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Abstract Crossbreds of low-producing indigenous cattle and high-producing exotic dairy bulls (Holstein Friesian and Jersey) have contributed in ensuring that India continues to be the world's top milk-producing country. However, subfertility observed in crossbred male progenies has been a major obstacle in exploitation of heterosis due to crossbreeding. There is sufficient scientific evidence in support of genetic and epigenetic regulation of key physiological processes including spermatogenesis. Bovine Vasa Homology (Bvh) is considered a molecular marker for the study of gametogenesis. Significant negative correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression has been reported in cattle-yaks hybrids and their parents. The present study analyzed promoter methylation status and expression profile of Bvh gene in spermatozoa from exotic Holstein Friesian cattle, indigenous Sahiwal cattle and their crossbreds with varying semen motility parameters. The degree of methylation of the Bvh promoter region was significantly higher in poor motility crossbred bulls (13.3%) as compared to good motility crossbreds (5.3%), Sahiwal (3%) and Holstein Friesian bulls (1%) (P < 0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed significantly higher mRNA abundance of Bvh in purebreds (Holstein Friesian and Sahiwal) as compared to crossbred counterparts (P < 0.001). Inverse correlation observed in this study between promoter methylation and gene expression of Bvh gene in spermatozoa from crossbred bulls with poor motility phenotype as compared to purebred parents provides an important insight into understanding the graded fertility of crossbred bulls. Highlights • Promoter methylation and expression profile of Bvh gene were evaluated in spermatozoa of purebred and crossbred cattle. • The degree of methylation was significantly higher in poor motility crossbreds as compared to good motility bulls (P<0.05). • Gene expression of Bvh was significantly higher in purebreds as compared to crossbred counterparts (P<0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Equimolar reactions of copper(I) halides with PPh 3 and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N-substituted thiosemicarbazone (C 5 H 4 N)HC2 N3N2(H)-C1(S)N1HR has yielded complexes, [CuX 2 (κS1-H 2 L1-R)(PPh 3)] 1–5 (X = halogen, R = Me, Et) with pyridine protonated thio-ligand. Similar reactions of copper(I) halides with benzaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones (C 6 H 5)HC2 N3-N2(H)-C1(S)-N1HR and Ph 3 P halogen bridged dinuclear complexes, [Cu 2 (μ-X) 2 (κS1-HL2-R) 2 (Ph 3 P) 2 ] 6–10 (X = halogen, R = Me, Et) or sulfur-bridged dinucelar complexes [Cu 2 (μ-S-HL2-Ph) 2 (κS1-HL2-Ph) 2 X 2 ] 11–13 with no Ph 3 P coordination. The substitutions at N1, C2 and order of reactants with change in solvent appear to have yielded three types of products. Abstract Equimolar reaction of copper(I) iodide with PPh 3 in acetonitrile formed compound of empirical composition, {CuI(Ph 3 P)} and its further reaction in chloroform with pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N-methyl thiosemicarbazone {(C 5 H 4 N)HC2 N3-N2-(H)-C1(S)N1HR; R = Me; HL1-Me} formed crystals of complex, [CuICl(Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me] 1a , tetramer [Cu 4 I 4 (Ph 3 P) 4 ] 1b and free HL1-Me 1c , separated from the same reaction vessel. The formation of product 1a involved abstraction of chlorine from chloroform and has pyridine-N-protonated thio-ligand. Copper(I) bromide/chloride with Ph 3 P and HL1-Me or HL1-Et also formed pyridyl protonated, [CuBr 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me)] 2 , [CuCl 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me)] 3 , [CuBr 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Et)] 4 and [CuCl 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Et)] 5. The products similar to 1b and 1c were also identified in these reactions. In these four coordinated complexes the pyridine protonated thio-ligands are coordinating through sulfur only. Copper(I) halides with benzaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones {(C 6 H 5)HC2 N3-N2(H)-C1(S)-N1HR ; R = Me, Et; HL2-Me; HL2-Et} and Ph 3 P have yielded halogen bridged dinuclear complexes, [Cu 2 (μ-X) 2 (κS1-HL2-R) 2 (Ph 3 P) 2 ] (X, R: I, Me, 6 ; Br, Me, 7 ; I, Et, 8 ; Br, Et, 9 ; Cl, Et, 10). For R = phenyl at N1 atom, copper(I) halides with two m moles of HL2-Ph have formed sulfur–bridged dinucelar complexes, namely, [Cu 2 (μ-S-HL2-Ph) 2 (κS1-HL2-Ph) 2 X 2 ] (X = I, 11 , Br, 12 , Cl, 13). Complexes have been characterized using analytical data, IR, proton NMR and single crystal X-ray crystallography (1–5, 7, 9, 11 and 12). The coordination environment of the Cu in complex 1a contains both Cl and I, but both sites are disordered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PFLO beads exhibited efficient adsorption for Co(II) ions (344.82 mg/g at 318 K). • Co(II) adsorption was well fitted by Langmuir and second-order kinetic models. • RSM was used to examine the adsorption process of PFLO beads for Co(II) adsorption. • The PFLO beads retain 74% reusability for Co(II) adsorption after five cycles. Contamination of water through heavy metal ions has received great attention and wide-ranging consequences for human health and living beings. Polymer@metal oxide composites are good candidates for detoxification of water contaminants. Herein, we report pectin@Fe 3 O 4 -La 2 O 3 (PFLO) beads for the selective adsorption of aqueous Co(II) ions. The synthesized PFLO beads are eco-friendly, low-cost, easy to handle, simple, and have good adsorption selectivity. The Co(II) adsorption was well fitted by Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Response surface modeling (RSM) was used to examine the adsorption process of PFLO beads for Co(II) adsorption. Different characterization techniques were used to explain the fabrication and adsorption mechanism i.e., XPS, XRD, FTIR, BET, FESEM, EDAX, and TGA. The monolayer adsorption capacity of synthesized PFLO beads at 318 K was found to be 344.82 mg/g. The thermodynamic studies demonstrate the adsorption process is spontaneous, workable, and endothermic. Teabag's experiment shows the commercial application of the adsorbent. The PFLO beads nanocomposite maintains 74% reusability for Co(II) adsorption even after five cycles. The developed PFLO nanocomposites can be used as potential adsorbents for effective, reproducible and selective adsorption of aqueous Co(II). This paper will be beneficial for researchers working towards further improving water purification technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six blended cement samples were prepared by adding either reducing agents (1% SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O and FeSO 4 ·2H 2 O) only or reducing agents along with agricultural waste (rice husk ash, RHA and rice tiller ash, RTA). Cr (VI) leachability of pure Ordinary Portland Cement, OPC (S1) and blended samples (S2–S7) was checked using the standard diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method. It has been observed that blended cement samples with 1% stannous chloride (S3, S5 and S7) are more effective in reducing Cr(VI) content than cement samples with 1% ferrous sulfate (S2, S4 and S6). Addition of reducing agents only (S2 and S3) delayed the initial hydration process, as reducing agents might be reacted with Ca(OH) 2 to form ettringite phases and decreases Ca(OH) 2 content. Initial as well later age hydration improved on addition of rice husk ash or rice tiller along with reducing agents (S4–S7). Amorphous silica of RHA and RTA reacted with Ca(OH) 2 to form calcium silicate hydrate which provides strength to the cement and improve the hydration. Microstructural changes in these samples were analyzed by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel protein tyrosine phosphatase like phytase (PTPLP), designated as PhyLf from probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum NKN51 was identified, cloned, expressed and characterized. The recombinant PhyLf showed specific activity of 174.5 U/mg. PhyLf exhibited strict specificity towards phytate and optimum temperature at 60 °C, pH 5.0 and ionic strength of 100 mM. K m and K cat of PhyLf for phytate were 0.773 mM and 84.31 s −1 , respectively. PhyLf exhibited high resistance against oxidative inactivation. PhyLf shares no homology, sans the active site with reported PTLPs, warranting classification as a new subclass. Dephytinization of durum wheat and finger millet under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions using PhyLf enhanced the bioaccessibility of mineral ions. Probiotic origin, phytate specificity, resistance to oxidative environment and gastric milieu coupled with ability