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Flexible mechanical sensors capable of sensing both compressive and tensile strains with high sensitivity and linear piezoresistive response are of great significance for the development of wearable devices, flexible electronic skins, and robotics. However, it is still of challenge to develop simple 3-dimensional (3D) porous polymer/carbon nanomaterial composite strain sensors capable of sensing both tensile and compressive strains with reproducible electrical signals. Herein, we report a simple and scalable morphology-engineering strategy, i.e., selective location of carbon black (CB) in polyoxyethylene (PEO)/ethylene-α-octene random copolymer (ORC) blends via phase separation, to fabricate isotropic 3D continuous porous composite strain sensors. Such a composite consists of a continuous porous ORC matrix inlaid with preferable CB distribution on ORC surface after PEO removal, enabling distinguishable detection of both compressive and tensile strains with opposite resistance changes. Specifically, the as-fabricated strain sensors exhibit linear response with a sensitivity of 16 for 0–46% compressive strain, a detection limit of 0.3% strain with 16/16 ms response/recovery time. Besides, it has a large gauge factor for tensile strain of 0–300%, a detection limit strain of 0.06% with 16/47 ms response/recovery time, and low hysteresis degree. As such, it allows for full-range body motion monitoring and Morse code communication. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Au/Bi 2 Ti 2 O 7 /ITO ferroelectric diodes based on Schottky barrier were fabricated on ITO substrates by the sol-gel method. The device has a simple structure and good diode performance. Under UV light irradiation at 23.5 mW/cm2, the device exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 0.31 V and a short-circuit current of −0.0425 μA. It shows that the device has good optoelectronic properties. Au/Bi 2 Ti 2 O 7 /ITO ferroelectric diodes also exhibited behaviors similar to biological synapses, including long-term plasticity, short-term plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity when stimulated by pulses. We also build convolutional neural networks and use the MNIST dataset for handwritten digit recognition. • The application of Bi 2 Ti 2 O 7 synapse in neuromorphic computing is reported for the first time. • The accuracy of handwritten digit recognition by neural network using Bi 2 Ti 2 O 7 synapse achieves 92.8 %. • The synaptic behavior of Bi 2 Ti 2 O 7 may be related to the migration of oxygen vacancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel electromechanical assumption and associated equations was derived. • An exact analytical solution for the thick PZT disks was proposed. • An explanation of electromechanical coupling effect for PZT disks was investigated. • The experimental results are employed to examine the theoretical predictions. • The proposed method gives great prediction for three dimensional characteristics. A modified higher-order shear deformation plate theory (MHSDT) is proposed to predict the resonance frequencies and related mode shapes of piezoelectric disks of various thicknesses. The theory explicitly accounts for the effects of the electrical potential on the displacement of the disk. The equations of motion for the disk are derived using Hamilton's principle in conjunction with a variational approach. It is shown analytically that the distribution of the electrical field on the surface of the disk is quantitatively similar to the distribution of the sum of the total stresses within the disk. Thus, the deformation of the disk can be approximated directly from the stress distribution on the disk, thereby greatly simplifying the solution process. The validity of the proposed MHSDT is confirmed by comparing the solutions for the natural frequencies, displacement fields, and electric field distributions of the disk for various radius-to-thickness ratios and boundary conditions with those obtained using Reddy's third-order plate theory and COMSOL finite element simulations, respectively. The results show that the solutions obtained from the MHSDT method are consistently closer to the exact solutions than those determined using Reddy's third-order method. Finally, the linear relationship between the electric field and the flexural displacement of the disk is leveraged to design surface electrodes capable of exciting specific flexural mode shapes of the disk under a free boundary condition. The efficiency of the designed electrodes is experimentally demonstrated using an amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometer (AF-ESPI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty-nine compounds, including nineteen previously undescribed iridoids (valeriananols A−S) and an undescribed alkaloid (5′-isovaleryl uridine), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia. Their structures were elucidated based on Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configuration of valeriananols A−C, E−N, P, Q and S was determined by experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism. Structurally, valeriananols A and B were two 1,3- seco -iridoids with a 3,6-epoxy moiety, valeriananols K and L were a pair of C-4 epimers, while valeriananol S was a 4′-deoxy iridoid glycoside. In addition, valeriananol P, stenopterin A and patriscabioin C exhibited significant inhibition on nitric oxide production with IC 50 values of 10.31, 3.93 and 8.69 μM, respectively. Furthermore, stenopterin A and patriscabioin C showed anti-proliferation activity on the MCF-7 cell line with IC 50 values of 17.28 and 13.89 μM, respectively. [Display omitted] • Twenty undescribed compounds were isolated from V. officinalis var. Latifolia. • Valeriananols A and B are two 1,3- seco -iridoids with 3,6-epoxy moiety. • Valeriananol S was a 4′-deoxy iridoid glycoside. • Three compounds showed significant inhibitory effects of nitric oxide production. • Stenopterin A and patriscabioin C showed cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naja sumatrana venom cytotoxin (suma CTX) is a basic protein which belongs to three-finger toxin family. It has been shown to induce caspase-dependent, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in MCF-7 cells at lower concentrations. This study aimed to investigate the alteration of secretome in MCF-7 cells following membrane permeabilization by high concentrations of suma CTX, using label-free quantitative (LFQ) approach. The degree of membrane permeabilization of suma CTX was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and calcein-propidium iodide (PI) assays. LDH and calcein-PI assays revealed time-dependent membrane permeabilization within a narrow concentration range. However, as toxin concentrations increased, prolonged exposure of MCF-7 cells to suma CTX did not promote the progression of membrane permeabilization. The secretome analyses showed that membrane permeabilization was an event preceding the release of intracellular proteins. Bioinformatics analyses of the LFQ secretome revealed the presence of 105 significantly distinguished proteins involved in metabolism, structural supports, inflammatory responses, and necroptosis in MCF-7 cells treated with 29.8 μg/mL of suma CTX. Necroptosis was presumably an initial stress response in MCF-7 cells when exposed to high suma CTX concentration. Collectively, suma CTX-induced the loss of membrane integrity in a concentration-dependent manner, whereby the cell death pattern of MCF-7 cells transformed from apoptosis to necroptosis with increasing toxin concentrations. [Display omitted] • The suma CTX induced concentration-dependent release of LDH • Increasing concentrations of suma CTX promoted membrane permeabilization • A notable release of intracellular proteins following membrane permeabilization • Membrane permeabilization by suma CTX caused metabolite deprivation • The suma CTX caused necroptosis in MCF-7 when the toxin concentrations increased [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanoscale effect enables the unique magnetic, optical, thermal and electrical properties of nanostructured materials and has attracted extensive investigation for applications in catalysis, biomedicine, sensors, and energy storage and conversion. The widely used synthesis