/ethnicity compositions; however, demographics were not associated with differences in the type of surgery received when stratified by urbanicity. Irrespective of metropolitan status, individuals who were American Indian/Alaska Native non-Hispanic and Hispanic (all races) were associated with reduced odds of receiving surgery. Individuals who were Black non-Hispanic and Hispanic were associated with increased odds of receiving comprehensive treatment. Diagnosis of SCE at later ages was linked with elevated mortality (hazard ratio = 4.85, P < 0.001). Gross total resection was associated with reduced risk of death (hazard ratio = 0.37, P = 0.004), and age did not interact with gross total resection to influence risk of death. The relationship between patients' residential location and access to neurosurgical care is critical to ensuring equitable distribution of care. This study represents an important step in delineating areas of existing disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth, underpinned by augmented production, has been the dominant mode of development, where the focus is to influence the ability to increase the output and income of producers. In this process, differences in economic achievement are influenced collectively by geography, culture and institutions that determine effective capabilities. Yet, disparities associated with place are still widespread. In this paper, we draw some insights on the nature of economic deprivation amongst Pakistan households using Household Integrated Economic Survey (PSLM/HIES) data and treating the residential location as a key parameter of interest. In relating to the well-known discussion on rural–urban divide, we identify some commonalities in location-specific attributes in the achievement of economic-wellbeing. The analyses confirm the existing knowledge that poverty and well-being have strong place attachments, favouring urban areas as locations of greater relative well-being due to low levels of deprivation, in particular health, education and food security. In discussing how location may predispose inhabitants to deprivations or vulnerabilities, we identify some opportunities to realign development focus towards meeting local needs and raising aspirations for self-empowerment by better focusing on the nature of economic linkages that supports livelihood diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a scenario analysis and visualization tool for an Integrated Transport, Land-Use and Energy (iTLE) model to spatially analyze and predict changes in transport and land-use environment. The decision support tool operates by taking the iTLE model output data as input which includes residential location of households, individuals' characteristics, and vehicle fleet information. Use of the tool is showcased through a scenario analysis of a 'business as usual (BAU)' projection versus a 'COVID-19 pandemic scenario' for Halifax, Canada. Agent-based microsimulation explores the possible future changes in households' socio-demographic characteristics and travel behaviour in the post-pandemic time. Forecasting up to the year 2025 and comparing between BAU and pandemic scenario shows that, many of the lower median income areas in the BAU projection are estimated to have a much lower median income under the COVID-19 scenario. Furthermore, the COVID-19 scenario only slightly decreases the proportion of the overall population with a transit pass. Under the pandemic scenario, the percentage of households with three or more cars experiences significant growth in urban and suburban areas. Outcomes of this study will offer policymakers a greater understanding of the transformation pattern of urban and suburban neighborhoods in the post-pandemic period. The developed iTLE VIZ tool will allow planners to formulate complex transport and land-use scenarios and simulate them for examining urban systems transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies examining how Australian Aboriginal people will accept, adapt and adhere to interventions such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are sparsely reported. In this study, clinical, demographic, polysomnographic (PSG) and CPAP data were utilised to assess and predict acceptance and adherence to CPAP therapy among adult Aboriginal Australians diagnosed to have OSA. Of the 649 Aboriginal patients with OSA, 49% accepted to trial CPAP therapy. Patients who accepted to trial CPAP showed more severe OSA (65vs.35% with severe OSA), reported higher daytime sleepiness (median 10vs.9), and had a higher BMI (83vs.73% obese). Of those who accepted to trial CPAP, 62% adapted to therapy (used the device for more than 30 days). Patients who adapted had more severe OSA (71vs.54% with severe OSA), and were more likely to live in urban areas (63vs.40%). Of those who adapted, 32% were adherent to therapy. Adherent patients were more likely to live in urban areas (84vs.53%), though there was no difference in OSA severity between adherent and non-adherent patients. In multivariate models remote location and more severe OSA predicted CPAP acceptance, while urban location and more severe OSA predicted adaptation, and urban location and higher oxygen saturation nadir predicted adherence. Acceptance to trial CPAP therapy was observed in the presence of symptomatic and severe OSA. However, long term adherence to CPAP therapy was significantly influenced by patients' residential location, with patients residing in remote/rural settings demonstrating significantly lower adherence rates. • Aboriginal Australians tend to demonstrate presence of severe OSA. • Half of the Aboriginal Australian patients with OSA accepted to trial CPAP therapy. • Patients who accepted to trial therapy had more symptoms, and more severe OSA. • One third of patients demonstrated long-term adherence to CPAP therapy. • Urban residence and higher oxygen saturation predicted long-term adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis (AS), a leading cause of death worldwide, involves chronic macrophage inflammation from its initiation to the emergence of complications. Targeting plaque inflammation by re-polarizing pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 could therefore provide a promising strategy to treat AS, but currently available anti-inflammatory drugs limit clinical outcomes. In this study, we found that kaempferol (KPF) is capable of potential anti-inflammation as a novel drug candidate, which has been scarcely reported. Building upon these findings, we fabricated a macrophage-biomimetic KPF delivery platform, abbreviated as KPF@MM-NPs to potentiate therapeutic payloads, wherein the designed ROS-responsive Dextran- g -PBMEO NPs with π-π stacking were coated with macrophage membrane (MM) for effective target and accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions. Therapy of KPF@MM-NPs afforded significant decrease in proliferating macrophage inflammation while went with the reduction of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and re-polarization M1 to M2 phenotype, inducing excellent anti-AS responses in ApoE−/− mice after i.p. delivery. The mechanism of KPF@MM-NPs was further investigated and found it related to block the ROS/NF-κB signaling pathways. Together with as well demonstrated biosafety profiles, this proof-of-concept opens an instructive door for the study of KPF-mediated nanodrugs in treatment of AS based on biomimetic NPs. A macrophage-biomimetic KPF delivery platform, KPF@MM-NPs where ROS-responsive Dextran- g -PBMEO NPs were coated with MM to home towards the sites of plaque inflammation for chronic AS therapy was fabricated for the first time. KPF@MM-NPs suppressed the inflammatory macrophages proliferation via inhibition ROS/NF-κB pathways and re-polarization M1 to M2 phenotype, thereby inducing excellent anti-AS responses in ApoE−/− mice after i.p. delivery. [Display omitted] • Kaempferol (KPF) was developed as a novel anti-inflammatory drug for AS treatment. • A macrophage-clocked Dextran- g -PBMEO NPs was fabricated for KPF delivery in vivo. • The proposed NPs exhibited excellent anti-AS effect in ApoE−/− mice model. • M1 to M2 polarization via NF-κB pathway was associated with anti-AS of KPF NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the residential location choices made by rural-residing couples with diverse residential biographies at union formation. We explore how this decision-making process is navigated and negotiated as a newly formed household. The study is informed by prior research that has aided our understanding of the relational nature of moving and staying processes, and the integral role of life course transitions in shaping residential decisions. We use data from the wider STAYin(g)Rural project, including a large household survey and in-depth interviews with individuals living in rural Northern Ireland (specifically, the case study site of the Clogher Valley, County Tyrone) who have undergone union formation, and decided to either move to, or stay within, the area. We find that, despite considerable heterogeneity within and between couples in their residential biographies, several common, often inter-related, themes dominated their rural residential location choices. Underpinning much of the desire to live