to release micronutrients are unique properties of PhyLf which present a strong case for its use in ameliorating nutritional value of cereals and animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of ferrocenyl substituted tetraphenylazadipyrromethane and Aza-BODIPY were designed and synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. The effect of the pyrrolic substituents on photophysical and electrochemical properties was explored. The results show substantial electronic communication between the ferrocene unit, and Aza-BODIPY core. The aza-dipyromethane and aza-BODIPY 3 – 6 are non-emissive in nature and their absorption maxima exhibit red shifted absorption compared to unsubstituted azabodipy. The computational calculation on Aza-BODIPY 5 and 6 was performed, which reveals that electron density transfers from ferrocene (donor) to azabodipy (acceptor) core and the photophysical properties are in good agreement with the computational data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Bengal goats are an interesting genetic material to underpin the genetic mechanism of reproduction due to high prolificacy and sexual precocity. In the present study, novel SNPs in BMPR1B, BMP15 and GDF9 genes were genotyped to evaluate their association with the reproductive traits. PCR-RFLP and Tetra primer ARMS-PCR based protocols were developed for genotyping the six novel SNPs viz. T(-242)C in BMPR1B , G735A and C808G in BMP15 and C818T, A959C and G1189A in GDF9 . Linear mixed model for association of these SNPs with litter size and linear fix model for other traits were employed. The effect of season and parity was highly significant ( p ≤ 0.01) on litter size which varied with change in locus combination. However, there was no significant effect of genotype and year of birth on the litter size. Similarly, age at first heat, age at first service and age at first kidding were not affected by the year of birth as well as the genotype. Season of kidding did not affect the age at first heat and age at first service. However, significant ( p ≤ 0.05) association was observed between the season of kidding and the age at first kidding. The regression of age at sexual maturity on the age at first service and regression of age at first service on the age at first kidding was highly significant ( P ≤ 0.01). Further studies involving more number of breeds as well as animals may be fruitful for exploring the association of novel SNPs with caprine reproductive traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the substituents at the N 1 /C 2 atoms of the thiosemicarbazones R 1 R 2 C 2 = N 3 -N 2 H-C 1 (=S)-N 1 HR 3 on the type of gold(I) complexes is investigated. Direct reaction of gold(I) chloride with benzaldehyde-N-methyl thiosemicarbazones (HL 1 : R 1 = Ph, R 2 = H, R 3 = Me) in a 1:2 M ratio in acetonitrile has yielded an ionic complex, [Au(κ 1 -S-HL 1 ) 2 ]Cl ( 1 ). Similarly, the reaction of benzaldehyde-N-ethyl thiosemicarbazone (HL 2 : R 1 = Ph, R 2 = H, R 3 = Et) has formed another ionic complex, [Au(κ 1 -S-HL 2 ) 2 ]Cl ( 2 ). The complexes have been characterized using analytical data, spectroscopy (IR, 1 H, 13 C NMR, UV–Vis), fluorescence, ESI-mass and X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1 and 2 represent the first examples obtained from the direct reactions of gold(I) chloride with a thio-ligand without the presence of PPh 3 or the use of any intermediate substrate, as has normally been used. Complex 1 , with a methyl substituent at N 1 , has two independent molecules in the crystal lattice, while complex 2 , with an N-ethyl substituent, has only one type of molecule in the crystal lattice. ESI-mass studies reveal the formation of the species: [Au I Cl+H] + ( A ), [Au I Cl 2 (HL 1 )+2H] + ( B ), [Au I (HL 1 ) 2 ] + ( C ) (complex 1 ) and [Au I (HL 2 ) 2 -4H] + ( D ) (complex 2 ). Interestingly both complexes have shown intense fluorescence bands in the wide region 340–540 nm, corresponding to the excitation wavelength of 308 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive traits are extremely important to the goat industry because moderate increase in litter size can lead to large profit. Traditional selection for improving litter size is difficult due to sex-limited nature and low heritability of the trait (5–10%). In addition, the lack of knowledge on the number of the genes controlling this trait and the possible gene interactions are the other limitations for this trait. Molecular genetics can overcome these limitations offering new opportunities for the improvement of reproductive traits, as it supplies tools to analyze genetic variability directly at the DNA level with the possibility of detecting the individual genes influencing the reproductive capability. For the last decade, molecular genetics has led to the discovery of individual genes or candidate genes with substantial effects on the reproductive trait viz. BMPR1B , GDF9 , BMP15 , FSHβ , FSHR , POU1F1 , PRLR , KiSS-1 , GPR54 , GH , INH , CART , GnRH , GnRHR , LHβ , BMP4 , KITLG , MT2 , CYP21 and AA-NAT . Despite the progress made in goat fecundity studies, it's hard to satisfy the actual application because the reproductive traits are complex quantitative traits involving multiple genes, loci and interactions. So it is important to analyze the combined effect of multiple genes or loci on reproductive traits. Little progress has been made on understanding interaction between genes, gene and environment, and genetic effect analysis. Thus the need of the hour is to identify more functional genes, clarify molecular mechanism of action and regulatory network and to resort to more holistic approaches like genomic selection which can tremendously accelerate the goat improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KiSS1 is considered to be a key mediator of molecular mechanism of reproduction (puberty and prolificacy) in mammals. Kisspeptins are a family of structurally related peptides, encoded by KiSS1 gene, with ability to regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone and hence hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. The present study investigated the polymorphism of caprine KiSS1 gene in 9 Indian goat breeds differing in sexual precocity and prolificacy. Comparison of KiSS1 amplified sequences of indigenous goats resulted in identification of nine SNPs (intron (1) G296C, T455G, T505A, T693C, T950C and intron (2) T1125C, A2510G, C2540T, A2803G) of which four are novel. These loci were not segregating together ( r 2 < 0.33). Mutations existed in both, sexually precocious and late-maturing goat breeds as well as low and high prolificacy goat breeds. Three loci reported to be associated with goat litter size (G296C, G2510A and C2540T) were identified in Indian goats as well. Association between loci of KiSS1 gene and age of puberty as well as litter size was explored in Black Bengal ( N = 158), a sexually precocious and prolific goat breed of India by designing PCR–RFLP. None of the mutations were found to be associated with reproductive traits however, difference in litter size as well age of sexual maturity for different genotypes indicates that the study on additional data based on more number of breeds and animals would be interesting to perform. Considering the importance of the reproductive trait in small ruminants, the results extend the limited information on genetic variation of the caprine KiSS1 , which might contribute toward molecular breeding to enhance productivity of goat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical limiting behavior of three ferrocenyl substituted calixarenes (FSCs) where ferrocenyl group is attached via ethynyl( a ), meta-( b ) and para-( c ) ethynyl phenyl spacers studied with nanosecond pulses at 532 nm is in the order c > a > b . While, with femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm strength of nonlinearity is in the order c > b > a . Largest nonlinear refraction ( n 2 = 9.5 × 10 −16 cm 2 /W) is estimated for the FSC c . Nonlinear absorption in these FSCs is attributed to three-photon absorption. Optical limiting behavior with nanosecond laser pulses is mainly due to thermal nonlinearity and reverse saturable absorption, whereas, with femtosecond laser pulses mainly intrinsic electronic nonlinearity contributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily, of which BMP4 is the most important due to its crucial role in follicular growth and differentiation, cumulus expansion and ovulation. Reproduction is a crucial trait in goat breeding and based on the important role of BMP4 gene in reproduction it was considered as a possible candidate gene for the prolificacy of goats. The objective of the present study was to detect polymorphism in intronic, exonic and 3′ un-translated regions of BMP4 gene in Indian