methods, such as traditional hydrothermal reaction and calcination, are bulk heating processes based on thermal radiation. Differing from traditional heating methods, non-thermal radiation heating technique is a local heating mode. In this regard, this review summarizes various non-thermal radiation heating methods for synthesis of nanomaterials, including microwave heating, induction heating, Joule heating, laser heating and electron beam heating. The advantages and disadvantages of these non-thermal radiation heating methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials are compared and discussed. Finally, the future development and challenges of non-thermal radiation heating method for potential synthesis of nanomaterials are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interesting hydrogen sensor prepared by an Al (3 at %)-doped SnO 2 (ATO) thin layer decorated with palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) is demonstrated herein. The related hydrogen detecting characteristics are systematically investigated. The elemental and intrinsic properties are characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The specific surface area and catalytic ability are remarkably enhanced due to the presence of Pd NPs on the ATO thin layer. This causes the considerable improvement of hydrogen sensing behaviors. Under introduced 1000 ppm hydrogen gas in air, a higher sensing response of 3152 with a corresponding response and a recovery times of 17 s and 4 s and a lower detectable concentration of 50 ppb H 2 /air are obtained at 225 °C for the studied Pd NP/ATO sensor. In addition, the studied sensor shows good repeatability and long-term stability. From a kinetic adsorption analysis, an activation energy about 43.6 kJ mol−1 is observed for this hydrogen detecting action. The studied Pd NP/ATO sensor also shows favours, e.g., simple device structure, easy production, lower consumed power, and a widespread sensing region of hydrogen gas content. [Display omitted] • A new Pd NP/ATO hydrogen gas sensor was fabricated and well studied. • Widespread sensing region on hydrogen gas content of the Pd NP/ATO sensor was observed. • The Pd NP/ATO sensor exhibited a higher sensing response and a very low detectable level. • The Pd NP/ATO sensor exhibited good repeatability and long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable electrodes play a crucial role in wearable electronics for high-efficiency carrier transport in the information communication, yet it is challenging to achieve high electrical conductivity at large strain for stretchable and porous conductive composites. Here, a simple yet efficient strategy is proposed to fabricate highly conductive, porous and stretchable composites via seeding hydrophilic carbon nanotube (CNT) oil-in-water microemulsions in elastomer films prior to growing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in situ. It aims at forming a dual heterogeneous structure of CNT microspheres in the elastomeric films containing conductive networks of AgNPs, which allow to guarantee the overall good electrical conductivity. Unlike the rapid propagation of cut-through microcracks in conventional conductive network of AgNPs under strain, the mechanical and electrical dual hetero-structured CNT microspheres in the conductive networks can sustain high electrical conductivity at large strains by blocking and cutting off microcrack propagation. Therefore, the porous composite electrodes show electrical conductivity above 103 S/cm at 200% strain thanks to the efficient dissipation of strain energy by dual hetero-structured CNT microspheres, which is controlled by CNT concentration in the oil-in-water microemulsions. Besides, the as-fabricated porous composites sustain high yet stable electrical conductivity at various kinds of mechanical deformations, such as tension, bending, twisting and a combination of them, allowing for the promising application in stretchable and wearable electrodes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel 0D/2D dot-on-plate AgFeO 2 -Bi 4 TaO 8 Cl p-n heterojunction was constructed. • AgFeO 2 -Bi 4 TaO 8 Cl exhibits superior photocatalytic degradation activity towards ofloxacin antibiotic. • Facet-assisted charge separation was identified for n-type Bi 4 TaO 8 Cl. • The p-n heterojunction enhances light absorption and spatial charge separation. • The main reactive species for the photocatalytic mechanism were discussed. Accelerating charge transfer is believed to be a feasible strategy to improve the photocatalytic performance of heterojunctions. Herein, a novel dot-on-plate heterojunction was designed and constructed by anchoring p-type AgFeO 2 nanoparticles on the surface of n-type Bi 4 TaO 8 Cl nanosheets via a facile ultrasound-assisted deposition combined with calcination process, which endows an intimate p-n heterointerface. The Bi 4 TaO 8 Cl nanosheets with mainly exposed {0 0 1} and {1 1 0} facets show unique facet-assisted charge carrier separation. After building up the p-n heterojunction, the established internal electric field further promotes the separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers, and hinders the charge carrier backflow for recombination at the heterointerface. As a result, compared to pure AgFeO 2 and Bi 4 TaO 8 Cl, AgFeO 2 -Bi 4 TaO 8 Cl p-n heterojunction exhibits greatly enhanced activity in the photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin (OFL) antibiotic under visible light irradiation. This work could provide meaningful insights into the design of efficient p-n heterojunction for steering interfacial charge flow and applying in photocatalytic environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • N doped carbon-wrapped Mo x C heterophase sheets are synthesized via in situ carbonation. • N-Mo x C@C HSs effectively combine the respective advantages of both γ-MoC and β-Mo 2 C. • Heterostructures possess a synergistically-enhanced activity on the interface and surface of γ-MoC/β-Mo 2 C. • N-Mo x C@C HSs exhibit excellent activity and stability in acid media. Abstract Advancement of non-precious-metal catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) with both prominent activity and excellent stability has been becoming an ongoing challenge in the following decades. Herein, N-doped carbon-wrapped molybdenum carbide heterophase (γ-MoC and β-Mo 2 C) sheets (N-Mo x C@C HSs) were prepared by a facile chemical vapor reduction (CVR) procedure and following calcination at desired temperatures. The best HER electrocatalytic activity of N-Mo x C@C HSs was detailedly examined in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , which exhibited a small overpotential of 172 mV (10 mA cm−2) with a Tafel slope of only 60 mV dec−1 and durability. The improved HER activities and catalytic stability were due to heterocrystal Mo x C, nitrogen doping, and carbon coating. Particularly, this study effectively combined the respective advantages of both γ-MoC and β-Mo 2 C via the interface effect and matched polarity of hydrogen adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve sustainable production of H 2 fuel through water splitting, noble-metal-free catalysts have been extensively studied for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), especially molybdenum-based catalysts. Herein, we report the Ni, N-codoped MoC x (Ni–N–MoC x ) nanoparticles synthesized from NiMoO 4 precursor by oily-solvent-assisted strategy, following the calcination with dicyandiamide. As-obtained Ni–N–MoC x in different magnified SEM images shows grainy structure, MoC x nanoparticles uniformly disperse in carbon substrate. The obtained electrocatalysts can also efficiently electrocatalytic HER in a wide pH value. Ni–N–MoC x shows an onset potential of −74 mV, an overpotential of 163 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA/cm 2 in acid media, an onset potential of −37 mV and overpotential of 124 mV to reach 10 mA/cm 2 in alkaline media. The present study provides some guidelines for preparing the uniformly doped electrocatalysts from multiple compounds with devolatilization characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We aimed to compare the kinetics of white blood cell (WBC) and explore predictive factors of leukocytosis in non-high-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), with