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Resumen Introduccion y objetivo El manejo de tumoraciones renales ≤ 4 cm en poblacion anciana o con comorbilidades supone un reto, constituyendo las terapias ablativas una alternativa interesante. El objetivo es evaluar la radiofrecuencia percutanea en el tratamiento de masas renales pequenas en nuestro centro, las complicaciones asociadas y los resultados obtenidos. Material y metodos Evaluacion retrospectiva de las radiofrecuencias realizadas entre abril de 2010 y abril de 2020 en nuestro centro. Se revisaron datos demograficos, comorbilidades asociadas, caracteristicas tumorales, complicaciones y resultados oncologicos y funcionales. Resultados Se trataron 57 tumores en 53 pacientes. Seguimiento medio de 48,2 meses. Se obtuvo un 89,5% de ablaciones completas. Hubo un 19,3% de complicaciones. Fueron catalogadas como mayores un 3,5% y un 5,3% segun Clavien-Dindo y SIR. Se encontro asociacion estadisticamente significativa entre el resultado inicial de la ablacion y la edad (p = 0,047), el score RENAL modificado (RENAL-m) (p = 0,044), la presencia de componente quistico (p = 0,049) y el tamano tumoral (p = 0,01). El punto de corte de tamano quedo establecido en 25 mm (p = 0,012). En el analisis multivariante, unicamente el tamano permanecio como predictor de resultado inicial de ablacion (p = 0,01; OR 1,183; IC 95% 1,041-1,345). La supervivencia cancer especifica y supervivencia libre de recurrencia a cinco anos fueron del 98,1% y del 89,5% respectivamente. Se observo una disminucion media del MDRD-4 de 6,59 mL/min (p = 0,005) en los seis primeros meses tras radiofrecuencia (RFA). Conclusiones Dados los excelentes resultados oncologicos y funcionales demostrados, la radiofrecuencia percutanea guiada por ecografia es una terapia eficaz y segura en el tratamiento de masas renales pequenas en pacientes seleccionados.

Introduction and objective The management of renal tumors ≤4 cm in elderly population or patients with comorbidities is a challenge, for which ablative therapies are an interesting alternative. The objective is to evaluate in our center the role of percutaneous radiofrequency in the treatment of small renal masses, the associated complications and the results obtained. Material and methods Retrospective evaluation of the radiofrequency treatments carried out between April 2010 and April 2020 in our center. Demographic data, associated comorbidities, tumor characteristics, complications and oncological and functional outcomes were reviewed. Results Fifty-seven tumors were treated in 53 patients. Mean follow-up of 48.2 months. The percentage of complete ablations obtained was of 89.5%. There were 19.3% of complications. According to Clavien-Dindo and SIR classification systems, 3.5% and 5.3% were major complications. A statistically significant association was found between the initial result of ablation and age (p = 0.047), RENAL-m (p = 0.044), the presence of cystic component (p = 0.049) and tumor size (p = 0.01). The cut-off point for size was established at 25 mm (p = 0.012). In multivariate analysis, only size remained as a predictor of initial ablation result (p = 0.01 OR = 1.183 CI 95% = 1.041–1.345). Cancer-specific survival and 5-year recurrence-free survival were 98.1% and 89.5%, respectively. A mean decrease of MDRD-4 of 6.59 mL/min (p = 0.005) was observed in the first 6 months after RFA. Conclusions Given the excellent oncological and functional results demonstrated, ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is an effective and safe treatment for small renal masses in selected patients.

In this study, we report a physics-based model for pore structure typing in which a generalized model is also derived to calculate the specific surface area of the grains. In this model, a new pore-structure-type indicator is defined to characterize the discrepancies of pore structures based on the fractal geometry theory and a modified Kozeny-Carman equation. We compared the proposed model with the conventional model by comprehensive experimental tests in 130 low permeability sandstone cores from the Dongfang gas reservoir in the South China Sea. The fractal dimension of the grain Dg was first accurately calculated through thin section analysis. The results show that grains of low-permeability sandstone indeed have the bifractal distribution with constant radius boundaries of approximately 30 μm, potentially accounting for the multiscale of pore spaces. Compared with the conventional model, considering the complex pore and grain size distributions as well as irreducible water saturation, the developed model as a generalized expression performs better in pore structure typing with higher correlation coefficients in porosity-permeability and structural coefficients-pore radius relationships due to the newly identified indicator with a wider range. Finally, a multiscale workflow was proposed to analyze the petrological and structural features of pore structures by two-dimensional core images, thin sections, scanning electron microscope, mercury intrusion tests and three-dimensional micro-computed tomography. This work enables us to explain the genetic types and differences of the pore structure and may help to characterize the internal connection of the grain structure-pore structure-flow mechanism in hydrocarbon exploration and development.

