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[Display omitted] • The influence of spin–orbit interaction on band structure of platinum nanotubes is shown using linearized augmented cylindrical waves method. • The ballistic transport of electrons in nanotubes is assessed. • The electron density with different spin at Fermi level is calculated for ideal nanotubes and under torsional deformation conditions. Using Density Functional Theory based on the plane wave method and linearized augmented cylindrical wave method, and taking into account the spin–orbit interaction, the structural, electronic and spin properties of ultrathin single-walled nanotubes consisting of six platinum rows are obtained. The nanotubes are found to possess metallic electronic mobility, including the nonchiral Pt(6,0) with the largest number (15 G 0) of ballistic channels. Analysis of the density of electronic states at Fermi level revealed that the chiral Pt(5,1) has a difference in concentration of mobile electrons with opposite spins of 1.42 times, and up to 3–4 times under a weak torsional strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, functional and thermal properties of the TeZnCaB glass system were investigated in this work. The thermal properties of the glass system were studied using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), and the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased from 470 °C to 438 °C with increasing TeO 2 concentration. The vibrational and bending modes of the TeZnCaB glass samples were depicted by Raman spectroscopy analysis. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) was performed to investigate the functional groups of TeO 2 and B 2 O 3 in the samples. The TeZnCaB glass samples consist of TeO 3 , TeO 4 , BO 4 and BO 3 structural units. XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) was investigated to reveal information about the chemical environment and the creation of NBO (non-bridging oxygen) and BO (bridging oxygen) for the different glass systems. The high-resolution Te3d spectrum confirms the presence of various tellurium-based structural units such as TeO 4 , TeO 3 , and TeO 3+1. The deconvolution of B1s spectra confirmed the existence of two forms of boron (B) such as BO 4 (four coordination) and BO 3 (three coordination) in the TeZnCaB glass system. • Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Te–O–Te linkages, TeO 3 and TeO 4 vibrations in the TeZnCaB glass system. • FTIR analysis revealed B–O stretching vibrations in BO 3 and BO 4 units and O–H stretching in hydroxyl groups. • Glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranged from 438 °C to 470 °C and decreased with increasing TeO 2 concentration. • XPS analysis indicated the presence of different Te structural units such as TeO 4 , TeO 3 , and TeO 3+1 , and revealed two forms of boron (B) such as BO 4 and BO 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-nucleon force (3NF) is crucial in shaping the shell structure of atomic nuclei, particularly impacting the enhancement of spin-orbit (SO) splitting, especially in nuclei with significant deviations from stability. Despite its importance, the specific mechanisms driving this enhancement remain unclear. In this study, we introduce a decomposition scheme based on the rank of irreducible tensors forming the 3NF, derived from chiral effective field theory at next-to-next-to-leading order, to elucidate their influence on SO splitting. Within the shell-model framework, our analysis reveals that the rank-1 component of the 3NF is the primary factor enlarging the energy gap between the 0 p 3 / 2 and 0 p 1 / 2 single-particle levels in p -shell nuclei, while the rank-2 component makes a subdominant contribution. Since the rank-1 component originates exclusively from the 2 π -exchange 3NF, our finding will not depend on the choice of the low-energy constants of contact terms. We also remark on the antisymmetry of the rank-1 3NF, which can affect the quantum entanglement of spin states. This study lays the groundwork for further exploration into this field toward a microscopic understanding of the 3NF impact on the nuclear shell structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Spin-orbit splitting of conduction band in HgTe quantum wells was studied experimentally. In order to recognize the role of different mechanisms, we carried out detailed measurements of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in gated structures with a quantum well widths from 8 to 18 nm over a wide range of electron density. With increasing electron density controlled by the gate voltage, splitting of the maximum of the oscillation Fourier spectrum f 0 into two components f 1 and f 2 and the appearance of the low-frequency component f 3 was observed. Our analysis shows that the components f 1 and f 2 are determined by the electron densities n 1 and n 2 in spin-orbit split subbands while the f 3 component