oral arsenic plus all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or intravenous arsenic trioxide (ATO) plus ATRA as a first-line treatment. Methods The absolute count, doubling time and peak time of WBC were analyzed in 64 newly diagnosed non-high-risk APL patients who were treated with different induction regimens containing either oral Realgar-indigo naturalis formula (RIF) (n = 35) or ATO (n = 29). The end points were the dynamic changes of the WBC counts during induction. The time points started at day 1 and were selected over 3-day intervals for 28 days. Results Among the 64 included patients, the median initial and peak WBC counts were 1.78 × 10 9 /L (range 0.31–9.89) and 12.16 × 10 9 /L (range 1.56–80.01), respectively. The incidence of differentiation syndrome was 9.38%. The dynamic changes in leukocytosis showed a single peak wave in all the patients, and the median time to peak was 10 (range 2–26) days. A higher WBC count was observed in the RIF group than in the ATO group after 10 days of treatment (9.22 × 10 9 /L vs. 4.10 × 10 9 /L, p = 0.015). Patients with the peak WBC count > 10 × 10 9 /L had a shorter WBC doubling time compared to patients with a lower peak WBC (RIF group 4 days vs. 7 days, p = 0.001; ATO group 4.5 days vs. 23 days, p = 0.002). Univariate and multivariable analyses showed that the doubling time of WBC is an independent factor for the peak WBC count. Conclusion Different kinetics of WBC proliferation were observed during induction with oral arsenic plus ATRA and ATO plus ATRA. The doubling time of WBC is an important independent factor for predicting the peak WBC count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to decipher crustal nature of the Sakhalin Island in Russian Far East, we carried out detrital zircon U-Pb age analyses on Miocene sandstone and river sand from the longest river (Poronay River) of the Sakhalin Island. The detrital zircon data from two river sand samples display similar age distribution patterns with a dominant Mesozoic age group, subordinate age peaks at 1.8 Ga and 2.5 Ga, and a few Paleozoic and Neoproterozoic grains. The Miocene sandstone shows age peaks at 22, 84, 260 and 497 Ma, respectively, and a few Paleo-proterozoic grains. These age groups indicate that abundant old crustal materials have been involved in the crustal formation of the Sakhalin Island. Detrital zircon result reveals two episodes of post-accretion magmatism from the Sakhalin Island in ages of 37 Ma and 22–21 Ma. They can be correlated with coeval post-accretion magmatic events in the Hokkaido Island, supporting the geological correlation between the Sakhalin Island and the Hokkaido Island. Comparison of detrital zircon dating result from the Sakhalin Island with those from surrounding blocks and cratons in eastern Asia allows us to propose two possible sources in eastern Asia: the Bureya-Jiamusi-Khanka block with the Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt to its west and the South China Craton. The detrital zircon result indicates that the formation of the Sakhalin Island should be close to the East Asia continent, rather than as an independent intro-oceanic island arc within the Pacific Ocean. Similar to formation of the Japanese islands, the South China Craton may have played an important role during formation of the Sakhalin Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-catalysts for H 2 production are often made from expensive noble metals, such as the most efficient Pt. The alternative non-noble metal co-catalysts with low cost and high efficiency are therefore highly desirable for economically viable H 2 production. Herein, we demonstrated that a CdS/MoS 2 /Mo sheets system simultaneously containing photocatalysts, co-catalysts, and conductive supports, was prepared via the one-step hydrothermal process by Mo sheets as template and Mo sources. The obtained CdS/MoS 2 /Mo sheets possess the superior photocatalytic H 2 production via water splitting under visible light irradiation, which achieved an extraordinary H 2 production of 4540 μmol h −1 g −1 , up to 28.6 and 3.6 times greater than that of CdS alone and Pt/CdS. The synergetic effect of MoS 2 as co-catalysts and Mo sheets as conductive supports contribute to the dramatically improved photocatalytic H 2 evolution activity of CdS photocatalysts, by means of facilitating charge carriers separation and providing active sites for proton reduction. These findings provide a straightforward and practical route to produce cheap and efficient co-catalysts for large-scale water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shen-Qi-Jiang-Tang granule (SQJTG), a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has been widely used in clinical for diabetes, especially type Ⅱ diabetes. Previous anti-diabetic studies stumbled across that SQJTG has a potential kidney protective effect on diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the protective mechanism of SQJTG on DN still needs to be explored. The purpose of the present study was to explore the therapeutic effect of SQJTG on DN through both bioinformatics analysis and in vivo experiments. The TCMIP database was used for screening potential compounds and targets of SQJTG, and the GeneCards, OMIM, DrugBank, and TTD databases were used for collecting DN-related genes. Then protein-protein interaction analysis for the common targets of SQJTG and DN was performed by the STRING database. Meanwhile, KEGG and GO were carried out using the Metascape and DAVID databases. In vivo experiments, to testify the potential kidney protective effects of SQJTG, STZ-induced DN mice with different dosages of SQJTG treatment were collected and the renal tissues were detected by H&E, PAS, Masson and TUNEL staining. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to assess the proteins' expressions. Flow cytometry and ELISA assay were used to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Among the 338 compounds ascertained by SQJTG, there were 789 related targets as well. Moreover, 1,221 DN-related targets were predicted and 20 core targets were screened by the PPI analyses. According to GO and KEGG pathway analysis, SQJTG may affect DN via the TNF pathway. For the in vivo experiments, renal histomorphological examinations demonstrated that SQJTG treatment significantly ameliorated STZ-induced kidney damage and had a dosage dependence. Meanwhile, mice with DN were found to have dramatic increases in IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12, but markedly decreased after administration of SQJTG. In addition, the protein levels of TNF signaling molecules, like p-P65, p-JNK, and p-p38, showed significantly elevated in kidney tissues of DN mice and attenuated after SQJTG treatment. SQJTG exerts a kidney protective effect in DN mice via modulating TNF signaling pathways, and it has promising applications for the treatment of DN. [Display omitted] • 338 compounds ascertained from SQJTG targeted 789 genes and 133 genes were diabetic nephropathy (DN)-related. • GO and KEGG pathway analysis predicted that SQJTG may affect DN via TNF pathway. • In vivo , SQJTG significantly ameliorated STZ-induced kidney damage via inhibited IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 levels. • SQJTG relieved STZ-activated TNF signaling pathway by down-regulated p-P65, p-JNK, and p-p38 expressions in STZ-mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon footprint (CF) and inequality reductions were two of the most important sustainable development goals. However, there was a lack of understanding of the latest equality of carbon footprint across regions. Based on the multi-regional input-output table and the China Family Panel Studies survey data of 17 provinces, this paper examined the evolution of carbon footprint and inequality in China. The results showed a stark disparity between regions and a declined inequality in the last few years. Specifically, the CF per capita in northern provinces (Liaoning, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Shandong and Shaanxi) exceeded the average level in 2017. From 2015 to 2017, the carbon inequality showed a downward trend, with a national CF-Gini coefficient decrease from 0.31 to 0.28. Meanwhile, the gap between CF per capita in urban areas and rural areas was declining, with a growth rate at 18% and 32% from 2015 