This work presents a methodology for reducing power consumption on quadrotor vehicles. The proposed methodology combines both, a trajectory design procedure and a controller-gains tuning stage. The quadrotor is operated in closed-loop by means of a terminal sliding modes controller, whose stability analysis is provided by using a strict Lyapunov function. The trajectory design stage allows designing an optimal trajectory with smooth transitions by minimizing a criterion function using dynamic optimization theory. Furthermore, in order to reduce power consumption, a performance index depending on the tracking error and the quadrotor inputs is used on a control-gains tuning stage based on a nature inspired evolutionary meta-heuristic algorithm, namely the cuckoo search algorithm. The quadrotor terminal sliding modes controller is compared to another sliding mode control algorithm, and the performance of each controller is assessed by considering aero-dynamical disturbances and parametric uncertainties. Numerical simulations show that the tracking error and power consumption are reduced when the trajectory tracking and controller-gains tuning stages are used. Besides, it is shown that the proposed terminal sliding modes controller outperforms a conventional sliding mode control scheme.

Resumen Introduccion El termino microbiota hace referencia a la comunidad de microorganismos vivos reunidos en un nicho ecologico determinado. La microbiota normal es el conjunto de microorganismos que conviven con el huesped sin causarle enfermedad. Epidemiologia La composicion inicial de la microbiota del tracto gastrointestinal se determina desde el nacimiento, existiendo numerosos factores que modulan y condicionan tanto la cantidad como la calidad, y varia sensiblemente a lo largo de toda la vida. Etiopatogenia En una amplia variedad de patologias graves se produce una perdida de la funcion de la barrera intestinal, con la consiguiente entrada y translocacion de bacterias como de productos bacterianos desde la luz del intestino a otros territorios extraintestinales. Tratamiento Los probioticos son suplementos alimentarios compuestos de microorganismos vivos que mejoran el balance microbiano, siendo empleados en patologias como diarrea infecciosa, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, asi como en pacientes criticos para disminuir la incidencia de complicaciones infecciosas.

Resumen Introduccion La sepsis continua siendo un importante problema sanitario por su elevada morbimortalidad. Epidemiologia Su incidencia se ha incrementado en los ultimos anos, llegando a suponer un 2% de los ingresos hospitalarios y el 10% de los ingresos en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Diagnostico En los ultimos anos, las sociedades cientificas han redefinido el concepto de sepsis y shock septico para intentar establecer unos criterios diagnosticos que permitan detectar a estos pacientes de forma precoz, con el fin de instaurar lo antes posible un adecuado tratamiento, proponiendo una serie de medidas encaminadas a disminuir su mortalidad. Pronostico Se calcula que la mortalidad de la sepsis es del 15-25%, pudiendo llegar al 40% en los casos de shock septico. Tratamiento Dentro del tratamiento se incluye la fluidoterapia, el uso de farmacos vasoactivos, la antibioterapia empirica, el control del foco y el uso de otros tratamientos, como los corticoides o la transfusion de hemoderivados.

Resumen Introduccion La incidencia de la sepsis continua aumentando. Se define como la disfuncion organica potencialmente mortal, secundaria a la respuesta anomala ante una infeccion. Diagnostico Se introduce una nueva escala, util para el reconocimiento de sepsis en pacientes no ingresados en la UCI, denominada quick SOFA. Tanto la sepsis como el shock septico son emergencias medicas y el tratamiento debe ser iniciado inmediatamente, aplicandose la maxima prioridad y atencion consensuada y continuada entre los servicios de Urgencias y la UCI. Tratamiento En el primer contacto, valoracion segun esquema ABCD, que de encontrarse alterado se realizara aviso precoz a la UCI e inicio de medidas simultaneas. Segun la Surviving Sepsis Campaign, se debe iniciar precozmente la reanimacion con cristaloides, toma de muestras para cultivo y antibioterapia y determinacion de niveles de lactato. Se requiere revaloracion frecuente de la situacion hemodinamica y evaluacion continua de respuesta a medidas implantadas. Ante la falta de respuesta al volumen se debe ingresar al paciente en Medicina Intensiva.

