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• Agaropentaose exerts protective effect against neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. • Oxidative injury and mitochondrial dysfunction can be alleviated by agaropentaose. • Agaropentaose prevents cell death by inhibiting expression of apoptotic proteins. • NF-κB and p38MAPK pathways are involved in the neuroprotective mechanisms. Agaro-oligosaccharides, hydrolysates of agarose isolated from red algae, were reported to possess various biological functions and activities, including anti-bacteria, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. In this study, the potential neuroprotective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of agaro-oligosaccharides against neurotoxicity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in SH-SY5Y cells were explored. The results indicated that pretreatment with agaro-oligosaccharide monomers especially agaropentaose (AOP) considerably enhanced the cell viability and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in SH-SY5Y cells treated by 6-hydroxydopamine. In addition, AOP markedly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species level and inhibited the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, NF-κB and p38MAPK signaling pathways associated with neuroinflammation were significantly down-regulated by pretreatment with AOP. These findings reflected the protective effects and mechanisms of AOP against neurologic damage in SH-SY5Y cells induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Hence the marine-derived agaropentaose merits further study as a novel functional food additive or therapeutic agent against some neuronal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of phosphorylated peptides from Antarctic krill (PP-AKP) on osteoporosis induced by dexamethasone were investigated in vivo . Results showed that PP-AKP significantly improved bone turnover status, reduced bone loss and degeneration of microarchitecture, in addition to accelerated bone formation. Further mechanism investigation revealed that PP-AKP suppressed the mRNA expression of MKP-1 and CB1, which activated the downstream osteogenesis-related MAPKs and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathways through elevation of the expression of the key factors p38, ERK, PI3K, AKT and β-catenin, in addition to osteogenic nuclear transcription factors Runx2 and OSX. Additionally, reduction in number of adipocytes and an increase in trabeculae in the bone marrow cavity, in addition to a decrease in abdominal adipose further verified that PP-AKP augmented bone formation with a comparable reduction in the accumulation of fat. In conclusion, PP-AKP ameliorated osteoporosis via promoting MAPKs and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathways related to bone formation in dexamethasone-treated mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp has constituted a major part of crustacean consumption in recent years. Solid wastes, including the head, shell, and tail portions, accumulate owing to shrimp processing. The accumulated biowastes without appropriate utilization have resulted in a squander of sources and problems of waste disposal and environmental pollution. Proper shrimp waste processing is an approach to recover biomaterials such as chitin, protein, lipids, astaxanthin, flavor compounds, and calcium carbonate. These active components have large-scale applications in biology as well as in food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic, pulp, and textile industries. Traditionally, methods applied for the utilization of shrimp waste are chemical procedures using corrosive or hazardous reagents (such as HCl and NaOH), which are known to cause environmental pollution and resource wastage (or incomprehensive utilization) and increase the associated costs. However, new environment-friendly and clean technologies are emerging. In this review, we briefly analyze the bioactive compounds recovered from shrimp waste. A concise overview of the comprehensive utilization of shrimp waste in recent years has been included. Biotechnological methods such as biocatalysis and biotransformation with enzymes and microorganisms have also been described. The rapid development of corresponding biotechnology enables a simple, fast, effective, clean, economic, and controllable bioprocess for the comprehensive utilization of crustacean waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic krill was efficiently fermented by Bacillus subtilis OKF04 after the optimization of fermentation conditions. Bio-active substances were detected in fermentation broth, including polypeptides (9.5 g/L), phenols (1.1 g/L), polysaccharides (200.8 mg/L), and free amino acids (3469.4 mg/L). The fermentation broth was found to be rich in essential amino acids and non-protein amino acids, particularly methionine, leucine, lysine, and taurine. The fermentation broth was separated into 4 fractions: AKF-I (<1 kDa), AKF-II (1–3 kDa), AKF-III (3–5 kDa), and AKF-IV (>5 kDa), using membrane ultrafiltration. Antioxidative properties of the fermentation broth fractions were investigated, using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) scavenging activity, metal chelating activity and reducing capacity. The results showed that AKF-I and AKF-II had higher antioxidant activities than other fractions and the entire fermentation broth. These results indicate that bio-active substrates could