goats. Nine different goat breeds (Barbari, Beetal, Black Bengal, Malabari, Jakhrana (Twinning>40%), Osmanabadi, Sangamneri (Twinning 20–30%), Sirohi and Ganjam (Twinning<10%)) differing in prolificacy and geographic distribution were employed for polymorphism scanning. Cattle sequence (AC_000167.1) was used to design primers for the amplification of a targeted region followed by direct DNA sequencing to identify the genetic variations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were not detected in exon 3, the intronic region and the 3′ flanking region. A SNP (G1534A) was identified in exon 2. It was a non-synonymous mutation resulting in an arginine to lysine change in a corresponding protein sequence. G to A transition at the 1534 locus revealed two genotypes GG and GA in the nine investigated goat breeds. The GG genotype was predominant with a genotype frequency of 0.98. The GA genotype was present in the Black Bengal as well as Jakhrana breed with a genotype frequency of 0.02. A microsatellite was identified in the 3′ flanking region, only 20 nucleotides downstream from the termination site of the coding region, as a short sequence with more than nineteen continuous and repeated CA dinucleotides. Since the gene is highly evolutionarily conserved, identification of a non-synonymous SNP (G1534A) in the coding region gains further importance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mutation in the coding region of the caprine BMP4 gene. But whether the reproduction trait of goat is associated with the BMP4 polymorphism, needs to be further defined by association studies in more populations so as to delineate an effect on it. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to explore the genetic basis of caprine prolificacy and to screen indigenous goats for prolificacy associated markers of sheep in BMPR1B, GDF9 and BMP15 genes. To detect the associated mutations and identify novel allelic variants in the candidate genes, representative samples were collected from the breeding tract of indigenous goat breeds varying in prolificacy and geographic distribution. DNA was extracted and PCR amplification was done using primers designed or available in literature for the coding DNA sequence of candidate genes. Direct sequencing was done to identify the genetic variations. Mutations in the candidate genes associated with fecundity in sheep were not detected in Indian goats. Three non-synonymous SNPs (C818T, A959C and G1189A) were identified in exon 2 of GDF9 gene out of which mutation A959C has been associated with prolificacy in exotic goats. Two novel SNPs (G735A and C808G) were observed in exon 2 of BMP15 gene. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The chemistry of copper(I) halides (CuX) with furan-2-carbaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones {(C4H3O)HC2N3N2H–C1(S)N1HR, Hftsc-N1HR} in presence of triphenyl phopshine is described. For methyl and ethyl substituents (R) at N1 atom, and with X = I, Br, Cl, the halogen-bridged dimers, namely, [Cu2(μ-X)2(η1-S-Hftsc-N1HR)2(PPh3)2] (R, X: Me, I, 1, Br 2, Cl 3; Et, I 4, Br 5, Cl 6) have been obtained.However, the presence of phenyl substituent at N1 has favored a three coordinate complex, [CuI(η1-S-Hftsc-N1HPh)2] 7, and with copper(I) bromide/and chloride, it has formed sulfur-bridged dimers, [Cu2X2(η1-Hftsc-N1HPh)2(μ-S-Hftsc N1HPh)2] (X = Br 8, Cl 9). In the latter three complexes (7–9), the Ph3P ligand did not take part in coordination. All these complexes have been characterized with the help of elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography (1–3, 5, 7 and 9). The bonding and nuclearity of complexes has been found to vary with the substituents at N1 atom. The intermolecular interactions have formed one dimensional (1, 9) and two dimensional (2, 3 and 5) networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nuclearity, bonding and H-bonded networks of copper(I) halide complexes with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones {(C4H3S)HC2 ＝N3–N(H)–C1(＝S) N1HR} are influenced by R substituents at N1 atom. Thiophene-2-carbaldehyde-N1-methyl thiosemicarbazone (HttscMe) or thiophene-2-carbaldehyde-N1-ethyl thiosemicarbazone (HttscEt) have yielded halogen-bridged dinuclear complexes, [Cu2(μ-X)2(η1-S-Htsc)2(Ph3P)2] (Htsc, X: HttscMe, I, 1; Br, 2; Cl, 3; HttscEt, I, 4; Br, 5; Cl, 6), while thiophene-2-carbaldehyde-N1-phenyl thiosemicarbazone (HttscPh) has yielded mononuclear complexes, [CuX(η1-S-HttscPh)2] (X, I, 7a; Br 8; Cl, 9) and a sulfur bridged dinuclear complex, [Cu2(μ-S-HttscPh)2(η1-S-HttscPh)2I2] 7b co-existing with 7a in the same unit cell. These results are in contrast to S-bridged dimers [Cu2(μ-S-Httsc)2(η1-Br)2(Ph3P)2]·2H2O and [Cu2(μ-S-Httsc)2(η1-Cl)2(Ph3P)2]·2CH3CN obtained for R=H and X=Cl, Br (Httsc=thiophene-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) as reported earlier. The intermolecular CHPh⋯π interaction in 1–3 (2.797Å, 1; 3.264Å, 2; 3.257Å, 3) have formed linear polymers, whereas the CHPh⋯X and N3⋯HCH interactions in 4–6 (2.791, 2.69Å, 5; 2.776, 2.745Å, 6, respectively) have led to the formation of H-bonded 2D polymer. The PhN1H⋯π, interactions (2.547Å, 8, 2.599Å, 9) have formed H-bonded dimers only. The Cu⋯Cu separations are 3.221–3.404Å (1–6). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The reactions of silver(I) halides (Cl or Br) with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde N1-methyl thiosemicarbazone (HttscMe) in the presence of Ph3P (1:1:1 molar ratio) yield halogen-bridged dimers, [Ag2(μ-X)2(η1-S-HttsMe)2(PPh3)2] (X=Cl, 1; Br, 2). The use of 2,2′-bipyridine in lieu of Ph3P in the reaction of silver(I) chloride with HttscMe yields the sulfur-bridged dimer, [Ag2(μ-S-HttscMe)2(η1-HttsMe)2]·2CHCl3 3. The substituents have altered the nature of bridge between the two silver atoms. The Ag···Ag separation (3.4867(5)Å) in complex 3 is less than that in the halogen-bridged dimers (3.734(4)Å1; 3.746(5)Å2). Unlike PPh3 the co-ligand 2,2′-bipyridine did not coordinate to the silver center, but was necessary for crystallization in the reaction with the thio-ligand. NMR spectroscopy revealed that the complexes remained unchanged in the solution state (CDCl3). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This review describes the coordination chemistry of thiosemicarbazones and covers all the metals for which complexes are reported. The coordination compounds of d-block, p-block and f-block elements are discussed with respect to their bonding and structures. The description of work is group by group and with a given metal, coordination compounds of all the ligands under purview are described. A brief description of synthesis and spectroscopy of complexes is also given. Several of complexes are mononuclear, with distorted tetrahedral, square planar, square pyramid or octahedral as their common geometries. Dimers, trimers, tetramers, as well as complexes of higher nuclearity are also reported. Variable bonding properties, metallation, metal–metal interactions, role of solvents/other factors in stabilization of sulfur-bridging in coinage metals, and the nature of substituents at azomethine carbon are other interesting features of the review. Further, biological and analytical applications of the ligands/complexes are included in brief so as to indicate the importance of ligands under consideration. The literature survey is complete to December 2007, and some papers of more recent origin are included. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• First use of gold nanoparticle for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. • FA-b-PEG modified gold nanoparticle loaded with Sorafenib tosylate used as the drug delivery system. • Targeted delivery for vascular endothelial growth factor. • Biocompatible formulation displayed prevention of neovascularisation of the retinal blood vessels. Preparing a controlled release dosage form for specific locations within the body is one of the most challenging tasks in the present times. Moreover, green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is attaining greater significance because of their high biocompatibility and negligible toxicity. Gold nanoparticles, among them, are considered to be one of the best modes of drug delivery system for the treatment of various diseases. The excellent properties of gold nanoparticles make them a potential carrier for carrying and releasing drugs at the specified location in a controlled manner. In this research, gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) has been prepared by green synthesis for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. These AuNPs has been further modified with FA-b-PEG copolymer for the targeted delivery of the drug Sorafenib tosylate. The selected drug works on VEGF receptors in the region of retinal