and stay in the rural was a strong sense of belonging and attachment to the area, with a complex interplay of economic, environmental, geographical, and social factors acting to enable staying. Clear generational differences in the decision-making process emphasise the importance of exploring distinctions between and across life course stages in studies that aim to understand the process of (rural) staying. • There is considerable heterogeneity, within and between, rural-residing couples. • Couples make proactive, joint decisions to live in rural areas upon union formation. • Multiple economic and non-economic factors influence decisions to stay rural. • Gender and generation influence the rural residential location choice of couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of working from home (WFH) have grown quickly over the last two decades, yet the option to do so varies by job sector and education level. Due to the advantages associated with WFH, equity concerns have arisen regarding the types of workers still required to commute. While previous studies have identified relationships between socioeconomic status and WFH access, few researchers have addressed the role of residential location. This paper uses pre-pandemic survey data to identify differences in WFH behaviors among U.S. rural and non-rural workers. To isolate the independent effect of residential location, this analysis uses binomial logistic and multinomial logistic regressions of 2017 travel data. Compared to urbanites, rural people prefer to work from home but less frequently can do so, all else equal. Findings on ethnicity, education, household structure, and professional employment also suggest distinct associations with WFH access by urban/rural residence. Understanding WFH behaviors among people facing accessibility disadvantages – including rural residents– remains a critical task for researchers. The decline of the commute may be the most remarkable emerging trend in travel behavior. This may disadvantage people who cannot WFH, and rural residents may thus face new employment challenges and travel burdens. Efforts to support rural workers should prioritize access to technology infrastructure and jobs that can be done virtually. • In 2017, U.S. rural workers had fewer options to WFH than equivalent urbanites. • Metropolitan residents commuted by choice more often than small-town, micropolitan, and rural people. • Professional workers were more likely to commute by choice than non-professionals. • Job types account for some – but not all – differences in WFH access between urban and rural residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence on the link of long-term exposure to ozone (O 3) with childhood asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and eczema is inconclusive. We did a population-based cross-sectional survey, including 177,888 children from 173 primary and middle schools in 14 Chinese cities. A satellite-based spatiotemporal model was employed to assess four-year average O 3 exposure at both residential and school locations. Information on asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema and conjunctivitis was collected by a standard questionnaire developed by the American Thoracic Society. We used generalized non-linear and linear mixed models to test the associations. We observed linear exposure-response associations between O 3 and all outcomes. The odds ratios of doctor-diagnosed asthma, rhinitis, eczema, and conjunctivitis associated with per interquartile increment in home-school O 3 concentration were 1.31 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.28, 1.34), 1.25 (95 %CI: 1.23, 1.28), 1.19 (95 %CI: 1.16, 1.21), and 1.28 (95 %CI: 1.21, 1.34), respectively. Similar associations were observed for asthma-related outcomes including current asthma, wheeze, current wheeze, persistent phlegm, and persistent cough. Moreover, stronger associations were observed among children who were aged > 12 years, physically inactive, and exposed to higher temperature. In conclusion, long-term O 3 exposure was associated with higher risks of asthma, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and eczema in children. [Display omitted] • This is the largest multi-city study of 177,888 children in three provinces in China. • Long-term ozone exposure was related to asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and eczema. • Strong effects were found in older, inactive and higher temperature exposed children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research considers the intersection between intergenerational support, housing outcomes, and spatially-differentiated housing markets to examine the transmission and reproduction of housing inequality across generations. Specifically, it aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between parental backgrounds and young adults' housing tenure as well as residential location outcomes. Drawing on original survey data collected in Shanghai over 2018 and 2019, this study, firstly, reveals both Chinese young adults' strong tendency to enter homeownership early in their housing trajectories and the key role of parental support. Alongside the influence of parental financial support and other socioeconomic resources in housing market entry, the analysis shows the importance of living in parental-owned housing in enabling subsequent homeownership access. Secondly, we investigate the spatial dimension of the intergenerational reproduction of inequality. While descriptive analyses imply more advantaged parental backgrounds structure access to higher value and to some extent higher gain submarkets, our regression modelling points to significant effects being concentrated among individual socioeconomic characteristics. We contend that research integrating both tenure and spatial housing market dynamics is valuable in understanding the transmission of housing inequalities across generations. • This research examines the intersection between intergenerational support, housing outcomes, and spatially-differentiated housing markets. • The categorization of tenure outcome goes beyond the conventional binary of rental versus homeownership. • It considers location outcomes in spatially-differentiated housing submarkets with varying housing values and value changes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neighborhood level social determinants of health are commonly measured using a patient's most recent residential location. Not accounting for residential history, and therefore missing accumulated stressors from prior social vulnerabilities, could increase misclassification bias. We tested the hypothesis that the electronic health record could capture the residential history of lung transplant patients –a vulnerable population. After applying the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to individual residential histories, the most recent SVI equaled the first SVI in only 15.4% (58/374) of patients. There is a need for databases with residential histories to inform place-based determinants of health and applications to patient care. • Social Determinants of Health often consider only the most recent residence. • Not accounting for the residential history could increase misclassification bias. • Patient mobility could be captured using the electronic health record. • There is a critical need for databases with residential histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accessibility of urban rail systems in residential areas significantly impacts residents' overall life satisfaction. Although many studies have examined the overall impact of rail accessibility on life satisfaction in various developed countries, few have focused on spatial heterogeneity and travel ability between rail accessibility and life satisfaction in developing countries. This study uses data from a 2017 activity-travel survey in Shanghai to examine the relationship between rail accessibility and residents' life satisfaction in central urban and suburban areas with different travel abilities. It finds that both residential location and travel ability influence the impact of rail accessibility on life satisfaction. There are differences in the thresholds for rail accessibility among residents with different residential locations and private car ownership. These findings suggest that rail transit is a powerful tool for promoting the well-being in developing countries, and proper planning of rail station siting and land use is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban proximity planning is foreseen as a solution to foster a "sustainable" city, including economic viability, environmental soundness and social inclusivity. This paper focuses on the inclusivity aspects by questioning the adoption of urban proximities: how far planning for urban proximities resonates or conflicts with current residential preferences and practices? Based on functional, social, and sensitive attributes, five latent residential preferences have been identified: spatial proximity, tranquility, elitism, social proximity, and conviviality. These aspirations form the basis for a longitudinal, spatial, and clustering analysis. The results of the analysis, conducted on 2200+ respondents in Geneva, reveal