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• Lincomycin was purified through macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography. • A mixture of 0.02 mol/L Na 2 HPO 4 ∙12H 2 O and acetone (80:20, v/v) is the optimal eluent. • Under optimal parameters, lincomycin's mass concentration was 99.00 % and its yield was 97.84 %. • The proposed method holds considerable promise for pharmaceutical applications. In this study, lincomycin was successfully purified by macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography using the HZ3 resin. The optimal separation parameters were set as follows: the column bed height was 33 cm, sample loading capacity was 48 mg/mL and flow rate of loading was 1 mL/min. A mixture of 0.02 mol/L of Na 2 HPO 4 ∙12H 2 O (pH = 8.5, adjusted using H 3 PO 4) and acetone (80:20, v/v) was used as the eluent. The elution flow rate was maintained at 3 mL/min. Under these parameters, the purity of lincomycin calculated using the standard curve was 99.00 %, with the yield being 97.84 %. This enrichment and separation method of lincomycin is highly regarded owing to its remarkable efficiency and straightforward operation. Thus, the proposed method for the separation and purification of lincomycin holds considerable promise for pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study elucidated the correlation between individual antibiotics and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). • Two methodologies were integrated: network meta-analysis and Food and Drug Adverse Event Reporting System disproportionality analysis. • Cefepime and imipenem lead to more cases of CDI compared with piperacillin/tazobactam. • A trend indicated increased incidence of CDI with imipenem relative to meropenem. • Lincosamides and oral third-generation cephalosporins exhibit higher CDI risk signals. Antibiotic utilization stands as the strongest modifiable determinant for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). However, previous studies have relied on aggregated antibiotic categories, leaving prescribers without detailed comparative risk information for individual antibiotics. The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of CDI comprehensively across specific antibiotics. Two methodologies were integrated to access and rank the risk of CDI associated with individual antibiotics or classes. Initially, a network comparison was conducted by analysing data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Subsequently, a real-world disproportionality analysis using the Food and Drug Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database complemented and enriched the findings from RCTs. The network comparison, encompassing 61 RCTs with 25,931 patients, revealed that exposure to cefepime [odds ratio (OR) 2.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–5.44; P =0.02] and imipenem/cilastatin (OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.61–9.29; P= 0.003) exhibited higher frequencies of CDI compared with piperacillin/tazobactam. No significant differences were observed between the carbapenems, albeit a trend indicating higher incidence of CDI with imipenem/cilastatin compared with meropenem (OR 3.89, 95% CI 0.94–16.09). In the FAERS disproportionality analysis, nearly all antibiotics displayed associations with CDI, and CDI risk signals often clustered within the majority of antibiotic classes. Among these, lincomycin demonstrated the strongest association (OR 112.17, 95% CI 51.68–243.43). Additionally, oral third-generation cephalosporins tended to exhibit higher CDI risk signals than other antibiotics. The findings unveiled substantial diversity in the risk of CDI, both within and between antibiotic classes, providing valuable guidance for clinicians in antibiotic prescription decisions and for initiatives aimed at antibiotic stewardship. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iridium complex nanosheets (Ir NS) and gold nanoparticles decorated Cu 2 O cubic nanoparticles (Cu 2 O@Au) were synthesized. Strong anodic ECL of Ir NS was obtained without additional coreactant. ECL resonance energy transfer could occur between Ir NS and Cu 2 O@Au. Based on which, a higher sensitivity ECL aptasensor for lincomycin was fabricated. [Display omitted] • Strong anodic ECL of Ir NS was obtained without additional coreactant. • ECL-RET was constructed between anodic ECL and Cu 2 O@Au nanocomoposite. • An ECL aptasensor for lincomycin was fabricated. In the present work, the nanosheets of iridium complex (Ir NS) were synthesized by surfactant assisted reprecipitation method. Strong anodic ECL signal of Ir NS was obtained under neutral aqueous condition with electrogenerated hydroxyl radical as coreactant, without the need of additional coreactant. Excellent light absorption ability of gold nanoparticles decorated Cu 2 O cubic nanoparticles (Cu 2 O@Au) could apparently inhibit the ECL intensity of Ir NS. When Cu 2 O@Au was assembled onto the electrode surface by base pair complementarity of DNA, the ECL resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) system could be fabricated with Ir NS ECL as energy donor and Cu 2 O@Au as energy acceptor. The specific interaction of lincomycin (LIN) with the aptamer could release Cu 2 O@Au from the electrode surface, resulting in the recovery of ECL signal. Based on this, an "off-on" mode ECL sensor was designed to detect LIN. Under the optimal condition, the ECL intensity changed linearly with the logarithm of LIN concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10−11–1.0 × 10−6 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 2.88 × 10−13 mol L−1. Importantly, the proposed ECL sensor showed outstanding accuracy and specificity in the detection of LIN, and provided a potential strategy for the determination of antibiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive use of pharmaceuticals in public health and animal husbandry has resulted in their frequent detection in a wide variety of environmental water matrices. Lincomycin (LIN) is a widely used lincosamide antibiotic that is relatively persistent in the environment given its chemically stable structure. Biochar-based adsorbents are eco-friendly and inexpensive materials that can be used to remove contaminants from water. This study investigated the interactions between LIN and a microwave-activated biochar (BC) in batch and dynamic adsorption processes. The BC activation process was optimized with consideration of the molarity of the activation agent (H 3 PO 4), microwave heating time, and microwave power. The results indicated the effectiveness of the applied activation process in the BC production with a BET surface area of 1452 m2/g at the optimized condition, exceeding 2 m2/g for the raw biomass. The maximum adsorption capacity of BC for LIN was 190 mg/g, with experiments suggesting that electrostatic interaction may be the dominant factor affecting the adsorption of LIN on BC. In addition, thermodynamic analyses indicated the thermodynamically spontaneous and favorable adsorption of LIN on BC. The results indicate that microwave pyrolysis is an efficient method for creating an effective BC-adsorbent for removing LIN from different water matrices. [Display omitted] • Microwave-activated biochar was prepared to remove lincomycin from water. • The biochar activation process was optimized using the response surface methodology. • Activated biochar was used in batch and dynamic adsorption processes. • The specific surface area of activated biochar was 1452 m2/g. • Electrostatic interaction may be the dominant factor affecting the adsorption of lincomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of lincomycin (LIN) residues in food poses significant health risks to humans, necessitating a highly sensitive and specific detection method for LIN. This study used a self-enhancing Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 –Ru probe to develop an electrochemiluminescence aptasensor to detect LIN. The Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 was synthesized in situ by harnessing the unique reducibility of Ti 3 C 2 , with TiO 2 serving as a co-reaction accelerator. Moreover, Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 served as a carrier with an excellent negative charge, allowing for the immobilization of a substantial amount of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ through electrostatic adsorption, thus forming a self-enhancing Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 –Ru probe. Furthermore, the specific affinity of LIN toward the aptamer and the chelating interaction between the Ti and phosphate groups ensured highly precise LIN detection. This sensor demonstrated excellent performance, with a detection limit of 0.025 ng mL−1 and a detection range of 1.0 × 10−1–1.0 × 104 ng mL−1. The LIN detection in milk showed commendable recovery rates, ranging from 94.4% to 106.0%. • An improved sensitivity strategy based on a self-enhancing probe of Ti 3 C 2 − TiO 2 − Ru. • The double specific strategy integrated the aptamer recognition and chelation. • A highly sensitive and selective sensor for LIN detection in milk was applied. • This novel method holds promise for widespread adoption in food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An ECL aptamer sensor for the determination of Lin was successfully prepared. • PDDA was used to change the surface charge of TbPO 4 :Ce NWs to adsorb Ag NPs. • The sensitivity of the sensor was improved by using multiple signal amplification. • The sensor showed a higher selectivity and lower detection limit. The residue of lincomycin in water will not only aggravate the drug resistance of bacteria but also cause damage to the human body through biological accumulation. In this work, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor for the detection of lincomycin was constructed based on polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDDA) functionalized Ce-doped TbPO 4 nanowires (PDDA-TbPO 4 :Ce NWs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). TbPO 4 :Ce NWs were used as the luminophore, and PDDA was used to functionalize the luminophore to make the surface of the luminophore positively charged. The negatively charged silver nanoparticles were combined with PDDA-TbPO 4 :Ce NWs by electrostatic interaction. Ag NPs accelerated the electron transfer rate and promoted the ECL efficiency, which finally increased the ECL intensity of TbPO 4 :Ce NWs by about 4 times. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit of the ECL sensor was as low as 4.37 × 10−16 M, and the linear range was 1 × 10 − 15 M to 1 × 10 − 5 M, with good selectivity, stability, and repeatability. The sensor can be applied to the detection of lincomycin in water, and the recovery rate is 97.7–103.4 %, which has broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Recyclable aqueous two-phase systems were constructed using EO 30 PO 70 and P ADB5.22. • Phase formation mechanism have been studied using Low-field NMR. • Lincomycin was better partitioned with partition coefficient of 5.94. • The recoveries of EO 30 PO 70 and P ADB5.22 reached 95.51 % and 96.18 %, respectively. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) have been widely used in the laboratory separation and purification of antibiotics. However, its large-scale application is limited due to the difficulty in the recovery of the phase-forming polymers. In this study, we aimed to develop a thermo-pH responsive recyclable ATPS using thermo-responsive polymer EO 30 PO 70 and pH-responsive polymer P ADB5.22 for lincomycin partition. This ATPS can rapidly form two-phase interface in less than 5 min and can sustainably be reused. The phase separation mechanism was studied by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and surface tension. The effects of polymer concentration, lincomycin content, pH, temperature and salts type and concentrations on lincomycin partition were investigated. The 25 % (w/v) EO 30 PO 70 /4.5 % (w/v) P ADB5.22 ATPS showed good partitioning at room temperature for lincomycin fermentation broth in the presence of 80 mM LiCl at pH 9.1, with a partition coefficient of 5.94 and extraction recovery of 94.68 %. In addition, the recycling of the two polymers showed a high efficiency, with 95.51 % and 96.18 % recoveries of EO 30 PO 70 and P ADB5.22 after four cycles, respectively. This recyclable ATPS has a promising industrial application in the separation and purification of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a highly selective and sensitive analysis strategy for lincomycin (LIN) is of great significance for environmental protection and food safety. Herein, we reported a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor based on Ti 3 C 2 QDs-1T/2H MoS 2 nano-hybrid luminophore for detection of LIN. The hybridization of Ti 3 C 2 QDs and 1T/2H MoS 2 endowed nanocomposite with structural and compositional advantages for boosting the ECL performance of QDs by about three times. This enhancement could be attributed to the remarkable electrocatalytic activity and high conductivity exhibited by 1T/2H MoS 2. Secondly, the great surface area of 1T/2H MoS 2 is conducive to the high dispersion of Ti 3 C 2 QDs, and its good conductivity could promote charge transfer. On the other hand, the excellent catalytic performance of 1T/2H MoS 2 could facilitate the reduction of S 2 O 8 2− to produce more radical, which significantly enhance the ECL signal of Ti 3 C 2 QDs. Given these features, a sensor for detection of LIN was established based on specific recognition between target and aptamer. The sensor showed a good linear relationship (0.05 ng mL−1 ∼100 μg mL−1) with a detection limit as low as 0.02 ng mL−1. It is worth noting that this work has been validated in testing milk samples, exhibiting great potential application prospects in food analysis. [Display omitted] • A new ECL aptasensor for analyzing LIN was developed based on Ti 3 C 2 QDs-1T/2H MoS 2. • 1T/2H MoS 2 as a carrier and catalysis can improve the ECL performance of Ti 3 C 2 QDs. • The LIN aptasensor displayed excellent selectivity and high sensitivity. • The ECL sensor was used to detect LIN in milk samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is a mechanism of regulating light harvesting that protects the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage by dissipating excess absorbed excitation energy as heat. In higher plants, the major light-harvesting antenna complex (LHCII) of photosystem (PS) II is directly involved in NPQ. The aggregation of LHCII is proposed to be involved in quenching. However, the lack of success in isolating native LHCII aggregates has limited the direct interrogation of this process. The isolation of LHCII in its native state from thylakoid membranes has been problematic because of the use of detergent, which tends to dissociate loosely bound proteins, and the abundance of pigment-protein complexes (e.g. PSI and PSII) embedded in the photosynthetic membrane, which hinders the preparation of aggregated LHCII. Here, we used a novel purification method employing detergent and amphipols to entrap LHCII in its natural states. To enrich the photosynthetic membrane with the major LHCII, we used Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking the PSII minor antenna complexes (NoM), treated with lincomycin to inhibit the synthesis of PSI and PSII core proteins. Using sucrose density gradients, we succeeded in isolating the trimeric and aggregated forms of LHCII antenna. Violaxanthin- and zeaxanthin-enriched complexes were investigated in dark-adapted, NPQ, and dark recovery states. Zeaxanthin- enriched antenna complexes showed the greatest amount of aggregated LHCII. Notably, the amount of aggregated LHCII decreased upon relaxation of NPQ. Employing this novel preparative method, we obtained a direct evidence for the role of in vivo LHCII aggregation in NPQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tetracyclines were the most detected antibiotics in pig slurry, in a range of µg/mL. • 64% of pharmaceuticals remained onto the liquid fraction in solid-liquid separation. • NDN-SBR reduced the pharmaceuticals concentration in an average of 49.4%. • NDN-SBR reduced a 77% of the nitrogen from the liquid slurry fraction. The fate and degradation of 28 multiple-class veterinary pharmaceuticals in an on-farm pig slurry treatment plant based on solid-liquid separation and a nitrification–denitrification (NDN) sequence batch reactor (SBR) were evaluated for the first time. The pharmaceuticals detected at the highest concentrations in raw pig slurries belonged to the group of tetracycline antibiotics. Fluoroquinolone, lincosamide and pleuromutilin antibiotics and other drugs such as flubendazole and flunixin were also frequently detected. After solid-liquid separation, target compounds were distributed in an average of 64% onto the liquid fraction. Pharmaceuticals distributed in this fraction were removed in an average of almost 50% after being treated in NDN-SBR. Lincomycin was the compound with the highest removal percentage, reaching 100% reduction, while tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones showed moderate removal percentages (50 and 40%, respectively). Regarding nitrogen removal, NDN-SBR reduced a 77% of the content of this nutrient in the liquid slurry fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biochar amended composting reduced the abundance of intra- and extracellular ARGs. • Biochar, bacterial community and MGEs contributed to iARGs and eARGs removal. • Biochar inhibited eARGs transformation and RP4 plasmid conjugative transfer. • Biochar could destroy the structural and functional integrity of cells. • Biochar altered the expression of mRNA including ROS and SOS related genes. This study aims to indicate the influence of biochar on extracellular and intracellular ARGs (e/iARGs) variation and proliferation during lincomycin fermentation dregs (LFDs) compost. Biochar addition made iARGs keep reducing but eARGs increase to the maximum at the middle thermophilic phase and reduce at the end of the compost. Compared to control 3.15-log and 5.42-log reduction of iARGs and eARGs were observed, respectively. Biochar addition, bacterial community, and MGEs were the major contributors to iARGs and eARGs removal, with the contribution percentages of 38.4%, 31.0%, 23.7%, and 27.2%, 29.1%, and 34.9%, respectively. Moreover, biochar significantly inhibited eARGs transformation and RP4 plasmid conjugative transfer among E. coli DH5α and Pseudomonas aeruginosa HLS-6. The underlying mechanism involved in broken cell membranes of bacteria, and altered expression of oxidative stress genes and save our souls (SOS) response-related genes. The results indicated that biochar addition in composting could limit the dissemination of ARGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lincomycin (LCM) is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections in livestock and companion animals. In this study, we aimed to investigate the oral bioavailability of LCM with PK data after IV and PO administration and to compare differences in drug residue patterns in eggs. To ensure food safety, an additional study on egg residue was conducted using 3 different commercial LCM drugs. For bioavailability study, laying hens were divided into oral and intravenous (n = 8/group) groups and received single dose (10 mg/kg) of LCM. The limits of quantification for LCM were 0.729 μg/mL and 0.009 mg/kg in plasma and eggs, respectively. The oral group exhibited a significantly lower average serum drug concentration than the IV group, with a bioavailability of 2.6%. Furthermore, the egg residue profiles confirmed reduced systemic drug exposure after oral administration. For the commercial LCM drug egg residue experiment, laying hens were divided into low- and high-dose groups (n = 12/group) for each drug and treated with the recommended dosage and administration method for each respective drug. The eggs were collected and analyzed until 14 d after the last drug treatment. Despite differences in the LCM content and formulation among commercial drugs, all the tested commercial drugs showed average concentrations below the MRL in eggs within approximately 3 d after the last drug treatment. In this study, we have confirmed that LCM has a low oral absorption rate in laying hens, and this was consistent with the findings from the egg residue profiles. Further studies are requested to elucidate the exact reasons for evidently low oral drug absorption in laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary antibiotics and estrogens are excreted in livestock waste before being applied to agricultural lands as fertilizer, resulting in contamination of soil and adjacent waterways. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the degradation kinetics of the VAs sulfamethazine and lincomycin and the estrogens estrone and 17β-estradiol in soil mesocosms, and 2) assess the effect of the phytochemical DIBOA-Glu, secreted in eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) roots, on antibiotic degradation due to the ability of DIBOA-Glu to facilitate hydrolysis of atrazine in solution assays. Mesocosm soil was a silt loam representing a typical claypan soil in portions of Missouri and the Central United States. Mesocosms (n = 133) were treated with a single target compound (antibiotic concentrations at 125 ng g−1 dw, estrogen concentrations at 1250 ng g−1 dw); a subset of mesocosms treated with antibiotics were also treated with DIBOA-Glu (12,500 ng g−1 dw); all mesocosms were kept at 60% water-filled pore space and incubated at 25 °C in darkness. Randomly chosen mesocosms were destructively sampled in triplicate for up to 96 days. All targeted compounds followed pseudo first-order degradation kinetics in soil. The soil half-life (t 0.5) of sulfamethazine ranged between 17.8 and 30.1 d and ranged between 9.37 and 9.90 d for lincomycin. The antibiotics results showed no significant differences in degradation kinetics between treatments with or without DIBOA-Glu. For estrogens, degradation rates of estrone (t 0.5 = 4.71–6.08 d) and 17β-estradiol (t 0.5 = 5.59–6.03 d) were very similar; however, results showed that estrone was present as a metabolite in the 17β-estradiol treated mesocosms and vice-versa within 24 h. The antibiotics results suggest that sulfamethazine has a greater potential to persist in soil than lincomycin. The interconversion of 17β-estradiol and estrone in soil increased their overall persistence and sustained soil estrogenicity. This study demonstrates the persistence of these compounds in a typical claypan soil representing portions of the Central United States. [Display omitted] • All targeted compounds followed pseudo first-order degradation kinetics. • DBG driven hydrolysis did not play a significant role in affecting veterinary antibiotic half-lives. • Lincomycin degradation was 2–3 times faster in soil than sulfamethazine. • Degradation rates of estrone and 17β-estradiol in soil were comparatively similar. • Estrone and 17β-estradiol interconversion in soil increased their overall persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive accumulation of antibiotic residue in animal-derived foods pose a threat to our heath. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid, simple, effective, safe and highly sensitive lincomycin (LIN) residues detection method by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultraviolet. Here, due to the weak UV absorption of LIN, the p -Toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (PTSI, has a strong UV absorption) was binded to the hydroxyl group of LINs by using pre-column derivatization method, improving the UV absorption of LIN. This 9-min-run analytical method detects and quantifies LIN residues with acceptable validation performance parameters in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, the limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision.Our result showed that the limits of detection and quantification for LIN in samples were 25–40 μg/kg and 40–60 μg/kg, respectively, under the optimized conditions. Furthermore, the LIN recoveries ranged from 72.4 % to 96.7 %; the determination coefficients were 0.9912–0.9996, and the relative standard deviations were 5.6 %-12.7 %. Therefore, the HPLC-UVD method for detecting LIN residues in animal-derived food products has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequestration of anthropogenic antibiotics by biochars from waters may be a promising strategy to minimize environmental and human health risks of antibiotic resistance. This study investigated the long-term sequestration of lincomycin by 17 slow-pyrolysis biochars using batch sorption experiments during 365 days. Sorption kinetics were well fitted to the Weber-Morris intraparticle diffusion model for all tested biochars with the intraparticle diffusion rate constant (k id) of 25.3–166 μg g−1 day−0.5 and intercept constant (C id) of 39.0–339 μg g−1, suggesting that the sorption kinetics were controlled by fast initial sorption and slow pore diffusion. The quasi-equilibrium sorption isotherms became more nonlinear with increasing equilibration time at 1, 7, 30, and 365 days, likely due to increasing abundance of heterogeneous sorption sites in biochars over time. Intriguingly, low-temperature (300 °C) and high-temperature (600 °C) biochars had faster sorption kinetics than intermediate-temperature (400–500 °C) biochars at the long term, which was attributed to greater specific surface area and pore volume of high-temperature biochars and the substantial and continuous release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from low-temperature biochars, respectively. DOC release enhanced lincomycin sorption by decreasing biochar particle size and/or increasing the accessibility of sorption sites and pores initially blocked by DOC. Additionally, a large fraction (>75%) of sorbed lincomycin in biochars after a 240-day equilibration could not be extracted by the acetonitrile/methanol extractant. The strong sorption and low extraction recovery demonstrated the great potential of biochars as soil amendments for long-term sequestration of antibiotics in-situ. Image 1 • Lincomycin sorption to biochars was controlled by pore diffusion in the long term. • Quasi-equilibrium sorption isotherms of lincomycin became more nonlinear over time. • Release of dissolved organic carbon from biochars enhanced lincomycin sorption. • Lincomycin sequestered in biochar pores was highly resistant to extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The core–shell lincomycin-imprinted polymer was synthesized. • The core–shell polymer was used as the sorbent of solid phase extraction cartridge. • The extraction method was done before high performance liquid chromatography. • The extraction method was used for pre-concentration of lincomycin in milk. • A drug residue control method was developed. Abstract In this study, core–shell lincomycin-imprinted polymers were successfully synthesized and their binding properties evaluated. The functional monomers of methacrylamide and acrylamide were used for synthesis of core and shell, respectively. The optimum synthesized core–shell molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was applied as a sorbet in solid phase extraction cartridge. Afterwards, the method of core–shell molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (CSMISPE) was used for pre-concentration and clean-up of lincomycin in the milk matrix prior to analysis via high performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV detector (HPLC-UV). The linear range for analysis of lincomycin in the milk matrix using introduced method was obtained from 0.08 to 2 μg/mL with recovery range of 80%–89%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.02 μg/mL and 0.08 μg/mL, respectively. Finally, calibrated CSMISPE-HPLC-UV method was used for lincomycin residue checking and quantification in the pasteurized milk samples of Mashhad city market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Tea polyphenols was firstly used as accelerators in the Fenton reaction to degrade antibiotics. • Chelation and reduction of tea polyphenols are the key to improve the efficiency of Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle. • The pH values is the decisive factor for chelation or reduction of tea polyphenols. Abstract Tea polyphenols (TP) are natural green organic compounds with chelating and reducing properties, which can promote the catalytic reaction, but the mechanism of promotion is still uncertain. In this paper, the chelation and reduction of TP were used to promote the degradation of lincomycin (LCM) by zero-valent iron Fenton-like reaction, and the mechanism of the two properties of TP was analyzed. The results showed that in the Fe0/H 2 O 2 system, the degradation rate of the reaction system was increased from 27% to 100% in two hours after the addition of TP, and the reaction rate was increased about 26 times. Moreover, the parameters of pH, Fe2+, ·OH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and so forth indicating that the chelating structure of TP and iron ions was formed under pH = 4–9, which obviously promoted the mutual conversion of Fe3+/Fe2+. It is propitious to the proper amount of iron dissolution in order to facilitate the continuous and efficient Fenton reaction. Under acidic conditions, the TP are more reductive due to the destruction of the chelate structure, which promotes the conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+ or even zero-valent iron, significantly improves the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle capacity and increases the amount of OH produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen defect-engineered is an important strategy to improve the photoelectric activity of materials. Herein, a facile one-pot solvothermal method was utilized to synthesize visible light-responsive photoactive Bi 2 MoO 6 nanoparticles anchored boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene (BNG) nanosheets nanocomposites with oxygen vacancy. The incorporation of BNG nanosheets increased the oxygen vacancies amounts on Bi 2 MoO 6 remarkably, and the presences of oxygen vacancies can be beneficial to broaden the absorption range. The absorption edge of Bi 2 MoO 6 /BNG was widened from 500 nm to 550 nm compared to Bi 2 MoO 6 , and the charge transfer was accelerated to improve the photoactive of Bi 2 MoO 6 /BNG. Under visible light illumination, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) response of the as-prepared Bi 2 MoO 6 /BNG was 11.6-fold, 6.7-fold, 3.1-fold and 2.4-fold higher than that of pristine Bi 2 MoO 6 , Bi 2 MoO 6 /graphene, Bi 2 MoO 6 /nitrogen doped graphene and Bi 2 MoO 6 /boron doped graphene. Using Bi 2 MoO 6 /BNG