results from magneto-intersubband oscillations so that it is determined by the difference between these densities Δ n. This allows us to obtain all three values n 1 , n 2 and Δ n independently. Comparison of the data obtained with results of self-consistent calculations carried out within the framework of four-band kP model shows that the main contribution to spin-orbit splitting comes from the Bychkov-Rashba effect. Contribution of the interface inversion asymmetry to the splitting of the conduction band turns out to be four-to-five times less than that for the valence band in the same structures. Highlights • Spin-orbit splitting of the electron spectrum in HgTe quantum wells are studied over a wide range of electron density. • The main contribution to the splitting comes from the Bychkov-Rashba effect while the contribution of the interface inverse asymmetry is much less. • The interface inverse asymmetry does not contribute to the splitting of the conduction band unlike the valence band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The band structure of free Bi(111) films is studied by means of full-relativistic density functional theory calculations. A single free Bi(111) bilayer with optimized lattice constant a = 4.19 Å is found to be semiconducting both in semirelativistic and full-relativistic calculations, i.e. without and with accounting for spin–orbit coupling (SOC), respectively. With increases of a up to the related bulk value, 4.53 Å, the gap decreases down to ∼0.06 eV. For a up to 4.60 Å the band gap, calculated with SOC is significantly less than that without SOC, meaning that SOC does not open the gap, but, in contrast, decreases it. For the bilayer with a = 4.70 Å the situation is opposite and the gap opens just due to SOC. For larger a , free Bi(111) bilayers are semiconducting regardless of accounting for SOC. Thicker films, built from several Bi(111) bilayers, in contrast, acquire semimetallic properties. It is suggested therefore that the metallicity of Bi slabs stems from the interaction between Bi bilayers but not from surface states. A hydrogen monolayer, adsorbed on one face of the Bi(111) film, leads to the appearance of spin–orbit splitting of the bands. For clean Bi(111) slabs, the splitting is absent, which means that the existence of the surface itself cannot initiate the required break of inversion symmetry. Highlights • A free Bi bilayer is a semiconductor regardless of the lattice period. • Metallicity of Bi films stems from the interaction between bilayers. • One monolayer of H leads to metallization of the Bi(111) bilayer. • Spin–orbit splitting of bands initiates from an H monolayer on one face of the bilayer. • Spin–orbit splitting is absent for a clean Bi(111) film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Using the relativistic Hartree–Fock Lagrangian PKA1, we investigate the properties of the exotic nucleus 48Si, which is predicted to be an atypical nucleus characterized by i) the onset of doubly magicity, ii) its location at the drip line, iii) the presence of dual semi-bubble structure (distinct central depletion in both of neutron and proton density profiles) in the ground state, and iv) the occurrence of pairing reentrance at finite temperature. While not being new for each, these phenomena are found to simultaneously occur in 48Si. For instance, the dual semi-bubble structure reduces the spin–orbit splitting of low- ℓ orbitals and upraises the s orbitals, leading therefore to distinct N = 34 and Z = 14 magic shells in 48Si. Consequently, the doubly magicities provide extra stability for such extreme neutron-rich system at the drip line. Associating with the neutron shell N = 34 and continuum above, the pairing correlations are reengaged interestingly at finite temperature. Theoretical nuclear modelings are known to be poorly predictive in general, and we asset our confidence in the prediction of our modeling on the fact that the predictions of PKA1 in various regions of the nuclear chart have systematically been found correct and more specifically in the region of pf shell. Whether our predictions are confirmed or not, 48Si provides a concrete benchmark for the understanding of the nature of nuclear force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic structure of Fe adsorbed g-C 2 N with different layers is investigated by first-principles calculations. The Fe 1 and Fe 2 represent the Fe adsorptions at C C and C N rings, and Fe 11 and Fe 121 adsorption sites are also considered. The Fe 1 adsorbed g-C 2 N is metallic with layer from n  = 1 to 4, and the maximum spin splitting is 515, 428, 46 and 133 meV. The band gap of Fe 2 adsorbed g-C 2 N with different layers is 0, 0, 117 and 6 meV, and the maximum spin splitting is 565, 369, 195 and 146 meV, respectively. All of the Fe 11 adsorbed g-C 2 N are metallic with layer from n  = 1 to 4, and the maximum spin splitting is 199, 0, 83 and 203 meV. An indirect band gap