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The reach to expose the peritrigonal/atrial territories poses special challenges. The highly functional overlying cortices and white matter tracts, such as the optic radiations lateral to the ventricle, postcentral gyrus laterally and more superficially, and the thalamus anteroinferiorly, constrain the surgical corridors to the atrium. Standard interhemispheric or transcortical approaches involve significant retraction and resection of the normal parenchyma. In this offering, the authors describe the contralateral posterior interhemispheric transfalcine transprecuneus approach (PITTA), which provides flexible working angles while protecting the functional brain tissues. In summary, the PITTA is founded on the concept of using a contralateral operative trajectory to augment a more tangential working angle to the more difficult-to-reach lateral target through a midline route. The PITTA emphasizes the importance of operative working angles (versus necessary operative space) through less disruptive exposures as a more viable parameter for achieving desirable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentin possesses unique hierarchical structure through long-term natural selection, which imparts exceptional mechanical properties to this hard tissue. In this study, the combined effects of ductile fracture of intertubular dentin (ITD) and brittle cracking of peritubular dentin (PTD) on the crack initiation and propagation in the composite microstructure of dentin are explored. A micromechanical model accounting for the unique two-layer microstructure of dentin is developed and numerical simulations of fracture of microstructured dentin are performed. It is found that microcracking of PTD prior to the penetration of main crack into PTD and crack deflection along the interface between PTD and ITD are two major mechanisms involved in the fracture of microstructured dentin, which is in a good agreement with experimental observations. The competition between the two mechanisms is governed by PTD strength. Furthermore, we reveal that the elastic and fracture properties of PTD and strain hardening of ITD greatly affect the fracture behavior of dentin. The decrease in elastic modulus and increase in tensile strength of PTD elevate the notch tip plasticity, increasing the propensity of crack initiation at notch tip. Whereas such variations in elastic modulus and tensile strength of PTD can lead to the transition of fracture mechanism from multiple void interactions to crack-void interaction, thereby enhancing toughness of dentin. Increasing the strain hardening exponent of ITD can also give rise to the amplified toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stillbirth has a great impact on contemporary and future generations. Increasing evidence show that ambient air pollution exposure is associated with stillbirth. However, previous studies showed inconsistent findings. To clarify the effect of maternal air pollution exposure on stillbirth, we searched for studies examining the associations between air pollutants, including particulate matter (diameter ≤ 2.5 μm [PM 2.5 ] and ≤10 μm [PM 10 ]) and gaseous pollutants (sulfur dioxide [SO 2 ], nitrogen dioxide [NO 2 ], carbon monoxide [CO] and ozone [O 3 ]), and stillbirth published in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library until December 11, 2020. The pooled effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, and the heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's tests. Of 7546 records, 15 eligible studies were included in this review. Results of long-term exposure showed that maternal third trimester PM 2.5 and CO exposure (per 10 μg/m3 increment) increased the odds of stillbirth, with estimated odds ratios (ORs) of 1.094 (95% CI: 1.008–1.180) and 1.0009 (95% CI: 1.0001–1.0017), respectively. Entire pregnancy exposure to PM 2.5 was also associated with stillbirth (OR: 1.103, 95% CI: 1.074–1.131). A 10 μg/m3 increment in O 3 in the first trimester was associated with stillbirth, and the estimated OR was 1.028 (95% CI: 1.001–1.055). Short-term exposure (on lag day 4) to O 3 was also associated with stillbirth (OR: 1.002, 95% CI: 1.001–1.004). PM 10 , SO 2 and NO 2 exposure had no significant effects on the incidence of stillbirth. Additional well-designed cohort studies and investigations regarding potential biological mechanisms are warranted to elaborate the suggestive association that may help improve intergenerational inequality. [Display omitted] • This is an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of ambient air pollution and stillbirth. • We identified 15 eligible studies from 6 countries of the world. • Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 , CO, and O 3 were associated with stillbirth. • Short-term O 3 exposrue was associated with stillbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pogo is a longitudinal vibration of liquid rockets, which is considered as a fluid-structure coupling of liquid supply system and rocket's structure. Its suppression is a critical element in the design of the fluid piping systems in liquid rockets, for many of them have been reported suffering the pogo vibration worldwide. Pogo suppression is a systematic technology including fluid-structure modelling, stability analysis and suppression devices. The suppression methods for pogo attracted much attention in the 1960s–1980s, while rare review can be found in recent decades. This article is to review pogo suppression methods vastly, and find effective and potential approaches for the future. The research and experience on the suppression technologies of pogo are investigated comprehensively, including the passive and active schemes. The advantages and limitations of various methods are discussed carefully, which indicates that the suppression is a systematic consideration. Moreover, the progress of the active control of fluid pulsation in hydraulic systems is also introduced detailedly, expecting a combination with the pogo application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a liver disease caused by heavy drinking. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), a major cause of periodontitis, whose antibodies are elevated in severe ALD patients in the plasma. The purpose of this study is to further study the role and the molecular mechanism of P.g in the progress of ALD. In this study, saliva of patients with ALD was collected. Then, an animal model of ALD with oral P.g administration was established, pathology of liver and spleen, intestinal microorganisms and metabolites were analyzed. The molecular mechanism of P.g on ALD was analyzed in vitro. ALD and intestinal microflora and metabolite changes were observed more serious in the alcohol and P.g groups than the alcohol group. Moreover, ferroptosis was aggravated by P.g in the liver. Meanwhile, P.g promoted ferroptosis accomplication with alcohol in vitro , which can be reversed by ferroptosis inhibitors. In conclusion, P.g aggravates ALD through exacerbation gut microbial metabolic disorder in mice with alcohol, which maybe depend on ferroptosis activation in hepatocytes. The study provides a new strategy for prevention and treatment of ALD by improving the oral micro-environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a chronic and infectious disease, dental caries has become a part of the heavy burdens of individuals and society, which is featured with tooth mineral loss and mainly caused by oral bacteria. Anti-caries agent should be safe, and capable of both high bacterial inhibition and remineralization, yet very few ones can meet these requirements simultaneously. In this study, a silver-doped amorphous calcium phosphate (Ag-EACP) is prepared by a biomimetic enzymatic reaction, with the in vivo energy storage biomolecule adenosine triphosphate disodium (Na 2 ATP) as the phosphorus source. Ag-EACP has an amorphous phase, with high content of ATP. The doped silver in the form of Ag+ ion is stabilized against transformation, can help adjust the size of Ag-EACP. The Ag-EACP can effectively inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus , two main cariogenic pathogens, both in planktonic and free states, and suppress the formation of bio-film. Moreover, this nanocomposite generates significant remineralization and micro-hardness recovery of initial caries lesion. Ag-EACP shows great anti-caries effects on initial caries lesions and is promising for caries prevention in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma is the most common and malignant brain tumor with extremely poor prognosis. It is crucial to understand the molecular characteristics of glioma and find out more effective therapeutic targets for the treatment of glioma. USP17 is a novel deubiquitinating enzyme that is differentially expressed in certain types of solid tumor. Our present study investigated the pathological functions and clinical significance of USP17 in glioma for the first time. We found that USP17 was down-regulated in glioma tissue compared with normal tissues. Overexpression of USP17 in glioma cells reduced their tumorigenesis and proliferation ability through reducing Ras and Myc protein levels. Subsequent in vivo experiments showed that overexpression of USP17 suppressed tumor progression in an orthotopic glioma models. Further, study of a cohort of 104 patients with stage I–IV glioma showed that USP17 expression was negatively associated with the WHO grade ( p < 0.001). USP17 was more highly expressed in low grade (I + II) glioma than high-grade (III + IV) glioma ( p < 0.001). Taken together, our results indicate that USP17 might play important functions in glioma through suppressing glioma tumorigenesis and proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Rainfall changes interacting with vegetation cover types affect deep percolation. • Deep percolation depends more on precipitation amount and duration than on intensity. • Deep percolation decreases with increased plant cover and total aboveground biomass. • Restoration with sand-stabilizing vegetation reduces deep percolation in sandy lands. Changes in precipitation patterns and vegetation variability generally affect deep percolation and increasingly limited groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the dynamics of deep percolation and its response to precipitation patterns after vegetation restoration in semi-arid sandy lands are not well understood. Thus, in this work, four typical geomorphologic landscapes with different vegetation types (M: mobile sandy land without vegetation; SH: semi-mobile sandy land with Caragana microphylla shrub but not herbaceous plants; SH&H: semi-fixed sandy land with C. microphylla shrub and herbaceous plants; H: fixed sandy land with herbaceous plants but not C. microphylla shrub) were simulated by an underground observation chamber to monitor daily variability in deep percolation, and characteristics of precipitation and vegetation growth were recorded during the growing seasons from 2010 to 2018. Our results showed that precipitation amount and duration were the most critical factors affecting deep percolation in M, H, SH and SH&H. The response of deep percolation to precipitation events in M was more sensitive than that in SH, H, and SH&H. The amount of deep percolation in M varied consistently with precipitation, and was significantly higher than that in SH, H and SH&H. Deep percolation had a weak negative correlation with species richness and mean height, and a strong negative correlation with mean plant cover and total aboveground biomass. Restoration of sand-stabilizing vegetation reduced deep percolation, and the reduction was greater in H than in SH. Average annual coefficients of deep percolation were 53.3 %, 9.9 %, 7.3 %, and 4.7 % in M, SH, H, and SH&H, respectively. Our results highlight that restoration of sand-stabilizing vegetation and subsequent increases in plant cover and aboveground biomass significantly reduce deep percolation and even groundwater recharge in semi-arid sandy lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]