Resumen El penfigoide anti-p200 es una enfermedad ampollosa subepidermica autoinmune infrecuente, asociada a la presencia de anticuerpos circulantes de tipo IgG dirigidos frente a la laminina gamma-1, una proteina de 200 kDa localizada en la lamina lucida de la membrana basal. Revisamos las caracteristicas clinicas, histopatologicas e inmunologicas de los 2 primeros casos descritos en Espana. El penfigoide anti-p200 comparte hallazgos histopatologicos e inmunopatologicos con la epidermolisis ampollosa adquirida, su principal diagnostico diferencial. Sin embargo, su manejo sigue las mismas pautas descritas para el penfigoide ampolloso. El diagnostico se confirma mediante inmunoblot , una tecnica compleja y accesible en pocos centros. Proponemos la deteccion mediante inmunohistoquimica del colageno iv en el suelo de la ampolla, combinandola con las tecnicas habituales de inmunofluorescencia, como alternativa sencilla y disponible, para diferenciarlo de la epidermolisis ampollosa adquirida.

Anti-p200 pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease characterized by the presence of circulating immunoglobulin G antibodies directed against laminin gamma-1, a 200-kDa protein located in the lamina lucida of the basement membrane. We review the clinical, histopathological and immunological characteristics of the first 2 cases described in Spain. Anti-p200 pemphigoid shares histopathological and immunopathological findings with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, the main entity in the differential diagnosis. However, its management follows the same guidelines as those used for bullous pemphigoid. The diagnosis is confirmed by immunoblotting, which is a complex technique available in few centers. We propose the immunohistochemical detection of collagen type IV on the floor of the blister, combined with standard immunofluorescence techniques, as a simple, accessible alternative to differentiate anti-p200 pemphigoid from epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

Resumen Introduccion El carcinoma microcitico vesical (CMCV) o carcinoma de celulas pequenas es una enfermedad infrecuente, agresiva, de mal pronostico y alto poder metastasico; se presenta en edades y estadios avanzados. Presentamos nuestra casuistica evaluando su comportamiento y los tratamientos aplicados. Material y metodo Revision retrospectiva de pacientes diagnosticados de CMCV en nuestro hospital entre febrero de 1992 y febrero de 2014. Analizamos caracteristicas demograficas, clinicas y propias del tumor, los tratamientos aplicados y la supervivencia. Analisis estadistico descriptivo del seguimiento medio (SM), supervivencia global (SG) y supervivencia cancer especifica (SCE) mediante el programa SPSS version 15.0. Resultados En esos 22 anos se diagnosticaron 20 pacientes con CMCV (solo 2 mujeres), con edad media de 75 anos. El sintoma predominante fue la hematuria macroscopica (75%). Tras la RTU-V inicial y el diagnostico anatomopatologico el 35% (7 pacientes) no recibio tratamiento adicional, el 15% (3 pacientes) recibio quimiorradioterapia (QRT), el 10% (2 pacientes) RTU el 15% (3 pacientes) quimioterapia (QT) el 5% (un paciente) RTU asociada a QRT, el 5% (un paciente) cirugia radical, el 5% (un paciente) cirugia radical asociada a QRT adyuvante, el 5% (un paciente) cirugia paliativa (ligadura de arterias hipogastricas) asociada a QT adyuvante y el 5% (un paciente) radioterapia (RT) hemostatica. Con un SM de 13,8 meses, la SG fue de 14,48 meses (IC 95%: 6,22-22,75) y la SCE 18,04 meses (IC 95%: 6,51-29,57), permaneciendo unicamente 2 pacientes vivos (10%) al final del estudio. Conclusion El CMCV es una neoplasia vesical infrecuente y agresiva que se diagnostica mas frecuentemente en varones de edad y estadios avanzados, de pronostico desfavorable y escasa supervivencia. Debido a su estadio local avanzado al diagnostico la cistectomia es aplicable en muy contados casos, debiendo recurrir a un tratamiento multimodal, aun por definir.

