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For corporate green innovation, green credit (GC) policy has been increasingly crucial. However, technology spillover and market competitiveness in GC induced green innovation are unclear. We evaluate the influence and pathways of GC on corporate green innovation from both theoretical and empirical perspectives by developing a tripartite evolutionary game with banks, leaders, and followers, and meanwhile employing the difference-in-differences model. The tripartite evolutionary game demonstrates that the systematic equilibrium balance where banks issuing GC and leaders and followers engaging in green innovation will progressively be achieved. Empirical results are as follows. First, the GC indeed promotes corporate green innovation but primarily focuses on incremental innovation rather than radical innovation, indicating enterprises' strategic innovation to cater for GC. Second, whereas the positive impact of GC on incremental innovation is mediated by technology spillover, radical innovation is unaffected. However, the GC does not promote green innovation through market competitiveness. Finally, non-third-party-certified firms and large firms are more positively impacted by GC on incremental innovation. • We theoretically and empirically explore technology spillover and market competitiveness in GC induced corporate green innovation. • The GC promotes incremental innovation rather than radical innovation, indicating enterprises' strategic innovation. • The positive impact of GC on incremental innovation is mediated by technology spillover but radical innovation is unaffected. • The GC does not promote green innovation through market competitiveness. • Non-third-party-certified firms and state-owned firms are more positively impacted by GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the evolution of technology cooperation networks in different industries and the factors influencing them. Based on the cooperative patent data, the technology cooperation networks of the steel, pharmaceutical and solid waste treatment industries are constructed, and the networked evolutionary games model is proposed to study the evolution process of the technology cooperation networks. The effect of cooperation costs, technology spillover, and government support on the evolution of technology cooperation networks is revealed. The results show that reducing cooperation costs and technology spillover and increasing government support can improve the cooperation level and efficiency of technology cooperation networks. Furthermore, there are differences in the impact of these three factors on the evolution of technology cooperation networks in the steel, pharmaceutical, and solid waste treatment industries. This study broadens the research perspective on the evolution of technology cooperation networks and provides practical references for different industries to determine their technical cooperation strategies. • The networked evolutionary games model is applied to study the evolution of the technology cooperation networks. • The evolution of technology cooperation networks in different industries and their influencing factors are revealed. • Reducing cooperation costs and technology spillover and increasing government support can improve the network evolution. • There is heterogeneity in the network evolution of the steel, pharmaceutical, and solid waste treatment industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of airport alliances has undergone hardships, although airport alliances have emerged simultaneously with other airline alliances in an attempt to improve competitiveness. Technology spillover is a major benefit of airport alliances, but the effects of such spillover are not as obvious as might be expected. This paper proposes a three-stage DEA-based methodological framework to uncover the existence and characteristics of technology spillover among allied airports, and identify whether the technology spillover of airport alliances outperforms the self-development of airports. A case study that concerns multi-airport companies and non-allied airports in China, where airports and airlines are rapidly expanding, is included. The results show that the technology spillover of airport alliances does not become wide spread among all of the allied airports, which is most likely because civil aviation in China is still in a stage of rapid development. However, such spillover does appear among small- and mid-sized allied airports in cities with fast urban economic development. Finally, the related implications of our methodological framework are discussed along with our findings. • We proposed a three-stage DEA based methodological framework to test the technology spillover of airport alliance. • We analyze the existence and characteristics of technology spillover effects of Chinese airport alliances. • We found the technology spillover exists among small- and mid-sized airport cities in China with dynamic urban economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Two-country endogenous growth model with heterogeneous innovations. • Incremental innovations by incumbents and radical innovations by entrants. • Technology spillovers: Innovators use both countries’ final goods for R&D. • Heterogeneous spillovers: Different fractions of foreign goods used by innovators. • Moderate correlation between incumbents’ and entrants’ innovation probabilities. Abstract Empirical evidence suggests that investments in research and development (R&D) by older and larger firms are more spread out internationally than R&D investments by younger and smaller firms. In this paper, I explore the quantitative implications of this type of heterogeneity by assuming that incumbents, i.e. current monopolists engaging in incremental innovation, have a higher degree of internationalization in their R&D technologies than entrants, i.e. new firms engaging in radical innovation, in a two-country endogenous growth general equilibrium model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retailers' store brands (SBs) are prevalent worldwide and impose substantial competitive threats against the manufacturers' national brands (NBs). A large number of manufacturers invest in technology innovation to deter the retailers' store brand encroachment. This paper studies the interplay between a manufacturer's technology investment choice and a retailer's SB encroachment strategy. The research shows that the manufacturer's technology investment strategy cannot always hold back the retailer's SB encroachment, which depends on the two brands' competition effect and the technology spillover effect. If the technology spillover effect is sufficiently pronounced, the technology investment strategy will instead serve to push forward the SB encroachment. Once the technology investment strategy is implemented, the SB encroachment may not serve as a credible threat. Moreover, the manufacturer will always prefer the technology investment strategy as long as the fixed