characteristics in residential preferences. Firstly, preferences are stable over time, but malleable to changing circumstances. Secondly, some preferences show clear spatial distribution patterns when regressed with residential location choice. Thirdly, the gap between preferences and actual residential practices varies across morphological attributes. As a main result, the clustering analysis shows that 43 % of the population aspire more to tranquility than to functional proximity; and those aspiring for proximities (32 %) are the youngest and wealthiest. This questions the relevance of models of urban proximities as an inclusive solution – raising issues of generational divide, territorial segregation, and injunctive and targeted planning. • 43 % of the population prefers tranquility over functional proximity. • Those aspiring for proximities (32 %) are the youngest and wealthiest. • The preferences for Spatial Proximity and Conviviality are oriented inward. • Elitism and Social Proximity are spread across the territory. • Residential preferences are stable over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fatal residential fires, at least in Sweden, seem to consistently be clustered into six distinct clusters regardless of studied time period or sub-population; smoking – clothes, smoking – bed/sofa, technical, stove-related, deliberate (arson), and unknown. • Preventative efforts should focus on the clusters shown in this study in order to further reduce the number of fatal residential fires. • Almost a third of all fatal fires in Sweden have unknown causes and little information regarding the victims. Parallel to actively working with preventative measures aimed at the identified clusters, improvements must be made in terms of the accident analyses of fatal fires. Introduction: Despite a positive long-term trend in fire mortality rates, more knowledge is required concerning the causes and typologies of fatal residential fires in order to improve preventative efforts and further decrease fatality rates. A previous study suggested that fatal residential fires can be grouped into six categories, however, the analyses were performed on a limited dataset that is now more than a decade old. As such, there are some uncertainties regarding the current situation. Also, in the previous study, no subgroups were analyzed separately, despite fatal fires being renowned for being strongly age-dependent. Method: This study re-analyzes the typologies for fatal residential fires in Sweden using cluster analysis, based on data for a period of 20 years with a particular focus on older adults. Results: The results suggest that the original cluster analyses were relatively robust for both the total population and for the elderly population, thereby indicating that fatal fires seem to be consistently grouped into certain types. Conclusions: The results suggest that preventative efforts can be directed toward these types of events involving identified individuals. The results also suggest that the number of fatal residential fires with unknown causes has increased in relation to other fires during the 20-year study period. Practical Implications: Fatal residential fires with unknown causes are more often large night-time fires occurring in houses in rural locations. In order to prevent these, both prevention and reactive strategies need to be re-evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Residential location choice involves spatial correlation between alternatives. • New spatial location choice model that improves previous approaches. • New model combining nested logit and spatially correlated logit. • Spatially correlated nested logit does not increase number of unknown parameters. Residential location choice is a key component of the models for predicting land-use and transport demand in urban planning. In general, it requires to consider correlation between spatial alternatives. The approach of nested alternatives of the nested logit model has proved highly efficient in this context. This approach incorporates into the nested logit model both spatial and non-spatial correlations due to unobserved variables. The approach of metric extensions to the spatially correlated logit model specifies models for capturing spatial correlations between alternatives without having to design a nested structure. A model combining both approaches is proposed in this research. The spatially correlated nested logit model proposed herein models the correlation between alternatives of the nests of a nested logit model using a metric of spatial correlation between pairs of alternatives. The proposed model improves the properties of the nested logit model without the need of increasing the number of unknown parameters. Our model also improves the properties of a spatially correlated model with the same spatial metric. When needing to incorporate preference heterogeneity into the model, the proposed model is compatible with a mixed specification with random coefficients. The spatially correlated nested logit model was empirically applied to the real case of residential location choice in the city of Santander in Spain. In this empirical context, this model improved the explanatory and predictive power of the models that it combines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Road pricing is a potential tool for controlling traffic congestion and pollution. • We study cordon tolls using the dynamic traffic network simulator METROPOLIS. • A Gaussian dispersion model is used to compute the distribution of pollution. • Step tolls have only a small advantage over flat tolls for pricing emissions. • Health effects vary with location relative to the cordon(s) and wind direction. Road traffic is a major contributor to air pollution which is a serious problem in many large cities. Experience in London, Milan, and Stockholm indicates that road pricing can be useful in reducing vehicle emissions as well as congestion. This study uses a dynamic traffic network simulator that models choices of mode, departure time, and route to investigate the effectiveness of tolls to target emissions and congestion externalities on a stylized urban road network during a morning commuting period. The spatial distribution of four pollutants is calculated using a Gaussian dispersion model that accounts for wind speed and direction. Single and double cordon tolls are evaluated, as well as flat tolls that do not change during the simulation period and step tolls that change at half-hourly intervals. The presence of emissions externalities raises optimal toll levels, and substantially increases the welfare gains from tolling, although the proportional advantage of step tolls over flat tolls is lower than if congestion is the only externality. The individual welfare-distributional effects of tolling vary strongly with residential and workplace locations relative to the cordon, and also differ for the upwind and downwind sides of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TA-MSCs impair NK cell immune activity through direct and indirect mechanisms to promote tumor progression. Blocking TA-MSCs' inhibitory effects on NK cells, or combined with conventional therapies, induce tumor regression. [Display omitted] • TA-MSCs influence immune cells to foster immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. • Tumor-infiltrating NK cells display reduced number and impaired antitumor activity. • TA-MSCs reshape NK cells with the tumor microenvironment by distinct mechanisms. • Blocking the regulatory effect of TA-MSCs on NK cells holds promise for tumor therapy. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), originating from normal tissues, possess the capacity to home to tumor sites and differentiate into tumor-associated MSCs (TA-MSCs), which are instrumental in shaping an immunosuppressive milieu within tumors. Natural killer (NK) cells, integral to the innate immune system, are endowed with the ability to eradicate target cells autonomously, serving as an immediate defense against neoplastic growths. Nonetheless, within the tumor microenvironment (TME), NK cells often exhibit a decline in both their numerical presence and functionality. TA-MSCs have been shown to exert profound inhibitory effects on the functions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, notably NK cells. Understanding the mechanisms by which TA-MSCs contribute to NK cell dysfunction is critical for the advancement of immune surveillance and the enhancement of tumoricidal responses. This review summarizes existing literature on NK cell modulation by TA-MSCs within the TME and proposes innovative strategies to augment antitumor immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we model the telework-commute distance decision process as a package choice, and use a latent segmentation approach to recognize that some individuals may choose their telework arrangement first and then choose their commute distance (their residential location), while others may adopt a reverse causal behavioral process. The latent segment modeling methodology combines a multiple discrete–continuous probit model for telework adoption/intensity as the proportion of monthly workdays worked from home, from the office, and from a variable third