Introduction Microcytic carcinoma of the urinary bladder or bladder small cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare entity, characterized by an aggressive behavior, with a poor prognosis, elevated metastatic potential, and is commonly found in older patients and in advanced disease stages. Here we present our experiences with the behavior of the disease and the treatments applied. Material and method This was a retrospective study on patients diagnosed with bladder SCC in our hospital between February 1992 and February 2014. We analyzed the demographic and clinical characteristics of the tumor, the applied treatments and survival. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis of the median follow-up time, overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS), using the SPSS statistical package v. 15.0. Results Over 22 years, 20 patients with an average age of 75 years were diagnosed with bladder SCC (2 female). The predominant symptom was macroscopic haematuria (75%). After the first transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder and the histological diagnosis, 35% (7 patients) did not receive additional treatment, 15% (3 patients) were treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT), 10% (2 patients) with TUR, 15% (3 patients) with chemotherapy (QT), 5% (1 patient) with TUR associated to CRT, 5% (1 patient) with radical surgery, 5% (1 patient) with radical surgery treatment followed by adjuvant CRT, 5% (1 patient) with palliative surgery (hypogastric arteriae ligation) followed by adjuvant QT and 5% (1 patient) with hemostatic radiotherapy (RT). With a median follow-up time of 13.8 months, the OS was 14.48 months (95% CI: 6.22–22.75) and the CSS 18.04 months (95% CI: 6.51–29.57). Only 10% (2 patients) survived till the end of the study. Conclusion Microcytic carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare and aggressive entity commonly diagnosed in males of advanced age and in advanced disease stages. It has a poor prognosis and reduced survival. Due to its aggressiveness previous to the initial diagnosis, a cystectomy is only possible in very few cases; therefore multimodal treatment is necessary. This treatment is yet to be defined.

Resumen Objetivos Determinar los motivos de prescripcion, caracteristicas de los pacientes y factores que influyeron en la evolucion de pacientes criticos que utilizaron micafungina (MCF) durante su estancia en UCI espanolas. Material y metodo Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y multicentrico. Se han incluido los pacientes ingresados en UCI entre marzo de 2011 y octubre de 2012 (20 meses) que recibieron MCF por cualquier motivo. La gravedad al inicio del tratamiento se midio con las escalas APACHE II, SOFA, Child-Pugh e indice MELD. Los motivos de utilizacion de MCF se clasificaron como profilaxis, tratamiento anticipado, tratamiento empirico y tratamiento dirigido. Las caracteristicas de empleo valoradas fueron dosis de carga, dosis diaria y dias de tratamiento. Los variables continuas se expresan como medias y desviacion estandar o medianas y las categoricas como porcentajes. Se realizo analisis multivariante para identificar las variables relacionadas con mortalidad intra-UCI. Resultados Se incluyeron 139 pacientes en 19 UCI espanolas con edad de 57,3 (17,1) anos, 89 (64%) hombres, con patologia quirurgica (53,2%) y/o medica (44,6%), APACHE II de 20,6 (7,7) y SOFA de 8,4 (4,3) que recibian ventilacion mecanica (84,2%), nutricion parenteral (59%), depuracion extrarrenal (37,4%) y esteroides (37,4%). MCF se indico como tratamiento empirico de una infeccion probada en 51 (36,7%) casos, como tratamiento anticipado en 50 (36%), en especial por aplicacion del Candida score (32 casos), como tratamiento dirigido de una infeccion documentada en 23 (16,5%) y finalmente como profilaxis en 15 (10,8%) casos. En 108 (77%) casos se administro una dosis/dia de 100 mg y solo en 9 casos (6,5%) dosis de carga. La duracion media del tratamiento fue de 13,1 (13) dias. Fallecieron en UCI 59 (42,4%) pacientes y 16 despues de alta (mortalidad hospitalaria del 53,9%). Los factores con riesgo independiente de mortalidad intra-UCI fueron el indice de Child-Pugh (OR 1,45: IC 95% 1,162-1,813; p = 0,001) y el indice MELD (OR 1,05; IC 95% 1,011-1,099; p = 0,014). Conclusiones MCF se administra mayoritariamente a dosis de 100 mg/dia, sin dosis de carga y en el 72,7% de los casos como tratamiento anticipado o tratamiento empirico. Los factores que mejor predicen la mortalidad fueron los indicadores de insuficiencia hepatica en el momento de iniciar el tratamiento.