of 215 meV appears in Fe 121 adsorbed g-C 2 N at layer n  = 3, and the maximum spin splitting is 283, 211, 304 and 153 meV, respectively. Our results show that the electronic structures of Fe adsorbed novel two-dimensional semiconductor g-C 2 N can be tuned by different layers. Moreover, the spin splitting of Fe 2 adsorbed g-C 2 N decreases monotonically as g-C 2 N layer increases from n  = 1 to 4, which will provide more potential applications in spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic and specific pattern due to the effects of the tensor forces is found in the evolution of spin–orbit splittings in neutron drops. This result is obtained from relativistic Brueckner–Hartree–Fock theory using the bare nucleon–nucleon interaction. It forms an important guide for future microscopic derivations of relativistic and nonrelativistic nuclear energy density functionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical investigations are carried out to determine the temperature dependence of the local structural parameters of Cr 3+ and Mn 2+ ions doped into RAl 3 (BO 3 ) 4 (RAB, R = Y, Eu, Tm) crystals. The zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters (ZFSPs) obtained from the spin Hamiltonian (SH) analysis of EMR (EPR) spectra serve for fine-tuning the theoretically predicted ZFSPs obtained using the semi-empirical superposition model (SPM). The SPM analysis enables to determine the local structure changes around Cr 3+ and Mn 2+ centers in RAB crystals and explain the observed temperature dependence of the ZFSPs. The local monoclinic C 2 site symmetry of all Al sites in YAB necessitates consideration of one non-zero monoclinic ZFSP (in the Stevens notation, b 2 1 ) for Cr 3+ ions. However, the experimental second-rank ZFSPs ( D = b 2 0 , E = 1 / 3 b 2 2 ) were expressed in a nominal principal axis system. To provide additional insight into low symmetry aspects, the distortions (ligand's distances Δ R i and angular distortions Δ θ i ) have been varied while preserving monoclinic site symmetry, in such way as to obtain the calculated values ( D , E ) close to the experimental ones, while keeping b 2 1 close to zero. This procedure yields good matching of the calculated ZFSPs and the experimental ones, and enables determination of the corresponding local distortions. The present results may be useful in future studies aimed at technological applications of the Huntite-type borates with the formula RM 3 (BO 3 ) 4 . The model parameters determined here may be utilized for ZFSP calculations for Cr 3+ and Mn 2+ ions at octahedral sites in single-molecule magnets and single-chain magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the analysis of transition arrays of magnetic-dipole ( M 1 ) type in highly charged ions. Such transitions play a significant role in highly ionized plasmas, for instance in the tungsten plasma present in tokamak devices. Using formulas recently published and their implementation in the Flexible Atomic Code for M 1 -transition array shifts and widths, absorption and emission spectra arising from transitions inside the 3* n complex of highly-charged tungsten ions are analyzed. A comparison of magnetic-dipole transitions with electric-dipole ( E 1 ) transitions shows that, while the latter are better described by transition array formulas, M 1 absorption and emission structures reveal some insufficiency of these formulas. It is demonstrated that the detailed spectra account for significantly richer structures than those predicted by the transition array formalism. This is due to the fact that M 1 transitions may occur between levels inside the same relativistic configuration, while such inner configuration transitions are not accounted for by the currently available averaging expression. In addition, because of configuration interaction, transition processes involving more than one electron jump, such as 3 p 1/2 3 d 5/2 → 3 p 3/2 3 d 3/2 , are possible but not accounted for in the transition array formulas. These missing transitions are collected in pseudo-arrays using a post-processing method described in this paper. The relative influence of inner- and inter-configuration transitions is carefully analyzed in cases of tungsten ions with net charge around 50. The need for an additional theoretical development is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we describe fundamental electronic structures and spin–charge–orbital orderings of 5 d transition-metal compounds. By reviewing photoemission spectroscopy studies on CuIr 2 S 4 , IrTe 2 , Cs 2 Au 2 Br 6 , and AuTe 2 , we discuss the difference between the t 2 g and e g systems with respect to the spin–orbit splitting versus the Jahn–Teller splitting. In contrast to the Ir oxides with Mott-Hubbard character, the smallness of the charge-transfer energy plays essential roles in the exotic spin–charge–orbital orderings of the Ir and Au chalcogenides and halides. In particular, the