workplace, with a log-linear regression model for commute distance (the home-to-office distance). The data for our analysis is drawn from a 2022 survey of Texas residents. Results suggest that about 20% of the population are likely "movers", whose telework choices led to a residential move that changed commute distance, while the other 80% are "stayers", whose commute distance at their predetermined (to telework) residential location changed telework habits. We further quantify the impact of teleworking on commute distances by computing the expected commute distance for several telework distribution preferences. A shift from 100% in-person work to 100% home-based remote work increases average commute distance by 64.8%, while working from a third workplace for any portion of a month reduces commute lengths relative to only home-based telework. In terms of monthly commute vehicle miles traveled (VMT), working from home for less than 18.6% of the month (about once a week) per worker actually increases overall monthly commute VMT. Monthly commute VMT reductions become tangible only at about 30–40% telework for each worker (about two days of telework per week for full-time workers with 22 workdays per month). In general, between 0 and 40% home-based telework per worker (with the remaining percentage at the office), there is a 10% commute VMT reduction for each 10% increase in home-based telework. In the range of 40% to 80% home-based telework, there is about a 13% commute VMT reduction for every 10% increase in home-based telework. And in the range of 80%-100% home-based telework reduction, there is about a 15% commute VMT reduction for every 10% increase in home-based telework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding whether urban green space (UGS) provision becomes more adequate and equal is a global issue. Proposing a spatiotemporal lens, this study investigates the development of UGS provision at the city scale from supply-demand perspective. By using an improved n -step floating catchment area method, we calculate the supply and supply-and-demand ratio of UGS accessibility for UGS provisions that are accessible and actually enjoyed by residents in residential locations from 2012 to 2021 in Shanghai, China. We assess these changes with a Mann–Kendall test, and evaluate the changes of quantitative equity with the environment concentration index (ECI) and the spatial disparity of UGS provision using spatiotemporal statistics. Findings show UGS provisions that are accessible and actually enjoyed by residents in residential areas in Shanghai, has become more adequate and equal during the last 10 years. UGS provision for residential areas in the central city area is more equal on the ECI and displays more significant heterogeneity than in other areas. Areas of high UGS provisions that are accessible for residents in residential areas are clustered in built-up district areas, whereas areas of high UGS provision actually enjoyed by residents are clustered in residential areas in old town areas. • We calculate UGS accessibility supply and supply-and-demand ratio to assess UGS provisions accessible and actually enjoyed; • We spatiotemporally investigate the development of UGS provision for residents at the city scale; • UGS provision in Shanghai has become more adequate and equal in the last 10 years; • UGS provision is more adequate and equal within neighborhoods than at the utmost service radius; • UGS provision in the central city area has remained more adequate and equal than in other areas over the past 10 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic have led to significant changes in travel behaviour and public activities, and they might have contributed to changes in residential location choices. However, research examining the relationship between residential location choice and COVID-19 is very limited. To that end, this paper focuses on how pandemic-induced changes in work patterns, travel preferences and daily activity patterns have altered residential preferences and potentially, relocation trends. The main determinants of residential location choice have been established in the literature over the past 30 years: physical attributes of the dwelling; surrounding built environment; affordability; and accessibility to transportation, workplaces, and services. However, each of these determinants are prioritised differently depending on the circumstances. Therefore, exploring how these priorities have shifted after the pandemic can pave the way for understanding how preferences for residential location choice shift as a consequence. From the review, the key findings include the decreasing importance of transport and workplace accessibility in residential location choice after the pandemic. Firstly, teleworking is becoming more prevalent within office jobs than before the pandemic, leading to less frequent trips to conventional workplaces, reducing the need to live within a commutable distance to a workplace. Secondly, trips to other activities have likewise become less frequent due to either remote alternatives (e.g., online shopping) or shifting towards services closer to home, reducing the need to travel in general. Another consequence of the pandemic is people staying at home longer than before, thus increasing the need for more desirable dwelling attributes such as larger house size and wider surrounding green space. Since these attributes are generally more affordable in areas less accessible to transport and services, this may subsequently lead to migrations to areas of lower population density, potentially decentralising urban areas. • Long-term teleworking has reduced the need to live near the workplace post-pandemic. • Residential preferences shift towards desirable dwellings at affordable prices. • Prevalence of online shopping has led to permanent changes in retail destinations. • Transport preference inclines towards car dependency over sustainable modes. • Overall findings suggest a potential shift towards urban decentralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "housing ladder" refers to the phenomenon of people moving from one housing type to another according to changing demands of different life stages. This phenomenon is observed in many countries and is known as the Jutaku Sugoroku Paradigm in the Japanese context. This study aims to clarify whether adult children's access to homeownership might be affected by their parents' homeownership and their place of origin. Questionnaire Data from a survey across Japan's two largest metropolitan areas, Tokyo and Osaka, were analyzed by combining crosstabulations and a binomial logit model. The results revealed that individuals are more likely to attain homeownership if they come from a metropolitan area and if their home of origin is an owner-occupied house. These findings suggest that housing inequality is being passed on to the next generation by parents' homeownership status and residential location. Japanese housing policies that promote private ownership of housing may reinforce these inequalities. The study concludes that Japan experiences the same intergenerational transmission of housing inequality due to homeownership as other countries, whereas place of origin was an additional factor for homeownership in the Japanese context. • Inheritance of housing inequality in Japan has accelerated as global experiences. • Adult children's access to homeownership might be affected by their place of origin. • Peoples' access to homeownership might be affected by both their parents' homeownership and their place of origin. • Place of origin was an additional key factor for intergenerational transmission of housing inequality in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of residential location choice suggest that the decision where to live depends on various economic, social, and environmental factors, including housing prices, lifecycle stage, household structure, job accessibility, and commuting time. By focusing on the motivational dimension of choice, and by linking the concept of regulatory focus to residential location preferences, the present paper extends these classic models. According to regulatory focus theory, goal-pursuit behavior is regulated by two motivational systems – promotion and prevention. Individuals with a promotion focus are motivated by the need for accomplishment, and use eager strategies to attain their goals. They take risks, are creative, and have a preference for a high-speed and fast-paced lifestyle. Individuals with a prevention focus are motivated by the need for safety and security, and use vigilant strategies. They try to avoid risk, attach high importance to stability, and prefer a more relaxed and slow-paced lifestyle. Three studies tested the effect of regulatory focus on residential location choice. Study 1 (n = 85) examined the relationship between promotion focus and the choice to live in fast-paced cities. The participants' regulatory focus was assessed as a chronic disposition using the regulatory focus questionnaire, after which they viewed images of a vibrant city (crowds of people rushing in the streets, heavy vehicle traffic), and were asked whether they would be willing to live in this city (yes/no). Promotion focus positively