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L'objectif de cet article consiste à présenter l'analyse historique et épistémologique des différents courants psychologiques à l'origine de la création des épreuves projectives de jeu durant le XXe siècle en Europe. L'analyse psychodynamique des mobiles du jeu chez l'enfant, leurs traces chez l'adolescent et l'adulte permettent d'étudier les différents modes d'appréhension de l'analyse du jeu selon les créateurs. La mise au jour des liens entre les différents créateurs et chercheurs est examinée à partir du socle commun, le jeu, avec ses différences de traitements et de mises en œuvre. L'apport pour chacune des versions des épreuves de jeu est consigné dans l'analyse de la diversification des méthodes. Les résultats obtenus par cette recherche historique et épistémologique des épreuves de jeu attestent de l'hétérogénéité des théories des créateurs. Néanmoins, ces épreuves conservent des buts communs centrés sur le mode de traitement spatial des constructions, la projection de la qualité de l'image du corps et des représentations de l'inconscient enfouies chez chacun. Les traces mnésiques des traumatismes sont peu analysées à partir des processus de jeu bien que la construction du jeu et les récits associés en livrent des traces. Les recherches actuelles concernant l'autisme et le grand âge en traduisent des approfondissements. L'éclairage apporté par cette étude historique et épistémologique contribue à préciser l'évolution de l'analyse des épreuves de jeu centrée sur l'étude de l'investissement de l'espace et du temps. Penser les dispositifs diagnostiques et thérapeutiques pertinents à partir de cet éclairage augure de futures recherches. The objective of this article consists in presenting the historical and epistemological analysis of the various psychological currents at the origin of the creation of the various play-based projective tests during the 20th century in Europe. The historical and conceptual sources of these proofs being fragmentary, an analysis of the archives proved necessary in order to grasp the nature of their differences and their common elements. The psychodynamic analysis of the child's motives for playing, along with their traces in the adolescent and in the adult, make it possible to think about the different modes of apprehension of the analysis of play according to the tests' creators. The different objectives of these creators are analyzed in order to perceive the theoretical background that motivated their creations. The presentation of the Scenotest to autistic children and the various interpretative possibilities led me to return to the historical sources of the different contexts of the creation of play-based tests: The World Test, The Village Test, The Imaginary Village Test, The Scenotest. The quest for expression through play is constantly questioned according to different concepts in order to access humans' modes of psychic and perceptual functioning. However, we can observe common elements in the approach to the investment of space and time, which we propose to analyze. The updating of the links between the various creators and researchers leads to an examination of a shared foundation for the various play-based projective tests under discussion, differences in treatment of the material, as well as their implementation. The contribution for each version of the play tests is recorded in the analysis of the diversification of methods. The results attest to a common goal centered on the spatial treatment of constructions and what they reveal of the unconscious of each one as well as their links to the collective. Admittedly, research projects take on different colors depending on the creators. There is no shared method: each creator deploys his personal method of analyzing the creation of individual and collective living spaces, circulation spaces. However, we have grouped together several common elements: - None of the test creators make a link with Freudian infantile sexuality. - The focus is on the action of the game, which is used to decipher the qualities of constructions, even strategies to distribute the constructions. - The observation and analysis of the modes of projection of spatial representations are common. However, the motor expression of affect is not noted as an index of psychic economy. The qualities of the affects present in the modes of assembly of the constructions, from the child to the adult, are not analyzed. - The superposition of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach is one of the common elements; the same tools are used in different settings. - No creator mentions the quality of the environment and the major traumatic upheavals, as well as their traces, to which the population was subjected during this period of the 20th century. Jung's works are frequently quoted and taken up as a basis for reflections in these two frameworks; the influence of Jungian theories appears relatively extensive at this time. The memory traces left by the traumas linked to the two World Wars are little taken into account among populations who were exposed to their damage, although the games reveal traces of it. Current research on autism and old age reflects ongoing in-depth studies. A reflection comes up several times in the writings of G. von Staabs that also crosses the two fields concerned by the Scenotest, that of psychotherapy and diagnostic investigation. The reference to construction is interesting to remember, in this period of destruction of the environment; on the contrary, the game and the analysis of its free associativity in children are left in the shadows. The work of Monika Boekholt concerning the Scenotest has made it possible to present a new method of interpreting acting processes by favoring the analysis of the different modes of representation of the body in thought, from perceptual sensory traces to the work of primary and secondary identifications. During our research with children and adolescents with autism using the Scenotest, we were surprised by the attention paid by the patients to the elements to be built which, are immediately invested in building a double bottom and/or reinforcing the edges of the playing area. This historical study sheds light on the new fields of epistemological and therapeutic research, which could be useful in designing relevant diagnostic and therapeutic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cet article nous retraçons l'histoire de la transpsychiatrie depuis le débat avec Sigmund Freud jusqu'à nos jours. L'objectif de cette épistémologie est de montrer comment les psychiatres ont toujours eu le souci des personnes trans à travers une clinique du choix de son genre, l'agenrement. Nous utilisons les sources d'archives et d'histoire de la psychiatrie depuis 1830 afin d'établir les étapes de la clinique du genre : d'une part en retrouvant dans les sources allemandes et américaines les premières consultations et les techniques innovantes ouvrant la voie aux traitements ; d'autre part en situant les différents discours contre la catégorisation binaire. Enfin en situant la parole et l'action des personnes « trans » dans la production des nouveaux savoirs expérientiels. Les résultats démontrent comment la clinique du genre est passée de la catégorisation binaire à une transpsychiatrie participative où les personnes trans et les professionnels de la psychiatrie. En allant de Dorchen Richet à Paul B. Preciado les résultats des techniques chirurgicales et hormonales sont mises en regard des modifications des institutions, des associations et des revues psychiatriques. La discussion entre les psychiatres et les personnes trans est mise en évidence ici à travers les thèmes de l'identité, de la parole des sujets et des protocoles d'accompagnement clinique. La transpsychiatrie est la reconnaissance à la fois de l'agenrement des personnes trans et de la transformation de la clinique du genre par la psychiatrie. In this article we establish the history of transpsychiatry from the debate with Sigmund Freud to the present day. The objective of this epistemology is to show how gender choice, or a-gendering, has always been part of psychiatrists' clinical practice with trans patients. We use archival sources and the history of psychiatry since 1830 in order to establish the stages of clinical work around gender: firstly, by finding in German and American sources the first consultations and the innovative techniques that made treatment possible; secondly, by situating the different discourses against binary categorization; and finally, by situating the speech and action of trans people in the production of new experiential knowledge. The results demonstrate how the notion of gender within clinical psychiatry has moved from binary categorization to a participatory transpsychiatry that includes trans people and professional psychiatrists. Going from Dorchen Richet to Paul B. Preciado, the results of surgical and hormonal techniques are compared with the modifications of institutions, associations, and psychiatric journals. The discussion between psychiatrists and trans people is highlighted here through the themes of identity, subjective speech, and clinical support protocols. Transpsychiatry is the recognition of both transgendering and the transformation of gender, as a clinical entity, by psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is twofold. First, I present a framework called historical coherentism (Chang, 2004; Tal, 2016; Van fraassen 2008) and argue that it is the best epistemological framework available to tackle the problem of coordination, an epistemic conundrum that arises with every attempt to provide empirical content to scientific theories, models or statements. Second, I argue that the problem of coordination, which has so far been theorized only in the context of measurement practices (Reichenbach, 1927; Chang, 2001; Tal, 2012; Van fraassen 2008), can be generalized beyond the philosophy of measurement. Specifically, it will be shown that the problem is embodied in classificatory practices and that, consequently, historical coherentism is well suited to analyze these practices as well as metrological ones. As a case study, I look at a contemporary debate in phylogenetics, regarding the evolutionary origin of a newly identified archaeal phylum called Methanonatronarchaeia. Exploring this debate through the lens of historical coherentism provides a detailed understanding of the dynamics of the field and a foothold for critical analyses of the standard rationale used by practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I.J. Good's "On the Principle of Total Evidence" (1967) looms large in decision theory and Bayesian epistemology. Good proves that in Savage 's (1954) decision theory, a coherent agent always prefers to collect, rather than ignore, free evidence. It is now well known that Good's result was prefigured in an unpublished note by Frank Ramsey (Skyrms 2006). The present paper highlights another early forerunner to Good's argument, appearing in Janina Hosiasson's "Why do We Prefer Probabilities Relative to Many Data?" (1931), that has been neglected in the literature. Section 1 reviews Good's argument and the problem it was meant to resolve; call this the value of evidence problem. Section 2 offers a brief history of the value of evidence problem and provides biographical background to contextualize Hosiasson's contribution. Section 3 explicates the central argument of Hosiasson's paper and considers its relationship to Good's (1967). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) was one of the most important thinkers of the 19th century. Although his writings have exerted great influence in many different disciplines, his epistemological concepts and analysis of the body and self-experience were rarely considered in the context of psychiatric research of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and depression (MDD). The method applied for the study of anomalous self and body-experience first consists in the close reading and analysis of Schopenhauer's most influential writings, namely his opus magnus "The World as Will and Representation" and his dissertation "On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason". Second, psychopathological and phenomenological aspects of the anomalous body and self, as well as altered space and time experience, are discussed by means of Schopenhauer's philosophy and four patient cases. Schopenhauer's insights contribute to contemporary psychiatry by (1) unifying materialistic (neurobiological) and idealistic (subjective) conceptions of psychiatric disorders and improving the awareness of methods in psychiatric research; (2) emphasizing the integral significance of the body as a gateway to the surrounding world and basal self-experience; (3) delineating subjective space and time -experience as crucial dimensions of the conditio humana in SSD and MDD; and (4) demonstrating the feasibility of transferring his theories directly to clinical case vignettes stemming from the daily clinical routine. Close reading of Schopenhauer's texts might help bridge the gap between different scientific methods in psychiatry and overcome the translational crisis of contemporary psychiatry by unifying neurobiological and subjective approaches to SSD and MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le but de ce travail est d'explorer les multiples aspects du « Praecox Feeling » tels qu'il a été décrit par le psychiatre néerlandais H.C. Rümke et développé dans les suites par ses pairs. Nous proposons une présentation historique sur ce sujet allant des premières descriptions aux études les plus récentes. Nous proposons d'y associer des notions voisines telles que les processus de typification et le jugement expert (Gut feeling) en y intégrant des aspects épistémologiques. Le Praecox Feeling a été présenté par Rümke comme le moyen le plus sensible pour diagnostiquer une schizophrénie. Phénomène singulier de la rencontre clinique, il peut être décrit comme une expérience de bizarrerie ou d'étrangeté vécue par le clinicien au contact de son patient. Rümke conclut que le diagnostic de schizophrénie ne se fait pas strictement par une description précise des symptômes, mais en examinant son propre ressenti. De nombreux auteurs et chercheurs ont travaillé sur ce sujet et sont pour la plupart sensibles à une approche phénoménologique. Ainsi, Minkowski, Binswanger ou Tellenbach, parmi d'autres, ont permis d'affiner cette notion en parlant de « diagnostic par intuition », « diagnostic par pénétration » ou encore « diagnostic atmosphérique ». Malgré un abandon progressif de la subjectivité dans le processus diagnostique en psychiatrie, on retrouve dans la littérature contemporaine un regain d'intérêt de telles approches. On peut ainsi citer les processus de typifications ou encore le jugement expert (Gut feeling) qui proposent d'éclairer les mécanismes en jeu via une approche issue en partie des sciences cognitives et sociales. Ainsi, il apparaît que la question du diagnostic et de ses processus dépasse le strict champ psychiatrique pour rejoindre celui de la médecine au sens large. The aim of this review is to explore the multiple aspects of the « Praecox Feeling » as introduced and developed by the Dutch Psychiatrist H.C Rümke in 1941 and re-assessed over the following years by its peers. We present a historical review of this subject from the first description to the most recent research and proposed related notions like typification processes and gut feeling. The Praecox Feeling, as presented by Rümke, may be considered as the most sensible tool in order to diagnose schizophrenia. This phenomenon appears in the in-between of the clinical encounter (i.e. the intersubjective space). It may be felt by the clinician as an experience of bizarreness during the interaction with a patient suffering from schizophrenia. Those feelings suggest fundamental aspects of schizophrenia that can be recognized as a peculiar form of embodiment. Rümke finally concludes that schizophrenia is not diagnosed by strictly examining patients' symptoms, but psychiatrists' own feelings. The recognition of such feelings remains hard to describe explicitly, since it takes place in a very basic (« pre reflexive ») state. However, numbers of researchers tried to explore praecox feeling more accurately. A phenomenological approach, with Minkowski, Binswanger or Tellenbach among others, developed several related terms: "Diagnostic by intuition", "Diagnostic by penetration" or "Atmospheric diagnosis". Although the precocity of the diagnosis is mentioned in Rümke's original paper, it does not precisely define the Praecox Feeling, contributing to the misunderstanding of the Rümke's original formulation. The very notion of Praecox Feeling in terms of psychiatric diagnoses fell into disuse with the development and the widespread diffusion of criteriological approaches, with the risk of an impoverishment of the clinical diagnosis. However, the study of specific subjective perspectives showed a renewed interest over the last decade, especially with the contribution of cognitive and social neurosciences. Furthermore, studies on psychiatrists' daily-practice suggest that the Praecox Feeling is still relevant. Moreover, "the subjective tool" represented by the Praecox Feeling remains as used today as it was fifty years ago, in a pre-DSM III era. Temporal aspects have, nevertheless, lead to several studies suggesting that many clinical indices are identified during the first minutes of a clinical interview, especially for schizophrenia. In order to specify this very intuitive pathway, authors developed and worked on the typifications processes that lead to such feelings, involving diagnosis through prototypes. The passive synthesis of such subtle clinical clues may induce for the clinician a "pattern recognition" phenomenon that reminds a "gestaltic" diagnosis. This specific aspect of typification may not be specific of psychiatry. The "Guts Feeling" is a notion first developed by Dutchs physicians, particularly in General medicine but also among other medicals disciplines, theoretically very close from the notion of intuitive typification. It may allow benefits in term of diagnoses, reassurance or alarm sense. It suggests that clinical experience added to criteriology provides risks reductions. The crucial role of clinical experience in the diagnosis decision making tends to be underexplored, but still represents a crucial aspect of the evidence-based medicine as firstly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Excited Delirium Syndrome" (ExDS) is a controversial diagnosis. The supposed syndrome is sometimes considered to be a potential cause of death. However, it has been argued that its sole purpose is to cover up excessive police violence because it is mainly used to explain deaths of individuals in custody. In this paper, we examine the epistemic conditions giving rise to the controversial diagnosis by discussing the relation between causal hypotheses, evidence, and data in forensic medicine. We argue that the practitioners' social context affects causal inquiry through background assumptions that enter inquiry at multiple stages. This analysis serves to better understand the wide usage of the controversial diagnosis of ExDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rejection of research results is sometimes thought to be justified in cases of individuals embracing fringe ideas that depart significantly from prevailing orthodoxy, or in cases of individuals who lack appropriate expertise or credentials. The case of John Garcia exhibits both of these dimensions, and illustrates that such rejection can delay scientific advancements. Garcia's work decisively challenged what was the orthodoxy in psychology in the midcentury: behaviorism. Behaviorist learning theorists suffered from theory-entrenchment insofar as they failed to acknowledge Garcia's anomalous research findings that ran counter to their theoretical expectations. The case study also illustrates that theories on the margins can become embraced as a result of advancements in adjacent research fields. Studying how Garcia's work moved from fringe to mainstream results in lessons for the philosophy of science and epistemology more generally. Only when we see the mechanisms of exclusion at work can we understand how science and other knowledge production systems can inadvertently act counterproductively via gatekeeping practices that filter out unorthodox points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histology forms an important component of first-year medical education. Unfortunately, it is limited to the practical laboratory due to the need for a microscope and good quality slides. Virtual microscopy is a recent advancement, which uses computers as an alternative to microscopes. The aim of the study was to compare virtual microscopy (VM)-based practical classes with traditional microscopy (TM)-based practical classes for two cohorts of first-year medical students, by comparing learning achieved using two different test scores as well as a qualitative assessment of student and faculty perspectives regarding the feasibility and usefulness of VM. Each cohort of students was divided into two equal batches and each batch underwent eight histology modules of which, four utilised traditional microscopes and four utilised virtual microscopes. Quantitative analysis was performed using a theory test (which assessed preparation, theory knowledge and understanding) as well as a spotter test (which assessed identification skills, reasoning, and recall). Qualitative analysis was performed using a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions. Modules using VM were better when compared with those using TM, showing statistically significant and better grades. Qualitative analysis performed, yielded important information as to how this technology can serve as a good adjunct to traditional histology classes in the competency-based curriculum by increasing student interest, enabling self-study, and reducing students dependence on the tutor. VM forms a good adjunct as well as a standalone modality of learning to TM, as it improves accessibility to slides and promotes self-learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depuis trois ans, mes collègues et moi-même animons un séminaire d'épistémologie de la psychiatrie. C'est sur cette expérience commune en plus de chacune des nôtres (cliniciens, philosophes...) que nous sommes fondés à aborder la question de l'ouverture en psychiatrie. À quelles fins ouvrir la psychiatrie ? Quelle idée du progrès poursuit-on ? Nous avons, au cours de ses années de travail, eu la chance de pouvoir tenir un fil qui lie les très diverses contributions qui nous ont été apportées, tant du côté de l'histoire de notre discipline, que de la psychanalyse, de la philosophie des sciences, de l'anthropologie, des savoirs expérientiels. Nous faisons le constat que la psychiatrie n'existe dans sa définition complète et satisfaisante que dans le débat que nous avons fait vivre avec ceux qui ont quelque chose à en dire depuis une place qu'on aurait pu juger extérieure : historien, psychanalyste, anthropologue, philosophe... Si un corpus théorique se croit suffisant pour dire la chose psychique, il a tort; pourtant si on verse dans la psychiatrie intégrative on s'éloigne autrement, mais irrémédiablement de la vérité scientifique sur notre objet. Nous proposons donc une nouvelle manière de décrire la pratique de la psychiatrie : inspirés par la psychothérapie institutionnelle qui propose de réunir les transferts de chacun des participant aux soins en en respectant l'intégrité subjective, nous posons qu'il est possible de réunir une constellation épistémique pour chacun de nos efforts