to 2017, respectively. In addition, CF per capita from various consumption categories indicated that household equipment and daily necessities, residential, transportation and communication were the three most important sources, with a downward trend from 2015 to 2017. This study would provide policymakers with deep insights into policies to achieve just transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating the exposed surfaces of semiconductors is believed to be a versatile strategy to boost their photoactivity. Herein, the Na+ doped Bi 4 TaO 8 Cl (BTOC) nanosheets with the exposed {001} active faces were synthesized via a facile molten salt method. The size of BTOC nanosheets could be readily tuned by controlling the feeding content of the molten salts (NaCl and KCl). Benefited from the cooperative effect of the Na+ doping and the exposed active {001} facets, the optimal BTOC-24 nanosheets exhibited high photoactivity. Under 5 W white LED light irradiation, the degradation rates of BTOC-24 nanosheets for ofloxacin (OFL) and Rhodamine B (RhB) were 84.1% and 97.3%, which were drastically enhanced by 2 and 6-folds than that of bulk BTOC, respectively. The mechanism for the improved photoactivity was also investigated. This work demonstrates the synergetic effect of engineering the thickness and exposed crystal face towards the enhanced photoactivity of 2D BTOC, which also shows significant implications for designing other 2D semiconductor nanosheet with efficient environmental remediation performance. [Display omitted] • Size and exposed facets of BTOC nanosheets were controlled by molten salt method. • Ultrathin BTOC-24 nanosheets exhibited superior photocatalytic activity. • The high proportion of {001} exposed facets expedited electron transport. • The main reactive species for the photocatalytic mechanism were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-six iridoids, including six undescribed ones (iridoidvols A−F) and an undescribed natural one, along with ten known sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana officinalis. Structurally, iridoidvol A is the first example of iridoid with sesquiterpenoid acid ester. In addition, all of the isolates were evaluated for anti-inflammatory and anti-influenza virus activities. Among them, isovaltrate isovaleroyloxyhydrin exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on NO production with an IC 50 value of 19.00 μM. [Display omitted] • Six undescribed iridoids were isolated from Valeriana officinalis. • Iridoidvol A was the first example of iridoid with sesquiterpenoid acid ester. • Isovaltrate isovaleroyloxyhydrin showed obvious anti-inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • High cycle fatigue performance of 140-mm titanium alloy welded joint was evaluated. • The overlap region of two weld seams was the weakest region of the entire joints. • Fatigue failure of each layer occurred at BM. • Underlying reasons were discussed based on microstructure by HR-SEM and finite element analysis. The microstructure and high-cycle fatigue properties of 140-mm TC4 titanium alloy double-sided electron beam welded joints were studied by stratification along the thickness direction. It was found that the microstructure and properties of the weld zone were obviously inhomogeneity in the direction of thickness, and the overlapping area at the root of the two welds (the second layer of the joint) was the weakest position in the high-cycle fatigue performance of the joint. The larger hardness gradient was an important reason for its weaker than other regions. Microstructure differences was the primary reason for the high hardness of the second layer weld zone. It was found that the difference of heat dissipation conditions was a critical factor for the inhomogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties along the thickness direction of 140-mm double-sided electron beam welding joint. The research results will provide data support for the application of double-sided electron beam welding technology in aerospace manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The metal-decorated blue phosphorene (BP) is constructed. • The metal-decorated BP can be used as an excellent CH 4 gas adsorption material. • The spin-down band gap of Fe-decorated BP would be reduced by two-third. • Fe-decorated BP is expected to be used as the high sensitivity CH 4 gas detector. Previous studies showed that the performances of two-dimensional materials as gas sensor can be effectively improved through the assistance of metal atoms. We study the adsorption energies, charge transfers and electronic structures of the blue phosphorene (BP) adsorbing metal atoms (Au, Ag, Cu, Co, Fe and Mn) and then adsorbing methane (CH 4) gas molecule. The metal-decorated BP can be used as an excellent CH 4 gas adsorption material, and the adsorption capacity is not easily disturbed by the magnetic field. The transfer charges between metal atoms and BP will induce the new energy bands to modulate the band structure of BP effectively. In the absence of a magnetic field, CH 4 adsorption hardly change the band structures of BP decorated by six metal atoms. However, the CH 4 adsorption can modulate the spin-polarized band gaps and magnetic moments of Co, Fe and Mn decorated BP obviously in the present of a magnetic field. In particular, the spin-down band gap of Fe-decorated BP would be reduced by two-third and the corresponding magnetic moment of Fe-decorated BP also decreases from 2.455 µB to 2.229 µB after CH 4 adsorption. So, Fe-decorated BP is expected to be used as a material for high sensitivity CH 4 gas detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epinephrine is a stress hormone which is sharply increased in response to acute stress and is continuously elevated during persistent stress. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a redox regulating protein and is induced under various stresses. Our previous study has shown that epinephrine induces the expression of Trx-1. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the major rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis in response to stress. However, how TH is regulated by epinephrine is still unknown. In the present study, we found that epinephrine increased the expression of TH in a dose- and time-dependent manner in PC12 cells, which was inhibited by propranolol (β-adrenergic receptor inhibitor), but not by phenoxybenzamine (α-adrenergic receptor inhibitor). The increase of TH was also inhibited by SQ22536 (adenylyl cyclase inhibitor), H-89(PKA inhibitor) and LY294002 (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor). More importantly, overexpression of Trx-1 significantly enhanced the expression of TH, while Trx-1 siRNA suppressed TH expression induced by epinephrine. These results suggest that Trx-1 is involved in TH expression induced by epinephrine in PC12 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors propose a method to obtain the multifunctional spintronic device by investigating the spin-resolved transport characteristics of zigzag SiC nanoribbon (zSiCNR) heterojunction via edge asymmetric dual-hydrogenation. The spin-resolved band structures show that the dual-hydrogenation on edge C or Si atoms all can change the initial metallicity of the pristine zSiCNR with the edge mono-hydrogenation to semiconductor in the presence of ferromagnetic field. The spin-resolved current-voltage characteristics of the zSiCNR heterojunction can show spin current rectification in the same rectify direction under the parallel magnetic field. The up-spin rectification ratio of our junction can be close to 1013 at −0.5 V, which is much larger than rectification ratios of the previous junctions induced by the anti-parallel magnetic field. The zSiCNR heterojunction also exhibits a perfect spin filtering behavior with 100% spin filtering efficiency in both positive and negative bias regions under the anti-parallel magnetic field. More interestingly, the magnetoresistance is achieved by manipulating the external magnetic field in our zSiCNR heterojunction with the giant magnetoresistance ratio 5000% at 0.5 V. Therefore, the zSiCNR heterojunction via edge asymmetric dual-hydrogenation can be designed into the multifunctional spintronic devices, which has broad application prospects in the field of future