nanocomposites with the superior PEC performance as photoactive materials in combination with specifically recognized lincomycin (LIN) aptamer, a highly efficient PEC aptasensor was successfully constructed for sensitive analysis of LIN. Under optimal conditions, the proposed PEC aptasensor exhibited excellent analytical performance for LIN with a wide linear response of 1 × 10−11 to 1 × 10−6 mol L−1 along with a low detection limit of 3.7 × 10−12 mol L−1 (defined as S / N = 3). The as-prepared Bi 2 MoO 6 /BNG nanocomposites exhibit excellent visible light response and PEC performance, indicating its potential applications in PEC biosensor. • Oxygen vacancy engineered Bi 2 MoO 6 /BNG was prepared by one-pot for the first time. • The photocurrent of Bi 2 MoO 6 /BNG was greatly enhanced compared with pristine Bi 2 MoO 6 , Bi 2 MoO 6 /G, Bi 2 MoO 6 /NG and Bi 2 MoO 6 /BG. • A highly efficient PEC lincomycin aptasensor was successfully established. • The proposed aptasensor exhibited excellent superior analytical performance for lincomycin detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We assessed the presence of tetracyclines, quinolones, lincomycin, and streptomycin in ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk samples (n = 148) and pasteurized milk samples (n = 50) from China using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay-based visualization microarray chip technique. The detection rates of tetracyclines, quinolones, lincomycin, and streptomycin were 4.7%, 3.3%, 2.7%, and 15.5%, respectively, in UHT milk and 16.0%, 4.0%, 2.0%, and 14.0%, respectively, in pasteurized milk. The maximum levels of tetracyclines, quinolones, lincomycin, and streptomycin in the sample were 9.06 μg kg−1, 4.06 μg kg−1, 7.66 μg kg−1, and 8.92 μg kg−1, respectively, which are lower than the maximum residue levels established in China, the Codex Alimentarius Commission, and the European Union, indicating the milk production/marketing system might be adequately controlling the antibiotic residue risk. However, considering the limited sample numbers, and relative high detection rates in spring and summer which might pose a health risk on population, control measures still need to be strictly enforced to keep these residues at safe levels. Highlights • 148 UHT and 50 pasteurized milk samples were collected. • Milk samples were analysed for 4 Veterinary drugs by ELISA. • The highest detection rate of streptomycin was found in spring as 19%. • None of the veterinary drugs residues exceeded the MRLs set by China, CAC, and EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Two pH-responsive terpolymers were successfully synthesized in pilot scale. • The characteristics of terpolymers synthesized in different scales were similar. • The rescoveries of two terpolymers were both higher than 97%. • A recyclable aqueous two-phase system was constructed for extraction of antibiotics. • The partition coefficient of demeclocycline reached 4.223 with 20 mM LiCl. Abstract Recycling pH-responsive aqueous two-phase system (pH-ATPS) has the advantages of low interfacial tension, high recovery, mild condition and low cost. In this paper, two pH-responsive copolymers 4% (w/v) P ADB4.05 and 3% (w/v) P MDB3.36 were used to construct a recycling pH-ATPS (the recoveries of two copolymers were both higher than 97%) for partition of demeclocycline and Lincomycin. They were successfully synthesized in pilot scale (500 L) through optimizing the monomer molar ratio and synthesis conditions and the yield of P ADB4.05 and P MDB3.36 were 97% and 96% respectively. The characteristics of two scaled-up copolymers were consistent with those synthesized in laboratory scale. The optimal partition coefficient (K) of demeclocycline were 4.223 with 20 mM LiCl at room temperature, respectively. For lincomycin, the K reached 2.629 in the presence of 4 mM MnCl 2 at 45 °C. Partition of antibiotics in this pH-ATPS can be improved by varying pH, type and concentration of salts and temperature, which means it is available to antibiotics extraction and the further industrial separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Antibiotics in surface waters and soils are growing public health concerns and treated wastewater has often been identified as the main source of antibiotics. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the occurrence and concentrations of antibiotics in coastal cities without direct impact of wastewater discharge. In this study, the occurrence of 14 antibiotics including four macrolides, three sulfonamides, three β-lactams, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, furazolidon, and monensin in surface waters and soils in Singapore were analyzed with SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS. The detected concentrations of antibiotics were all below 82.5 ng/L in surface waters and below 80.6 ng/g dry wt in soils. These concentrations were significantly lower than other cities that were under the impact of treated wastewater discharge, suggesting that reduction of treated wastewater discharge reduces occurrence of antibiotics in the environment. However, the wide occurrence of trace levels of antibiotics suggest that other factors may have contributed to detected environmental antibiotics. Population density was positively correlated with concentrations of clarithromycin, lincomycin, azithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole in surface waters, suggesting that non-point source pollution due to anthropogenic pressure may contribute to the wide detection of trace levels of antibiotics. The potential impact of antibiotic use, natural production, and half-lives of antibiotics were further discussed. Further studies are needed to evaluate how anthropogenic activities other than wastewater discharge may contribute to the occurrence of trace level antibiotics and their associated health risks in urban environments. Highlights • Antibiotics were detected in surface waters and soils without impact of wastewater. • Antibiotic concentrations without impact of treated wastewater were low. • Population density was positively correlated with certain antibiotics. • Antibiotic use and natural production may affect antibiotic concentrations. • Half-lives of antibiotics may affect antibiotic attenuation in soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • More than 99% of the residual lincomycin was removed after composting. • Potential degradation products of lincomycin were identified via composting. • Total RAs of ARGs and intI1 were higher in LMDs compost. • Bacterial communities were the main factor to affect the variation of ARGs. • There existed environmental risk in LMDs compost. Abstract This study explored the effects of co-composting of lincomycin mycelia dregs (LMDs) with furfural slag on variations in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the bacterial community. The results showed that more than 99% lincomycin was reduced after composting. Moreover, the total absolute and relative abundance of ARGs increased by 180 and 5 times, respectively. The gene lnuA was detected in the LMDs compost and it was proved to participate in lincomycin biodegradation based on the analysis of Pearson's correlation and the lincomycin degradation byproducts. Redundancy analysis showed the succession of the bacterial community had a greater influence than the environmental parameters (residual lincomycin, C/N, pH and temperature) on the variation of ARGs during composting. Composting was not effective in reducing most of the ARGs and intI1 and thus the LMDs compost is dangerous to the ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is effective to remove lincomycin resistance genes. • Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were also reduced efficiently during HT. • The fate of target genes was described using biphasic first-order kinetic model. • Heavy metals transformed from weakly bounded to stable state after HT. • Environmental risk of heavy metals was declined after HT. Abstract In this study, fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs – lmr A, lmr B, erm B, lnu A, lnu B and vga C) and species distribution of heavy metals during lincomycin mycelial residues hydrothermal treatment (HT) process were investigated. The results showed that HT could reduce both ARGs and mobile genetic elements effectively by 1.02 to 4.14 logs. Total bacterial biomass reflecting by 16S rRNA decreased from 1.27 × 109 to 4.47 × 105 copies g−1 dry weight. Moreover, half-lives of these targets varied from 2.4 min (erm B) to 8.9 min (lmr B) in the first 30 min of treatment based on a biphasic first-order kinetic model. After the first 30 min, however, half-lives ranged between 15.4 min (lmr A) and 247.6 min (ISCR 1). Complexation and precipitation resulted in the transformation of heavy metals from weakly bounded to relatively stable fraction in HT process. Simultaneously, their environmental risk level decreased by at least one grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] This study aims to develop a pharmaceutical formulation that combines the potent antibacterial effect of lincomycin and lauric acid against Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a bacterium implicated in acne. The selection of lauric acid was based on an in silico study, which suggested that its interaction with specific protein targets of C. acnes may contribute to its synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. To achieve our aim, glycerosomes were fabricated with the incorporation of lauric acid as a main constituent of glycerosomes vesicular membrane along with cholesterol and phospholipon 90H, while lincomycin was entrapped within the aqueous cavities. Glycerol is expected to enhance the cutaneous absorption of the active moieties via hydrating the skin. Optimization of lincomycin-loaded glycerosomes (LM-GSs) was conducted using a mixed factorial experimental design. The optimized formulation; LM-GS4 composed of equal ratios of cholesterol:phospholipon90H:Lauric acid, demonstrated a size of 490 ± 17.5 nm, entrapment efficiency-values of 90 ± 1.4 % for lincomycin, and97 ± 0.2 % for lauric acid, and a surface charge of −30.2 ± 0.5mV. To facilitate its application on the skin, the optimized formulation was incorporated into a carbopol