de soin, réunissant les savoirs nécessaires à celui-ci sans les dénaturer ni leur faire perdre leur radicalité. For three years, my colleagues and I have been leading a seminar on the epistemology of psychiatry. Based on this shared experience, in addition to our own personal experiences (as clinicians, philosophers, etc.), we tackle the question of openness in psychiatry. What does psychiatry open up to ? What idea of progress are we pursuing ? We have, during these years of work, been lucky enough to be able to grasp a common thread that links the very diverse contributions that have been presented in our seminar, both in terms of the history of our discipline, as well as psychoanalysis, the philosophy of science, anthropology, experiential knowledge. We note that psychiatry exists in its complete and satisfactory definition only in the debate that we have facilitated with those who have something to say about it from a place that could be judged external: historian, psychoanalyst, anthropologist, philosopher.. If a theoretical corpus believes itself sufficient to speak about the psychic thing, it is wrong; however, if we veer into integrative psychiatry we move away differently, but irremediably, from the scientific truth of our object. We therefore explain a new way of describing the practice of psychiatry: inspired by institutional psychotherapy, which proposes to bring together the transferences of each of the participants in care while respecting subjective integrity, we posit that it is possible to bring together an epistemic constellation for each of our caregiving efforts, bringing together the knowledges necessary for this without distorting them or causing them to lose their radicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard models of language and communication depart from the assumption that speakers encode and receive messages individually, while interaction research has shown that utterances are composed jointly (C. Goodwin, 2018), dialogically designed with and for others (Linell, 2009). Furthermore, utterances only achieve their full semantic potential in concrete interactional contexts. This SI investigates various practices of human sounding that achieve their meaning through self and others' ongoing bodily actions. One person may vocalize to enact someone else's ongoing bodily experience, to coordinate with another body, or to convey embodied knowledge about something that is ostensibly only accessible to another's individual body. This illustrates the centrality of distributed action and collaborative agency in communication. • Sounding for others is an analytic umbrella term for vocalizing on another's behalf or for their benefit, particularly in voicing their bodily events • Sounding for others demonstrates that vocal behavior is not a system of linear communication but an embodied, multisensory and collaborative resource of meaning making in interaction • Papers in this special issue investigate vocalizing others' bodies, focusing on events that have a strong sensorial and/or emotional component • Participants maximally highlight co-presence and dissolve territories of agency and individuality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective field theory (EFT) perspective on particle physics has yielded insight into the Standard Model. This paper investigates the epistemic consequences of the use of different variants of renormalization group (RG) methods as part of the EFT perspective on particle physics. RG methods are a family of formal techniques. While the semi-group variant of the RG has played a prominent role in condensed matter physics, the full-group variant has become the most widely applicable formalism in particle physics. We survey different construction techniques for EFTs in particle physics and analyze the role that semi-group and full-group variants of the RG play in each. We argue that the full-group variant is best suited to answering structural questions about relationships among EFTs at different scales, as well as explanatory questions, such as why the Standard Model has been empirically successful at low energy scales and why renormalizability was a successful criterion for constructing the Standard Model. We also present an account of EFTs in particle physics that is based on the full-RG. Our conclusion about the advantages of the full-RG is restricted to the particle physics case. We argue that a domain-specific approach to interpreting EFTs and RG methods is needed. Formal variations and flexibility in physical interpretation enable RG methods to support different explanatory strategies in condensed matter and particle physics. In particular, it is consistent to maintain that coarse-graining is an essential component of explanations in condensed matter physics, but not in particle physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'incertitude est inhérente à tous les aspects de la pratique médicale. Le concept d'incertitude dans le soin reste largement à explorer, et l'étude des déterminants et fondements mêmes de cette incertitude pourrait bénéficier de l'éclairage de disciplines telles que l'épistémologie, la sociologie, les mathématiques, ou encore la philosophie. Au vu de l'urgence, bien illustrée par la pandémie actuelle, à mieux former les médecins à naviguer dans cette incertitude, le concept de tolérance à l'incertitude a été proposé. Ainsi, nous proposons dans un premier temps, de présenter le modèle conceptuel de la tolérance à l'incertitude selon Hillen et al. Ensuite, sur un plan pédagogique, nous discutons quelques pistes de réflexions sur la manière dont pourrait-être pensée la tolérance à l'incertitude, dans une perspective d'approche par compétence, et comment cette démarche pourrait s'appuyer sur plusieurs dispositifs de formation, déjà mis en œuvre dans d'autres pays. Uncertainty in inherent to every aspects of medical practice. As the concept of uncertainty in healthcare is still to explore, deciphering the determinants and the roots of this uncertainty would benefit from the insights of various disciplines, such as epistemology, sociology, mathematics, or philosophy. The urgent need to improve physician's ability to cope with uncertainty, has been recently highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, the concept of uncertainty tolerance has been proposed, and could serve as a relevant basis for approaching uncertainty, in medical education. Thus, we propose at first to discuss the uncertainty tolerance framework from Hillen et al. Then, from an educational perspective, we outline some avenues regarding how uncertainty tolerance could be thought, in a competence-based approach, and discuss several educational activities, which have proven efficient in promoting uncertainty tolerance among medical practitioners abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nous aborderons les grandes modalités et les principaux jalons dans les conceptions psychiatriques de 1852 à nos jours. L'épistémologie dans l'histoire contemporaine possède une spécificité dans sa démarche qui consiste à examiner l'état du développement historique des sciences. Et l'épistémologie de l'école de Piaget nous aide particulièrement à individualiser les différentes phases de la compréhension de la psychiatrie dans l'évolution de la Société Médico-Psychologique. Les membres fondateurs de notre Société représentent des disciplines très diversifiées (psychiatrie, philosophie, médecine, physiologie, administration, etc.), et nous distinguerons trois domaines : les grands paradigmes des 170 ans d'activité ; les grandes démarches épistémologiques ; les évaluations récentes, au milieu des différentes crises. Les grands paradigmes des 170 ans d'activité ont été particulièrement bien étudiés par Georges Lanteri-Laura. Nous distinguerons avec lui trois grandes phases : la période de l'aliénation mentale (1791–1854), de Pinel à Boismont, où sont bien présents les précurseurs spiritualistes de l'époque. La période des maladies mentales (1854–1926) de Falret, Magnan à Auguste Comte. La période des grandes structures (1926–1977), du Congrès de Genève-Lausanne, avec la présentation en français de Bleuler sur sa conception de la schizophrénie, à la mort de Henri Ey, avec les œuvres de Charcot, Broca, Clérambault, Régis, Guiraud et la présence de Bergson, Merleau-Ponty, et la phénoménologie allemande, jusqu'à la grande œuvre de Henri Ey. Et enfin la période du système classificatoire (à partir de 1975–1980), que nous ajoutons aux études précédentes, avec l'arrivée des différents DSM, et la classification internationale des troubles mentaux CIM 10. Nous citerons la célèbre réunion franco-américaine de 1978, et les contributions de nombreux membres de la Société Médico-Psychologique tout au long de cette période. Les grandes démarches épistémologiques sont importantes à préciser tout au long de ces phases, surtout dans les deux dernières périodes. Les rapports entre la clinique et l'épistémologie sont très concernés dans deux domaines particulièrement : la transformation des concepts, et la dialectique des modèles (avec les très importantes études de C.J. Blanc). Nous distinguerons les quatre grandes démarches : les démarches descriptives et explicatives, les démarches explicitantes et compréhensives. C'est à ce niveau que nous pouvons considérer l'œuvre très importante de Pierre Marchais. Et nous pouvons alors bien situer la place considérable de la démarche compréhensive. Les jalons et les prolongements contemporains concernent les deux grandes dimensions qui apparaissent dans les activités de la Société Médico-Psychologique depuis trente à quarante ans. Les modalités de la connaissance et l'épistémologie sont très concernées dans les courants scientifiques récents de la psychiatrie (neuro-cognitivisme, biochimie, génétique, etc.) et la place de la compréhension des troubles et des personnes est indispensable à associer à toutes les démarches d'explication. Les sciences du vivant sont en rapport avec l'épistémologie en apportant à l'objectivité les dimensions subjectives du vivant, car la vie est, dans son essence, un processus subjectif d'auto-affection, de conscience de soi, et de l'identité (G. Canguilhem ; M. Henry). Les conclusions de cette longue étude dans le temps nous amènent à souligner deux domaines : d'un point de vue général, les approches épistémologiques de la psychiatrie nous confrontent toujours aux différentes conceptions de l'homme, portant en elles diverses modalités du sens de l'existence. D'un point de vue particulier, dans chaque période considérée, nous constatons une certaine diversité des paradigmes, où les psychiatres considèrent la clinique psychiatrique selon des modalités épistémologiques diverses et complémentaires. We discuss the major modalities and milestones in psychiatric conceptions from 1852 to the present day. Epistemology in contemporary history has a specificity in its approach, which consists in examining the state of the historical development of science. And the epistemology of the Piaget school particularly helps us to individualize the different phases of the understanding of psychiatry in the evolution of the Medico-Psychological Society. The founding members of our Society represent very diverse disciplines (psychiatry, philosophy, medicine, physiology, administration, etc.) and we distinguish three areas : The major paradigms of 170 years of activity ; The major epistemological approaches; Recent assessments, in the midst of various crises; The major paradigms of 170 years of activity have been particularly well studied by Georges Lanteri-Laura. We differentiate his three main phases: The period of insanity (1791–1854), from Pinel to Boismont, where the spiritualist precursors of the time are present. The period of mental illness (1854–1926) from Falret, Magnan to Auguste Comte. The period of large structures (1926–1977), from the Congress of Geneva-Lausanne, with the