Te 5 p hole provides an interesting interplay between the charge–orbital order and the spin–orbit interaction in IrTe 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate potential energy curves, dissociation energies, and molecular constants for several low-lying singlet and triplet electronic states of AsCl were investigated using the CASSCF/MRCI methodology, including the spin–orbit splitting with the aug-cc-pV5Z-DK basis set. Our results represent an improvement over previous the theoretical descriptions for the lowest lying states, as well as characterize another higher excited state not previously investigated. Transition probabilities and radiative lifetimes for the (1) 3 Π → X 3 Σ − band system were also predicted using Einstein spontaneous emission coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an overview of the new family of semiconductors BiTeX (X = I, Br, Cl) from the perspective of angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The strong band bending occurring at the surface potentially endows them with a large flexibility, as they are capable of hosting both hole and electron conduction, and can be modified by inclusion or adsorption of foreign atoms. In addition, their trigonal crystal structure lacks a center of symmetry and allows for both bulk and surface spin-split bands at the Fermi level. We elucidate analogies and differences among the three materials, also in the light of recent theoretical and experimental work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra and single-vibronic-level emission spectra of the ruthenium monoxide (RuO) molecule are investigated using laser ablation of a ruthenium target and reaction with a free jet expansion of oxygen. • Sixteen excitation bands are experimentally observed and grouped into the transition systems from the ground X 5Δ 4 and X 5Δ 3 states to six excited electronic states. The spin-orbit splitting between the X 5Δ 4 and X 5Δ 3 states is determined to be 399.44(2) cm−1. • The electronic structure of RuO in the low-lying states is discussed based on high-level ab initio calculations. The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra and single-vibronic-level emission spectra of ruthenium monoxide (RuO) molecule have been investigated using laser ablation of a ruthenium target and reaction with a free jet expansion of oxygen. Sixteen excitation bands have been experimentally observed in the energy range of 13,800 – 19,250 cm–1 and grouped into transition systems from the ground X 5Δ 4 and X 5Δ 3 states to six excited electronic states. The molecular constants, including the spin-orbit splittings, the rotational constants and the vibrational frequencies, in the ground and excited electronic states were obtained through rotational analysis of the spectra. The electronic structure has been discussed based on high-level ab initio calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin–orbit (SO) splitting in Ni doped graphene was examined on the basis of density-functional theory. Due to the inversion asymmetry induced by the graphene–Ni interaction, Rashba-type SO effect would be expectable in the Vacuum/Ni-monolayer/Graphene structure. Surprisingly, detectable SO splitting can be obtained in the systems without heavy metals. The SO splitting can be up to about 100 meV near the Fermi level. The Rashba parameter is about 0.17 eV Å / ħ , half of that of the Au ( 111 ) surface state. Interestingly, the SO coupling constant can be positive or negative for different bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general question, crucial to an understanding of the internal structure of the nucleon, of how to split the total angular momentum of a photon or gluon into spin and orbital contributions is one of the most important and interesting challenges faced by gauge theories like Quantum Electrodynamics and Quantum Chromodynamics. This is particularly challenging since all QED textbooks state that such a splitting cannot be done for a photon (and a fortiori for a gluon) in a gauge-invariant way, yet experimentalists around the world are engaged in measuring what they believe is the gluon spin! This question has been a subject of intense debate and controversy, ever since, in 2008, it was claimed that such a gauge-invariant split was, in fact, possible. We explain in what sense this claim is true and how it turns out that one of the main problems is that such a decomposition is not unique and therefore raises the question of what is the most natural or physical choice. The essential requirement of measurability does not solve the ambiguities and leads us to the conclusion that the choice of a particular decomposition is essentially a matter of taste and convenience. In this review, we provide a pedagogical introduction to the question of angular momentum decomposition in a gauge theory, present the main relevant decompositions and discuss in detail several aspects of the controversies