be effectively and cleanly produced using fermentation of Antarctic krill by B. subtilis , and the antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging activity, metal chelating activity and reducing capacity) of the fermentation broth is enhanced by ultrafiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Microbial programmed death is divided into autolytic death, apoptosis-like death and the toxin-antitoxin system. • Ultraviolet, gamma radiation, cold plasma, ultrasound and H 2 O 2 oxidative stress cause divergent PCD in microbe. • Microbial PCD can be further developed and utilized in searching for new antimicrobial targets, development of new preservatives, engineering design of PCD modules, and optimization of fermentation strains. In recent years, programmed cell death (PCD) has attracted the attention of many scholars as an active death process. PCD refers to an active extinction process that occurs after cells receive a certain signal or are stimulated by certain factors in order to maintain the stability of the internal environment. It is orchestrated by precise molecular circuitry. Initially, PCD was thought to exhibit altruistic behavior of "active devotion", a physiological characteristic of multicellular organisms. However, many evidences show that PCD also exists in microbe, and researchers in recent years have found that some stressors during modern food processing could cause microbe undergo different forms of programmed death, including ultraviolet, gamma radiation, cold plasma, ultrasound, weak carboxylic acids and H 2 O 2. The attention to these situations will help researchers to explore novel mechanisms of sterilization. At present, microbial PCD can be further divided into three types, including apoptosis-like death, autolytic death, and toxin-antitoxin systems based on the differences in their intrinsic mechanisms. In order to better utilize these PCD mechanisms, four directions are provided from searching for new antimicrobial targets, development of new types of preservatives, engineering design in the field of synthetic biology and modification of fermentation strains. We believe that this review can provide useful help for scholars to carry out further research on microbial PCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astaxanthin, a carotenoid extensively found in marine organisms and increasingly used as a dietary supplement, has been reported to have neuroprotective effect. In this study, the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of astaxanthin against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity were explored. The results showed that pretreatment with astaxanthin inhibited neuronal PC12 cell death induced by L-glutamate and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly. Astaxanthin prevented glutamate-induced apoptosis by depressing the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activation and Ca 2+ influx. Moreover, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as well as the activation of ROS associated NF-κB and MAPK pathways were also inhibited upon treatment with astaxanthin. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects reflected the ability of astaxanthin in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways that protect mitochondria as well as cellular damage induced by L-glutamate. Thus, astaxanthin has the potential to be used as a prophylactic or remediation agent against neuronal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Two β-agarases were purified from Agarivorans albus OAY2 isolated from seaweed. [•] Fermentation process was optimized with enzyme activity improving to 2.65U/ml. [•] Purification resulted high specific activity of 2715 and 1338U/mg, respectively. [•] Hydrolysis products of agarose by agarase-a included diverse NAOS: NA2, NA4, NA6. [•] The products of agarose by agarase-a were different from those of the agarases of GH118 family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We cloned and characterised a novel β-agarase from Agarivorans gilvus WH0801. [•] Compared with other known β-agarases, the identity of amino acid sequence was 53%. [•] The agarase was purified and characterised. [•] An exo-glycoside agarase which produced neoagarotetraose was first revealed. [•] This study laid a foundation for the preparation of neoagarotetraose in future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Medium compositions for the production of the novel derivatives of FR-008/Candicidin which was produced by a mutant of Streptomyces sp. FR-008 were optimized using two statistical methods including Plackett–Burman design (P–B), which was applied to find the key ingredients for the best medium composition, and response surface methodology (RSM), which was used to determine the optimal concentrations of these components. Results indicated that peptone, copper sulfate and glycerol had significant effects on the production. Under the proposed optimized conditions, the CS101 experimental yield (191.259mg/L) closely matched the yield (203.536mg/L) predicted by the statistical model. The optimization of the medium contributed to 10-fold higher antibiotic production than that of the control. It was first revealed that copper could stimulate FR-008/Candicidin and their derivatives synthesis at an optimal concentration in this paper, moreover, the basis of this phenomenon was also explained by investigating the enhancement of the enzymatic pathways. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• COS-5 can increase cell viability and reduce ROS content. • COS-5 can regulate anti-oxidant enzymes system. • COS-5 can inhibit the MMP and the expression of Caspase3. • COS-5 can regulate MAPKs and Nrf2/ARE pathways. Chito-oligosaccharides, the novel marine functional oligosaccharides, possess broad activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. However, there are few studies about the molecular mechanisms of chito-oligosaccharides monomers against oxidative stress. In this study, the anti-oxidative effect and mechanism of Chitopentaose hydrochloride (COS-5) were explored in HaCaT cells. The results indicated that COS-5 improved cell viability and decreased the production of ROS induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). COS-5 can increase the antioxidant-related enzymes including SOD and CAT and can reduce MDA production and LDH leakage in HaCaT cells. COS-5 effectively inhibited the decline of MMP and the expression of Caspase-3 protein. Moreover, COS-5 can significantly down-regulate abnormal activation of MAPKs pathway and up-regulate the Nrf2/ARE pathway. In summary, COS-5 has significant protective effect against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells through regulating MAPKs and Nrf2/ARE pathways, suggesting that COS-5 may be used as a novel functional food supplement to prevent oxidative-stress-related diseases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Days 4 and 7 were significant for quality changes in refrigerated crab. • 369 differential abundant proteins were detected on days 0, 4 and 7. • 66 DAPs served as potential biomarkers for gazami crab muscle quality. • KEGG pathway ribosomes and autophagy were highest on day 7. Gazami crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is prone to spoilage during storage and transportation. More research is needed to determine how to reliably show its freshness and explain the mechanism of quality deterioration. We hypothesized that proteins extracted from crabs can be biomarkers to detect crab muscle quality changes. This work used physicochemical and proteomic approaches to investigate protein biomarkers and molecular mechanisms driving changes in gazami crab muscle quality after long-term refrigeration. It was shown that 66 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were closely associated with pH and texture and can be used as biomarkers to assess crab muscle freshness. According to bioinformatics studies, ribosomes and autophagy were significant mechanisms in crab rotting. These findings provided new concepts and a theoretical foundation for evaluating the freshness of refrigerated gazami crab and help uncover the molecular mechanism of its quality deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Amphiphilic halloysite nanosheets were prepared as carriers for immobilizing CALB. • The obtained amphiphilic halloysite nanosheet can stabilize Pickering emulsions. • The catalytic rate of immobilized CALB was almost twice that of free CALB. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) plays a prominent role as a biocatalyst in several industries, especially for biphasic conversion of functional lipids. Herein, an amphiphilic Janus halloysite nanosheet (JHNS) was fabricated and employed simultaneously as a solid surfactant for stabilizing Pickering emulsion and as a carrier for immobilizing CALB, with the aim to realize highly efficient biphasic bioconversion. The obtained JHNS could stabilize Pickering emulsion for at least 7 days. Immobilization of CALB on JHNS improved the substrate affinity, catalytic efficiency, thermal stability, and alkaline tolerance of the enzyme. Moreover, JHNS-based immobilized CALB was exploited as a biocatalytic platform for the conversion of retinyl acetate, with almost twice increase in conversion efficiency. Taken together, the JHNS-based immobilized CALB paves the way for the design of efficient biphasic conversion system for the production of added-value lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many by-products that are harmful to the environment and human health are generated during food processing. However, these wastes are often potential resources with high-added value. For example, crustacean waste contains large amounts of chitin. Chitin is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in natural macromolecules, and is a typical component of crustaceans, mollusks, insect exoskeleton and fungal cell walls. Chitosan is prepared by deacetylation of chitin and a copolymer of D-glucosamine and N -acetyl-D-glucosamine through β-(1 → 4)-glycosidic bonds. Chitosan has better solubility, biocompatibility and degradability compared with chitin. This review introduces the preparation, physicochemical properties, chemical and physical modification methods of chitosan, which could help us understand its biological activities and applications. According to the latest reports, the antibacterial activity, antioxidant, immune and antitumor activities of chitosan and its derivatives are summarized. Simultaneously, the various applications of chitosan and its derivatives are reviewed, including food, chemical, textile, medical and health, and functional materials. Finally, some insights into its future potential are provided, including novel modification methods, directional modification according to structure-activity relationship, activity and application development direction, etc. • The utilization of