hydrogel. The formed hydrogel exhibited a pH value of 5.95 ± 0.03 characteristic of pH-balanced skincare and a shear-thinning non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow. Skin deposition of lincomycin was assessed using an in-house developed and validated LC-MS/MS method employing gradient elution and electrospray ionization detection. Results revealed that LM-GS4 hydrogel exhibited a two-fold increase in skin deposition of lincomycin compared to lincomycin hydrogel, indicating improved skin penetration and sustained release. The synergistic healing effect of LM-GS4 was evidenced by a reduction in inflammation, bacterial load, and improved histopathological changes in an acne mouse model. In conclusion, the proposed formulation demonstrated promising potential as a topical treatment for acne. It effectively enhanced the cutaneous absorption of lincomycin, exhibited favorable physical properties, and synergistic antibacterial and healing effects. This study provides valuable insights for the development of an effective therapeutic approach for acne management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lincomycin (LIN) is a common antibiotic that is widely used in animal husbandry and other fields, and the residual problem caused by its abuse has attracted widespread attention. Herein, a novel AgI-carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNT)-BiOI Z-scheme heterojunction material was synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method, modified on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode surface, and used for detecting LIN. The photocurrent on the AgI-cMWCNT-BiOI/FTO photoelectrode is 4.6 times that on the control AgI-BiOI/FTO photoelectrode. An amino-functionalized LIN aptamer was fixed on the AgI-cMWCNT-BiOI/FTO photoelectrode by the cross-linking reaction between chitosan and glutaraldehyde, and then Ru(NH 3) 6 3+ was electrostatically attached to the LIN aptamer to increase the photocurrent response to the LIN binding. When LIN binds competitively with Ru(NH 3) 6 3+ to the aptamer, the photocurrent signal can be quantitatively decreased. Under optimized conditions, the anodic photocurrent at 0 V vs KCl-saturated calomel electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.100 M ascorbic acid was linear with the common logarithm of LIN concentration from 10.0 pM to 500 nM, with a limit of detection of 2.8 pM (S / N = 3). Satisfactory recovery results were obtained in the analysis of cow milk samples. [Display omitted] • AgI-carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes-BiOI Z-scheme heterojunction. • Attaching Ru(NH 3) 6 3+ to the LIN aptamer to enhance the aptasensing photocurrent. • High-performance photoelectrochemical aptasensing of lincomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study provides first comprehensive results on the residual levels of 19 antimicrobial (AM) residues in 12 Japanese swine manure composting facilities that use open or enclosed types of treatment methods. Tilmicosin (14000 μg/kg d.w.) and tiamulin (15000 μg/kg d.w.) were present in the highest concentrations in manure composts. Morantel (MRT) had the highest detection frequency (100%) in compost, suggesting its ubiquitous usage and resistance to degradation during composting. Sulfamethoxazole had low detection frequencies and concentrations, likely due to limited partitioning to the solid phase. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) between purchasing quantities and residue levels in manure composts was detected for fluoroquinolones (FQs). The removal efficiencies of AMs in enclosed-type facilities were lower and more inconsistent than those in open-type facilities. Tetracyclines (TCs), lincomycin, and trimethoprim were easily removed from open-type facilities, whereas FQs and MRT persisted in both facilities. After discontinuing the usage of oxytetracycline (OTC), TCs concentrations reduced drastically in input materials, remained pseudo-persistent in composts for up to 4 months, suggesting a time lag for composting and were not detected (<10 µg/kg) after 4 months of OTC withdrawal. This study emphasizes on the effectiveness of manure composting methods in reducing AM residues in swine waste. [Display omitted] • We present the first holistic report on antimicrobial levels in Japanese swine manure compost. • Tilmicosin and tiamulin concentrations were the highest in composts. • The removal efficiency depended on antimicrobial types, composting practices, and facility conditions. • Morantel, a feed additive, was relatively resistant to degradation while composting. • Once its usage was withdrawn, tetracycline residues in composts dissipated within 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Only four sequence types (STs) were present among 51 Swiss B. hyodysenteriae , with the novel ST196 being predominant. • The low diversity suggests a few common sources of B. hyodysenteriae. • All Swiss isolates were susceptible to the pleuromutilins tiamulin and valnemulin. • Decreased susceptibility to macrolides, lincomycin and doxycycline was associated with point mutations in the 23S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes. Abstract Worldwide emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae led us question whether specific clones are present in Switzerland. Fifty-one B. hyodysenteriae isolates originating from 27 different Swiss pig herds sampled between 2010 and 2017 were characterised. Multilocus sequence typing revealed the presence of four different sequence types (STs) ST6, ST66, ST196 and ST197 with ST196 being predominant. Antimicrobial susceptibility to six different antimicrobial agents was determined by measurement of the minimal inhibitory concentration by broth dilution. Isolates were examined for the presence of point mutations and genes known to be associated with antimicrobial resistance in B. hyodysenteriae by PCR and sequence analysis. Forty-one isolates belonging to ST6 (n = 1), ST66 (n = 4) and ST196 (n = 36) exhibited decreased susceptibility to macrolides and lincomycin associated with an A2058 T/G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. One isolate of ST66 and five isolates of ST196 exhibited decreased susceptibility to doxycycline associated with a G1058C mutation in the 16S rRNA gene. The Swiss B. hyodysenteriae population is characterised by a low genetic diversity, with macrolide-lincosamide-resistant isolates of ST196 being predominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the successful laser transfer of biocompatible composite coatings based on polyaniline (PANI) embedded with magnetite (PANI-Fe 3 O 4 ) and Lincomycin hydrochloride (PANI-Lincomycin) or Lincomycin-functionalized magnetite (PANI-Fe 3 O 4 @Lincomycin) by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The physico-chemical investigations revealed relevant data regarding the stoichiometric deposition, morphology and topography of the as-deposited coatings. Regarding the MAPLE coatings, the FTIR studies evidenced the vibrational bands characteristic to pristine PANI material, while the SEM investigations unveiled a preferential particulate morphology (with aggregates shape and size depending on the deposited material). Additionally, the AFM measurements indicated variations of RMS value, following the Lincomycin and magnetite incorporation. The wettability measurements displayed a hydrophilic behavior of the synthesized coatings, while the electrochemical studies emphasized an enhanced resistance against corrosion in simulated body fluid when compared with bare Ti. Cellular viability, immunofluorescence and SEM results proved that the MAPLE coatings were suitable materials for beneficial adhesion, spreading and proliferation of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). Moreover, an increased efficiency was evidenced against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development. The multifunctional properties of the laser processed composite coatings – confirmed by cumulative biocompatible, antimicrobial and anticorrosive behaviors – recommend them as promising solutions for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the effect of co-composting of lincomycin mycelia dregs (LMDs) with furfural slag on the degradation of lincomycin, maturity and microbial communities. Results showed that after 66 days composting, the concentration of lincomycin was removed above 99%. The final pH, C/N and germination index (GI) all met the national standards in maturity. Enumeration of total cultivable microbes showed the composting process was not inhibited by the addition of LMDs. Microbial diversity suggested that co-composting was beneficial to increase the abundance and diversity of bacterial communities for LMDs’ treatment. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) indicated the bacteria communities were strongly affected by residual lincomycin, with lincomycin reduced greatly, microbial communities of T and CK became similar at the end of composting. The potential bacteria to degrade lincomycin were Anaerococcus , Peptostreptococcus , and Lactobacillus . Based on these results, this research indicated that the co-composting was a feasible treatment for LMDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, lincomycin has been detected frequently in aquatic environment, especially in the effluent of pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants. Public concerns have been raised due to its adverse bio-effect and potential of inducing resistance genes. In this study, hydrothermal treatment (HT) was applied to remove lincomycin from high-concentrated pharmaceutical waste water. Influence factors (e.g., temperature, initial concentration and pH) were investigated from kinetics perspective. Meanwhile, degradation byproducts were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), based on that transformation pathways were proposed. Finally, the toxicity of lincomycin degradation intermediates were evaluated by Microcystis cells. The results showed that lincomycin was eliminated efficiently via HT and an obvious lag time existed in its degradation process. An autocatalytic model was developed successfully based on the degradation kinetics analysis. The model showed good fitness with experiments data (R 2  > 0.99). Observed reaction constant ( k ) increased when reaction temperature varied from 110 to 160 °C; it decreased from 0.034 to 0.015 min −1 as pH ranged from 2.0 to 6.0. Additionally, increasing initial concentration of lincomycin promoted its degradation, while it showed a different trend once the concentration exceeded 300 mg L −1 . A total of 7 major intermediates were identified, based on which hydrolysis, hydroxylation and desulfuration were inferred as the mainly evolution processes. Finally, toxicity evaluation indicated that both lincomycin and its degradation byproducts have no inhibition on algal strains. Thus, it is concluded that HT is an efficient method for removing lincomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lincomycin mycelial residues (LMRs), one kind of bio-wastes with a high biomass organic content, are limited to use due to residual lincomycin. Recycling of LMRs is not only benefit to economy but also to environment. This study developed an acidic hydrothermal method for LMRs treatment. Effects of reaction temperature (100, 130 and 160 °C), residence time (60, 120 and 180 min), and H 2 SO 4 concentration (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 M) on the amount and distributions of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus were investigated. In addition, these three crucial parameters for maximum removal of lincomycin were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Meanwhile, intermediates of lincomycin treated by acidic hydrothermal treatment (AHT) were identified by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Antibacterial assessments of them were conducted via disk diffusion tests. Results showed that the treatments led to 34.7%–251% and 30.9%–214% in the concentrations of TN and TP, respectively, and 1.44–3.89 times higher of SCOD in the soluble phase of LMRs. Lincomycin removal rates increased with the increasing of reaction temperature, residence time and H 2 SO 4 concentration in a certain range. The optimal conditions were obtained at activation temperature of 160 °C, residence time of 157.2 min and a H 2 SO 4 concentration of 0.53 M, where 98.3% of lincomycin was removed. Moreover, inhibition of lincomycin after AHT on Staphyococcus aureus , with respect to untreated solutions containing this compound reduced significantly. Therefore, recycling of LMRs is promising after removal residual lincomycin via AHT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lincomycin mycelial residue (LMR) is the restricted resource because it contains residual lincomycin, which is producing potential risks to the environment and human health. In this study, lincomycin-degrading strain LCM-B was isolated and identified as Clostridium sp. in the LMR. Strain LCM-B was able to degrade 62.03% of lincomycin at the initial concentration of 100 mg L −1 after incubation for 10 d, while only 15.61% of lincomycin was removed at the initial concentration of 500 mg L −1 . The removal efficiency of lincomycin by strain LCM-B decreased as the initial concentration increased. Gene lnuB (which encodes the nucleotidyl transferase) was detected in the isolated strain, and it was proven to participate in lincomycin biodegradation based on the analysis of degradation products and pathway. The results provide a relatively complete understanding of lincomycin biodegradation mechanism. Strain LCM-B is promising to eliminate lincomycin from the LMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gram-negative bacterium Riemerella anatipestifer CH-2 is resistant to lincosamides, having a lincomycin (LCM) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 128 µg/mL. The G148_1775 gene of R. anatipestifer CH-2, designated lnu (H), encodes a 260-amino acid protein with ≤41% identity to other reported lincosamide nucleotidylyltransferases. Escherichia coli Rosetta TM (DE3) containing the pBAD24- lnu (H) plasmid showed four- and two-fold increases in the MICs of LCM and clindamycin (CLI), respectively. A kinetic assay of the purified Lnu(H) enzyme for LCM and CLI showed that the protein could inactive lincosamides. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that the Lnu(H) enzyme catalysed adenylylation of lincosamides. In addition, an lnu (H) gene deletion strain exhibited 512- and 32-fold decreases in LCM and CLI MICs, respectively. The wild-type level of lincosamide resistance could be restored by complementation with a shuttle plasmid carrying the lnu (H) gene. The transformant R. anatipestifer ATCC 11845 [ lnu (H)] acquired by natural transformation also exhibited high-level lincosamide resistance. Moreover, among 175 R. anatipestifer field isolates, 56 (32.0%) were positive for the lnu (H) gene by PCR. In conclusion, Lnu(H) is a novel lincosamide nucleotidylyltransferase that inactivates LCM and CLI by nucleotidylylation, thus conferring high-level lincosamide resistance to R. anatipestifer CH-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS with type heterojunction generated more charge carriers to increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency. • The close connected interface of NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS with synergistic photoelectric effect elevated photocurrent signal. • The type heterostructured NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS also improved the visible-light absorption capacity. • The photoactive NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS exhibited superior property than the CdS, NiS@Ni 3 S 2 or NiS@Ni 3 S 2 @NiO/CdS. • This MOF-based structured PEC sensor was successfully applied for the lincomycin detection. Owing to their internal electric field effect and abundant photo-induced carriers, photoactive heterostructured materials are considered a feasible approach to improve the sensitivity of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor. Herein, a novel NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS heterostructure composite is derived from Ni-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework (Ni-ZIF). The PEC experiments showed the NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS composite exhibits superior photocurrent response than NiS@Ni 3 S 2 and CdS. This is attributed to the fact that the type II heterojunction of NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS with a tightly connected interface reduces the transport distance of carriers and facilitates electron-hole separation. Next, using the NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS modified electrode, an aptamer/glutaraldehyde/chitosan/NiS@Ni 3 S 2 /CdS/ITO PEC biosensor is developed, which exhibits excellent sensitivity for lincomycin (Lin) detection with a wide linear range (0.0001 ∼ 1.25 nM) and a low detection limit of 0.067 pM. The prepared sensor is further employed to monitor Lin in the actual milk. The results confirm that the prepared sensing electrode displays good selectivity, repeatability and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light induced photosystem (PS)II photoinhibition inactivates and irreversibly damages the reaction center protein(s) but the light harvesting complexes continue the collection of light energy. Here we addressed the consequences of such a situation on thylakoid light harvesting and electron transfer reactions. For this purpose, Arabidopsis thaliana leaves were subjected to investigation of the function and regulation of the photosynthetic machinery after a distinct portion of PSII centers had experienced photoinhibition in the presence and absence of Lincomycin (Lin), a commonly used agent to block the repair of damaged PSII centers. In the absence of Lin, photoinhibition increased the relative excitation of PSII and decreased NPQ, together enhancing the electron transfer from still functional PSII centers to PSI. In contrast, in the presence of Lin, PSII photoinhibition increased the relative excitation of PSI and led to strong oxidation of the electron transfer chain. We hypothesize that plants are able to minimize the detrimental effects of high-light illumination on PSII by modulating the energy and electron transfer, but lose such a capability if the repair cycle is arrested. It is further hypothesized that dynamic regulation of the LHCII system has a pivotal role in the control of excitation energy transfer upon PSII damage and repair cycle to maintain the photosynthesis safe and efficient. • The consequences of PSII photoinhibition are mitigated by the regulatory mechanisms of photosynthetic light reactions • When the PSII repair cycle is functional, the mechanisms to mitigate the consequences of photoinhibition are efficient • When the repair cycle is arrested, the ability to mitigate the consequences of PSII photoinhibition is lost • Photoinhibition-related quenching (qI) is developed by different mechanisms depending on the function of the PSII repair cycle [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microorganisms adapted to lincomycin through endogenous and exogenous regulations. • Microbial interactions contributed to their adaptations to lincomycin. • Quorum sensing regulated the microbial preference for amino acids. • CRISPR/Cas mediated the changes in gene transfer pathway of anammox consortia. The widespread use of antibiotics has created an antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)-enriched environment, which causes high risks on human and animal health. Although antibiotics can be partially adsorbed and degraded in wastewater treatment processes, striving for a complete understanding of the microbial adaptive mechanism to antibiotic stress remains urgent. Combined with metagenomics and metabolomics, this study revealed that anammox consortia could adapt to lincomycin by spontaneously changing the preference for metabolite utilization and establishing interactions with eukaryotes, such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Specifically, quorum sensing (QS) based microbial regulation and the ARGs transfer mediated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system and global regulatory genes were the principal adaptive strategies. Western blotting results validated that Cas9 and TrfA were mainly responsible for the alteration of ARGs transfer pathway. These findings highlight the potential adaptative mechanism of microbes to antibiotic stress and fill gaps in horizontal gene transfer pathways in the anammox process, further facilitating the ARGs control through molecular and synthetic biology techniques. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of antimicrobials for disease control has caused a remarkable decrease in antimicrobial susceptibility of different animal mycoplasma species, including Mycoplasma agalactiae ( M. agalactiae ), the main causative agent of contagious agalactia. However, the molecular mechanisms behind M. agalactiae resistance to macrolides and lincomycin have not yet been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of different antimicrobials and mutations in the 23S rRNA gene and ribosomal proteins L4 and L22, analysing both field isolates (n = 50) and in vitro selected resistant mutants of M. agalactiae . The obtained MIC results of the studied field isolates demonstrate an increasing development of tylosin resistance in this bacterium, in comparison to previous studies. Interestingly, predicted amino acid changes in L22 (Ser89Leu and Gln90Lys/His) were the first variations observed when MICs of M. agalactiae started to increase (tylosin MIC ≥ 0.8 μg/ml), whereas mutations at positions 2058 or 2059 of domain V of the 23S rRNA gene appeared from MIC values of 1.6 μg/ml. These results were consistent in both field isolates and in vitro selected mutants of M. agalactiae . Thus, although in other mycoplasma species resistance to macrolides and lincosamides had been mainly related to mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, this work demonstrates the role of alterations in ribosomal protein L22 in decreased susceptibility of M. agalactiae . Moreover, these mutations can be used as molecular markers to set an interpretative breakpoint of antimicrobial resistance for M. agalactiae . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine dysentery (SD) is an economically important disease for which antimicrobial treatment still occupies an important place to control outbreaks. However, acquired antimicrobial resistance is increasingly observed in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae . In this study, the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of six antimicrobial compounds for 30 recent Belgian B. hyodysenteriae isolates were determined using a broth microdilution method. In addition, relevant regions of the 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and the L3 protein encoding genes were sequenced to reveal mutations associated with acquired resistance. Finally, a phylogeny was reconstructed using minimal spanning tree analysis of multi locus sequence typing of the isolates. For lincomycin, doxycycline, tylosin and tylvalosin, at least 70% of the isolates did not belong to the wild-type population and were considered to have acquired resistance. For valnemulin and tiamulin, this was over 50%. In all isolates with acquired resistance to doxycycline, the G1058C mutation was present in their 16S rRNA gene. All isolates showing acquired resistance to lincomycin and both macrolides displayed the A2058T mutation in their 23S rRNA gene. Other mutations in this gene and the N148S mutation in the L3 protein were present in both wild-type isolates and isolates considered to have acquired resistance. Multi locus sequence analysis revealed a previously undescribed clonal complex, with 4 novel sequence types in which the majority of isolates showed acquired resistance to all tested antimicrobial products. In conclusion, acquired antimicrobial resistance is widespread among Belgian B. hyodysenteriae isolates. The emergence of multi-resistant clonal complexes can pose a threat to swine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a biosensor with a dual recognition system comprising a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and aptamers selective for lincomycin was fabricated. The MIP was synthesized by electropolymerization of carbon dots (C-dots)-tagged DNA aptamers combined with lincomycin and o -aminophenol on the gold-nanoparticle-functionalized graphene oxide (Au-GO)-modified electrode. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) resonance energy transfer was observed between Au-GO and C-dots. After the C-dots accepted the energy, they acted as a signal indicator and exhibited enhanced signal intensity in the presence of target lincomycin. When lincomycin was competitively bound to DNA aptamers and MIP, it blocked the transfer of energy, and a decreased ECL signal was observed. Hence, a dual recognition method for the detection of lincomycin is realized. Using this strategy, the sensor exhibited a linear ECL response to lincomycin at concentrations from 5.0 × 10 −12 mol/L to 1.0 × 10 −9 mol/L. The detection limit of this assay was found to be 1.6 × 10 −13 mol/L. This method was utilized to determine lincomycin residuals in meat samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of chronic photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) on the productivity of plants remains unknown. The present study investigated the influences of persistent decline in the PSII yield on morphology and productivity of Arabidopsis plants that were exposed to lincomycin at two different developmental stages (seedling and rosette stage). The results indicated that, although retarded, the lincomycin treated plants were able to accomplish the entire growth period with only 50% of the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of the control plants. The decline in quantum yield limited the electron transport rate (ETR). The impact of lincomycin on NPQ was not significant in seedlings, but was pronounced in mature plants. The treated plants produced an above ground biomass of 50% compared to control plants. Moreover, a linear relationship was found between the above ground biomass and total rosette leaf area, and the slope was decreased due to photoinhibition. The starch accumulation was highly inhibited by lincomycin treatment. Lincomycin induced a significant decrease in seed yield with plants treated from the rosette state showing higher yield than those treated from the seedling stage. Our data suggest that the sustained decline of PSII efficiency decreases plant productivity by constraining the ETR, leaf development and starch production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, new clindamycin (CLIN) artificial antigens were prepared and used to produce broad-specificity monoclonal antibodies. Based on the as-produced mAbs, a heterologous ELISA was developed to detect CLIN and lincomycin (LIN) residues in edible animal tissues. The IC 50 values of the developed assay were 0.3 ng/mL (CLIN) and 1.2 ng/mL (LIN) in buffer, respectively. The detection limits were estimated to be 1.8 μg/kg (CLIN) and 6.8 μg/kg (LIN) in bovine, chicken, porcine and fish muscles. In the spike and recovery tests, the mean recovery rate ranged from 76% to 112% at different spiked levels, and the intra −/inter-assay coefficients of variation were in the range of 7.1% to 13.2%. This method was verified using LC − MS/MS with a correlation coefficient > 0.97. The developed ELISA is therefore well suited for simultaneous determination of CLIN and LIN residues in bovine, chicken, porcine and fish muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzyme leakage in physical adsorption dramatically limits the application of immobilized laccase (Lac) in environmental treatment. Therefore, a leakage-proof Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF) carrier, UiO-66-NH 2 (30), was constructed for the stable loading of Lac and efficient antibiotic biodegradation, which could fix the Lac inside the carrier rather than only adsorbed on the surface. Based on the aperture modulation strategy, the pore size distribution of MOFs at about 10 nm was significantly increased to match the diameter of Lac (7.6 nm), by which Lac@UiO-66-NH 2 (30) was successfully prepared with a high enzyme loading amount (275.96 mg/g) and high enzyme recovery (618 %). The immobilized Lac@UiO-66-NH 2 (30) could nearly 100 % biodegrade rifampicin and lincomycin in 6 min and 6 h, respectively, and after 8 times reuse, the degradation rates of antibiotics remained at 81.46 % and 76.12 %, which showed excellent reusability and stability. Overall, Lac@UiO-66-NH 2 (30) is expected to be an ideal candidate for pollution control. [Display omitted] • A stable immobilization strategy for preventing laccase leakage was established. • Optimize pore size of UiO-66-NH 2 (∼2 nm) to match laccase (7.6 nm). • UiO-66-NH 2 (30) has high enzyme load (275.96 mg/g) and recovery activity (618 %). • Lac@UiO-66-NH 2 (30) can 100 % degrade RIF and LIN (TEMPO-mediated). • Lac@UiO-66-NH 2 (30) keeps high antibiotics degradation rate after 8 times reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lincomycin (LIN), as one of antibiotics, is often present in feed and animal products, whose abuse would cause serious side effects for human health or even death. Thus, its screening and quantitative assay is crucial in diverse matrix. Herein, SnO 2 nanorods were efficiently anchored on SnS 2 nanosheets to form the 1D/2D SnO 2 /SnS 2 heterojunctions, coupled by illuminating the enhanced PEC mechanism. In parallel, tiny PtPd nanoparticles (NPs) were in situ grown on CeO 2 nanorods (termed PtPd/CeO 2), whose peroxidase-like property was carefully investigated by 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidin oxidation in the presence of H 2 O 2. Based on the above foundation, a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was built for assay of LIN, coupled with the home-made PtPd/CeO 2 heterostructured nanozyme for signal amplification via catalytic oxidation of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine to generate insoluble precipitates on the SnO 2 /SnS 2 photoanode. The resultant biosensor had a wider linear range of 0.001 ∼ 100 nM and a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.75 pM (S / N = 3). This study provides some constructive insights for bioanalysis of antibiotics in actual environment and food samples. [Display omitted] • 1D/2D SnO 2 /SnS 2 was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. • Photoactive SnO 2 /SnS 2 heterojunctions were used as efficient PEC photoanode. • Highly