presentation in French of Bleuler's conception of schizophrenia, to the death of Henri Ey, with the works of Charcot, Broca, Clérambaud, Régis, Guiraud and the presence of Bergson, Merleau-Ponty, and German phenomenology, to the great work of Henri Ey. And finally, we deal with the period of the classification system (from 1975 to1980), which we include with the previous studies, with the promulgation of the different DSM, and the international classification of mental disorders ICD10. We mention the famous Franco-American meeting of 1978, and the contributions of many members of the Medico-Psychological Society throughout this period. It is important to specify the major epistemological approaches throughout these phases, especially during the last two periods. The relationship between the clinic and epistemology is greatly concerned in two areas in particular: the transformation of concepts, and the dialectic of models (with the very important studies of C.J. Blanc). We delineate the four main approaches: descriptive, explanatory, explicit, and comprehensive approaches. It is at this point that we can consider the very important work of Pierre Marchais. And we can then clearly situate the considerable importance of the comprehensive approach. The contemporary milestones and extensions concern two major dimensions that have been present in the activities of the Medico-Psychological Society for the past thirty to forty years. The modalities of knowledge and epistemology are very much involved in the recent scientific currents of psychiatry (neuro-cognitivism, biochemistry, genetics, etc.) and the importance of understanding disorders and people must be associated with all approaches to explanation. The life sciences are related to epistemology through including objectivity together with the subjective dimensions of the living, because life is, in its essence, a subjective process of self-affection, self-awareness, and identity (G. Canguilhem; M. Henry). The conclusions of this lengthy study over time lead us to highlight two areas: From a general point of view, epistemological approaches to psychiatry always confront us with different conceptions of man, carrying within them various modalities of the meaning of existence. From a particular point of view, in each period considered, we note a certain diversity of paradigms, where psychiatrists consider the psychiatric clinic according to various and complementary epistemological modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing an initial belief rule base (BRB) expert system typically relies on expert knowledge. However, the heterogeneity in knowledge arising from variations in expert cognition directly impacts the accuracy and robustness of BRB. Furthermore, the existing research lacks a discussion on building the initial BRB under multi-expert knowledge. In response to this challenge, a novel game-based belief rule base (GBRB) is proposed in this paper. First, a consensus matrix is introduced to formalize the interaction among expert knowledge, which is the foundation for constructing a multi-expert evolutionary game. Subsequently, the replicator equation for population dynamics is employed to simulate the dynamic process of the multi-expert evolutionary game. Finally, optimal expert knowledge, which refers to referential values and belief degrees, is determined based on the evolution results to participate in establishing GBRB. Case studies are conducted to illustrate the construction process and effectiveness of the GBRB. The experimental results are compared with machine learning-related methodologies. The comparative results demonstrate the good performance of GBRB in modeling effectiveness and prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the notion of emotional labor or emotion labor has gained prominence as an analytically robust concept to explore language teacher emotions in both western and non-western educational settings. The first aim of this article is to examine the applicability of a western concept of emotion labor to the study of language teacher emotions in the Global South/s. Through a comparative case study, we examine how Ecuadorian English-language and Kichwa-language teachers managed emotions while undertaking virtual teaching at the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic. While emotion labor was useful for explaining the former's reported experiences, for the latter, it was only through the Indigenous concept of corazonar rooted in Andean philosophy and cosmology that we could capture their drastically differing accounts. From the perspective of Epistemologies of the South, we argue for a locally sensitive way of theorizing language teacher emotions. We also aim to illustrate the significance of casing and recasing (i.e., a recursive process of linking developing ideas and the evidence that researchers gather) in language teacher emotion research through the investigation of our own analytical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with practical skills as a resource and as an object of deictic procedures in interaction and communication. It is well known that, as a rule, practical skills are not based on knowledge that is formulated—or that can be formulated—in language, nor that practical skills can be described completely and explicitly in language for purposes of learning and teaching. If we examine the activity of speaking, we see that it constitutes itself a practical skill, constrained by the same limits that apply to other practical skills: on the one hand, speaking serves the practical purpose of orienting participants in a discourse, drawing attention to and focussing on what it is used to refer to in the speaking situation, and, on the other hand, its representational function is based on the sub-skills of phonetic, grammatical and semantic articulation, the workings of which cannot be described completely and explicitly by the average speaker. This paper seeks to demonstrate how a broadly conceived notion of deixis and indexicality allows us, in accordance with the multiple reflexivity of language, to begin to make language tractable as a practical skill. • Offers a new account of deixis in language as a skill. • Critically examines the notion of skill. • Situates the problem in the context of 20th-century research into language, sociology and epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability demonstration projects, which bring emerging technologies closer to large-scale adoption through public-private collaborations, are critical for sustainable development and climate change response. These projects are motivated by knowledge development however immature practices are resulting in missed opportunities for project-to-project learning. This challenge is consistent with cross-domain findings that effective project learning is complex and rare, constrained by temporal, geographical and organisational barriers. A key approach to spanning scale-barriers and community-of-practice boundaries is the externalised sharing of codified learnings within boundary objects, where these objects require structural characteristics that afford project-to-project learning. To date, these characteristics have not been studied in sustainability demonstration contexts, forming a significant research gap. We conduct an integrative review of the cross-domain literature and, as a new contribution to knowledge, propose a reconceptualised 13-characteristic schema for codified boundary objects affording project-to-project learning between sustainability demonstrations. The study advances the theory of knowledge sharing from projects for sustainability by putting boundary object characteristics into context providing insight into enabling and restricting potential along with identifying key research gaps for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate a transnationally situated dialogue as a method to bring ethnographic and historical research in Brazil, East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), India, Russia and Spain into conversation to show three cancer epistemics sites (research, detection, and care access) where the politics of cancer epistemics are at play. First, in the field of research, we show how certain ways of knowing, and certain questions about and interests in cancer, are privileged over others. Using examples from Spain and East Africa, we highlight how a shift towards microbiological and high-technology research has outpriced many more locally grounded research agendas, ignoring questions of industrial and capital accountability in cancer aetiology. Second, we look at ways of making cancer visible, how knowledge is mobilised in cancer detection and screening, where and for whom. We discuss the increased individualisation of risk which is reframing cancer surveillance and therapeutic agendas. Using examples from India, Spain and Brazil, we demonstrate how the epistemics of cancer detection generate discourses of blame and responsibility at the individual level and accentuate existing inequities whilst simultaneously absorbing patients and their families into complex networks of surveillance. Lastly, we examine how the epistemics of cancer implicate the very possibilities of accessing cancer care, shaping care pathways and possibilities for patients. With ethnographic examples from India, Russia and Brazil, we demonstrate how an orientation towards the individual shifts attention away from the commercialisation of healthcare and dominance of logics of profit in therapeutics. Throughout the paper, we point towards what is holding these cancer discourses together and grapple with how the politics of cancer epistemics are at play across the globe, even if they appear to be taking many different forms. Our approach highlights how practices are mirrored in the framing, implementation, detection and care of cancer with far-reaching effects. • A transnationally situated dialogue examines the global production of cancer knowledge. • Global research agendas side line industrial and capital driven carcinogenic links. • Individualisation of cancer detection obfuscates social and national inequities. • High-cost and technology driven interventions are privileged over local initiatives. • Patient perspectives on knowing and accessing cancer care are overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Causal Modeling Semantics (CMS, e.g., [6,22,12]) is a powerful framework for evaluating counterfactuals whose antecedent is a conjunction of atomic formulas. We extend CMS to an evaluation of the probability of counterfactuals with disjunctive antecedents, and more generally, to counterfactuals whose antecedent is an arbitrary Boolean combination of atomic formulas. Our main idea is to assign a probability to a counterfactual ▪ at a causal model M as a weighted average of the probability of C in those submodels that truthmake A ∨ B [1,3,4]. The weights of the submodels are given by the inverse distance to the original model M , based on a distance metric proposed by Eva et al. [2]. Apart from solving a major problem in the epistemology of counterfactuals, our paper shows how work in semantics, causal inference and formal epistemology can be fruitfully combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data ecosystems are a novel inter-organizational form of cooperation. They require at least one data provider and one or more data consumers. Existing research mainly addresses generativity mechanisms in this relationship, such as business models or role models for data ecosystems. However, an essential prerequisite for thriving data ecosystems is high data quality in the shared data. Without sufficient data quality, sharing data might lead to negative business consequences, given that the information drawn from them or services built on them might be incorrect or produce fraudulent results. We tackle this issue precisely since we report on