predicted the probability of 'yes' responses. Study 2 (n = 79) examined the relationship between prevention focus and the choice to live in slow-paced cities. The participants' regulatory focus was first measured using the regulatory focus questionnaire. Then, they viewed images of a relaxed city (people walking slowly from one place to the other, sparse vehicle traffic), after which they were asked whether they would be willing to live in this city (yes/no). There was no direct relationship between prevention focus the probability of 'yes' responses. In Study 3 (n = 102), priming was used to have participants experience either a history of promotion success (vs. promotion failure) or a history of prevention success (vs. prevention failure). Then, the participants viewed images of a fast-paced city and images of a slow-paced city, and were asked to choose in which of the two cities they would prefer to live (fast-paced city/slow-paced city). The experience of promotion success was positively associated with choosing to live in a fast-paced city. The experience of prevention success was not associated with choosing to live in a slow-paced city. Together, these findings suggest that individuals with a promotion focus are attracted to, and prefer to live in, vibrant and fast-paced urban environments. There was no evidence in this research for a direct relationship between prevention focus and the choice to live in slow-paced urban environments. Implications for urban planning and land use management are discussed. • There is a relationship between regulatory focus and residential location choice • Promotion focus is directly and positively associated with a preference to live in fast-paced cities • Prevention focus is not directly associated with a preference to live in slow-paced cities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the impact of urban virtual amenities (VAs) based on online and offline services on residents and urban spaces is important in the context of mobile internet access. However, the measurement of VA usage and its association with urban space have limited its theoretical development. This study identifies relocation directions through changes in residential locations and measures the four types of VA usage via mobile app data. An ordered logistic regression model is constructed to measure the correlation between VA usage and residential locations. The results show a significant association between VA usage and residential location. Residents who use VA-shopping are inclined to live outside the central region, while the opposite is true for residents who use VA-life and VA-public service. Because the users and usage intensity of VA-shopping are greater than those of other services, we summarize the VAs that drive outward relocation and urban decentralization because virtual amenities liberate the constraints on residential mobility imposed by the proximity of functional urban amenities. The findings are informative for understanding urban spaces under mobile ICTs and conducting behavior research on virtual-real interactions. • Provide an analytical method for measuring individual's virtual activities. • Virtual amenity usage is related to the location of the residence. • Virtual amenities promote out-relocation of residents and urban decentralization in megacity. • There are significant differences in effects on relocation with different types of virtual amenities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Females were less likely to receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) • In public locations, lower arrest recognition partly explained the sex difference. • Reasons for the observed differences should be investigated, and public education and training should address this issue. • Bystander AED use was lower in females, mostly explained by fewer female arrests in a public location. To assess whether bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differed by patient sex among bystander-witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA). This study is a retrospective analysis of paramedic-attended OHCA in New South Wales (NSW) between January 2017 to December 2019 (restricted to bystander-witnessed cases). Exclusions included OHCA in aged care, medical facilities, with advance care directives, from non-medical causes. Multivariate logistic regression examined the association of patient sex with bystander CPR. Secondary outcomes were OHCA recognition, bystander AED application, initial shockable rhythm, and survival outcomes. Of 4,491cases, females were less likely to receive bystander CPR in private residential (Adjusted Odds ratio [AOR]: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.70–0.95) and public locations (AOR: 0.58, 95%CI:0.39–0.88). OHCA recognition during the emergency call was lower for females arresting in public locations (84.6% vs 91.6%, p = 0.002) and this partially explained the association of sex with bystander CPR (∼44%). This difference in recognition was not observed in private residential locations (p = 0.2). Bystander AED use was lower for females (4.8% vs 9.6%, p < 0.001); however, after adjustment for location and other covariates, this relationship was no longer significant (AOR: 0.83, 95%CI: 0.60–1.12). Females were less likely to be in an initial shockable rhythm (AOR: 0.52, 95%CI: 0.44–0.61), but more likely to survive the event (AOR: 1.34, 95%CI: 1.15–1.56). There was no sex difference in survival to hospital discharge (AOR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.77–1.19). OHCA recognition and bystander CPR differ by patient sex in NSW. Research is needed to understand why this difference occurs and to raise public awareness of this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is an increased focus on promoting eco-friendly cities, biologically important but dangerous wildlife creatures encroach into cities, which can cause human-wildlife conflicts. We examine how the encroachment of wildlife affects humans' decisions to exterminate wildlife, the spatial patterns of conflicts, and the size of cities. We develop a theoretical model where animals optimize their food intake by spreading out in response to heterogeneous feeding grounds in cities, and humans choose their housing location and exterminate wildlife in response to the presence of wildlife. We characterize a Nash equilibrium of land competition in every location and then prove the existence and uniqueness of the spatial equilibrium. We solve the optimal and the equilibrium and obtain properties with respect to human population density, the densities of wildlife species, the level of countermeasures against wildlife, and human-wildlife conflicts at each location; the numbers of species; and the size of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• COVID-19 has led to drastic changes in people's mobility and lifestyle. • The transformation due to COVID-19 may account for the potentially disruptive impacts on urban and transportation planning. • Recognizing the adverse effects of COVID-19 is crucial in mitigating the negative behavioral changes. • The major sources of impacts on mobility decisions are reviewed and discussed. The outbreak of SARS-COV-2 has led to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and caused over 4.5 million deaths worldwide by September 2021. Besides the public health crisis, COVID-19 affected the global economy and development significantly. It also led to changes in people's mobility and lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to short-term changes, the drastic transformation of the world may account for the potentially disruptive long-term impacts. Recognizing the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial in mitigating the negative behavioral changes that directly relate to people's psychological and social well-being. It is important to stress that citizens and governments face an uncertain situation since nobody knows exactly how the viruses and cures will develop. Better understanding of uncertainties and evaluating behavioral changes contribute to addressing the future of urban development, public transportation, and behavioral strategies to tackle COVID-19 negative consequences. The major sources of impacts on short-term (route, departure time, mode, teleshopping, and teleworking) and medium and long-term (car ownership, work location, choice of job, and residential location) mobility decisions are mostly reviewed and discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose and investigate the concept of commuting service platform (CSP) that leverages emerging mobility services for commuting and connect directly commuters (employees) and their worksites (employers). By applying the two-sided market analysis framework, we show under what conditions a CSP may present the two-sidedness. Both the monopoly and duopoly CSPs are then analyzed. We show how the price allocation, i.e., the prices charged to commuters and worksites, can impact the participation and profit of the CSPs. We also extend the method to consider locations of homes and worksites, and propose a general modeling framework to consider the locations. Discussions are presented on how the findings in this paper may help build CSP in practice and