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and hemodynamic performance of the 3f Enable (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, Minn) sutureless bioprosthesis in the early postoperative period. Its implantation technique was also evaluated highlighting the modifications in regard to the original technique and mistakes made throughout the learning curve. Methods This is a prospective, nonrandomized study. From February 2011 to March 2014, a total of 60 patients underwent aortic valve replacement with the 3f Enable valve at the Hospiten Rambla. All intraoperative and postoperative data were prospectively collected. Results The mean age was 81.3 ± 3.78 years. Mean logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation I was 13.78%. An associated concomitant procedure was performed in 23 patients (38.3%). The extracorporeal circulation and crossclamping times were 49.8 ± 15.7 minutes and 35.4 ± 8.9 minutes, respectively. The average stay in the intensive care unit was 34.7 hours. Mean systolic pressure gradients ranged from 8.01 mm Hg (size 19 valve) to 7.2 mm Hg (size 25 valve). Mean effective orifice area ranged from 1.9 cm 2 (size 19 valve) to 2.5 cm 2 (size 25 valve). Severe mismatch ( 2 /m 2 ) did not occur in any patient. Only 1.66% of patients had more than mild aortic insufficiency at discharge. The early (30-day) mortality was 6.6% (n = 4). Conclusions The 3f Enable bioprosthesis is an important alternative to conventional prostheses, with reduction of surgery times and good hemodynamic results on discharge. It is especially useful for high-risk patients and octogenarians. Studies on a greater number of patients and long-term follow-ups are necessary.

Resumen Las alteraciones del equilibrio acido base pueden suceder con caracter primario pero, en general, derivan de la complicacion de una enfermedad preexistente. Por ello, no es raro que una caracterizacion correcta del equilibrio acido base sea la pista fundamental para identificar un proceso causal insospechado hasta entonces. La frecuencia de estas anomalias es elevada, especialmente en pacientes hospitalizados, y su aparicion tiene claras implicaciones pronosticas.

Resumen La acidosis metabolica es un trastorno acido base que tiende a producir acidemia (descenso en el pH) por cambios primarios en la concentracion de bicarbonato. Se clasifica en normocloremica o hipercloremica segun el valor del anion gap (AG) del plasma; parametro que representa la diferencia entre las principales cargas positivas (cationes) y negativas (aniones). La causa de la acidosis metabolica debe valorarse segun la anamnesis y el contexto clinico del paciente, pero toda valoracion de acidosis debe incluir gasometria, determinacion de electrolitos, medicion de la respuesta compensatoria respiratoria, del AG y del cociente ΔAG/ΔHCO .

Resumen Las alteraciones del metabolismo del potasio son muy frecuentes en la practica clinica, con un espectro de presentacion que varia desde leve hipopotasemia asintomatica secundaria al uso de diureticos a hiperpotasemia grave con riesgo de arritmias graves o parada cardiaca. Tanto la hipopotasemia como la hiperpotasemia ocasionan una alteracion de la polarizacion de la membrana celular, dando lugar a una alteracion en la excitabilidad del corazon, tejido nervioso y del musculo liso y esqueletico. Por tanto, es esencial tanto el conocimiento de la homeostasis para poder evitar sus efectos deletereos, como el reconocimiento precoz de este trastorno electrolitico para poder instaurar rapidamente un tratamiento eficaz.

International audience; Mucous membrane pemphigoid encompasses a group of autoimmune bullous diseases with a similar phenotype characterized by subepithelial blisters, erosions, and scarring of mucous membranes, skin, or both. Although knowledge about autoimmune bullous disease is increasing, there is often a lack of clear definitions of disease, outcome measures, and therapeutic end points. With clearer definitions and outcome measures, it is possible to directly compare the results and data from various studies using meta-analyses. This consensus statement provides accurate and reproducible definitions for disease extent, activity, outcome measures, end points, and therapeutic response for mucous membrane pemphigoid and proposes a disease extent score, the Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Disease Area Index.

Resumen Objetivos Evaluar la asociacion entre indice de masa corporal (IMC) y aparicion y severidad de la ulcera por presion (UPP) en pacientes que ingresan en Unidades de Medicina Intensiva (UMI). Describir el pronostico diferencial de los pacientes con UPP y los factores que lo modifican. Material y metodos Estudio de casos y controles con observacion durante 15 meses. Se recogieron variables de situacion basal, escalas pronosticas, terapias y resultado clinico. Se realizo analisis univariante de cada variable entre casos y controles mediante el test de contraste de hipotesis adecuado en funcion de la naturaleza de las variables. Curva COR para determinar el IMC que marca la aparicion de UPP. Analisis de regresion logistica con UPP como variable dependiente y las covariables significativas a un nivel p Resultados De 1.424 pacientes, 77 desarrollaron UPP. Los casos tuvieron mayor APACHE II (p = 0,043), SAPS 3 (p = 0,023), tiempo de estancia en UMI y de VM (p Conclusiones Los pacientes con IMC ≥ 40 desarrollaron mas UPP, pero el IMC es un factor de confusion al asociar mayor tiempo de VM y depuracion extrarrenal. El diagnostico de UPP y su grado maximo no asociaron peor pronostico.