neovascularisation. The optimized dosage form prepared from gold chloride and ginger extract has been characterized. Histopathological studies as well as fundus photography has been used for the in-vivo characterisation of the prepared dosage form and it has been found that it can be quite an effective treatment for retinal neovascularisation in patients of diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Land use practices near river ecotones increase terrestrial inputs in rivers. • Macroinvertebrates population metrics have been used in river monitoring. • We used macroinvertebrate population metrics and lipid profiles to monitor landuse. • Fatty acids, alcohols and sterols profiles discerned difference in land use changes. • Riverine management should incorporate macroinvetrate metrices and lipid analysis. Land use practices near river ecotones result in numerous inputs of terrestrial materials into the river ecosystem. While macroinvertebrates population metrics is widely used in monitoring water quality changes, including those induced by humans, the use of lipid profiles in these organisms to monitor influence of land use practices is rather ignored. The aim of this study was to determine lipid profile in macroinvertebrates as potential indicator of human influence in Sagana River Basin, a high altitude tropical highland stream in Kenya. Sites were selected based on differences in land use activities delineated: forest with minimal land use activities, while cropland and saw milling areas had varying degrees of land use activities, with urban areas designated as sites with most human impacts. The macroinvertebrate metrics such as occurrence, abundance, diversity, percentage of oligochaetes and chironomids (%OC), as well as the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (%EPT) index differed relative to land use changes. Variation in the Fatty Acids (FAs), alcohols and sterols in benthic macroinvertebrates was related to the land use activities along the stream. Evidently, streams traversing the urban areas had higher concentrations of Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), while streams traversing croplands had the highest neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFA). The dominance of monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) in forest, shortchain FAs (SCFAs) and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) in croplands and longchain FAs (LCFAs) near urban areas clear indicate different sources of these materials, mainly from terrestrial sources. Individual fatty acids, alcohols and sterols profiles discerned difference in land use changes. The concentrations of SCFAs, MUFAs, LCFAs, TeoH, 27Δ5.22, 28Δ5,24, 28Δ5,22, 29Δ5,22 and 29Δ5,22 in the benthic macroinvertebrates samples were positively associated with OC%, EPT, total abundance and eH'. Meanwhile the concentration of phytol, AqOH, 27Δ5 and SCOH were associated with Simpson index. The current findings support the combination of macroinvertebrates species composition, abundance, diversity and lipids profiles to detect land use activities at the riverine scale. While implementing catchment-based river management and conservation activities should incorporate lipid analysis as a management tool. There is need for continuous monitoring of long term trends in land use activities on the changes in lipid content of the macroinvertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a highly sensitive, cost effective, and routinely used molecular assay for analyzing the gene expression patterns of specific target genes across tissues, pathological conditions, treatment regimes, and physiological states. However, normalization of expression profiles of target genes using stable reference genes (RGs) is a critical step to ensure the accuracy of relative quantification using qPCR. In this study, we evaluated the stability of fourteen potential existing reference genes (ACTB , BACH1 , B2M , GAPDH , HMBS , PGK1 , PPIA , PPIB , RPLP0 , RPL19 , RPS9 , RPS15 , RPS28 , and UXT) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy sheep and goats to determine the most stable RGs. These candidate genes belong to different functional classes and were chosen based on published literature on commonly used RGs in different livestock species. Four different analytical approaches (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt analysis) as well as RefFinder, an online tool which integrates the geometric means of these four prominent stability algorithms were utilized to determine a comprehensive ranking of the investigated genes. Our data indicates that PPIB, BACH1, ACTB , and PPIA are the most suitable RGs, while RPLP0, GAPDH and RPS15 are the most variable and unsuitable genes for normalization of qPCR data in the PBMCs of sheep and goats. The results of this study provide useful resource for researchers engaged in unravelling the transcriptional landscape of PBMCs of small ruminants for various scientific investigations. • Systematically assessed 14 potential reference genes in sheep/goat PBMCs to find stable qPCR normalizers. • Four algorithms, namely, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct were used to rank the genes. • PPIB , BACH1 , ACTB , and PPIA were identified as the most stable reference genes. • RPLP0 , GAPDH and RPS15 were the least stable genes in the PBMCs of sheep and goat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mitochondrial DNA based genetic diversity was explored in the Indian dromedary and Bactrian camel populations. • The haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the Indian dromedaries was higher than the indices reported worldwide. • There was lack of genetic structuring in the Indian dromedaries based on geographical distribution. • Signals of population expansion were evident in the dromedary camels of India. • C. ferus , C. bactrianus and C. dromedarius revealed existence of separate mitochondrial lineages. Camels represent an important genetic resource of the desert ecosystems of India, with the dromedary and Bactrian camels inhabiting the hot and cold deserts, respectively. This study is the first attempt to investigate mitochondrial DNA based genetic diversity in the Indian camel populations and explores their relationship in the context of global genetic diversity of all the three large camel species (Camelus ferus, Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedaries). A mitochondrial DNA fragment encompassing part of cytochrome b gene, tRNAThr, tRNAPro and the beginning of the control region was amplified and analyzed in 72 dromedary and 8 Bactrian camels of India. Sequence analysis revealed that the haplotype and nucleotide diversity (Hd: 0.937 and π: 0.00431) in the Indian dromedaries was higher than the indices reported so far for the dromedary or Bactrian camels across the globe. The corresponding values in the Indian Bactrian camels were 1.000 and 0.00393, respectively. Signals of population expansion were evident in the dromedaries of India on the basis of mismatch analysis and Fu's Fs values. The analysis of molecular variance attributed most of the genetic variance (92.15%) between the dromedary, wild Bactrian and domestic Bactrian camels indicating separate maternal origins. The existence of three mitochondrial lineages in the old world camels (C. bactrianus : Lineage A; C. ferus : Lineage B and C. dromedarius : Lineage C) was also substantiated by the topology of the Median-Joining network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A medium-density SNP chip 182,122 SNPs was designed and validated for both Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius. • The estimated inter-marker distance of 14 kb, significantly enhances the coverage of the camel genome. • The medium-density chip has been successfully genotyped using 480 camel samples, with a call rate of 99% and 96% of the being highly reliable for genotyping. • With an enhanced genome coverage, accuracy and economic efficiency the Axiom_ MaruPri SNP chip is poised to advance genomic breeding research in camels. Camels play a crucial socio-economic role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions in arid and semi-arid regions. They possess remarkable physiological attributes which enable them to thrive in extreme environments, and provide a source of meat, milk and transportation. With their unique traits, camels embody an irreplaceable source of untapped genomic knowledge. This study introduces Axiom- MaruPri , a medium-density SNP chip meticulously designed and validated for both Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius. Comprising of 182,122 SNP markers, derived from the re-sequenced data of nine Indian dromedary breeds and the double-humped Bactrian camel, this SNP chip offers 34,894 markers that display polymorphism