chitosan is effective solution to improve the value of waste. • The physicochemical properties and modification of chitosan were reviewed. • Chitosan and its derivatives have many biological activities. • Chitosan and its derivatives can be used in various industrial fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionizing radiation is increasingly used to successfully diagnose many human health problems, but ionizing radiation may cause damage to organs/tissues in the living organisms such as the spleen, liver, skin, and brain. Many radiation protective agents have been discovered, with the deepening of radiation research. Unfortunately, these protective agents have many side effects, which cause drug resistance, nausea, vomiting, osteoporosis, etc. The polysaccharides extracted from natural sources are widely available and low in toxicity. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that polysaccharides have anti-radiation activity through anti-oxidation, immune regulation, protection of hematopoietic system and protection against DNA damage. Recently, some studies have shown that polysaccharides were resistant to radiation. In the review, the anti-radiation activities of polysaccharides from different sources are summarized, and the anti-radiation mechanisms are discussed as well. It can be used to develop more effective anti-radiation management drugs. • Natural polysaccharides have shown great potential for anti-radiation activity. • Summarize the anti-radiation activity of polysaccharides from different sources • The mechanism of polysaccharide radiation resistance was reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A simple ball-milling method with the aid of ionic liquid was successfully applied to product cellulose nanofibrils. • A one-step immobilizing procedure was developed to produce the immobilized-on-cellulose enzyme. • The CNF-CBD1 was used as Pickering emulsions stabilizers for efficient synthesis of phosphatidylserine. • The Pickering emulsion obtained was an attractive Pickering interfacial biocatalysis platform. An efficient and attractive platform for synthesizing phosphatidylserine is indispensable for driving large-scale industrial applications. Given the interfacial effect of phospholipase D (PLD), an adequate oil-water interface surface is essential for the catalytic efficiency of PLD. Herein, a simple ball-milling method with ionic liquid was successfully applied to produce cellulose nanofibrils and immobilized PLD with the cellulose-binding domain through a one-step procedure. Each droplet in the Pickering reaction system was regarded as a microreactor to provide sufficient oil-water interface to the active sites of PLD. The constructed Pickering emulsion system exhibited outstanding catalytic activity, achieving 95.4 % conversion after 2 h with the minimal amount of catalyst (0.8 wt% of CNF-CBD1 addition amount), which was 6-fold higher than the previously reported immobilized MCC-CBD1 and 21-fold higher than free PLD-CBD1. These results demonstrated a sustainable and high-performance biocatalysis method, paving the way for the efficient synthesis of novel phospholipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify saltiness-enhancing peptides from yeast protein and elucidate their mechanisms by molecular docking. Yeast protein hydrolysates with optimal saltiness-enhancing effects were prepared under conditions determined using an orthogonal test. Ten saltiness-enhancing peptide candidates were screened using an integrated virtual screening strategy. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that these peptides exhibited diverse taste characteristics (detection thresholds: 0.13–0.50 mmol/L). Peptides NKF, LGLR, WDL, NMKF, FDSL and FDGK synergistically or additively enhanced the saltiness of a 0.30% NaCl solution. Molecular docking revealed that these peptides predominantly interacted with TMC4 by hydrogen bonding, with hydrophilic amino acids from both peptides and TMC4 playing a pivotal role in their binding. Furthermore, Leu217, Gln377, Glu378, Pro474 and Cys475 were postulated as the key binding sites of TMC4. These findings establish a robust theoretical foundation for salt reduction strategies in food and provide novel insights into the potential applications of yeast proteins. • Yeast protein derived saltiness-enhancing peptide candidates were virtually screened. • NKF, LGLR, WDL, NMKF, FDSL, FDGK were sensory confirmed to enhance NaCl's saltiness. • Interaction with TMC4 via H-bond promotes the saltiness enhancement of peptides. • Leu217/Gln377/Glu378/Pro474/Cys475 were deduced as the key binding sites of TMC4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Complete inactivation of PPO by 3–9 V/cm DC electric field was realized. • The inactivation kinetics conforms to Weibull model with n > 1. • Structural change of PPO in electric field was analyzed by MD simulation the first time. • The receptor binding domain of catechol in PPO was altered by DC field, and bonding energy decreased. In this study, inactivation of mushroom polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by low intensity direct current (DC) electric field and its molecular mechanism were investigated. In the experiments under 3 V/cm, 5 V/cm, 7 V/cm and 9 V/cm electric fields, PPOs were all completely inactivated after different exposure times. Under 1 V/cm, a residual activity of 11.88 % remained. The inactivation kinetics confirms to Weibull model. Under 1–7 V/cm, n