spintronics. • Zigzag silicon carbon nanoribbon has potential in spin devices. • Giant spin current rectification is obtained in the presence of a ferromagnetic field. • Maximum spin current rectification ratios is closing to 1013. • Perfect spin filtering and magnetoresistance behaviors are also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible strain sensor is developed via one-step in-situ construction of stiff PVDF nanospheres on the surface of TPU fibers via polymeric phase and morphology control technology. It enables tunable linear sensing to strain thanks to the restricting of quick crack propagation. [Display omitted] • Flexible fiber mat strain sensors of heterogeneous structures are developed. • The heterogeneous structure is consisted of stiff PVDF nanospheres on TPU fibers. • The structure can restrict quick micro-crack propagation throughout fiber surface. • The sensor with high-density nanospheres shows very good linearity. Wearable strain sensors with high sensitivity and linear resistance signal response to strain are urgently demanded for human–machine interface, which can be tuned by introducing uneven surface mechanics distribution onto fiber surfaces via structural heterogeneity for fibrous elastomer fiber mat sensors. Yet it is still of great challenge to build micro- or nano-scale heterogeneous structures on fiber surfaces in a facile and scalable way without using templates. Herein, we report a plastic nanosphere-decorated elastomer fiber mat strain sensor with a zoned surface strain energy release characteristic, designed based on analysis of material match and structural mechanics. Surface mechanics analysis confirms that the as-designed sensor shows a controllable strain energy release area, significantly improving sensing stability thanks to effective restriction of micro-crack propagation in conductive pathways. In particular, fibrous mat sensor with high-density nanospheres shows very low fluctuation in strain sensitivity variation (±0.05 for strain ≤ 30 %), i.e., good linearity in the resistance response to strain, while that for the control sensor is ± 10.0 for strain ≤ 16 %. Such a fiber mat strain sensor can not only be applied for real-time sensing of object deformations for human–machine interface and intelligent control, but also in hydrophobic porous elastomeric packaging materials and triboelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti 2 Cu, TiCu and TiCu 4 were synthesized and their electrocatalytic activities for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were investigated. The hydrogen overpotential observed at 10 mA/ cm2 (η 10) followed the order Ti 2 Cu (η 10 = −215 mV) > TiCu (η 10 = −182 mV) > TiCu 4 (η 10 = −170 mV). The hydrogen adsorption energy (∆G Had) on Cu site of TiCu 4 is exergonic and close to optimal position (i.e. ∆G Had = 0). A synergistic effect was proposed to account for the excellent HER performance of these Ti Cu binary intermetallics compounds that could replace PGM and achieve Midas touch in the future. [Display omitted] • High purity of Ti 2 Cu, TiCu and TiCu 4 were synthesized by using rapid arc-melting technique. • Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) study on Ti 2 Cu, TiCu and TiCu 4 in alkaline media. • HER activity of Ti 2 Cu, TiCu and TiCu 4 were explored by using density functional theory. • Synergistic effect for these Ti Cu binary intermetallics toward HER activity was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The UV–vis spectrum of PEI and complexes with metal ions were investigated. [•] The UV–vis detection method of Cu2+, Co2+ and Cr3+ with PEI was established. [•] Stoichiometric ratios of amino groups and Cu2+, Co2+, Cr3+ are 4:1, 4:1, and 3:1. [•] Adsorption process of PEI fitted Freundlich equation better than Langmuir. [•] Coordination of PEI with metal ions is exothermic, entropy increasing reaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in Parkinson disease. We previously reported that thioredoxin 1 (Trx-1) suppressed the ER stress caused by 1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; however, its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) induced ER stress by activating glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), caspase-12, and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in PC12 cells. The downregulation of Trx-1 aggravated the ER stress and further increased the expression of the above molecules induced by MPP+. In contrast, overexpression of Trx-1 attenuated the ER stress and repressed the expression of the above molecules induced by MPP+. More importantly, the overexpression of Trx-1 in transgenic mice suppressed ER stress by inhibiting the activation of these molecules. We present, for the first time, the molecular mechanism of Trx-1 suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson disease in vitro and in vivo. Based on our findings, we conclude that Trx-1 plays a neuroprotective role in Parkinson disease by suppressing ER stress by regulating the activation of GRP78, IRE1α, TRAF2, JNK, caspase-12, and CHOP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: There are few reliable reference values of enzymatically assayed serum creatinine (Scr) levels categorized within a small age interval in the healthy geriatric population. The aim of this study was to establish the reference intervals (RIs) for Scr in the elderly population. Methods: Healthy, elderly Chinese Han ethnic individuals aged between 60 and 89years old were recruited for this study. We stratified the reference individuals by gender and age (60–69, 70–79 and 80–89years), and the Scr values were measured by an enzymatic method. The central 95percentile RIs were determined using non-parametric statistical methods. Results: The Scr values in the elderly population show a Gaussian distribution and age/sex related differences. The RIs for Scr in the reference population with respect to age (ranges of 60–69, 70–79 and 80–89years) were 52.9–94.5, 57.3–106.2 and 59.0–110.8μmol/L for males, respectively, and 44.3–75.4, 47.1–85.5 and 45.1–90.9μmol/L for females, respectively. Conclusions: We have established the RIs for Scr measured with an enzymatic method in the healthy Chinese Han ethnic elderly population, which can provide a reference for both clinical and laboratory studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ephedrine (Eph) is one of alkaloids that has been isolated from the ancient herb ephedra (ma huang) and is used as the treatment of asthma, hypotension and fatigue. However, its molecular mechanism remains unknown. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a redox regulating protein, which has various biological activities, including regulating transcription factor DNA binding activity and neuroprotection. In this study, we found that Eph induced Trx-1 expression, which was inhibited by propranolol (β-adrenergic receptor inhibitor), but not by phenoxybenzamine (α-adrenergic receptor inhibitor) in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Moreover, the increase of Trx-1 expression was inhibited by SQ22536 (adenylyl cyclase inhibitor) and H-89 (protein kinase A inhibitor). Interestingly, the effect of Eph on dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) was similar to Trx-1. Thus, the relationship between Trx-1 and DARPP-32 was further studied. The DARPP-32 siRNA significantly reduced Trx-1 expression, but Trx-1 siRNA did not exchange DARPP-32. These results suggested that Eph induced the Trx-1 expression through β-adrenergic receptor/cyclic AMP/PKA/DARPP-32 signaling pathway. Furthermore, Eph induced PKA-mediated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. Down-regulation of DARPP-32 expression decreased phosphorylated CREB. In addition, Eph had a significant effect on the viability of the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells through β-adrenergic receptors. Trx-1 may play an important role in the actions of Eph. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: The blood flow rate in the microcirculation associated with angiogenesis plays an important role in the progression and treatment of cancer. Since the microvascular status of tumor vessels can yield useful clinical information, assessing changes in the tumor microcirculation could be particularly helpful for tumor evaluation and treatment planning. Methods: In this study we used a self-developed 25-MHz ultrasound imaging system with a spatial resolution of 150μm for assessing tumor-microcirculation development and the pattern of the vasculature in three tumor-bearing mice in vivo based on power Doppler images. The total Doppler power (DP) and color pixel density (CPD) revealed the presence of functional vessels distributed throughout a tumor volume. The vasculature distributions in the core and periphery were compared to the regulation of vasculature function, which facilitated determination of when the tumor grew rapidly. Results : The data obtained from a quantified analysis of power Doppler images indicated that the tumor vascularity initially increased throughout the tumor. Both DP and CPD increased rapidly in the tumor periphery when the tumor volume exceeded 10mm3. Conclusion: Our preclinical findings suggest that power Doppler imaging could be useful for detecting the changes in tumor vascular perfusion and for determining the optimal treatment timing when a tumor begins its rapid volumetric growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Gait disturbances similar to those of human Parkinson''s disease (PD) can be observed in animals after administration of neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to induce unilateral nigrostriatal dopamine depletion. However, the relationship between gait disturbances and dopamine depletion following 6-OHDA infusion has not been determined. The present study investigated the longitudinal changes of spatiotemporal gait patterns using a walkway system to acquire footprints and lateral limb images over a 6-week period following unilateral 6-OHDA injection into the medial forebrain bundle of rats. Our results indicated that hemiparkinsonian rats exhibited changes in gait patterns, as compared to normal controls, and pre-lesion levels, including a significantly decreased walking speed and step/stride length as well as an increased base of support and foot angle. The relative percentage of the gait cycle was also altered, showing an increase in the stance to swing ratio, which was more evident in the affected hindlimb. Time-course observations showed that these gait disturbances occurred as early as 4 days post-lesion and gradually increased up to 42 days post-injury. The extents of gait disturbances were compared with conventional apomorphine-induced turning behavior and akinesia bar tests, which were also apparent at 4 days post-lesion but remained relatively unchanged after 28 days. Our time-course gait analysis of a unilateral 6-OHDA rodent model provides insight into the compensatory changes of motor functions during the 6-week development of a nigrostriatal lesion, which might be useful for future objective assessment of novel treatments for human PD subjects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We have performed theoretical investigations on the structure, equation of state (EOS), elasticity, and mechanical properties of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurzitane (HNIW) energetic material by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The lattice parameters and equations of state of the four polymorphs (ε-, γ-, β-, and α-HNIW) under high pressure are calculated. Our calculated results agree with the previous experiments and theoretical calculations. Meanwhile, the elastic constants and some other mechanical properties of the most stable ε-HNIW under high pressure and temperature are predicted successfully. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Amphiphilic nanoparticles with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cores and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) shells were successfully synthesized through a one-step emulsifier-free polymerization method. The morphologies of PMMA/PEI nanoparticles were spherical in shape with uniform size distribution and well-defined core–shell nanostructure illustrated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). PMMA/PEI core–shell nanoparticles were applied as novel polymeric adsorbents to remove heavy metal pollutants. In present work, copper (II) ions were selected as the target pollutants to evaluate these nanoparticles adsorption capability. It was investigated by varying solution pH, weight ratio of nanoparticles to copper (II) ions, adsorption time and adsorption temperature, respectively. The maximum copper (II) ions adsorbed onto PMMA/PEI core–shell nanoparticles was 14mg/g obtained under simple and fast experimental conditions, indicating these nanoparticles can be used as effective and practical polymeric adsorbents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two kinds of functionalized self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers (HS(CH2) n OH and HS(CH2) n NH2, n =1–17) were prepared on the Au(111) surface. The interface structures and interaction energies between S(CH2) n X/Au(111) (X= lyph name="sbnd" />NH2) and epoxy resin were studied by molecular dynamics methods. Moreover, the influence of chain lengths and end functional groups of thiols on the interfacial properties was also investigated. The results indicate that for the system of S(CH2) n OH/Au(111) and epoxy, the interface energy increases firstly and then decreases gradually with the increase of chain length, and the energy reaches its minimum value when n =11. Meanwhile, the interface of the S(CH2) n NH2/Au(111) and epoxy system is the most stable when n =10. These results were compared with experiments, which prove that the simulation methods in this paper are advisable. The changes of structural parameters of the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) after interacting with the epoxy indicate that there are strong interactions between the SAMs and epoxy resin. And the interface structures of the S(CH2) n NH2 and epoxy systems are more stable than those of the S(CH2) n OH and epoxy ones. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A numerical study is presented on the transport processes in the manganite–titanate Schottky junction by using the Poisson equation, the drift-diffusion formulas, the direct and thermally assisted tunneling model. Comparing with the experimental data, it is found that the non-monotonically temperature-dependent I–V curves under reverse bias is caused by the competition between the direct and thermally assisted tunneling processes. In addition, it is also found that the electric field dependence of the permittivity in Nb-doped SrTiO3 plays an important role on the transport properties of the manganite–titanate Schottky junctions based on our calculation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The behavior of leakage current at reverse bias in p-La0.9Sr0.1MnO3/n-SrNb0.01Ti0.99O3 heterojunction has been theoretically studied by calculating interband tunneling current with various doping densities and temperatures. Our results reveal that the reduction of leakage current with decrease of doping density and increase of temperature originates from properties of interband tunneling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An angle-resolved photoemission study of epitaxied Bi(111) film on Si(111)-(7×7) surface has been carried out at a temperature from 10K to 210K. The results show that there exists strong temperature dependence in the valence band of Bi(111) film. The variations in the spectral intensity and shape indicate the importance of phonon-assisted indirect transition in the photoemission process. The thermal sensitivity coefficients and effective Debye temperatures for main spectral peaks are determined from the experimental data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The transition phase and the electronic properties of SrS in the NaCl structure (B1) and the CsCl structure (B2) are investigated by ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory method. The transition pressure obtained is in good agreement with the experimental data and other theoretical results. The pressure and temperature dependences of the band gaps of SrS in the B1 structure are presented. It is found that the effect of pressure on energy gaps is contrary to that of temperature. For SrS in the B2 structure, the pressure dependence of the band gaps is also plotted. The calculated metallization pressure is 63.3GPa, well consistent with experimental and other theoretical data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sustained muscle stretch (SMS) is commonly used to reduce hypertonia. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of three different SMS protocols, namely constant-angle, cyclic, and constant-torque stretching, in the immediate reducing of ankle hypertonia. Forty-seven hemiplegic subjects, 53.7±10.3 years old and 22.4±16.0 months after stroke, with hypertonic ankle joints were recruited to undergo three SMS applied to protocols treatment their hypertonic ankle joints using an integrated treatment/assessment system. The immediate post-treatment effectiveness of each stretching protocol was assessed by reference to the pre-treatment Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), passive range of motion (ROM), and reactive torque measurement, from which the viscous-elastic components of the ankle joint were derived. All three SMS protocols successfully reduced MAS grade. Additionally, each stretching method yielded an increase in ankle ROM, from 9.7° to 16°, 9.6° to 14.8°, and 9.2° to 18.3° for the constant-angle, cyclic-stretching, constant-torque protocols, respectively, and reduction of the elastic and viscous properties of the ankle joint dorsiflexion (p <0.05). The changes in the ROM, elasticity, and viscosity were most pronounced in the case of the constant-torque stretching protocol. In addition to clinical scales, current biomechanical assessments indicate that three SMS protocols are all effective in reducing the immediate viscoelastic components of hypertonic ankle joints. Our quantitative analysis further shows that of the three treatment protocols, the constant-torque treatment is the most effective. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using the annealed vicinal Si(001) surface with 4° miscut toward the [110] direction as a substrate, single-domain monatomic In chain arrays have been fabricated. High-resolution STM images reveal that deposited In atoms preferentially form In dimers between two neighboring Si dimer rows along the step edges on the lower terrace. Formation of In dimers removes the surface dangling bonds and saturates the In valency. With increasing coverage, the In dimers develop into straight monatomic In chains along the step running direction. It is found that the ordered narrow terrace and rebonded double-layer (DB) step edge are the keys for the formation of monatomic In chains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A bio-anode reactor and a bio-cathode reactor were developed to investigate the microenvironments around anodes and cathodes and their effects on denitrification. With an applied current of 40 mA, the oxidation–reduction potentials (ORPs) in the bio-cathode and bio-anode reactors were 100–200 mV lower and 50 mV higher, respectively, than that in the control reactor (a normal bio-reactor). The cathode reaction enhanced denitrification and the anode reaction inhibited denitrification. At 40 mA, the denitrification rate in the bio-cathode reactor was 55.1% higher than that in the control reactor. At 75 mA, the denitrification rate in the bio-anode reactor was just 33.5% of that in control reactor. Electric current of less than 20 mA had no effect on the most probable number (MPN) of denitrifiers, but at 75 mA, the MPN of denitrifiers decreased by 90% in the bio-anode reactor. In the bio-cathode reactor, the MPN of denitrifiers increased more than 100% for the lower ORP environment produced by a cathode reaction at 75 mA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study is to develop a portable device for quantifying the velocity-dependent properties of spastic elbow muscles. Based on a motor-driven system, validation tests of the portable system such as accuracy and response of sensors were first examined. Furthermore, simulated modules (inertia, damper and spring) as well as elbow joints (15 control and 15 hemiplegic subjects) were manually stretched under four different frequencies (1/3, 1/2, 1 and 3/2 Hz) through 60° range of motion. Joint resistance and displacement during sinusoidal stretch were collected for further analysis. Two quantitative parameters (i.e., viscous components under each frequency and averaged viscosity across four frequencies) were derived to estimate the velocity-dependent properties of elbow joint. Tests of simulated modules confirm the manual stretch protocol and data analysis are valid in estimating the velocity-dependent component during a sinusoidal stretch. Compared to normal control, viscous component in each stretch frequency and averaged viscosity were significantly higher in subjects with spasticity (P<0.001). The viscous component and averaged viscosity were found highly correlated with the modified Ashworth scale. These findings suggest that measurements of viscous component and averaged viscosity during manual sinusoidal stretching using the portable device could be clinically useful in evaluating spasticity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aims of this study are to validate the hypertonia treatment/assessment system and to quantify the immediate effect of prolonged muscle stretch (PMS) on the inhibition of ankle hypertonia in stroke patients. For PMS treatment, ankle plantarflexors were stretched with a constant torque in 25 subjects with hemiplegia and ankle plantarflexors hypertonia. Using the developed hypertonia treatment/assessment system, the effects of the PMS treatment were quantified by comparing the reactive torque measurements of the ankle joint before and after the treatment sessions in terms of elastic (elastic-inertia) (Kei) and viscous (Kv) components. It was shown that an application of PMS for 30 min using a constant stretching force, approximately 80% of the torque measured at the maximal passive ROM dorsiflexion position, significantly reduces both components of the ankle joint torque (P<0.05). The present results suggested that the application of PMS with a constant torque could reduce not only the elasticity of the hypertonic muscles, but also their viscosity in the stroke patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Compared to the X-ray approach, footprint analysis is a non-radiation and more viable method for clinical assessment of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. In this study, we have designed an optical footprint acquisition system that consists of a digital camera and two pieces of glass, each with four load cells under each corner. When the subject stands on the transparent force plates, the digital camera is triggered, photographing the soles of the feet at the moment when both feet bear approximately at the same weight. A blue gel is placed between the foot and the force plate to enhance the contrast between sole and background. Based on the relationship between the brightness of the image and the thickness of the gel, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the arch can be reconstructed which can provide more representative information than a conventional footprint image, with its low resolution and easy smearing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Currently, the majority of neural stimulation studies are limited to acute animal experiments due to lack of suitable implantable microstimulation devices. As an initial step to observe the long-term effects of neural stimulation, a system consisting of an external wireless controller and an implantable dual-channel microcontroller-based microstimulator for tripolar high frequency blocking was developed. The system is not only small in size, and thus suitable for short-term implantation, but also has sufficient current output parameter ranges to meet the demand for high frequency blocking experiments. Using this implantable microstimulator, a series of experiments were conducted on New Zealand rabbit’s tibial nerve, including frequency and amplitude selection in driving stimulus and blocking effect tests, which were designed to assess the feasibility and efficiency of the device via torque measurements. Our results showed that the implantable microstimulator system gave a satisfactory performance and could be utilized to achieve selective stimulation and blocking on various sizes of nerve fibers. Our implantable microstimulation system is not only a novel tool for neuromuscular