cost of technology investment is relatively low. • The joint endogenous decisions of technology investment (TI) strategy and store brand (SB) encroachment are explored. • In some cases, TI may instead serve to push forward the SB encroachment. • The equilibrium of TI and SB encroachment depends on the interplay of the technology spillover effect and brands competition effect. • Once TI is adopted, the SB encroachment may no longer be used as a threat tool to cut down the wholesale price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative powertrains are considered as a promising option to significantly reduce CO 2 emissions from passenger cars. One major prerequisite is their successful market introduction. In this paper, we present a system dynamics model that allows for the evaluation of strategies for the market introduction of alternative powertrain technologies in long-range passenger cars (⩾400 km) under competition. The model considers two competing manufacturers, one first-mover and one follower, each introducing plug-in hybrids and fuel cell electric vehicles according to exogenously defined strategies, which comprise timing, pricing, and technology parameters. The manufacturers can learn from each other due to technology spillover, leading to cost reductions of the powertrains. We use an exemplary dataset for the German car market to study the manufacturers’ influence on the market success of alternative powertrains as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results indicate that in general more competition leads to higher market shares of alternatively powered vehicles and thus allows for a higher reduction of emissions. However, this might cause decreasing profits for both manufacturers, especially if the follower pursues an aggressive pricing strategy when entering the market to gain market shares from its competitor. Also, technology spillover has a positive effect on the market penetration. This particularly holds true for a low level of technology experience where high cost reductions can be achieved and for fuel cell electric vehicles where the costs of the powertrain are much higher compared to plug-in hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we develop a series of technology diffusion formulations that endogenously represent empirically observed spatial diffusion patterns. We implement these formulations in the energy system optimization model MESSAGE to assess their implications for the market penetration of low-carbon electricity generation technologies. In our formulations, capacity growth is constrained by a technology's knowledge stock, which is an accumulating and depreciating account of prior capacity additions. Diffusion from an innovative core to less technologically adept regions occurs through knowledge spillover effects (international spillover effect). Within a cluster of closely related technologies, knowledge gained through deployment of one technology spills over to other technologies in the cluster (technology spillover effect). Parameters are estimated using historical data on the expansion of extant electricity technologies. Based on our results, if diffusion in developing regions relies heavily on earlier deployment in advanced regions, projections for certain technologies (e.g., bioenergy with carbon capture and storage) should be tempered. Our model illustrates that it can be globally optimal when innovative economies deploy some low-carbon technologies more than is locally optimal as it helps to accelerate diffusion (and learning effects) elsewhere. More generally, we demonstrate that by implementing a more empirically consistent diffusion formulation in an energy system optimization model, the traditionally crude—or nonexistent—representation of technology diffusion in energy-climate policy models can be significantly improved. This methodological improvement has important implications for the market adoption of low-carbon technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between “technology diffusion” and “new product diffusion”. We define “technology diffusion” as a knowledge spillover process, which is represented by patent citation, and “new product diffusion” as the spread of a new product that has been developed by the application of patented technology. To investigate the relationship between the two types of diffusion, we use patent citation data of code division multiple access (CDMA) technology and market sales data of mobile phones in South Korea for the analysis. The results show that the diffusion of technology through patent citation could be successfully explained by empirical analysis, for which the Bass diffusion model was used. Moreover, we can find out if technology diffusion can be the leading indicator of a new product''s diffusion before its launching; in other words, before the commercialization of the patent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Technology spillover is evident in the renewable energy sector due to the significant development of technology. However, the lack of proper laws and regulations is an obstacle for technology-leader renewable energy suppliers to promote technological innovation. Therefore, some suppliers are interested in free-riding behavior instead of investing in their technologies. Consequently, we investigate the role of government support strategies and licensing contracts in promoting technological innovations under market failure by applying a game-theoretic approach. We consider government supports under two strategies: fixed-in-tariff (FIT) and grid's subsidy (GS); and cooperation between the rival renewable energy suppliers under two licensing contracts: royalty licensing (RL) and joint venture (JV). The two competitor renewable energy suppliers, the grid company, and the government are considered as players. One of these suppliers is a technology leader, and the other is a technology follower. The decision variables are the wholesale electricity price, level of electricity reliability, the quantity of electricity, and the subsidy amount. Based on the results of the case study, the government strategies provide more development of technology than the cooperation strategy between the two suppliers. The lowest and the highest pricing of electricity occur in the GS and RL scenarios, respectively. • We study a renewable electricity supply chain with technology spillover. • We investigated government role and licensing contracts to prevent market failure. • Electricity pricing, level of reliability, and the order quantity are considered. • Nash and Stackelberg competitions are established between the players. • Several managerial insights based on a case study of Iran are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper examines technology spillover from foreign direct investment (FDI) based on a cross-industry analysis of Thai manufacturing. The analysis is built around the hypothesis by Bhagwati that technology spillover is conditioned by the nature of the trade policy regime. The result, based on a two-equation model that allows for the two-way link between the foreign presence and productivity of locally owned industries, provides support for the hypothesis. A key policy implication is that liberalizing the foreign investment regime has to go hand in hand with liberalizing the trade policy regime to maximize gains from FDI technology spillover. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The information industry has become a "new engine" driving the growth of the world economy. However, there are many controversies about whether digital technology can reduce the intensity of carbon emissions. Based on OECD data, KPWW method and multiple panel regression, this paper explores the impact and mechanism of digital technology innovation and technology spillover to the domestic carbon emission intensity. Through impulse response analysis and variance decomposition, the comprehensive impact of digital technology on carbon intensity is clarified. This paper concludes that technology innovation in the information industry will increase the intensity of carbon emissions, while cross-industry technology spillovers are persistent for reducing the intensity of domestic carbon emissions. Since the emission reduction effect of technology spillover is greater than the emission increase effect of technology innovation, the digital technology would empower domestic green development. Increasing the proportion of non-fossil energy use and optimizing the industrial structure are effective mechanisms for digital technology innovation to reduce carbon emission intensity. • Technological innovation in the digital industry increase the intensity of CO 2. • Cross-border and cross-industry technology spillovers reduce the intensity of CO 2. • The combined impact of digital industry technology empowers green development. • Digital industry empowers green development through energy structure adjustment. • Non-OECD countries enjoy less emission reduction effects from digital empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FDI not only increases capital supply in the host country, but can also improve the productivity of domestic firms through knowledge transfer. Dutch diseases and technology spillover can be some of the important effects of FDI in the oil and gas (OIG) sector. The Dutch disease refers to the problems associated with negative consequences of large increases in a country's raw materials such as oil and gas. However, affecting productivity depends on the absorptive capacity or the ability to adapt foreign technology by domestic firms. If Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow is without productivity spillover, it may have negative effects on economy, especially if the destination of FDI is sectors such as Oil and gas sector(OIG). FDI not only plays a vital role in the development of this sector, but also significantly affects the macro and micro levels. Identifying the type and extent of these effects on economy requires quantitative and empirical evaluations. Therefore, the current research has tried to study the effects of FDI in the OIG sector on Iran's economy using a regional CGE model. The results showed that if FDI does not lead to productivity spillover, it causes Dutch disease in the economy of Iran. Production and employment have decreased in tradable and increased in non-tradable sectors. If FDI improves productivity of the firms, the impacts of Dutch disease will be reduced or eliminated. Therefore, production will be improved in all sectors, and consumer price index will decrease. In this regard, the absorptive capacity of domestic firms plays an important role in the extent of technology spillover and finally reducing the impact of Dutch disease. • GTAP model used to consider the effects of FDI inflow to oil and gas sector on Iranian economy. • FDI inflow leads to an increase in the price of goods in all sectors with higher effects on the price of non-tradable. • FDI inflow has negative impact on production and employment of tradable sectors. • Foreign technology spillovers through FDI can significantly decrease the effects of Dutch disease. • As the capability of a firm in absorbing the externality of FDI be higher, the effect of spillover will be higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• OFDI technology spillovers are vital for the upgrading of industrial structure. • Financial development affects OFDI technology spillovers to the home country. • Overall, OFDI can promote the upgrading of industrial structure in China. • China's OFDI spillovers on the industrial structure have double threshold effects. Technology spillovers from outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) have the significant impcat on the industrial structure in emerging economies and to what extent they depend on the absorptive capacity of the home country. This study specifically investigates the issue of how financial development as a key factor reflecting absorptive capacity affects OFDI spillovers, especially the technology spillovers and uses the method of threshold regression to verify the analysis, based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China (2008–2016). The results suggest that, first, the effects of China's OFDI on the industrial structure are positive in general but show regional heterogeneity in terms of absorptive capacity. Second, such effects have the characteristics of double threshold based on financial development. Moreover, the benefits from OFDI in most provices in China are still limited and financial deepening is of great significance to OFDI and its spillover effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the environment of collaborative innovation network, a dynamic and flexible cooperative strategy can help enterprises improve cooperation efficiency and innovation performance. Based on the individual rationality of enterprises and the stability of innovation network, this study uses game and simulation methods to examine three different cooperative strategies considering the change of network environment, namely decreasing, maintaining, or increasing the number of cooperative connections. The punishment mechanism is also examined in detail under a certain strategy. The investigation reveals the relationships of cooperative strategies with the technology spillover value and the profits of enterprises. Moreover, an appropriate punishment measure can be extremely helpful in reducing the default risk and enhancing the network stability. Finally, according to the results of a series of numerical simulations, we provide further managerial insights for the optimization of enterprise cooperative strategies on the basis of dynamic collaborative innovation networks. • Dynamic cooperative strategies can help enterprises improve performance. • It is not that the more cooperation, the greater the benefits. • Cooperative strategies are significantly related to the CoIN environment. • Appropriate panalties are benefitial to enterprises and CoIN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]