regarding the question of gauge invariance, frame dependence, uniqueness and measurability. We stress the physical implications of the recent developments and collect into a separate section all the sum rules and relations which we think experimentally relevant. We hope that such a review will make the matter amenable to a broader community and will help to clarify the present situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin-orbit (SO) splitting in ultrathin Ir(111) film was examined on the basis of density functional theory. The states with giant SO splitting can be found in few-monolayer Ir film terminated by H atoms. They distribute in several bands. From projected wave function study, the giant SO splitting is mainly induced by the pz and dyz states. The origin of this orbital dependence is analyzed by the distribution of states on the film. The stability of states is also discussed when the Ir surface is covered with graphene or graphone (half-hydrogenated graphene). The hybridization of energy bands greatly influences the large SO splitting and the persistence of states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The importance of the tensor force for nuclear structure has been recognized long ago. Recently, the interest for this topic has been revived by the study of the evolution of nuclear properties far from the stability line. However, in the context of the effective theories that describe medium-heavy nuclei, the role of the tensor force is still debated. This review focuses on ground-state properties like masses and deformation, on single-particle states, and on excited vibrational and rotational modes. The goal is to assess which properties, if any, can bring clear signatures of the tensor force within the mean-field or density functional theory framework. It will be concluded that, while evidences for a clear neutron–proton tensor force exist despite quantitative uncertainties, the role of the tensor force among equal particles is less well established. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new parametrization for improved quark mass density-dependent (IQMDD) model by including ω tensor and non-linear ω–ρ couplings has been proposed. By employing this model, the ground-state properties of finite nuclei, the saturation properties of the nuclear matter and the equation of state (EOS) of neutron star matter are studied. It has been shown that this model is able to provide a good description not only for the ground-state properties of finite nuclei but also for the saturation properties of the nuclear matter. The results obtained by using the new IQMDD model are compared with the relativistic mean field model and experimental findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The electronic energy levels of six-fold coordinated Ni2+ ion in magnesium oxide MgO were calculated using the exchange charge model of crystal field theory. The calculated energetic positions of the Ni2+ levels match well the experimental spectrum. Inclusion of the spin-orbit (SO) interaction is compulsory to account for the first excited 3T2g state fine structure; however, it does not explain why out of four levels arising from the 3T2g state, only two are seen in the experimental spectra. One possible explanation to this fact can be advanced by invoking the Jahn–Teller effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Spin–orbit (SO) splitting of surface states in ultrathin Au films was examined on the basis of density-functional theory. Due to the interaction between the top and the bottom Au layers, the SO splitting in the Au (111) films with few atomic layers is usually negligible. The splitting is, however, detectable if one surface of the film is terminated by adatoms, such as Al or H atoms. Similar effect can also be achieved if an external electric field is applied perpendicular to the surface. In addition, an interesting even–odd oscillating behavior in the SO splitting can be observed in a Au/Al interlaced structure. All these can be explained by the inversion-symmetry breaking. Our work provides a deep understanding of the SO effect in ultrathin heavy-metal films, which will be helpful in future all-electric spintronics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We use electronic Raman scattering for studying the band structure of the boron acceptor states in diamond. For the first time, the spin–orbit splitting of these acceptor states and the Lyman series of transitions are observed. The spin–orbit splitting linearly increases with n number. Lyman series exhibit fine structure consisting of four bands each. The energy spacing between series is equal to . Evolution of Raman spectra of the boron-doped diamond with increasing boron concentration is shown. Mott transition is revealed in Raman spectrum. Correct values of Luttinger parameters for diamond are specified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We analyzed the