in both species. It achieves an estimated inter-marker distance of 14 Kb, significantly enhancing the coverage of the camel genome. The medium-density chip has been successfully genotyped using 480 camel samples, achieving an impressive 99 % call rate, with 96 % of the 182,122 SNPs being highly reliable for genotyping. Phylogenetic analysis and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components yield clear distinctions between Bactrian camels and dromedaries. Moreover, the discriminant functions substantially enhance the classification of dromedary camels into different breeds. The clustering of various camel breeds reveals an apparent correlation between geographical and genetic distances. The results affirm the efficacy of this SNP array, demonstrating high genotyping precision and clear differentiation between Bactrian and dromedary camels. With an enhanced genome coverage, accuracy and economic efficiency the Axiom_ MaruPri SNP chip is poised to advance genomic breeding research in camels. It holds the potential to serve as an invaluable genetic resource for investigating population structure, genome-wide association studies and implementing genomic selection in domesticated camelid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic assessment of 18 potential reference genes (RGs) in 10 different ovine tissues was carried out to identify internal control genes for qPCR analysis. • Four algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct (ΔCt), were employed to rank the stability of these RGs. • RefFinder was used for a comprehensive ranking, identifying ACTB, PPIB, BACH1 , and B2M as the most stable RGs. • RPS9, RPS15 , and PGK1 showed variable expression across different tissues. • Validation was performed using qPCR analysis of four target genes in the skin from two sheep breeds. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a widely-used technique for quantifying the expression of target genes across various tissues, as well as under different pathological and physiological conditions. One of the challenges associated with this method is the need to identify optimal reference genes (RGs) that maintain consistent expression levels under diverse experimental settings, thereby ensuring accurate biological interpretation. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of 18 candidate RGs (ACTB , BACH1 , B2M , GAPDH , HMBS , HPRT1 , PGK1 , PPIA , PPIB , RPLP0 , RPL19 , RPS9 , RPS15 , RPS28 , SDHA , TBP , UXT , and YWHAZ) across 10 ovine tissues (muscle, skin, kidney, liver, intestine, rumen, lung, testis, heart, and spleen) obtained from five individual sheep. We aimed to identify genes with stable expression across these tissues. A literature-based survey helped us shortlist candidate genes representing various functional classes from multiple livestock species. We employed four algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct (ΔCt), to rank these genes based on their stability. A consistent trend in the rankings was observed across these different algorithms. RefFinder was then used for a comprehensive ranking, integrating the outputs from the various methods. ACTB, PPIB, BACH1 , and B2M emerged as the most stable RGs, while RPS9, RPS15 , and PGK1 displayed variable expression. We validated our findings through qPCR analysis of four target genes (ACTN2, CRYAB, DLK1 , and TRIM54) in the skin samples from two different sheep breeds. Based on these results, we recommend ACTB, PPIB, BACH1 , and B2M as reliable internal control genes for qPCR experiments involving diverse ovine tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Himalaya has a rich ancient tradition for tapping hydro-energy from the hill streams and rivers through the device of gharats (watermills). The present contribution encompasses the study on the energy consumption pattern of hill communities living in buffer zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, a world heritage site located in Garhwal Himalayas, India, The current status of gharats, the factors responsible for the neglect of this renewable energy device, initiatives taken for upgrading for their revival have been highlighted. Field and policy level opportunities and constraints associated with promotion of such hydro-energy in the study area by upgrading of traditional watermills are analysed and suitable options for removing impediments are suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Genetic variation at 25 microsatellite loci, population structure, and genetic bottleneck hypothesis were examined in Marwari goats in the arid region of Rajasthan (India). The estimates of genetic variability such as effective number of alleles and gene diversities frequently observed in microsatellite markers revealed substantial genetic variation. The average polymorphism across the studied loci and the expected gene diversity in the population were 1.295 and 0.623±0.041, respectively. The population was observed to be significantly differentiated into groups, and showed a fairly high level of inbreeding (f =0.264±0.046) and global heterozygote deficit. The bottleneck analysis indicated the introduction of unique/rare alleles by the immigrants. The study revealed that Marwari goats need appropriate genetic management for their conservation and improvement under harsh climatic conditions of the arid zone. The information generated in this study may further be utilized for studying differentiation and relationships among different Indian goat breeds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Global skin transcriptome profiles of Changthangi and Muzzafarnagri sheep were compared. • Changthangi sheep had 149 up-regulated and 2139 down-regulated genes (Fold change > 1.5, FDR < 0.05). • Enriched pathways in Changthangi sheep involve melanin biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and developmental pigmentation. • High expression of melanogenesis genes like TYR, TYRP1, DCT, SLC45A2, PMEL, and others was noted in the Changthangi breed. • The study reveals how genetic factors affect phenotypic traits and environmental adaptability in various sheep breeds. Changthangi sheep, which inhabit the high-altitude regions of Ladakh, are known for their fine fiber production and are characterized by grey skin and either black or white coats. In contrast, Muzzafarnagri sheep from the plains of Uttar Pradesh produce coarse wool and have white skin and coats. We conducted comparative global gene expression profiling on four biological replicates of skin from each breed. Notably, our analysis identified 149 up-regulated genes and 2,139 down-regulated genes in Changthangi sheep compared to Muzzafarnagri sheep, with a p-adjusted value (padj) of ≤0.05 and a Log2 fold change of ≥1.5. Gene Ontology analysis of the up-regulated genes revealed an enrichment of terms related to melanin biosynthesis and developmental pigmentation. Additionally, enriched KEGG pathways included tyrosine metabolism and metabolic pathways. Among the melanogenesis-related genes that exhibited higher expression in Changthangi sheep were TYR, TYRP1, DCT, SLC45A2, PMEL, MLANA, and OCA2. These findings confirm melanin's role in both the animals' black coat color and UV protection at high-altitude. Furthermore, we observed more pronounced expression of genes related to fiber quality, namely KRTAP6, KRTAP7, KRTAP13, and KRTAP2, in the fine wool-producing sheep from Ladakh. The results of the RNA sequencing were validated using real-time PCR on 10 genes governing fiber quality and coat color, with ACTB and PPIB serving as reference genes. In conclusion, our comparative skin transcriptome analysis of Changthangi and Muzzafarnagri sheep sheds light on the genetic differences associated with distinct phenotypic traits and environmental adaptability, offering valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two distinct g values (g ‖ and g ⊥) indicate axial symmetry for the copper(II) complexes. • Excellent anti-TB activity of ligands and complexes. • Pharmacokinetics (effective transport of molecule to their target sites) studied using drug-protein binding study of molecules with human serum albumin (HSA). • Interaction of ligands and their complexes with mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl reductase was studied by molecular docking. Reaction of copper (II) acetate with 2,5 thiophenedicarboxaldehyde bisthiosemicarbazone (2,5 H 2 bttsc, 1H 2 L), 2,5 thiophenedicarboxaldehyde-N1-methyl bisthiosemicarbazone (2,5 H 2 bttsc-N1-Me, 2H 2 L) and 2,5 thiophenedicarboxaldehyde -N1-phenyl bisthiosemicarbazone (2,5 H 2 bttsc-N1-Ph, 3H 2 L) in 1:1 (M:L) molar ratio yielded complexes of stoichiometry, [Cu(L)] 1-3 (1L, 1; 2L 2; 3L 3). All the complexes are characterized using elemental analysis FTIR, Mass and ESR spectroscopy. The two distinct g values, g ‖ = 