a multi-case study deploying data quality tools in data ecosystem scenarios. From these cases, we derive generalized prescriptive design knowledge as a design theory to make the knowledge available for others designing data quality tools for data sharing. Subsequently, our study contributes to integrating the issue of data quality in data ecosystem research and provides practitioners with actionable guidelines inferred from three real-world cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For many academic librarians, scholarly research is required in order to attain tenure or promotion and it is widely acknowledged that many early career librarians find this process challenging. Using a survey of >200 untenured or recently tenured academic librarians, this study investigates early career academic librarians' access to and experiences with research support activities designed to develop research skills and confidence. Specific attention is paid to informal mentoring, formal mentoring programs, and writing groups. Responses indicate that early career librarians need supports that target three dimensions of the research experience: research design and methods; work practices and accountability; and emotional elements. Despite this, survey respondents had limited access to formal research supports that offer instruction and guidance in the research process, leaving them to rely heavily on informal mentoring. This study highlights the need for libraries and library organizations to invest their resources in research supports for early career academic librarians, helping them to become more effective and confident researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describe Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) sponsor perspectives on barriers and facilitators to home-based provider CACFP eligibility, enrollment, and participation and ways to improve provider support. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 New Mexico CACFP sponsor staff representing 9 out of 13 agencies (69% response rate) from August to September, 2020. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis with an essentialist/realist epistemological approach. Sponsor-perceived barriers to provider CACFP: eligibility (costs, background checks, fear/stigma, and delays in becoming state-approved providers); enrollment (lack of translated/low-literacy materials and cumulative systems requirements); and participation (challenges maintaining qualifying menus and documentation and accessing qualifying food, inadequate reimbursements, and unannounced visits). Sponsors suggested systems changes to improve provider support (eg, more assistance with becoming state-approved and for start-up costs and accessible, progressive nutrition training opportunities). Sponsors noted CACFP barriers for home-based providers and identified corresponding systems changes that could be tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploring the labyrinth as a metaphor for a student's shift from information consumer to knowledge creator, an approach to library design emerges in which the whole library facilitates that transformative journey. Approaching this idea from multiple perspectives, the author joins ideas from education, architecture, environmental psychology, and retail shopping to build a case for the use of the labyrinth as a metaphor for both the student's learning journey and library design, and offers the beginnings of how such a library might work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bounded confidence model has become a popular tool for studying communities of epistemically interacting agents. The model makes the idealizing assumption that all agents always have access to all other agents' belief states. We draw on resources from network epistemology to do away with this assumption. In the model to be proposed, we impose an explicit communication network on a community, due to which each agent has access to the beliefs of only a selection of other agents. A much-discussed result from network epistemology shows that densely connected communication networks are not always preferable to sparser networks. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether there are any noteworthy network effects in a version of the bounded confidence model augmented with communication networks, and in particular whether the aforementioned result from network epistemology can be replicated in that version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discontinuity (preryvnost' / прерывность) is a pivotal concept in Pavel Florenskii's philosophy and theory of knowledge. He utilises it in many fields and subjects: mathematics, physics, semiotics, aesthetics, theology, and literature. Florenskii's universe is a "discontinuous double" in which an earthly and natural state of things is opposed to an upper-world that is ruled by different geometrical laws and is knowable only by abstraction. In between there is always a threshold (a symbol, an "icon") that connects the two. The general intent of this article is, on the one hand, to give an indication of the main directions of the concept of discontinuity within Florenskii's works and, on the other hand, to highlight its relevance for a "philosophy of culture" and for a "philosophy of the symbolic forms", but also – as Florenskii puts it – for a specific understanding of the "Russian mind". The article also devotes a section to the literary aspects of Florenskii's concept of discontinuity (less explored by Florenskii scholarship and perhaps by the author himself), which involve among other things a reading of Shakespeare's Hamlet and an original and ambitious attempt of interpreting physical space in Dante's Divine Comedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used video-based instruction to promote adolescents' online credibility evaluation skills and to examine whether storification of instructional videos can maintain students' situational interest and positive activating epistemic emotions during a four-lesson intervention better than non-storified instructional videos. The study also investigated whether storified instruction can enhance students' learning of online credibility evaluation skills better than non-storified instruction. The learning content of the videos was equivalent, differing only in terms of storification. Students participated in either a non-storified (n = 135) or storified (n = 115) video-based instruction (4 x 45-min lesson). In each of the first three lessons, students watched an instructional video explaining one credibility evaluation strategy. In the fourth lesson, the video introduced a case requiring students to apply the taught strategies. After watching the video, students' situational interest and positive activating epistemic emotions (i.e., curiosity and excitement) were measured. Then, students practiced the taught strategies with learning tasks. Students' credibility evaluation skills were measured before and after the intervention with an online credibility evaluation task. The latent growth curve model showed that non-storified and storified videos similarly maintained students' situational interest. No decline was observed. However, a small decline in positive activating epistemic emotions was observed in both instructional conditions. Students' credibility evaluation skills improved equally across instructions. The results underline that professionally produced videos following several multimedia design principles can trigger and maintain situational interest and enhance students' online credibility evaluation skills without the need to incorporate additional storified elements. • We storified instructional videos and other learning materials to promote students' online credibility evaluation skills. • We examined the added value of storification in affective engagement and learning in a four-lesson intervention. • Non-storified and storified videos similarly maintained students' situational interest during the intervention. • Positive activating epistemic emotions declined slightly and similarly after watching the non-storified and storified videos. • Non-storified and storified instruction resulted in considerable, almost similar learning gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An academic librarian, especially one who works primarily in a research consultation capacity, often encounters individuals who are seeking in-depth help with research projects that they struggle to explain. The number of concepts, interdependencies and assumptions involved in research projects today can make them difficult to define and discuss with other people. The multidisciplinary nature and globalization of many areas of research is forcing researchers to not only discuss, but to collaborate with many others from different academic backgrounds and disparate physical locations. Many researchers struggle with project paralysis at various points along the way as they attempt to manage both the myriad of details and the bigger picture relationships and implications of their project. A number of visual tools including concept mappers and mind mappers are well suited to help advanced students, faculty, researchers and librarians to organize the ideas and knowledge throughout the various stages of complex research, from envisioning an idea to the early stages of actively researching and documenting research findings. This paper will discuss the potential uses of visual mapping tools and review the current state of academic literature surrounding the topics of mind mapping and concept mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The argument and inquiry families of scientific thinking skills overlap. Yet they rarely are investigated together, with researchers instead focusing on one or the other. Here we hypothesize that inclusion of an additional intervention focused on inquiry will enhance the outcome of an established intervention known to be successful in developing argument skills, compared to the argument intervention alone. An Argument only (A) and an Argument and Inquiry (A&I) group of young adolescents participated in one or the other of these intensive intervention groups for four hours daily over a two-week period. Both groups made progress in argument skills as expected, but the A&I group showed greater gains in use of evidence to support claims, stronger forms of counterargument, and integrative however arguments that connect opposing claims to one another. The A&I group showed a particular advantage in reconciling contrasting claims, an epistemological understanding that lies at the core of scientific thinking. These findings suggest the value of conceptualizing argument skill development in a broader framework that includes an investigative component as well as the skill of coordinating claims and evidence that is fundamental to argument. • We hypothesize that inclusion of an additional intervention focused on inquiry will enhance the outcome of an established intervention known to be successful in developing argument skills, compared to the argument intervention alone. • An Argument only (A) and an Argument and Inquiry (A&I) group of young adolescents participated in one or the other of these intensive intervention groups for four hours daily over a two-week period. Both groups made progress in argument skills as expected, but the A&I group showed greater gains in use of evidence to support claims, stronger forms of counterargument, and integrative however arguments that connect opposing claims to one another. • The A&I group showed a particular advantage in reconciling contrasting claims, an epistemological understanding that lies at the core of scientific thinking. • These findings suggest the value of conceptualizing argument skill development in a broader framework that includes an investigative component as well as the skill of coordinating claims and evidence that is