how to develop new, CSP-based travel demand management strategies. • Commuting service platform (CSP) connects commuters (employees) and worksites (employers). • Two-sided market analysis method can be applied to analyze CSP. • Interactions of employees and employers impact the participation and profit of CSP. • Monopoly and duopoly CSPs, as well as impacts of locations of homes and worksites, are analyzed. • Research results can help build CSP in practice and to develop CSP-based TDM policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have shown that the travel behavior of young adults in the United States in the past two decades differed from that of prior generations. On average, recent young adults drove fewer miles, owned fewer vehicles and made use of public transit more often. A higher share of young adults also chose to live in cities. This study examines the relationship between the location decision of young adults and their travel behavior. We examine how being a young adult and other socioeconomic variables are associated with residential location decisions, and how these in turn affect vehicle ownership, mode choice and travel distance. Our analysis uses household travel survey data from the Seattle regions collected in 2006 and 2017 and employs a recursive structural equation model to examine these questions. We find that young adult households were more likely to live closer to the city center and to have fewer vehicles than older ones. Fewer young adults also chose to own vehicles in 2017 than in 2006. While young adults made more use of non-automobile modes and had fewer person miles traveled, we find that these effects were more due to their residential location and vehicle ownership decisions than due to direct preferences about mode or distance traveled. These findings suggest that significant changes would be expected in the mode use and miles traveled among young adults if their residential location or vehicle ownership preferences change significantly due to life cycle or other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision to own a car usually results from a mix of changes in socio-economics, residential location, demographics or preferences of the individuals. These changes do not directly influence car ownership but are lagged in time or sometimes occur on anticipation of future events. In this research we investigate how some of the most common predictors for car ownership change over the years and how much impact they actually have in their decision for owning a car. We make a distinction in impact for people living in an urban and people living in a rural environment. A multinomial logit was estimated in 4 separate years to assess the impact of changes in residential location, age and income. The results show that not only the impact of these common predictors is changing but also the relation that they have regarding car ownership. These results illustrates the complexity of car ownership and suggests a more dynamic approach for the prediction of car ownership in both urban and rural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Long term outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) are not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term (1-year and beyond) survival outcomes, including overall survival and survival with favorable neurological status and the quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes, among patients who survived the initial OHCA event (30 days or till hospital discharge).Methods: Embase, Medline and PubMed were searched for primary studies (randomized controlled trials, cohort and cross-sectional studies) which reported the long-term survival outcomes of OHCA patients. Data abstraction and quality assessment was conducted, and survival at predetermined timepoints were assessed via single-arm meta-analyses of proportions, using generalized linear mixed models. Comparative meta-analyses were conducted using the Mantel-Haenszel Risk Ratio (RR) estimates, using the DerSimonian and Laird model.Results: 67 studies were included, and among patients that survived to hospital discharge or 30-days, 77.3% (CI = 71.2-82.4), 69.6% (CI = 54.5-70.3), 62.7% (CI = 54.5-70.3), 46.5% (CI = 32.0-61.6), and 20.8% (CI = 7.8-44.9) survived to 1-, 3-, 5-, 10- and 15-years respectively. Compared to Asia, the probability of 1-year survival was greater in Europe (RR = 2.1, CI = 1.8-2.3), North America (RR = 2.0, CI = 1.7-2.2) and Oceania (RR = 1.9, CI = 1.6-2.1). Males had a higher 1-year survival (RR:1.41, CI = 1.25-1.59), and patients with initial shockable rhythm had improved 1-year (RR = 3.07, CI = 1.78-5.30) and 3-year survival (RR = 1.45, CI = 1.19-1.77). OHCA occurring in residential locations had worse 1-year survival (RR = 0.42, CI = 0.25-0.73).Conclusion: Our study found that up to 20.8% of OHCA patients survived to 15-years, and survival was lower in Asia compared to the other regions. Further analysis on the differences in survival between the regions are needed to direct future long-term treatment of OHCA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Contrary to popular belief, many over 65 years ride-hail, often self-booking rides. • Older adults who are more comfortable with technology book via the app. • Those who are less comfortable with technology rely on others or use phone booking. • Those with health issues and disabilities are more likely to book trips using an app. • More seniors would likely use ride-hailing if the booking process is made easy for everyone. Ride-hailing services like Lyft and Uber have the potential to improve mobility for many older adults, especially those who cannot or prefer not to drive. We used survey data from 2,917 Californians 55 years and older to investigate (1) how older adults who currently ride-hail booked their trips, and (2) what personal characteristics, including attitudes towards technology, were correlated with booking trips online versus by phone or with help. We specified four binary probit models in which the outcome variables are the manner in which a respondent accessed ride-hailing services: self-booked by phone, self-booked by app, booked by a family/friend/caregiver but rode alone, or booked by others and rode with them. We controlled for two attitudinal constructs (confident and cautious about technology), residential location, general travel behavior, physical health, and standard socio-economic factors. We found that respondents who were more confident using technology booked via apps, while those who were more cautious about technology were less likely to book using apps. This latter group was more likely to book by phone or rely on others for help. Other characteristics associated with higher likelihood of booking via apps were: living in the suburbs, not relying on others for rides, having physical health issues, being college educated, and being non-Hispanic. Our findings provide a basis to think about expanding ride-hailing to other older adults, particularly those who are not comfortable with technology, through convenient access to ride-hailing booking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous research suggests cancer patients living in rural areas have lower quality of care, but population-based studies have yielded inconsistent results. This study examines the impact of rurality on care quality for 7 cancer types in California.Methods: Breast, ovarian, endometrial, cervix, colon, lung, and gastric cancer patients diagnosed from 2004 to 2017 were identified in the California Cancer Registry. Multivariable logistic regression and proportional hazards models were used to assess effects of residential location on quality of care and survival. Stratified models examined the impact of treatment at National Cancer Institute designated cancer centers (NCICCs). Quality of care was evaluated using Commission on Cancer measures. Medical Service Study Areas were used to assess urban/rural status. Data were collected in 2004-2019 and analyzed in 2020.Results: 989,747 cancer patients were evaluated, with 14% living in rural areas. Rural patients had lower odds of receiving radiation after breast conserving surgery compared to urban residents. Colon and gastric cancer patients had 20% and 16% lower odds, respectively, of having optimal surgery. Rural patients treated at NCICCs had greater odds of recommended surgery for most cancer types. Survival was similar among urban and rural subgroups.Conclusions: Rural residence was inversely associated with receipt of recommended surgery for gastric and colon cancer patients not treated at NCICCs, and for receiving recommended radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery regardless of treatment location. Further studies investigating the impact of care location and availability of supportive services on urban-rural differences in quality of care are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The traffic equilibria are analytically derived for two right-of-way policies. • Adopting the frequency-based AVs-priority policy can reduce travel cost for suburban residents. • An increase in AV automation level may result in an increase in expected trip time. • If environment quality depends solely on residential density, with an increasing level of