value closes to a constant about 1.3. The structural analysis of PPO under 3 V/cm and 5 V/cm by fluorescence emission spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation showed that the tertiary structure was slightly changed with increased radius of gyration, higher potential energy and rate of C-alpha fluctuation. After exposure to the electric field, most of the hydrophobic tryptophan (TRP) residues turned to the hydrophilic surface, resulting the fluorescence red-shifted and quenched. Molecular docking indicated that the receptor binding domain of catechol in PPO was changed. PPO under electric field was MD simulated the first time, revealing the changing mechanism of the electric field itself on PPO, a binuclear copper enzyme, which has a metallic center. All these suggest that the low intensity DC electric field would be a promising option for enzymatic browning inhibition or even enzyme activity inactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrageenan, the major carbohydrate component of some red algae, is an important renewable bioresource with very large annual outputs. Different types of carrageenolytic enzymes in the carrageenan metabolic pathway are potentially valuable for the production of carrageenan oligosaccharides, biofuel, and other chemicals obtained from carrageenan. However, these enzymes are not well-developed for oligosaccharide or biofuel production. For further application, comprehensive knowledge of carrageenolytic enzymes is essential. Therefore, in this review, we first summarize various carrageenolytic enzymes, including the recently discovered β-carrageenase, carrageenan-specific sulfatase, exo -α-3,6-anhydro-D-galactosidase (D-ADAGase), and exo-β-galactosidase (BGase), and describe their enzymatic characteristics. Subsequently, the carrageenan metabolic pathways are systematically presented and applications of carrageenases and carrageenan oligosaccharides are illustrated with examples. Finally, this paper discusses critical aspects that can aid researchers in constructing cascade catalytic systems and engineered microorganisms to efficiently produce carrageenan oligosaccharides or other value-added chemicals through the degradation of carrageenan. Overall, this paper offers a comprehensive overview of carrageenolytic enzymes, providing valuable insights for further exploration and application of these enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymerized guluronates (polyG)-specific alginate lyase with lower polymerized mannuronates (polyM)-degrading activity, superior stability, and clear action mode is a powerful biotechnology tool for the preparation of AOSs rich in M blocks. In this study, we expressed and characterized a polyG-specific alginate lyase OUC-FaAly7 from Formosa agariphila KMM3901. OUC-FaAly7 belonging to polysaccharide lyase (PL) family 7 had highest activity (2743.7 ± 20.3 U/μmol) at 45 °C and pH 6.0. Surprisingly, its specific activity against polyG reached 8560.2 ± 76.7 U/μmol, whereas its polyM-degrading activity was nearly 0 within 10 min reaction. Suggesting that OUC-FaAly7 was a strict polyG-specific alginate lyase. Importantly, OUC-FaAly7 showed a wide range of temperature adaptations and remarkable temperature and pH stability. Its relative activity between 20 °C and 45 °C reached >90 % of the maximum activity. The minimum identifiable substrate of OUC-FaAly7 was guluronate tetrasaccharide (G4). Action process and mode showed that it was a novel alginate lyase digesting guluronate hexaose (G6), guluronate heptaose (G7), and polymerized guluronates, with the preferential generation of unsaturated guluronate pentasaccharide (UG5), although which could be further degraded into unsaturated guluronate disaccharide (UG3) and trisaccharide (UG2). This study contributes to illustrating the catalytic properties, substrate recognition, and action mode of novel polyG-specific alginate lyases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When κ-carrageenan (KC), soybean oil, and surimi are mixed in appropriate proportions, they demonstrate significant synergistic effects. This study established a ternary system composed of surimi, KC, and soybean oil, exploring the synergistic effects and interactions among surimi, KC, and oil from multiple dimensions, including gel properties, rheological behavior, Raman spectroscopy, and microstructure. Gel strength analysis revealed that when the KC concentration was 4.0% (w/w), the surimi gel exhibited the highest gel strength. Moreover, the addition of an extra 5.0% oil further enhanced the gel strength. Rheological analysis indicated that the highest storage modulus (G′) exhibited by the ternary system containing 5.0% oil is the result of synergistic effects among surimi, KC, and oil. Raman spectroscopy further uncovered the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between surimi proteins and KC, the hydrophobic interactions between surimi proteins and oil, and the hydrogen bonding between KC and oil. The results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicated that, compared to the pure surimi gel, the Surimi/KC/Oil ternary gel containing 5.0% oil exhibits a more compact and uniform network structure, attributable to the filling effect of KC and oil on the gel network. These results indicate that the synergistic effects and physicochemical interactions among surimi, KC, and oil in appropriate proportions can promote the formation of a stable and compact gel network