spectra of X-ray transmission through radiatively heated medium-Z plasma (Fe, Ni, Cu and Ge) measured at LULI2000 facility in the wavelength range of 2p–nd transitions. The analysis was performed using the statistical superconfiguration code SCO, two line-by-line opacity codes based on the HULLAC and FAC packages and a new hybrid statistical-detailed code SCORCG. The temperature and mass density of the samples were estimated from hydrodynamic simulations based on the cavity radiative temperature measurements. The theory–experiment agreement is relatively good in the wavelength range corresponding to the 2p–3d transitions except in the germanium case. In the wavelength range of the 2p–2d, n > 3 transitions a relatively good theory–experiment agreement was found in the copper case. As predicted by calculations the separation of the characteristic spin-orbit-split 2p–3d structures, absent in the iron measured spectrum, appears in the nickel spectrum and is visible in the copper and germanium spectra. Comparisons of the experimental transmission with calculations confirm the importance of the relativistic configuration interaction. The absorption strength of the measured germanium 2p–3d transition is much larger than that obtained from the codes. Spatial temperature and density gradients, relatively high in the germanium sample, may be at the origin of this discrepancy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We show in detail monitoring by photoelectron spectroscopy how graphene can be grown by chemical vapour deposition on the transition-metal surfaces Ni(111) and Co(0001) and intercalated by a monoatomic layer of Au. For both systems, a linear E(k) dispersion of massless Dirac fermions appears in the graphene π-band in the vicinity of the Fermi energy. In order to study ferromagnetism and spin-orbit effects by spin- and angle- resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, the sample must be magnetized in remanence. To this end, a W(110) substrate is prepared, its cleanliness verified by photoemission from W(110) surface states and surface core levels, and epitaxial Ni(111) and Co(0001) thin films are grown on top. Spin-resolved photoemission from the π-band shows that the ferromagnetic polarization of graphene/Ni(111) and graphene/Co(0001) is negligible and that graphene on Ni(111) is after intercalation of Au spin-orbit split by the Rashba effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In narrow-gap semiconductors, non-radiative Auger recombination losses (via conduction, heavy-hole, spin split-off hole, heavy-hole processes) are sensitive to how the band gap energy, E 0, compares to the spin-orbit splitting, Δ 0. However, narrow-gap band structures have often not been very well characterised. We report on the mid-infrared photo-modulated reflectance of E 0 and E 0 + Δ 0 transitions in high-quality, InAs-rich InAsSb and GaInAsPSb samples as functions of both temperature (T =10–300 K) and antimony content ≤22.5%, for wavelengths up to ~4.75 μm. The measured T-dependence of E 0 is generally consistent with that accepted in the literature and we confirm that Δ 0 is T-independent. As a function of Sb fraction, E 0 is consistent with the positive bowing parameter of +670 meV quoted in the literature. However, Δ 0 does not exhibit the currently accepted positive bowing parameter of +1170 meV: rather, a best fit to our data tentatively suggests a negative bowing of ~−165 meV. Due to the importance of Δ 0 in predicting and interpreting the performance of InAsSb-based devices, this result is expected to have a significant impact. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effects of the tensor force, the most prominent spin–isospin interaction, will be discussed from the viewpoint of the spherical single-particle energies. The discussion will be started with basic properties of the tensor force, and then a new mean-field model will be introduced. It will be shown that single-particle properties, including (sub-)magic gaps and spin–orbit splittings, are varied rather strongly by the tensor force. The effects are not weaker than the effects of the diffuse surface due to the neutron skin. An example is presented for the so-called island of inversion, for which the boundary is modified significantly. The structure of heavier nuclei, including Sb isotopes, are mentioned. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Single-phase CuIn0.75Al0.25Se2 thin films were deposited by four-source co-evaporation method on soda lime glass substrates held at 673K. Post-deposition annealing of the films in selenium atmosphere was carried out for an hour at 723K. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the films revealed the structure to be chalcopyrite with and . Optical absorption studies of the films indicated three-fold band structure. Crystal field (Δ CF) and spin–orbit (Δ SO) splitting parameters were deduced from the optical band gap values obtained. The deformation potential was estimated by using quasi-cubic model and the percentage of hybridization of the orbitals was determined using linear hybridization model. The films are found to be p-type conducting and the temperature dependence of conductivity studies are carried out to determine the activation energies of the films. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A longstanding theoretical prediction is the orientation of spins by an electrical current flowing through low-dimensional carrier systems of sufficiently low crystallographic symmetry. Here we show by means of terahertz transmission experiments through two-dimensional hole systems a growing spin orientation with an increasing current at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ab initio calculations of the molecular structure and thermochemical properties of the methoxy CH3O radical were performed. Partition functions were calculated beyond the ‘standard’ rigid rotor-harmonic oscillator approach by means of the explicit summation of eigenenergies of a spin–vibronic Hamiltonian that included the linear, quadratic, cubic, and quartic Jahn–Teller terms with account for all important anharmonic effects. The heat of formation (CH3O)=23.3±0.9kJ/mol was evaluated by a study of the reactions of C–H and C–O bond dissociations and atomization of CH3O. Total energies computed with the use of the coupled cluster electron correlation technique CCSD(T) were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit with account for spin–orbit, scalar relativistic, and core–valence correlation corrections. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exotic nuclei far form the line of beta-stability have gained considerable interest in recent years both on the experimental as on the theoretical side. New phenomena are predicted such as an increasing surface diffuseness, a quenching of the spin–orbit term, and changes in the nuclear shell structure. Approaching the drip-lines one expects on the proton-rich side proton radioactivity, and for N=Z nuclei proton–neutron pairing and on the neutron-rich side the formation of neutron skins and neutron halos. A reliable description of the spin–orbit term and its isospin dependence is therefore necessary. We review the investigations in the framework of Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) and Relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov (RHB) theory in the medium-heavy nuclei far from the valley of stability. In particular, we show as an application the quenching of the spin–orbit splitting with increasing distance from the valley of beta-stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Laser excitation spectra and emission spectra of the molybdenum monoxide (MoO) molecule in the gas phase have been investigated in the range of 16,500–23,200 cm−1, in which 11 rotationally resolved transitions are observed and assigned as vibronic (0 − 0) transition bands. • The spin-orbit components of the ground state X 5Π Ω (Ω = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3), the first excited state a 3Σ− Ω (Ω = 0+, 1) and the second excited state b 3Δ Ω (Ω = 3, 2, 1) have been investigated in detail. Vibrational structure in most sub-states and rotational constants in four sub-states of X 5Π are obtained through experiment observation, and are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical calculations. The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra and single vibronic level (SVL) emission spectra of the jet-cooled molybdenum monoxide (MoO) molecule in the gas phase have been investigated in the range of 16,500–23,200 cm−1. Totally 11 rotationally resolved excitation spectra have been observed, and the rotational constants in 10 upper excited states and 4 lower spin-orbit components of the ground X 5Π state have been obtained. In addition, 10 spin-orbit components in the ground X 5Π state, the first and second excited states a 3Σ− and b 3∆, have been identified in the emission spectra. Ab initio calculations have been performed and used to identify the observed low-lying states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the traditional nuclear magic numbers away from the valley of stability is an active field of research. Experimental efforts focus on providing key spectroscopic information that will shed light into the structure of exotic nuclei and understanding the driving mechanism behind the shell evolution. In this work, we investigate the Z = 6 spin-orbit shell gap towards the neutron dripline. To do so, we employed N A (p,2p) C A − 1 quasi-free scattering reactions to measure the proton component of the 2 1 + state of 16,18,20C. The experimental findings support the notion of a moderate reduction of the proton 1 p 1 / 2 − 1 p 3 / 2 spin-orbit splitting, at variance to recent claims for a prevalent Z = 6 magic number towards the neutron dripline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]