active PtPd/CeO 2 heterostructured nanozyme induced catalytic precipitation for signal amplification. • The PEC aptasensor showed good stability, high sensitivity and low detection limit for bioanalysis of LIN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over use of lincomycin (LIN) as antibiotic in animals can lead to multiple harmful impacts to public health, thus detection of LIN at trace level in milk and chicken sample matrixes is vital. In this work, Zinc phthalocyanine nanoparticles sensitized MoS 2 (ZnPc/MoS 2) was firstly developed as a novel photocathode material combined with nitrogen-doped graphene-loaded TiO 2 nanoparticles (TiO 2 /NG) as photoanode material to construct a dual-photoelectrode photofuel cell (PFC). The as-prepared membrane/mediator-free PFC achieved excellent output performance that the maximum power density (P max) reached 11.83 μW cm−2. Specific aptamers are adopted as LIN recognition elements, the as-proposed self-powered aptasensor for LIN exhibited a linear scope in 10−11 –10−5 mol L−1 along with a low detection limit (3S/N) of 3.33 pmol L−1. Consequently, such high-power density dual-photoelectrode PFC aptasensor may be a reassuring candidate electrochemical sensor for the detection of trace contamination in food samples. [Display omitted] • Zinc phthalocyanine sensitized MoS 2 was developed as a novel photocathode material. • The maximum power density reached 11.83 μW cm−2 • A dual-photoelectrode PFC lincomycin aptasensor was successfully established. • This aptasensor can be applied to detect lincomycin in milk and chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lincomycin is widely used in respiratory and gastrointestinal infection in veterinary medicine and food animal production. Campylobacter members are vital foodborne pathogens causing campylobacteriosis, and the resistance to lincosamides is seldom reported. To date, only the rRNA methyltransferase Erm(B) has been confirmed to be associated with lincosamides resistance in Campylobacter. In this study, we identified a lnu (C) variant conferring lincomycin resistance in this pathogen of chicken origin. The Lnu(C) encoded by this gene variant showed substitution at position 8 (Asn8Lys), 11 (Phe11Leu) and 112 (Leu112Phe), when compared with the firstly reported Lnu(C) from Streptococcus agalactiae. Cloning of the lnu (C) variant into lincosamide-susceptible Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 confirmed its function in conferring resistance to lincomycin with the 32-fold increased MICs. Sequencing analysis showed that the lnu (C) variant was located within a MTn Sag1 -like transposon together with insLNU , which is inserted between panB and cj0299 genes on the chromosome. lnu (C) gene was distributed among C. coli globally, and various STs were involved in the dissemination of lnu (C). Although transposition mediated by MTn Sag1 -like transposon failed to occur, the horizontal transfer mediated by natural transformation and reservoir for resistance genes may facilitate their adaptation to the antimicrobial selection pressure in chickens, which should not be ignored. • A lnu (C) variant was identified in Campylobacter coli from chicken origin. • The lnu (C) variant could confer lincomycin resistance. • lnu (C) was distributed among C. coli globally and various STs were involved. • Homologous recombination is the major mechanism for lnu (C) transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerobic, lincomycin-degrading bacterial strain Conexibacter sp. LD01, belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, was isolated from activated sludge. Both second- and third-generation sequencing technologies were applied to uncover the genomic characterization and high-quality genome with 99.2% completeness and 2.2% contamination was obtained. The biodegradation kinetics of lincomycin fit well with the modified Gompertz model (R 2 > 0.97). Conexibacter sp. LD01 could subsist with lincomycin as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. When 500 mg/L of glucose was added as a co-substrate, the biodegradation rate improved significantly, whereas the addition of 500 mg/L sodium pyruvate had a slight inhibitory effect. Ammonia nitrogen was the best nitrogen source for Conexibacter sp. LD01 when growing and degrading lincomycin. In total, 17 metabolic products consisting of nine novel products were detected, and five biodegradation pathways, including N-demethylation, breakage of the amido bond, sulfoxidation, and oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring and propylamino chain, were proposed. This study significantly expands our understanding of the functional microorganisms and mechanism involved in lincomycin biodegradation at the phylum level. [Display omitted] • An efficient lincomycin-degrading strain of Actinobacteria was firstly isolated. • The isolate could subsist lincomycin as sole carbon, nitrogen and energy sources. • Biodegradation fits the modified Gompertz model well under various conditions. • Five biodegradation pathways consisting of nine novel products were constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biochar is effective on reducing abundances of ARGs and MGEs in LFDs composting. • Biochar addition reduced the abundance of ARGs hosts Streptomyces and Pseudomonas. • Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were enhanced in biochar added compost. • Biochar addition decreased the ARG-related metabolic pathways and function genes. Improper disposal of antibiotic fermentation dregs poses a risk of releasing antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria to the environment. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of biochar addition to lincomycin fermentation dregs (LFDs) composting. Biochar increased compost temperature and enhanced organic matter decomposition and residual antibiotics removal. Moreover, a 1.5- to 17.0-fold reduction in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was observed. Adding biochar also reduced the abundances of persistent ARGs hosts (e.g., Streptomyces , Pseudomonas) and ARG-related metabolic pathways and genes (e.g., ATP-binding cassette type-2 transport, signal transduction and multidrug efflux pump genes). By contrast, compost decomposition improved due to enhanced metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. Overall, adding biochar into LFDs compost reduced the proliferation of ARGs and enhanced microbial community metabolism. These results demonstrate that adding biochar to LFDs compost is a simple and efficient way to decrease risks associated with LFDs composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionic strength of infiltration water changes with the seasonal alternation of irrigation sources. In this study, reactivity changes of birnessite-coated sand with the fluctuations of ionic strength of infiltration water (i.e. from groundwater to rainwater) and the involved mechanism were investigated through column experiments. Birnessite-coated sand was less reactive in groundwater than in rainwater because of the higher cation content and higher pH of groundwater. The cations in the groundwater were adsorbed on birnessite-coated sand and then desorbed in presence of a dilute aqueous solution represented by rainwater. The reactivity of the passivated birnessite-coated sand was recovered instantaneously, and approximately one-third of the pristine reactivity was restored. During recovery, Na+ desorption and lincomycin (LIN) removal both exhibited a two-stage reaction pattern. The LIN removal correlated with Na+ desorption (r = 0.99) so that the reactive sites that were binding 5.602 μmol of Na+ became available for 1 μmol of LIN removal. These results suggest that the reactivity of manganese oxides toward organic contaminant is associated with the ionic strength of infiltration water and indicate that the partial reactivity can be naturally restored. [Display omitted] • Coated sand can remove LIN when coated birnessite mass exceed 0.12 mg/g. • Manganese oxide reactivity is inhibited by the cations in groundwater infiltration. • Reactivity is restored by cation desorption in infiltration with low ionic strength. • Reactive sites released by 5.6 μmol Na+ desorption can provide 1 μmol LIN removal. • Competitive adsorption of cations dominates the inhibition of birnessite reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macro-organisation of the protein complexes in plant thylakoid membranes plays important roles in the regulation and fine-tuning of photosynthetic activity. These delicate structures might, however, undergo substantial changes during isolating the thylakoid membranes or during sample preparations, e.g., for electron microscopy. Circular-dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique which can thus be used on intact samples. Via excitonic and psi-type CD bands, respectively, it carries information on short-range excitonic pigment–pigment interactions and the macro-organisation (chiral macrodomains) of pigment–protein complexes (psi, polymer or salt-induced). In order to obtain more specific information on the origin of the major psi-type CD bands, at around (+)506, (−)674 and (+)690 nm, we fingerprinted detached leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes of wild-type and mutant plants and also tested the effects of different environmental conditions in vivo. We show that (i) the chiral macrodomains disassemble upon mild detergent treatments, but not after crosslinking the protein complexes; (ii) in different wild-type leaves of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous angiosperms the CD features are quite robust, displaying very similar excitonic and psi-type bands, suggesting similar protein composition and (macro-) organisation of photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes in the grana; (iii) the main positive psi-type bands depend on light-harvesting protein II contents of the membranes; (iv) the (+)506 nm band appears only in the presence of PSII–LHCII supercomplexes and does not depend on the xanthophyll composition of the membranes. Hence, CD spectroscopy can be used to detect different macro-domains in the thylakoid membranes with different outer antenna compositions in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]