structure. [Display omitted] • 4.0% (w/w) κ-carrageenan enhances surimi gel strength, further boosted by 5.0% oil addition. • Synergistic effects among surimi, κ-carrageenan, and oil identified in the ternary gel with 5.0% oil content. • Surimi proteins exhibits hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with κ-carrageenan, hydrophobic interactions with oil, while κ-carrageenan shows hydrogen bonding with oil. • The filling effect of 4.0% κ-carrageenan and 5.0% oil results in a denser gel network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Incorporation of proline improved water-holding capacity of frozen shrimp. • Interactions between proline, water, and myosin were studied. • Proline improved the stability of shrimp myosin. • Proline may form a glassy state around shrimp myosin. • Proline inhibited ice crystal formation by forming hydrogen bonds with water. This study aimed to investigate the cryoprotective properties of proline (1% and 3% (w/v)) on shrimp. The cryoprotective mechanism was studied using physico-chemical experiments and molecular simulations. Proline had a notable positive impact on the thawing loss and texture of shrimp in comparison to the control. The denaturation of myosin in frozen shrimp was delayed by proline. Microscopy analysis demonstrated that proline effectively lowered the harm caused by ice crystals to shrimp muscle. Molecular simulations indicated that proline potentially exerted a cryoprotective effect primarily through the "water substitution" and "glassy state" hypotheses. Proline formed hydrogen bonds with myosin to replace the water molecules around myosin. Additionally, proline interacted with water molecules to form a glassy state, impeding the growth of ice crystals. Consequently, the stability of shrimp myosin was enhanced during freezing. In conclusion, proline demonstrated promise as an efficacious cryoprotectant for aquatic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-homogeneous enzyme-catalyzed systems are more widely used than homogeneous systems. Distinguished from the conventional biphasic approach, Pickering emulsion stabilized by ultrafine solid particles opens up an innovative platform for biocatalysis. Their vast specific surface area significantly enhances enzyme-substrate interactions, dramatically increasing catalytic efficiency. This review comprehensively explores various aspects of Pickering emulsion biocatalysis, provides insights into the multiple types and mechanisms of its catalysis, and offers strategies for material design, enzyme immobilization, emulsion formation control, and reactor design. Characterization methods are summarized for the determination of drop size, emulsion type, interface morphology, and emulsion potential. Furthermore, recent reports on the design of stimuli-responsive reaction systems are reviewed, enabling the simple control of demulsification. Moreover, the review explores applications of Pickering emulsion in single-step, cascade, and continuous flow reactions and outlines the challenges and future directions for the field. Overall, we provide a review focusing on Pickering emulsions catalysis, which can draw the attention of researchers in the field of catalytic system design, further empowering next-generation bioprocessing. • Pickering emulsion biocatalysis is focused and systematically reviewed. • Design principles for Pickering emulsion systems are introduced in different design stages. • Different stimuli-responsive reaction systems used for demulsification are reviewed. • Detailed methods for Pickering emulsion characterization are summarized. • Applications and promising prospects of Pickering emulsion biocatalysis are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic foods, also known as blue foods, contain a wide range of unique bioactive substances. Among these substances, aquatic foods-derived bioactive peptides exhibit diverse structures and activities, including blood pressure reduction, antibacterial effects, uric acid level reduction, and antioxidant effects. As a result, these peptides show considerable potential for application in functional foods. Existing reviews on aquatic foods-derived bioactive peptides have focused primarily on their functional activities and preparation methods, while neglecting the latest trends in rapid discovery and large-scale production of peptides. Therefore, in addition to summarizing the most recent preparation methods of aquatic foods-derived bioactive peptides, this paper also examines the structure-activity relationships and strategies for large-scale production of active peptides. The use of bioinformatics techniques, such as docking and data mining, can significantly expedite the process of discovering and purifying of aquatic foods-derived bioactive peptides. Furthermore, the precise design and optimization of peptides based on their structure-activity relationships can effectively enhance their activity. Heterologous biosynthesis via the modification of host and target peptides holds promise for enabling large-scale production of these peptides. These methods represent the future direction of research on aquatic foods-derived bioactive peptides. • Bioinformatics accelerates the discovery of aquatic foods derived-active peptides. • Active peptide can be rationally designed based on structure-activity relationship. • Heterologous biosynthesis could facilitate the large-scale preparation of peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]