2.40 (1), 2.15 (2), 2.20 (3) and g ⊥ = 2.08 (1), 2.07 (2), 2.12 (3) indicate axial symmetry for the complexes. The greater g ‖ value than g ⊥, confirms the presence of free electrons in d x2-y2 ground term in square planar geometry. The ligands (1H 2 L - 3H 2 L) and their complexes (1–3) were tested for DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, FRAP ferric reducing, and CUPRAC cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays. In general, all the ligands and their metal complexes exhibited moderate antioxidant potential, however 3H 2 L has shown best Cu2+ reducing activity (7.34 μg TE/ml) and ABTS radicals scavenging activity (IC 50 , 16.95) amongst all. Ligands (1H 2 L - 3H 2 L) and their complexes (1–3) were also evaluated for anti-tuberculosis activity against M. tuberculosis H37RV strain. It has been observed that with the increase of hydrophobicity of ligand due to substituent present at N1 atom, anti-TB activity increased (H, MIC = 6.25 µg/ml < Me, MIC = 3.12 µg/ml < Ph, MIC = 1.6 µg/ml). Molecular modeling studies have shown considerable intermolecular interaction of these compounds with minimum binding energy −5.8 (1H 2 L), −5.8 (2H 2 L), −9.6 (3H 2 L), −6.9 (1), −6.6 (2) and −9.6 (3) Kcal/ mol, which also supports the experimental data. Pharmacokinetics (effective transport of molecule to their target sites) was studied using drug-protein binding study of molecules with human serum albumin (HSA) was performed using UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The ligand 2H 2 L and complex 2 showed strong binding interactions with HSA having binding constant values of 4.24 × 105 M−1 and 4.92 × 105 M−1 respectively. N1-Substituted 2,5 thiophenedicarboxaldehyde bisthiosemicarbazones and their copper(II) complexes are synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. All the compounds have shown good anti-tuberculosis activity against M. tuberculosis H37RV strain. Mode of interaction and their delivery to target site was studied using molecular docking and BSA binding studies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of donor–π–acceptor–π–donor type of ferrocenyl substituted benzothiadiazoles were designed, and synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction. The electrochemical, photophysical, thermal, and structural properties of ferrocenyl substituted benzothiadiazoles are discussed. These properties show strong donor–acceptor interaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Maternal genetic diversity was explored in Indian donkeys based on whole mitogenome and D-loop sequences. • The haplotype and nucleotide diversity in Indian donkeys were 0.989 and 0.00395, respectively. • Phylogenetic analysis revealed conformity of Indian donkeys to Nubian and Somali clades of African wild ass. • Indian donkeys shared haplotypes with donkeys from different countries. To contribute to the knowledge of maternal genetic diversity in domestic donkeys, this study investigated the mitochondrial DNA variations and analyzed the genetic structure in Indian donkeys based on 31 mitogenome sequences representing four breeds/populations (Agra, Halari, Kachchhi and Spiti). A total of 27 haplotypes with a haplotype diversity value of 0.989 were evident in the donkey genetic resources of India. The genetic differentiation between the investigated populations was evaluated using population pairwise F ST values, which showed maximum differentiation between Kachchhi and Halari donkeys. The Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree based on the whole mitogenome sequence and the Median-Joining (MJ) network for partial D-loop fragment showed clear demarcation of Indian donkeys into Nubian and Somali clades, substantiating African maternal origin of Indian domestic donkeys. The topology of the MJ network excluded the Asian wild asses as the possible progenitors of Indian donkeys. Halari and Agra donkeys showed conformity exclusively to the Nubian lineage of the African wild asses. However, representation of both the Nubian and Somali lineages was observed in Kachchhi and Spiti donkeys. Comprehensive analysis carried out by retrieving D-loop sequences from different countries representing Asia, Africa, Europe and South America revealed existence of shared haplotypes across geographically isolated regions of the globe. This observation is indicative of utility of donkeys as pack animals across inter-continental trading routes during development of human civilizations. Our results represent a valuable contribution to maternal genetic diversity of Indian donkeys and provide insights into the worldwide spread of the species following initial domestication in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The transcriptional landscape of blood PBMCs of Anaplasma marginale infected cattle was compared with healthy controls. • A total of 676 up-regulated and 323 down-regulated genes were observed in the infected animals (Fold change >2, FDR < 0.05). • Many genes previously associated with parasite-borne diseases were profusely expressed in the infected animals. • A crosstalk of genes involved in host defense as well as parasite persistence was identified. Bovine anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne disease of livestock with widespread prevalence and huge economic implications. In order to get new insights into modulation of host gene expression in response to natural infections of anaplasmosis, this study is the first attempt that compared the transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of A. marginale infected and healthy crossbred cattle. Transcriptome analysis identified shared as well as unique functional pathways in the two groups. Translation and structural constituent of ribosome were the important terms for the genes abundantly expressed in the infected as well as healthy animals. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that immunity and signal transduction related terms were enriched for the up-regulated genes in the infected animals. The over-represented pathways were cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and signaling pathways involving chemokines, Interleukin 17 (IL17), Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFKB) etc. Interestingly, many genes previously associated with parasite-borne diseases such as amoebiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniasis were profusely expressed in the dataset of the diseased animals. High expression was also evident for the genes for acute phase response proteins, anti-microbial peptides and many inflammatory cytokines. Role of cytokines in mediating communication between immune cells was the most conspicuous gene network identified through the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. This study provides comprehensive information about the crosstalk of genes involved in host defense as well as parasite persistence in the host upon infection with A. marginale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Reaction of copper(II) acetate with cyclohexanoneselenosemicarbazone (Hcysesc), 5-chloro isatinselenosemicarbazone (5-ClHIstsesc), 1-methyl isatinselenosemicarbazone (1-MeHIstsesc), 3-indole selenosemicarbazone (3-HInsesc), 3-acetylindole selenosemicarbazone (3-AcHInsesc and 2-naphthaldehyde selenosemicarbazone (2-Hnaphsesc) in 1:2 (M: L) molar ratio yielded complexes of stiochiometry, [Cu(L) 2 ] 1 – 6 (L = cysesc 1 ; 5-ClIstsesc 2 ; 1-MeIstsesc 3 ; 3-Insesc 4 ; 3-AcInsesc 5 ; 2-naphsesc 6). All the complexes are characterized by IR, Mass and ESR spectroscopy. Two well defined g values (g ‖ and g ⊥) in ESR spectrum of complexes 1 – 4 , 6 indicate axial symmetry, whereas symmetry around copper(II) metal in complex 5 is confirmed by three different g values (g 1 , 2.095; g 2 , 2.15; g 3 , 2.26), which supports rhombic distortion. The value of g ‖ obtained is greater than g ⊥, which is greater than g e, in 1 – 4 , 6 is in well agreement in d x2-y2 ground term of square planar geometry. The value of empirical factor f for complexes 1 – 4, 6 lies in the range, 102–135 cm indicating a square planar geometry with small distortion, where as in complex 5 value (f = 146 cm) is in conformity of tetrahedral geometry with larger distortion. All the compounds (selenosemicabazones and their complexes) are tested for DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, FRAP ferric reducing and CUPRAC cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assay and all the compounds have shown good antioxidant capacity in general. Best results are obtained for H1L with FRAP, 6.75 ± 0.01 μg TE/ml and CUPRAC, 9.52 ± 0.07 μg TE/ml. All the compounds are also tested for their anti-tubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37RV strain ATCC27294. Ligands, H1L , H3L , H6L and complex 6 have shown highest anti-TB activity (MIC = 1.6 µg/ml) which is similar to the standard drugs (Isoniazid, Ethambutol). anti-TB activity of H2L and H5L (MIC = 12.5 µg/ml and 25 µg/ml) increased on complexation with copper(II) (MIC = 1.6 µg/ml, 2 ; 12.5 µg/ml, 6). Experimental results are supported by molecular modeling studies, where a considerable intermolecular interaction of these compounds with the active site of amino acid of enoyl reductase from M. tuberculosis has been observed with minimum binding energy −6.2, −7.3, −7.7, −7.4, −7.2, −8.7 Kcal/mol for H1L , H2L , H3L , H4L , H5L , and H6L and −7.2, −9.4, −8.6, −9.3, −9.9, and −10.6 Kcal/mol for copper complexes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 exhibited respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of Isatin-N 1 -methyl-thiosemicarbazone (H 2 itsc-N 1 -Me, H 2 L 1 ) and isatin-N 1 -ethyl-thiosemicarbazone (H 2 itsc-N 1 -Et, H 2 L 2 ) has been carried out and the effect of substituents (at N 1 atom of isatin-3-thiosemicarbazones) on nuclearity of copper(I) halide complexes has been investigated. Reactions of copper(I) halides (X = I, Br, Cl) with H 2 L 1 and H 2 L 2 using Ph 3 P as co-ligand in 1:1:1 (M:L:PPh 3 ) molar ratio in acetonitrile yielded complexes of stoichiometry [CuX(H 2 L 1 )(Ph 3 P)] (X = I, C1 ; Br, C2 ; Cl, C3 ) and [CuX(H 2 L 2 )(Ph 3 P)] (X = I, C4 ; Br, C5 ; Cl, C6 ) respectively. All these complexes have been characterized using analytical and spectroscopic data (IR, 1 H NMR and ESI mass). The single crystal structure has been solved for H 2 L 1 and C2 . The complex C2 has distorted tetrahedral geometry around copper(I) and isatin-N 1 -methyl-thiosemicarbazone coordinated to metal center as neutral, bidentate, N 3 , S-chelating ligand. Elemental analysis suggested the presence of one acetonitrile molecule in complexes C3 and C6 and half CH 3 CN in complexes C2 and C4 as solvent of crystallization. MTT assay, supported by docking studies have revealed the cytotoxic nature of the compounds C1 – C6 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to characterize the genetic variation present in lymphoxin A gene ( LTA gene) encoding for the lymphotoxin A protein also known as tumor necrosis factor beta, a cytokine produced by lymphocytes, known to be cytotoxic for a wide range of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo , and, which is essential for normal immunological development; in 40 animals of 5 diverse Bos indicus Indian zebu cattle breeds. These breeds survive under the harsh and tough tropical climatic conditions of various parts of the Indian subcontinent. The LTA gene in the present study was observed to contain 33 SNPs and 3 small insertion/deletion polymorphisms. Four SNPs occurred in the coding regions of the gene viz. g.1327A > G and g.1400C > T in exon 2 and g.1840C > T and g.1942C > T in exon 3, of which the SNP g.1327A > G in exon 2 resulted in a non-synonymous amino acid change G38D. This amino acid change was however predicted not be affecting the protein function in any manner. The gene contained putative transcription factor binding sites for the c-Re1 and for Pax-4 transcription factors. A putative promoter region was also predicted on the reverse DNA strand from position 894 to 644. Several repeat elements and microsatellite repeats were detected to be occurring across the 3.2 kb LTA gene sequence. The study showed the occurrence of 40 genotypes and 48 most probable haplotypes. The genotypes at the observed SNP positions in the LTA gene were in near Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. A negative Tajima's D value that was not significant statistically at P > 0.10 indicated that the neutral mutation hypothesis could not be excluded. The genetic variations observed in the LTA gene in the present study have not been reported earlier and these could possibly be used as molecular markers for further studies involving association of the gene variability with disease resistance/tolerance traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The transcriptional landscape of milk somatic cells of Murrah buffaloes with clinical mastitis was compared with the healthy controls. • A total of 1014 up-regulated and 999 down-regulated genes were observed in the diseased buffaloes (Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05). • The expression of major milk protein genes (CSN2, CSN1S1, CSN1S2, PAEP and LALBA) was higher in the healthy buffaloes. • Mastitic buffaloes had higher transcript abundance of many genes coding for anti-microbial proteins. Despite immense contribution of buffaloes as dairy species, limited studies have addressed the bubaline mastitis as compared to cattle. This was the first differential transcriptomic study investigating the alterations induced by clinical mastitis in buffalo milk relative to healthy controls. Comparative gene expression profiling of three biological replicates of each group identified 1014 up-regulated and 999 down-regulated genes in the diseased buffaloes (Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05). Activation of immune and inflammatory responses were the most enriched GO terms in the mastitic animals, with higher transcript abundance of many genes coding for anti-microbial proteins such as β-defensins, perforin, granzymes, granulysin, cathelicidins etc. Analysis of the gene regulatory interactions of the up-regulated DEGs identified many hub genes that govern the cellular and macromolecular metabolic processes (E2F4, E2F1, RBL2, FOXM1, IRF1 and MYB). This study contributes to an insightful understanding of molecular mechanisms governing immune response of buffaloes to mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Genetic variation at 23 microsatellite loci, population structure, and genetic bottleneck hypothesis were examined for Jamunapari goat population found in Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India. Estimates of genetic variability such as effective number of alleles and gene diversities revealed substantial genetic variation frequently displayed by microsatellite markers. Number of alleles observed across the microsatellite loci varied from 2 to 10 with an overall mean of 4.913±1.905. Average polymorphism across the studied loci and expected gene diversity in the population were 1.066±0.510 and 0.528±0.237, respectively. Population was observed to be significantly differentiated into different groups, and showed fairly high level of inbreeding (f =0.189±0.049) and global heterozygote deficit. Bottleneck analysis indicated the introduction of unique/rare alleles by immigrants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: The relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP), a surrogate marker of cardiovascular risk, and dietary nutrients is not known. We investigated the relationship between serum CRP levels and dietary nutrients in young Asian Indians residing in a major metropolitan city in north India. Methods: Dietary nutrient intake values (24-h dietary recall and monthly consumption data) and serum CRP levels were studied in 359 healthy adolescents and young adults (312 male and 47 female) (mean age, 18.0 ± 2.3 y; range, 14–25 y), after carefully excluding those with history of infections and smoking. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with CRP [raised (>3.0 mg/L)/normal] as the outcome variable and various dietary nutrients and anthropometric variables as covariates. Results: Mean CRP level was 1.3 ± 2.3 mg/L (range, 0.02–17.5 mg/L). Raised CRP levels (>3 mg/L) were noted in 9% study subjects (8.6% males and 12.8% females). After adjustment for other covariates, saturated fat emerged as the single most important nutrient contributing to increase in serum CRP levels. The odds of having a raised CRP level in subjects consuming more than 10% energy as saturated dietary fat were twice as compared to subjects having a normal saturated fat intake [Adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) = 2.0 (0.94–4.1)]. For every one percent decrease in energy intake by saturated fat, CRP level was calculated to decrease by 0.14 mg/L. For decreasing CRP levels to <1.0 mg/L (low risk for cardiovascular disease), Asian Indian adolescents and young adults should ensure saturated fat intake <7% of caloric intake. Conclusion: We suggest that daily saturated fat intake should be limited to <7% of caloric intake in urban adolescents and young adult Asian Indians to decrease their future cardiovascular risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

