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Abstract: Aims: To evaluate whether pre-operative chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) improves the sphincter preservation rate for distal rectal cancers within 3cm of the anal verge. Methods: Between January 2001 and December 2004, 49 patients underwent surgery with or without pre-operative CRT for primary rectal adenocarcinoma within 3cm of the anal verge. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed, including stage workups, surgical records and pathology records to determine sphincter preservation rate and the factors influencing sphincter preservation. Results: Of 49 patients with rectal tumours within 3cm of the anal verge, 31 underwent pre-operative CRT followed by surgery (CRT group), and 18 underwent surgery alone (non-CRT group). Sphincter preservation was possible in 11 of 31 CRT patients, and only one of 18 non-CRT patients (p=0.036). The factors most influencing sphincter preservation were reduction in tumour size (p=0.005) and downstaging (p=0.001) following pre-operative CRT. Conclusion: We could observe that sphincter preservation was improved in CRT group with statistical significance when compared to non-CRT group in our study patients with rectal cancer within 3cm of the anal verge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this work, we investigated the effect of so-called WF (Work Function) setting anneal (high temperature annealing on TiN/HfO 2 stack) on gate stack properties. It was found that intermixed layer created in-between TiN and HfO 2 during WF setting anneal has negative fixed charge and reduces pFET V t (positive V t shift). In addition, higher anneal temperature further reduces pFET V t while keeping nFET V t almost unchanged. This could be explained by passivation of oxygen vacancies in HfO 2 with diffused oxygen from TiN layer. By combining these effects, one can further push effective work function towards valence band edge which enables wider coverage of transistor V t option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]