fundamental to argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minority stress model has become a well-used framework to explain and analyse health among LGBTQ people, and specifically among transgender and gender-diverse people (TGD), when it is sometimes called 'the gender minority stress model'. Scholars have argued the need for critical discussions about some of the assumptions underlying the gender minority stress model and how it has been used and discussed. Drawing on a pluralistic understanding of theories and employing a Foucauldian understanding of critique, we discuss implicit assumptions and epistemological standpoints of the gender minority stress model and the connected limitations. We also ask what the concept of cisnormativity can give rise to in comparison with the minority stress framework. We make four arguments: 1) the calls for extensions to the model could be seen as a desire to understand and analyse TGD people's health from an all-encompassing perspective, resulting in theoretical vagueness and the silencing of excluded aspects; 2) in the gender minority stress literature, identity is largely taken for granted and there is no consideration of how power is constitutive for all subjects; 3) the model risks individualising the effects of social norms, and internalisation could be further theoretically developed in relation to the repression hypothesis; 4) in the translation process from LGB minorities to TGD, as well as in thinking about cisnormativity, the issue of gender-affirming care has largely been neglected. By initiating a critical discussion around these issues and illustrating how different theories and frameworks can illuminate different possibilities for thinking and knowing, we aim to open up new routes for thinking about TGD health and medicine. • Provides an epistemological discussion of the gender minority stress model. • Discusses opportunities that may arise from the concept of cisnormativity. • Argues that calls for extensions to the model could create theoretical vagueness. • Points out that the model takes identity for granted and risks individualising cisnormativity. • Argues for theoretical pluralism to improve trans health and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exploring how two aspects of an idea—idea content and contest competition intensity—can predict idea success. • Evaluating the influence of competition intensity to understand the idea generation and evolution process in idea contests. • Examining the impacts of both analogical search distance and search diversity on idea success in idea contests. While crowdsourcing idea contests have the potential to harness widely distributed knowledge, the quantity of ideas and the complexity involved in idea assessment create a great effort and challenge for organizations. Drawing on tournament theory and the knowledge recombination perspective, this study proposes a model that can assist organizations in efficiently processing crowdsourced ideas by exploring two aspects: the idea content and the contest competition intensity. Analyzing a rich dataset of 16,057 ideas submitted in 61 socio-economic crowdsourcing idea contests, we find that successful ideas are more likely to stem from more distinctive knowledge while ideas that combine diverse knowledge from a broad set of topics are less likely to be successful in the idea contest. Furthermore, competition intensity weakens the positive relationship between idea distinctiveness and success, while it does not influence idea diversity. This study contributes to the growing crowdsourcing literature and offers practical guidance for crowdsourcing intermediaries and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programme Refugees are refugees who are invited into a country by its government in response to a request for protection from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The increase in arrivals of Programme Refugees to Ireland has received a lot of attention to date. With financial support from the European Union, Ireland intends to grant entry to a further 2900 Programme Refugees via this unique pathway known as the Irish Refugee and Protection Programme (IRPP) between 2020 and 2023. This novel research explores the experiences of Programme Refugees resettling in Ireland within a psychological framework. This research adopted an exploratory approach using a qualitative framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine Programme Refugees living in the community (5 male, 4 female) with an average age of 37 years. The average length of time in Ireland was 33 months, of which an average of 25 months was spent resettled in permanent housing. Codebook thematic analysis underpinned by a critical realist epistemology was used to analyse the data. Two key themes were identified; " The home change our life" and "I can start my new life". This research obtains the refugee's perspective and personal insights of availing of the IRPP and resettling in Ireland. Although the purposive sampling reduces the generalisability of findings to Programme Refugees resettled in the West of Ireland, this research offers an awareness and understanding of a Programme Refugee's journey towards resettlement and the impact it can have on their mental health and psychological well-being. This research has implications for national and European resettlement policies, and it is hoped that it can be used to guide the development of future resettlement programmes internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advocates for making epistemic interests a central object of philosophical analysis in epistemology and philosophy of science. It is argued that the importance of epistemic interests derives from their fundamental importance for the notion of objectivity. Epistemic interests are defined as individuated by a set of objectives, each of which represents a dimension of the search for truth. Among these dimensions, specificity, sensitivity, and productivity (the rate at which results are delivered per unit of time) are discussed in detail. It is argued that the relevance of productivity is often overlooked in debates about the ends and means of science. A definition of the objectivity of inquiry is proposed that takes the notion of epistemic interest as its starting point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific reasoning is characterized by commitments to evidence and objectivity. New research suggests that under some conditions, people are prone to reject these commitments, and instead sanction motivated reasoning and bias. Moreover, people's tendency to devalue scientific reasoning likely explains the emergence and persistence of many biased beliefs. However, recent work in epistemology has identified ways in which bias might be legitimately incorporated into belief formation. Researchers can leverage these insights to evaluate when commonsense affirmation of bias is justified and when it is unjustified and therefore a good target for intervention. Making reasoning more scientific may require more than merely teaching people what constitutes scientific reasoning; it may require affirming the value of such reasoning in the first place. People espouse a 'lay ethics of belief' that defines standards for how beliefs should be evaluated and formed. People vary in the extent to which they endorse scientific norms of reasoning, such as evidentialism and impartiality, in their own norms of belief. In some cases, people sanction motivated or biased thinking. Variation in endorsement of scientific norms predicts belief accuracy, suggesting that interventions that target norms could lead to more accurate beliefs. Normative theories in epistemology vary in whether, and how, they regard reasoning and belief formation as legitimately impacted by moral or pragmatic considerations. Psychologists can leverage knowledge of people's lay ethics of belief, and normative arguments about when and whether bias is appropriate, to develop interventions to improve reasoning that are both ethical and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La notion d'imputabilité connaît des variantes langagières selon que l'on se réfère au langage familier, d'usage quotidien, ou à la langue spécialisée, qu'elle soit médicale ou juridique ; elle renvoie aussi à une interrogation sur deux modes de raisonnement relatifs à la causalité. L'imputabilité porte un double sens juridique et d'attribution sociale. Inscrite dans une procédure judiciaire, sa recherche s'appuie sur l'application de sept critères issus de l'évaluation du dommage corporel. Elle fonde la causalité médico-légale et se différencie de la causalité juridique. Les Phénomènes Psychogéniques Collectifs (PPC) regroupent des entités diversifiées devant lesquelles la recherche de l'imputabilité reste complexe, la notion de causalité demeurant difficile à établir. Dans ces situations aux contours cliniques multiples, le traitement social et la recherche de l'adaptabilité sociales sont maintenant privilégiés. The notion of accountability has language variants depending on whether one refers to the familiar language, of daily use, or to the specialized language, whether medical or legal; it also refers to a question on two modes of reasoning relating to causality. Accountability has a dual legal and social attribution meaning. The search for accountability is based on, which is part of a legal proceeding, is based on the application of seven criteria derived from the assessment of personal injury. It is the basis of medico-legal causality and differs from legal causality. Collective Psychogenic Phenomena (CPD) bring together diverse entities before which the search for accountability remains complex, the notion of causality remains difficult to establish. In these situations with multiple clinical contours, social treatment and the search for social adaptability are now preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss Manchak (2009a)'s result that there are locally (but not globally) isometric universes observationally indistinguishable from our own. This theorem makes the epistemic predicament of modern cosmology particularly problematic and the prospects of ever gaining knowledge of the global structure of the universe rather unlikely in the context of general relativity. We argue however that this conclusion is too quick; indeed, Manchak's theorem deploys spacetimes which are not physically reasonable, since they have features which are not the product of any physical process. This ultimately rests on the fact that local isometry between two spacetimes is not sufficient to guarantee that they are both physically reasonable. We propose an additional condition to properly define when a spacetime is physically reasonable, and we show that Manchak's spacetimes do not satisfy this further demand. • We critically discuss a fundamental result in epistemology of cosmology. • We argue that the belief that cosmology is underdetermined is not justified. • We discuss various formal criteria to capture physical reasonableness of spacetime. • We show that indistinguishable spacetimes are not physically reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet entretien entreprend de mobiliser les grandes questions qui traversent l'épistémologie de la psychiatrie et de la psychanalyse à partir d'une rencontre avec le Dr Paul Bercherie, psychiatre et psychanalyste, depuis ses travaux sur le savoir psychiatrique classique qui a constitué sa thèse jusqu'à ceux qui interrogent la géographie conceptuelle du champ psychanalytique contemporain. Fondé sur une conversation au questionnement libre, cet entretien permet d'interroger Paul Bercherie sur sa formation entamée à la fin des années 1960, sur ses différentes expériences de l'analyse et sur son parcours de recherche qui l'amène à développer une méthode d'investigation singulière au service de questionnements produits à l'interface