AV automation, the utility for all residents increases and the suburb expands. This study considers a closed core-suburb city connected by a highway. Two travel modes, namely on-demand and frequency-based autonomous vehicles (AVs), are used for commuting between the suburb and urban core. Each resident attempts to maximize his/her individual utility with consideration to environment quality by choosing a residential location, travel mode, departure time, and non-housing composite consumption good within an expenditure budget. The traffic equilibria are analytically derived for two right-of-way policies, namely (i) the two travel modes sharing the right-of-way and (ii) frequency-based AVs-priority, with consideration of the effect of AVs on travel and urban characteristics. It was found from the analytical results that at any level of AV automation, adopting the frequency-based AVs-priority policy can reduce travel cost for suburban residents while alleviating traffic congestion. Furthermore, an increase in AV automation level results in an increase in expected trip time if the highway capacity is less elastic than the value of travel time for on-demand AVs with respect to the automation level. In addition, if the environment quality depends solely on the residential density, with an increasing level of AV automation, the suburban population and the number of residents using on-demand AVs increase, the land rent in the urban core reduces, the suburb expands, and the utility for all residents increases. These findings help to provide a better understanding of the interactions between AVs, travel and urban characteristics, and serve as a valuable reference to transportation-urban planning in the era of driving automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport-related residential self-selection indicates that people try to live in a neighbourhood in line with their travel preferences and needs. Although studies have found that travel attitudes are mostly aligned with urban form characteristics of the residential location, no studies have explored whether people are actually able to travel in their preferred way after having relocated. In this study we analyse whether individuals' travel patterns are consistent with their travel preferences following residential relocation and if this congruency affects their travel satisfaction. Results from 1650 recently relocated residents in the city of Ghent (Belgium) indicate that most respondents were able to change their travel behaviour in congruence with their travel attitudes. The study found that a decrease in travel duration, distance, car use, and public transport use, and an increase in walking and cycling increased travel satisfaction. This is particularly true when changes in travel behaviour interacted with travel attitudes. Results show that when walking and cycling levels change in line with travel attitudes, travel satisfaction increases strongly. However, the interaction between travel behaviour changes and travel attitudes does not always explain travel satisfaction (improvements). We found, for instance, that individuals with reduced travel durations, despite having a positive attitude towards travel in general, have high levels of travel satisfaction (improvements). The findings indicate that built environment interventions enabling a transport-related self-selection process have the potential to contribute to satisfying travel and thereby to improve subjective well-being of residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activity resource allocation or dispersion (e.g., employment, education), transport network improvement, and property development, affect the urban community in different ways. To illuminate their intricate relations, we study the perspectives of three groups of stakeholders: i) households with heterogeneous members seeking a common residence to optimize their proximity to activity resources; ii) transport planners aiming to relieve traffic congestion; and iii) property developers aiming to maximize their housing profit through the bid-rent process. To assess the impacts of different resource allocation patterns (centralized versus dispersed), a household bid-rent and residential location choice model with heterogeneous compositions is developed, including household members' activity destination choices and travel choices under stochastic user equilibrium. We apply this model to a new redevelopment region in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The results show that centralized resource allocation increases the producer surplus but reduces the household disposable income. Compared with dispersion in school resource allocation or transport improvement, job reallocation is the most efficient in alleviating traffic congestion as employments are dispersed into multiple centers, and inter-zonal commute trips are converted into intra-zonal trips. We also investigate the outcomes as the urban structure varies from monocentric, dual-core into multiple self-contained communities (i.e. polycentric). The results show that any accessibility gain due to a change in the urban form will be capitalized by developers into higher housing prices in the new central business district (CBD) regions, hence shrinking the consumer surplus and disposable income. Therefore, it is unlikely to find an urban form that will achieve win–win–win situations for all three stakeholder groups in the case study example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A dimension reduction approach is employed to model the reverse commute. • Greater distances between origin and destination predict the reverse commute. • Higher percent of population African American at origin predict reverse commute. • Lower incomes at origin and higher incomes at destination predict reverse commute. • Effect of metropolitan fragmentation on reverse commute is unclear. This paper measures a) whether the reverse commute – a commute where a worker travels from a home location in the city to a workplace location in the suburbs – is characterized by a uniquely disparate socioeconomic and demographic space between home and workplace, and b) what role greater fragmentation between municipalities in a region might play in this theoretically inequitable circumstance. We employ administrative origin–destination data from the metropolitan Philadelphia, PA area and contemporary dimension reduction methodologies to model the likelihood of an origin destination pair being classified as a reverse commute. Particular attention is given to interactions between socioeconomic and metropolitan fragmentation terms and non-linear specifications of predictor variables. Greater socioeconomic and demographic disparity between home and work geographies is found to uniquely predict the reverse commute. We also find that fragmentation at the metropolitan scale has a multidimensional impact in relation to this socio-economic difference. Together, our findings appear to signal that, while greater regional socioeconomic disparity does indeed correlate with the reverse commute, greater metropolitan fragmentation may not. This portrait highlights new areas for transport research around political fragmentation and makes the case for renewed, equity-oriented policy investment in the reverse commuting problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban areas face important challenges linked to contradictory trends of concentration, urban sprawl and segregation. More and more people choose to buy a residence in the suburbs taking advantage of the accessibility increase. At the same time, young households choose to rent in central areas. In this paper, distinguishing between renters and owners, we investigate the evolution of the households' location choice determinants over time with a special focus on accessibility to employment. Our case study is the Lyon urban area. We rely on discrete choice models using the disaggregated census data of the location choices of households from 1999, 2008 and 2013 and we calculate elasticities. The results confirm our initial intuition. Owners become less sensitive to accessibility to employment over time whereas it is the opposite for renters. Our results suggest the importance of incorporating these temporal evolutions into models for a better land-use transport integration and policy. • The paper investigates the evolution of the households' location choice determinants. • The trade-off "Accessibility to employment-Housing price" is different depending on the housing tenure status. • Accessibility matters differently: Owners become less sensitive when choosing their location, whereas renters become more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a two-city model for investigating the effects of investing in intra-city and inter-city rail lines, in which population migration and commuting between cities may occur and the spatial structure of each city is explicitly treated. The rail lines concerned include subway line within a city and high-speed rail (HSR) line between cities. The cities in the two-city system are differentiated into high-income and low-income ones according to their average wage levels of employments. Five scenarios of rail line investments are considered: (i) constructing HSR line between cities, (ii) constructing subway line in high-income city, (iii) constructing subway line in high-income city and HSR line between cities, (iv) constructing subway line in each city, and (v) constructing subway line in each city and HSR line between cities. The rivalry between concentration and dispersion effects of subway and HSR line investments for the five scenarios are analytically explored in terms of residential location/workplace/travel mode choices, inter-city commuting, population migration, and urban spatial structure. The conditions for inducing inter-city commuting and cities' mergence due to rail line investments are identified. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the properties and applications of the proposed model, together with a case study of an urban agglomeration located in Central China. • Proposes a two-city model for investigating the effects of inter-city and intra-city rail line investments. • Investigate and compare five scenarios of rail line investments. • Reveal the rivalry between concentration and dispersion effects due to intra-city and inter-city rail line investments. • Identify the conditions for inducing inter-city commuting and cities' mergence due to rail line investments. • Conduct a case study of an urban agglomeration located in Central China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Diverging travel attitudes between partners limit residential self-selection. • Women's travel attitudes substantially influence neighborhood selection. • Neighborhood characteristics affect female partners more in their mode choice. • More dissonant households live in suburban than in urban core areas. A considerable amount of literature has discussed the relevance of travel attitudes for location choices and travel behavior. Numerous studies have reported evidence that individuals choose neighborhoods that allow them to travel with their preferred transport mode, a process referred to as residential self-selection. Most studies, however, assume homogeneous attitudes and preferences among household members and ignore negotiation processes between partners that influence travel and location choices. The goal of this study is to investigate the extent to which heterogeneity in attitudes between partners affect residential self-selection and residential dissonance. This study uses data from a travel survey conducted in the agglomeration area of Vienna (Austria), factor analyses and multinomial logit models to explore residential location and mode choices. Descriptive analysis reveals that depending on the neighborhood type travel attitudes have different effects on mode choice. Heterogeneity in travel attitudes between partners partly explains limited evidence of residential self-selection and dissonance. In general, effects of residential dissonance on location choice are most relevant if both partners are dissonant. Surprisingly, only women's travel attitudes substantially influence neighborhood selection which may be explained by the fact that female partners are also more affected by neighborhood characteristics in their travel behavior than their male partners. One third of respondents does not live in neighborhoods that match their travel attitudes. More dissonant households live in suburban areas than in the urban core indicating potential pressures on the housing market. Policy implications of these results emphasize the relevance of gender and highlight the challenge of providing affordable housing with good mobility services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The location of affordable housing in the United States is greatly influenced by how it is funded, and current funding criteria do not typically use comprehensive transit accessibility metrics. To show the benefits of using a comprehensive accessibility metric to locate affordable housing, this paper compares one such metric, the Transit Opportunity Index, to a simpler measure of transit access currently used by a housing agency. In this case study, the comprehensive metric showed qualitative improvements over the simpler transit access measure. It is recommended that affordable housing agencies use more comprehensive transit access metrics to evaluate the transit accessibility of affordable housing sites. These comprehensive access metrics should be incorporated directly into funding criteria, preferably as part of an objective scoring system that prioritizes accessibility. • Comprehensive transit accessibility metrics are able to reflect real transit access by incorporating a variety of factors. • Transit access criteria currently used by affordable housing agencies is often simple and incomplete. • Comprehensive transit accessibility metrics would improve the funding process for affordable housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines three levels of digital inequality, access, use, and outcomes, within a major U.S. city. The Resources and Appropriation (RA) Theory is used to explain the digital divide within a city. Using paper and electronic surveys in English and Spanish, the researchers conducted a city-wide survey to examine all three levels of digital inequality. The research methods were descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Findings include that the digital divide persists at all three levels, with older respondents. Furthermore, geographical residential location, income level, and educational attainment emerged as significant predictors of digital inequality. Findings not normally found in the digital divide literature are that geography and limited English proficiency significantly impacted internet use and outcomes. These findings contribute to our understanding of the digital divide within a large urban area and shed light on how inequalities manifest across different regions of the city. The study also highlights the persistent presence of digital inequality in various low-income communities within the city, underscoring the need for further research on the community level. • Three levels of digital inequality in access, use, and outcomes are examined. • Findings include that the digital divide persists at all three levels. • Residential location, income level, and educational attainment predictors of digital inequality. • Geography and limited English proficiency significantly impacted internet use and outcomes. • These findings contribute to understanding the digital divide within a large urban area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has led to a discursive change in the representation of urban-rural mobilities in the Austrian public media. Before the pandemic, a narrative of 'rural decline' had dominated the media discourse. Media have since changed this narrative to one of counterurbanisation as a result of the (perceived) effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on residential location choices. However, in contrast to media perceptions, scientific debates were more reluctant to identify a Covid-induced counterurban movement. In this paper, we take the opposition between the media representation and the scientific evidence as a starting point for a critical investigation of the media representation of counterurbanisation in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Following the approach of discourse coalitions, we investigated the actors and the coalitions they had formed to promote a Covid-induced 'counterurbanisation story'. We could identify two coalitions that created two variations of the Covid-induced 'counterurbanisation story': a prudent and an idealised discourse. These two discourses were promoted by different actors with different interests. Through our findings, the paper adds another layer to study of the construction of a 'counterurbanisation story'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Census blocks are administrative units that serve as statistical areas for the decennial Census in the United States. Visible and nonvisible features bound blocks, including roads, railroads, streams, property lines, and city boundaries. The Census Bureau builds blocks using the Master Address File (MAF), which includes field-verified geographic information about the location of housing unit addresses. Unfortunately, there are substantial errors in the counts of housing units at the block level, even with the purported quality checks by the Census Bureau. This paper aims to detail a method of identifying problematic blocks (i.e., ghost blocks) that report the presence of housing units, but no such units exist. Further, we identify the implications of using ghost blocks in location models using the maximal covering location problem (MCLP) in a case study for sensor locations in Los Angeles, California. We discuss policy implications and strategies to address these errors for developing higher-fidelity location models. • Details a method of identifying problematic U.S. Census blocks that report the presence of housing units, but no such units exist. • Identifies the implications of using ghost blocks in location models. • Discusses policy implications of using ghost blocks. • Provides strategies to address data uncertainty and to develop higher-fidelity location models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]