: ObjectiveAlthough the prevalence of obesity is not high in Asian Indians, increased prevalence rates of metabolic perturbations and cardiovascular risk factors have been reported. In this study, we evaluated body mass index (BMI), anthropometric measurements, and body fat profiles of obese and non-obese subjects and correlated those values with cardiovascular risk factors.: MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 639 subjects (170 men and 469 women) from low socioeconomic stratum residing in urban slums of New Delhi. Non-obese subjects were categorized into quartiles of percentage of body fat (%BF) and waist circumference (WC). Using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus [DM], hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were computed with first quartile in the non-obese group as the reference category for the following five categories: %BF and WC quartiles in the non-obese group and obese group (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2).: ResultsIn the non-obese group, approximately 66% of men and 88% of women had at least one risk factor. In non-obese women, significantly high ORs and 95% CIs were found for hypertension (3.2, 1.4–7.2), DM (2.8, 1.2–6.3), and hypertriglyceridemia (3.9, 1.9–8.3) in the upper quartiles of %BF, and significantly high OR (95% CIs) was observed for hypertriglyceridemia (3.9, 1.4–10.8) in non-obese men. Among non-obese men, significantly high OR (95% CIs) was found for hypertriglyceridemia (3.2, 1.0–10.3); among non-obese women, significantly high ORs (95% CIs) were observed for hypertension (2.5, 1.1–5.8) and hypertriglyceridemia (2.5, 1.2–5.2) in the normal range of WC (70–80 cm).: ConclusionThe study showed that Asian Indians have excess cardiovascular risk at BMI and WC values considered “normal.” These data suggested that definitions of “normal” ranges of BMI and WC need to be revised for Asian Indians. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To investigate the relationships of sub-clinical inflammation and regional and generalized obesity and lipids in adolescent and young adult Asian Indians in north India. Methods: We determined serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker for sub-clinical inflammation, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (W-HR), four skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac), percentage of body fat (% BF) and lipid profile in 377 healthy adolescents and young adults (331 males and 46 females, age range: 14–25 years). Results: Overweight subjects (BMI>85th percentile), and subjects with high values (>85th percentile) of WC and triceps skinfold thickness had significantly higher median CRP levels (P=0.04, P=0.001 and P=0.007, respectively) as compared with subjects with lower values of the variables. Elevated levels of CRP (>2.1 mg/l) were observed in 21.8% of the overweight subjects and 24.5% of the subjects with high (>85th percentile) % BF. After adjusting for age and gender, the odds ratios (95% CI) for elevated levels of CRP were 2.3 (1.1–4.7, P=0.02) for overweight subjects, 2.6 (1.2–5.4, P=0.01) for subjects with high % BF, and 3.7 (1.7–7.9, P=0.001) for subjects with high triceps skinfold thickness. Levels of CRP correlated significantly with % BF (r=0.13, P=0.009), W-HR (r=0.11, P=0.02), biceps skinfolds (r=0.13, P=0.01) and triceps skinfolds (r=0.13, P=0.01) for males only. Conclusions: The observations of substantial prevalence of elevated CRP levels in adolescents and young adults having increased generalized and abdominal adiposity may be important for the development of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in Asian Indian adults. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• This is the first study that compares gene expression profiles of cattle and buffalo milk somatic cells. • Enrichment of immune response related GO terms was observed in buffaloes. • Higher expression of genes for some host defense peptides was evident in buffaloes. • Genes for PI3K-Akt pathway showed higher expression in cattle milk. India is the world's largest milk producing country because of massive contribution made by cattle and buffaloes. In the present investigation, comprehensive comparative profiling of transcriptomic landscape of milk somatic cells of Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffaloes was carried out. Genes with highest transcript abundance in both species were enriched for biological processes such as lactation, immune response, cellular oxidant detoxification and response to hormones. Analysis of differential expression identified 377 significantly up-regulated and 847 significantly down-regulated genes with fold change >1.5 in Murrah buffaloes as compared to Sahiwal cattle (p adj <0.05). Marked enrichment of innate and adaptive immune response related GO terms and higher expression of genes for various host defense peptides such as lysozyme, defensin β and granzymes were evident in buffaloes. Genes related to ECM-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and keratinization pathway showed more abundant expression in cattle. Network analysis of the up-regulated genes delineated highly connected genes representing immunity and haematopoietic cell lineage (CBL, CD28, CD247, PECAM1 and ITGA4). For the down-regulated dataset, genes with highest interactions were KRT18, FGFR1, GPR183, ITGB3 and DKK3. Our results lend support to more robust immune mechanisms in buffaloes, possibly explaining lower susceptibility to mammary infections as compared to cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Genetic diversity was explored in 33 breeds/populations of Indian goats using mitochondrial DNA markers. • The haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices of Indian goats were 0.998 and 0.028, respectively. • Indian goats belong to four maternal haplogroups; A, B, C and D. • There was no genetic structuring of goats on the basis of geographical distribution. Thirty four distinct breeds and many non-descript populations represent the caprine diversity of India. Genetic characterization of breeds is an essential element in designing breeding strategies and preserving genetic diversity. Considering the popularity of mitochondrial DNA for phylogeographical studies, this study involved an extensive analysis of population structure and genetic diversity of 28 defined breeds and 5 lesser known populations representing all four major agro-climatic zones of India using mitochondrial DNA markers. Analysis of hypervariable region 1 of mtDNA control region in 443 goats together with 22 reference sequences, delineated 341 distinct haplotypes belonging to four maternal haplogroups; A, B, C and D, with haplogroup A representing 90% of the individuals. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices of Indian goats were 0.998 ± 0.001 and 0.028 ± 0.001, respectively indicating abundant genetic variability. Estimates of population demographic parameters from mismatch analysis suggested a relatively good fit to the model of either spatial or demographic expansion of Indian goats. AMOVA analysis and topology of MJ network suggested lack of phylogeographic structure in domestic goats, which can be attributed to unstructured animal breeding, dwindling pastures and nomadic pastoralism. Genetic differentiation between goats from different agro-ecological regions was in accordance with their geographical propinquity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancement in Anti-TB activity of 4-cholobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone on complexation: Synthesis, structure and docking studies. • Ni(II) has formed square planar complex and Silver(I) formed halogen-bridged dimers. • Ni(II) complex has shown better anti-tubercular activity as compare to free ligand. • The anti-tubercular activity has been well corroborated with molecular docking studies. • No influence of substituents at phenyl ring at C2 atom of thiosemicarbazones has been observed on its silver(I) halide complexes. Complexes of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde thosemicarbazone (H1L) with Ni(II), [Ni(1L) 2 1 and Ag(I), [Ag 2 (μ-X) 2 (η1-S-H1L) 2 (PPh 3) 2 (X = Cl, 2 ; Br, 3) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Ag(I) complexes, containing the 4-methylbenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (H2L) ligand complexes [Ag 2 (μ-X) 2 (η1-S-H2L) 2 (PPh 3) 2 (X = Cl, 4 ; Br, 5) have also been synthesized. Complexes 1, 3 and 4 are also characterized by single crystal crystallography to investigate the effect of substituent at phenyl ring of the thiosemicarbazone on the bonding behavior of these Ag(I) complexes. H1L and its Ni(II) complexes were evaluated for their anti-tubercular activities and it was found that the anti-TB actitivy of H1L was enhanced on complexation with Ni(II) for complex 1. Molecular docking of H1L and its nickel complex has also been examined. The results of these studies support the molecular design of the these molecules and have provided a significant background to further examine their antitubercular activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]