entre pratique et théorisation. L'appui sur la richesse de ce parcours singulier est aussi nourri de très nombreuses références au contexte intellectuel de l'époque. Le retour aux fondements de la clinique psychiatrique, permet de revenir à la complexité des textes et illustre la fécondité du dialogue entre les psychiatries françaises et allemandes qui possèdent néanmoins la même base objectiviste et organiciste. L'auteur y éclaire aussi le manque de cohérence de certaines élaborations nosographiques. Une seconde série de travaux sert à restituer Freud dans son contexte théorique. Il aboutit à la démonstration que la trouvaille de l'inconscient est élaborée à l'intérieur d'un cadre théorique, daté, qui convient peu à sa novation. Le sujet freudien de l'autonomie, le sujet perceptif, cognitif, qui était celui de la psychologie et de la philosophie classiques, sera remis en cause par les théories du structuralisme, qui fondent le sujet sur une théorie hétéronome, dans laquelle celui-ci est conçu comme une réponse aux structures langagières et sociales qui le déterminent. La psychanalyse contemporaine se déploie sous forme de courants séparés, reposant sur des conceptions éthiques et théoriques différentes. Cependant, une analyse montre que ces quatre principaux courants s'individualisent à partir de différentes dimensions déjà incluses dans le texte freudien. Ces courants ne doivent pas être seulement être opposés mais gagnent à être intégrés dans une orientation clinique pluri-référentielle qui est celle défendue par Paul Bercherie. Celle-ci permet de proposer des abords différentiels mais complémentaires pour le patient. This interview with the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Dr. Paul Bercherie attempts to mobilize the major questions that traverse the epistemology of psychiatry and of psychoanalysis. Our conversation covers his work on classical psychiatric knowledge–the subject of his doctoral dissertation–as well as more recent work that questions the conceptual geography of the contemporary psychoanalytic field. In this open conversation, Paul Bercherie speaks about his training at the end of the 1960s, his various experiences of analysis, and his research path, which led him to develop a singular method of investigation at the interface between practice and theory. The richness of this unique journey is also supported by numerous references to the intellectual context of the time. Returning to the foundations of psychiatry allows us to revisit the complexity of these texts and illustrates the fruitfulness of the dialogue between French and German psychiatry, which nevertheless has the same objectivist and organicist basis. The author also sheds light on the inconsistency of certain nosographic elaborations. A second series of works serves to resituate Freud in his theoretical context. It results in the demonstration that the discovery of the unconscious is developed within a dated theoretical framework that is poorly suited to its innovation. The Freudian subject of autonomy, the perceptive, cognitive subject, which was that of classical psychology and philosophy, will be called into question by the theories of structuralism, which bases the subject on a heteronomous theory, in which the latter is conceived as a response to the linguistic and social structures which determine it. Contemporary psychoanalysis unfolds in the form of separate currents, based on different ethical and theoretical conceptions. However, an analysis shows that the four main currents are individualized from different dimensions already included in the Freudian text. Paul Bercherie argues that these currents should not only be opposed but, instead, that they could benefit from being integrated into a multi-referential clinical orientation. This makes it possible to offer differential but complementary approaches for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La psychanalyse comme l'épistémologie posent de multiples questions, suscitent débats et polémiques vives. Sans vouloir reprendre le débat déjà ancien sur la nature scientifique de la psychanalyse, nous souhaitons interroger sa place dans une épistémologie contemporaine, plus épistémologie de la recherche que de la science. Nous proposons de penser l'épistémologie psychanalytique aux frontières – entre théorie et clinique, recherche et pratique de la cure mais aussi avec d'autres disciplines hybrides comme la psychiatrie. À partir du constat que les progrès dans les sciences comme la physique ont fait renoncer à l'illusion d'une théorie universelle de la connaissance et fait voler en éclat l'affirmation d'une unicité de la conception de l'épistémologie, nous étudions les spécificités de l'épistémologie psychanalytique, ainsi que les conceptions actuelles de l'épistémologie dans le domaine des sciences, de la recherche et de l'évaluation. Nous nous intéressons à la métapsychologie comme épistémologie freudienne ainsi qu'à ses limites et les critiques qu'elle suscite. La psychanalyse porte une forme spécifique de savoir basée sur l'hypothèse de l'inconscient. Elle est un objet hybride avec une causalité hypercomplexe qui mêle nature, culture et clinique. Penser son épistémologie s'inscrit dans une logique processuelle de la notion d'obstacle épistémologique plus que d'impasse épistémologique. La vivance de l'épistémologie psychanalytique repose à la fois sur sa capacité à se confronter à la clinique et aux progrès des autres sciences comme les sciences du chaos ouvrant à des causalités non linéaires et à prendre en compte les structures dissipatives. L'épistémologie de la recherche en psychanalyse nécessite de proposer des compromis mais ouvre à un travail de frontière et à mettre au travail un écart métapsycho-épistémologique. La possibilité d'une épistémologie psychanalytique ne fait pas l'unanimité. Des remises en question concernant le statut scientifique de la psychanalyse dont les plus notoires sont celles de K. Popper autour de ses propositions sur les critères de scientificité, propositions réfutées par des épistémologues des sciences physiques. L'absence d'unicité des modèles scientifiques rend caduque du point de vue épistémologique, le recours exclusif au modèle expérimental fondé sur le triptyque observation, hypothèses, vérification. La spécificité épistémologique tient à sa méthode qui articule théorie des processus inconscients et clinique du transfert, ce qui fait d'elle une épistémologie régionale. L'épistémologie de la psychanalyse se situe aux confins du naturel et du culturel, de l'individuel et de l'intersubjectif, de la science et de la fiction, de l'herméneutique et de la phénoménologie, de la clinique et de la recherche. Ses frontières multiples sont en fonction des époques et des choix théoriques plus ou moins ouvertes voire poreuses, plus ou moins fermées voire infranchissables. Les enjeux épistémologiques de la psychanalyse sont le reflet de l'évolution contemporaine d'une épistémologie des sciences à une épistémologie de la recherche et donc de l'évaluation. La nature hypercomplexe de la psyché humaine et des faits psychiques rend inadéquate la transposition de modèles épistémiques appartenant à d'autres sciences. La position aux frontières de l'épistémologie psychanalytique ne peut se limiter à une forme d'originalité causaliste et théorique, elle prend d'abord et avant tout racine dans la spécificité de sa méthode elle-même aux frontières entre pratique et théorie. La part processuelle de la psychanalyse comme théorie mais aussi comme thérapeutique est essentielle et ouvre ainsi à un questionnement sur la transmission, de l'épistémologie de la psychanalyse dans le champ des recherches, dans les sciences dans leur globalité. Le pari d'une transmissibilité de l'épistémologie de la psychanalyse reste une gageure mais la penser comme dialogue, c'est-à-dire confrontation et ouverture avec d'autres disciplines, nous apparaît comme nécessaire dans une mise en tension entre compromis et travail de frontière. Psychoanalysis and epistemology raise multiple questions, and provoke debate and lively controversies. Without wishing to take up the old debate on the scientific nature of psychoanalysis, we wish to question its place in a contemporary epistemology, an epistemology of research, rather than one of science. We propose to think about psychoanalytic epistemology on the borders: between the theoretical and the clinical, between research and the practice of the cure, but also in dialogue with other hybrid disciplines such as psychiatry. Starting from the observation that progress in scientific disciplines such as physics has led to the abandonment of the illusion of a universal theory of knowledge and to the shattering of the affirmation of epistemology's unique conception, we study the specificities of psychoanalytic epistemology as well as current conceptions of epistemology in science, research, and evaluation. We are interested in metapsychology as a Freudian epistemology, as well as in its limits and the criticisms it raises. Psychoanalysis carries a specific form of knowledge based on the hypothesis of the unconscious. It is a hybrid object with a hypercomplex causality that mixes nature, culture, and the clinic. Thinking about its epistemology roots us in the processual logic of the notion of epistemological obstacle, as opposed to epistemological impasse. The liveliness of psychoanalytical epistemology rests both on its confrontation with clinical practice, and with the progress of other sciences such as the chaos sciences, which open up to non-linear causalities and take dissipative structures into account. The epistemology of research in psychoanalysis requires compromise but also makes "border work" possible; here, a metapsycho-epistemological gap is put to work. The possibility of a psychoanalytical epistemology is not unanimously accepted. The best-known skeptic is perhaps K. Popper, whose proposals on the criteria of scientificity were ultimately refuted by epistemologists of the physical sciences. Scientific models' lack of uniqueness makes the exclusive recourse to the experimental model based on the triptych observation-hypothesis-verification obsolete from an epistemological point of view. Its epistemological specificity lies in its method, which articulates the theory of unconscious processes with a transference-based clinical practice, making it a regional epistemology. The epistemology of psychoanalysis is situated at the borders of the natural and the cultural, the individual and the intersubjective, science and fiction, hermeneutics and phenomenology, clinical practice and research. Its multiple borders are, according to the times and the theoretical choices, more or less open or even porous, more or less closed or even impassable. Psychoanalysis's epistemological stakes reflect the contemporary evolution from an epistemology of science to an epistemology of research and therefore of evaluation. The hypercomplex nature of the human psyche and of psychic facts makes the transposition of epistemic models from other sciences inadequate. The border position of psychoanalytic epistemology cannot be limited to a form of causalist and theoretical originality; it is first and foremost rooted in the specificity of its method, which is itself on the border between practice and theory. The processual part of psychoanalysis as a theory, but also as a therapy, is essential and thus opens to a questioning of the transmission of psychoanalytic epistemology to the field of research, to the sciences as a whole. The wager of the transmissibility of the epistemology of psychoanalysis remains a challenge but we consider that thinking about it as a dialogue – that is, a confrontation with and an opening-up to other disciplines – is necessary in this between compromise and border work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article propose une revue de littérature concernant l'évaluation et l'efficacité