control studies but could also provide a basis for developing various types of sophisticated neural prostheses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) induce neutrophil activation in vitro with release of injurious products that can mediate necrotizing vasculitis in vivo. The importance of ANCA IgG F(ab′)[sub 2]-antigen binding versus Fcγ receptor engagement in this process is controversial. We propose that ANCA-antigen binding affects cell signaling pathways that can result in changes of gene expression. Methods. Microarray GeneChip analysis and real-time, quantitative PCR (TaqMan®) was used to probe for transcripts in leukocytes from patients (in vivo gene expression study) and in leukocytes treated with ANCA IgG or ANCA-F(ab′)[sub 2] (in vitro gene expression study). Results. Microarray gene chip analysis showed that ANCA IgG and ANCA-F(ab′)[sub 2] stimulate transcription of a distinct subset of genes, some unique to whole IgG, some unique to F(ab′)[sub 2] fragments, and some common to both. DIF-2, COX-2, and IL-8 were identified as genes responsive to ANCA signaling and were selected for in depth evaluation. In vitro DIF-2 and IL-8 were increased by both ANCA IgG and F(ab′)[sub 2], but COX-2 only by MPO-ANCA F(ab′)[sub 2]. In vivo DIF-2 levels were increased in leukocytes of ANCA patients, which correlated strongly with disease activity and ANCA titer. DIF-2 was not increased in patients in remission or in disease control patients (systemic lupus erythematosus and IgA nephropathy). COX-2 gene expression was significantly increased in patients with active disease, while IL-8 was increased in remission. Conclusions. The data indicate that leukocyte genes are activated in vitro by both ANCA Fc and ANCA F(ab′)[sub 2] pathways and that in vitro activation mimics changes in circulating leukocytes of patients with ANCA disease. Increased levels of DIF-2 in patient leukocytes strongly correlate with severity of disease in kidney tissue. The observations indicate a previously unrecognized role for... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the climate change effects of traditional energy consumption are more pronounced, renewable energy has become increasingly essential in meeting electricity demands and mitigating carbon emissions. Based on the spatial autocorrelation analysis and carbon emission avoided analysis, this study depicts the photovoltaic power geographies, analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics, and measures the carbon emission reduction potentials of China's photovoltaic power installation by province. Five stages of the photovoltaic power installation including Full operation, Partial operation, Announced construction , Permitted construction , and Under construction are classified. Overall, the provinces with higher installed capacities and emission reduction potentials are mainly distributed in the North and Northwest China, including Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Hebei. From the spatial autocorrelation analysis, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, and Shanxi belong to the high-high cluster, while most provinces in South China are among the low-low cluster. In terms of cumulative carbon emission reduction, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi, and Xinjiang are main contributors. By comparing the spatial and temporal evolution, geographical characteristics, and low-carbon reduction of photovoltaic power installation in China's provinces and regions, this study provides quantitative supports and feasible suggestions for the achievement of low-carbon targets and sustainable development of China's photovoltaic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage sludge poses a serious environmental problem for large cities, and large amounts of materials in sludge, including organics, should be recovered rather than wasted. To achieve both sludge reduction and organic resource recovery, this study developed a new biorefinery technology that includes the hydrothermal treatment of sludge followed by fungal fermentation to form hyphae fibers and acidogenic fermentation to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Hydrothermal treatment at 160 °C or 180 °C allows solubilization of approximately 40% of solid organics in sludge into the supernatant, resulting in significant sludge reduction and dewaterability improvement. The fermentation of the fungus Aspergillus niger converted waste organics in the hydrolyzed sludge liquor, with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of around 15,000 mg/L, into hyphae fibers, resulting in fungal biomass production of more than 1.7 g/L. After the recovery of hyphae fibers, the residual sludge liquor was further fermented to produce VFAs to a concentration of about 2500 mg COD/L. The genera Petrimonas , Arcobacter , and Aminobacterium played important roles in acidogenic fermentation. The stepped biorefinery strategy can transform approximately 35% of waste organics in the hydrothermal sludge liquor into valuable fibrous materials and VFAs for effective resource recovery. Image 1 • A new biorefinery process is developed for sludge treatment and resource recovery. • Fungal fermentation converted hydrolyzed sludge organics to hyphae fibers. • Fungal hyphae grew to 1.84 g/L in the sludge liquor with 16.2% organic conversion. • Acidogenic fermentation of the residual sludge liquor produced volatile fatty acids. • 36% organics in sludge liquor was converted to hyphae fibers and volatile fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for sustainable energy, enabling hydrogen fuel conversion, storage, and energy transfer. This review focuses on innovative approaches to replace costly precious metal catalysts with earth-abundant elements, known for their high catalytic activity and durability in alkaline hydrogen evolution reactions. Designing self-supporting electrodes, particularly using three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam (NF) substrates, has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance electrocatalyst performance and stability. The continuous porous structure of 3D NF ensures excellent electrical conductivity and a larger active surface area. This review extensively catalogs emerging nanostructured materials directly grown on 3D NF, including sulfides, phosphides, layered double hydroxides, nitrides, oxides, selenides, and alloys. Emphasis is placed on their cutting-edge achievements in structural design, controllable synthesis, performance optimization, and elucidation of catalytic mechanism. These insights facilitate the selection and fabrication of high-performance self-supporting electrodes, accelerating the commercialization and scalability of water electrolysis technology. [Display omitted] • Outlined the fundamental advancements in nickel foam-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution in water splitting. • Elucidated the enhanced hydrogen evolution performance through the utilization of 3D nickel foam. • Provided future directions and insights into self-supporting 3D nickel foam-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concrete-cored cement mixing (CCM) pile composite foundation is a practical technology for soft soil ground treatment. This paper proposed a theoretical analysis model for the CCM pile composite foundation under embankment in undrained condition which comprehensively considered the interaction between the various components of the CCM pile composite foundation. The working behavior and influencing factors of CCM pile composite foundation under the embankment was also investigated based on the proposed analysis model. The research results showed that: the embankment load was transferred from the outer soil column to the inner soil column. The formation of soil arch effect promoted the concrete core pile to undertake the majority of embankment load, which improved the working behavior of the CCM pile composite foundation under flexible foundation. There was a neutral plane at a certain depth below the ground surface, and the pile shaft above the neutral plane was under negative skin friction, moreover, the vertical stresses of the concrete core pile, cement mixing pile and the soil around the pile all reached the maximum value at the neutral plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]