Introduction Laparoscopy has not been as widely used in hepatic surgery as in other areas due to the complexity of this type of surgery and the lack of surgical teams with experience in both fields. Material and methods The aim of this work is to present the technique used in our centre to perform left lateral sectionectomy (LLS) using laparoscopy. A total of 70 patients have been operated on using laparoscopy due to both benign and malignant liver between February 2000 and July 2010. An LLS was performed on twenty-one cases using the technique described. The surgical technique is described, highlighting aspects such as, the arrangement of the trocars, the mobilisation of the liver or hepatic transection. The morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure are analysed. Results LLS was performed on 12 women and nine men, with ages between 35 and 89 years. The mean number of lesions was 1.4 (between 1 and 4), with a mean size of 3.5 cm. The mean surgical time was 142 min (between 90 and 210). There was one conversion to laparotomy. Complications were recorded in 3 (14%) patients. There were no repeat surgery, and one patient required a transfusion. The mean hospital stay was 4.3 days. Conclusions The best techniques and the wide experience in laparoscopy have enabled this technique to become established, with a morbidity of less than 15% and zero mortality. LLS is a safe and effective technique in selected patients. The detailed description of this procedure may stimulate other surgery groups to perform this approach.

Crystal violet and chlorophenol red pH indicators were independently encapsulated into sol–gel matrices to be used as environmental humidity and acidity optical sensors, respectively. Absorption spectra of the prepared sensors were recorded before and after exposure under different controlled artificial atmospheres. Results showed the possibility to estimate the environmental relative humidity with the crystal violet-doped sensor in the range between 20 and 90%, since a colour change occurred after approximately 10 min exposure. On the other hand, the presence of environmental pollutants with acid properties, mainly SO2, was also possible to be detected by means of an optical absorption change of the chlorophenol red-doped sensor. Its response time was about 1 min. Both sensors are found to be reversible and reusable without showing optical fatigue. Consequently, the sensors are adequate for an easy and fast monitoring in one step of relative humidity and environmental acidity of engraved historical, artistic and cultural heritage assets and can help to improve the preventive conservation of this valuable legacy.

acido 2[4-(dimetil-amino) fenilazo] benzoico son capaces de cambiar su absorcion optica cuando se someten a distintas concentraciones de iones H3O+ y OH-. La respuesta de los sensores en ensayos de campo se estudio en Cracovia (Polonia) variando el procedimiento normal de uso, con el fin de mejorar su respuesta. Se midieron tanto los parametros opticos de los sensores como las condiciones ambientales (temperatura, humedad, presion y concentraciones de SO2 y de NOx). La respuesta de los sensores se analizo en terminos de los cambios de su absorcion visible. Dichos cambios se deben a reacciones locales de neutralizacion que tienen lugar en la superficie de los sensores, debido al efecto conjunto de los contaminantes de caracter acido y a la humedad ambiental. Se establecieron correlaciones entre la concentracion del contaminante principal (SO2) y la respuesta de los sensores para elaborar una calibracion directa entre la absorcion optica y el pH ambiental. Los sensores pueden detectar y evaluar la acidez ambiental, asi como alertar sobre la concentracion de contaminantes acidos que pueden danar a la mayoria de los materiales historicos.

New sol–gel based sensitive materials able to detect moderate doses of UV, Vis and near IR radiations have been designed, prepared and characterised. These glasslike detectors are respectively composed by four different sols of inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic silica matrixes. The sols were prepared from alkoxide (TEOS) and alkylalkoxide (GLYMO) precursors with molar ratios 1:0, 1:1, 1:4 and 0:1, respectively. All the sols were doped with an organic photochromic dye (spiropyran). The detectors characterisation was carried out by means of exposures to natural light under different light intensities (100–3000 lx). The highest sensitivity against the light radiation was found for sols with molar ratio TEOS:GLYMO of 1:1. The time response of detectors is found at about 10 min and their life time is roughly 4 months at least. Moreover, the detectors show good optical reversibility. These sensitive glasslike materials have been designed to be applied for preservation of historical goods. They can detect and evaluate dangerous light doses for the proper conservation conditions of historical materials, which are sensitive or moderately sensitive against light radiation (

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