des psychothérapies psychanalytiques et de la psychanalyse (PPP). Après avoir proposé une vue d'ensemble de l'évaluation des psychothérapies, nous reprenons les travaux portant sur l'évaluation empirique et quantitative des PPP avant de nous centrer sur leur évaluation qualitative et processuelle. Les résultats des études menées en ce domaine démontrent que les psychothérapies sont efficaces aussi bien sur le court terme que le long terme. Leur efficacité est le plus souvent indépendante de l'obédience théorique du clinicien. En revanche, les facteurs communs comme l'alliance thérapeutique ou les particularités du thérapeute sont des éléments prévalents de même que la durée et la fréquence des psychothérapies. Concernant plus précisément l'évaluation des PPP, celles-ci sont démontrées empiriquement comme étant efficaces pour la plupart des troubles psychiatriques. Plusieurs caractéristiques des PPP sont en outre corrélées de manière significative avec l'efficacité thérapeutique. L'évaluation qualitative et processuelle des PPP apparaît complémentaire à ce premier niveau d'évaluation empirique qui présente plusieurs limites (biais d'allégeance, indistinction des processus, pratiques de recherches questionnables, etc.) mises notamment en évidence par la crise de la reproductibilité. La méthodologie des Essais Contrôlés Randomisés propose une évaluation de surface à laquelle doivent être associées des approches fondées davantage sur la pratique clinique. L'approche du groupe de Boston, l'analyse des processus psychothérapiques par le Psychotherapy Q-Sort (PQS) ainsi que la modélisation du processus de symbolisation par l'École de Lyon sont trois paradigmes de recherche qualitatifs particulièrement riches de ce point de vue. Les PPP sont efficaces pour la plupart des troubles psychiatriques sur le court terme, en fin de thérapie et plusieurs années après celle-ci. Elles engendrent des transformations durables sur le plan des symptômes et de la personnalité. Elles apparaissent souvent plus efficaces que la pharmacothérapie et conduisent à des économies substantielles quand elles sont mises en œuvre dans des services de soin auprès de patients souffrant de pathologies variées. This article proposes a review of the literature concerning the evaluation and the efficacy of psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis (PPP). After proposing a global overview of the evaluation of psychotherapy, we sum up the empirical and quantitative evaluation of PPPs before focusing on their qualitative and process-based evaluation. Psychotherapies are very effective both in the short and in the long term. Their effectiveness is largely independent of the clinician's theoretical affiliation. Common factors such as the therapeutic alliance or the particularities of the therapist are prevalent, as are the duration and the frequency of the session throughout the therapy. Concerning more specifically the evaluation of PPPs, they have been empirically demonstrated to be effective for most psychiatric conditions. Several characteristics of PPPs are also specifically correlated with therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, they produce long-term therapeutic effects, particularly concerning personality and after the end of the therapy. The qualitative and process-based evaluation of PPPs appears complementary to empirical evaluation, the latter suffering from several limitations (allegiance bias, indistinction of processes, questionable research practices, etc.) highlighted in particular by the recent crisis of reproducibility. The methodology of Randomized Controlled Trials should be associated with research based on clinical material. The approach of the Boston group, the analysis of psychotherapeutic processes with the Psychotherapy Q-Sort (PQS) and the modeling of the symbolization processes by the School of Lyon are three qualitative research paradigms that are particularly rich from this point of view. PPPs are effective for most psychiatric disorders in the short term, at the end of the therapy, and for several years afterwards. They generate lasting transformations in terms of the reduction of symptoms and of personality evolution. They often appear to be more effective than pharmacotherapy and lead to substantial savings when they are implemented in health care facilities for patients suffering from a large variety of pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American indigenous territories (both rural and urban) are experiencing a resurgence of academic interest, partly for their potential to 'repoliticise nature' in response to the 'ruinations' of colonialism and extractive capitalism (de la Cadena and Blaser, 2018 ; de Sousa Santos, 2014). As these debates on territory develop in social science, I draw from de Sousa Santos' work on the epistemologies of the south (2018), which explores the knowledges created in resistance, with political ecology, which approaches nature as produced through politics, history and culture, to offer an empirical reading of the relationships between place, knowledge and the 'repoliticisation of nature' in the TIPNIS, Bolivia. Specifically, examining how protected area conservation is being rearticulated within agendas for territorial autonomy during a conflict over extractive infrastructure. In doing so, I reveal how conservation has informed the repoliticisation of nature in the TIPNIS, opening up trajectories for recognising and supporting plurality, difference and autonomy as they are permeated and created within dominant political economies and ecologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the eyes of many control scientists, the theory of the scenario approach is a tool for determining the sample size in certain randomized control-design methods, where an uncertain variable is replaced by a random sample of scenarios. This point of view is rooted in the history of the scenario approach and stands on a long track record of successful applications. However, in the last two decades the theory of the scenario approach has gone beyond its original motivations and applications, and has unveiled some fundamental relationships between the complexity of a design and its generalization capabilities. The new knowledge brought by the theory provides a solid ground for a framework where data can be exploited in a flexible and wise manner throughout a large variety of engineering activities. By this article we aim at providing an access point to a set of state-of-the-art results in the theory of the scenario approach that can be valuable to target important challenges in modern control-design and decision-making at large. In the first part of the article, we introduce a set-up for decision-making where the role of prior knowledge and user preferences can, and should, be distinguished from the role of data. Then, we show that the theory of the scenario approach offers a platform for conjugating heuristic approaches, which in complex contexts are unavoidably based on incomplete and possibly imprecise information, with a solid theory for certifying the validity of the output of the decision process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• EU's roadmap for NBS theorisation and implementation. • The leading role of the EU in NBS operationalization. • NBS implementation is underpinned by a feedback loop of science-practice-policy. • NBS institutionalisation is a step forward. The present paper traces a chronological history, or roadmap, of the documentation produced by the European Union (EU) to promote and implement nature-based solutions (NBS) as an innovation action aiming to establish a socially inclusive, economically vibrant and ecologically resilient society. The EU's ambition is to position Europe as the world leader in NBS Research (via scientific research aiming at generating knowledge and theories) and Innovation (NBS implementation via identifying innovative approaches and best practices), as well as in a global market (for sharing, communicating, collaborating and promoting NBS). Considerable efforts have been made by the European Commission (the executive branch of the EU) as featured in a number of documents, funding programmes and Horizon 2020 (Research and Innovation) projects that span the period from 2012 to 2020. While the European Commission's commitment to promoting NBS within its Member States and beyond is still an ongoing process, we aim to review the efforts undertaken, knowledge gained, and practices accomplished. This roadmap intends to provide interested practitioners, policymakers, researchers, as well as civil organisations with an updated understanding of the leading role of the EU in NBS conceptualisation and operationalisation. This can inform future directions of NBS Research and Innovation actions, which in turn address environmental and societal challenges prompted by urbanisation/re-urbanisation, globalisation/de-globalisation, climate change and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar water heating provides domestic hot water with lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to more typical natural-gas water heating. Solar water heating has a long history, particularly in places where the climate is favorable, such as California where state-backed incentive programs have been successful in creating small bursts of adoption. However, widespread adoption of solar water heating has not occurred in California despite these conditions. This research surveyed 227 single-family households with solar water heating across the state of California to understand their motivations and experiences, and draw implications regarding barriers to adoption. The survey explored households' experiences across five stages of adoption, as outlined in Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation theory: Knowledge, Persuasion, Decision, Implementation, and Confirmation. Findings revealed challenges at each stage. Most notably, prevalent disappointment in lower-than-expected energy and bill savings (31%) and high rates of technical problems (41%) appear to be the most significant issues. • This research surveyed 227 California households with solar water heating. • Findings describe adopters' motivations and experiences with solar water heating. • High installation cost was a prevalent concern despite generous incentives. • Adopters often had difficulty finding a competent or trustworthy installer. • Technical problems and disappointment in savings were markedly prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A follow-up paper on EIST's special issue on learning in sustainability transitions. • Methodology designed to deliver empirical evidence of how learning can affect transitions. • Opening-up the black box of what and how people learn in contemporary observable practice. • Assessment of learning outcomes' potential to enable transitions. • Identifying loci of intervention for influencing/accelerating transitions. This article presents and illustrates an analytical framework designed to open-up the black-box of what and how people learn while trying to tackle sustainability problems and to investigate the potential of learning processes and outcomes to enable transitions. It consists of an analytical method: practical epistemology analysis, and two analytical models: transactional learning theory and the multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions. The framework is empirically illustrated with an analysis of what/how people learn through participating in workshops to develop scenarios for creating a more sustainable urban food system. The article presents three different learning situations, reveals how diverse learning processes have varied potential to enable sustainability transitions and discusses how such studies can provide guidance for improving learning in the context sustainability transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]