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Resistance to powdery mildew is an important trait of interest in many wheat breeding programs. The information on genes conferring resistance to powdery mildew in wheat cultivars is useful in parental selection. Winter wheat breeding line DH51302 derived from Liangxing 99 and cultivar Shimai 26 derived from Jimai 22 showed identical infection patterns against 13 isolates of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) that causes wheat powdery mildew. DH51302 and Shimai 26 were crossed to a powdery mildew susceptible cultivar Zhongzuo 9504 and the F2:3 families were used in molecular localization of the resistance genes. Fourteen polymorphic markers, which were linked to Pm52 from Liangxing 99, were used to establish the genetic linkage maps for the resistance genes PmDH51302 and PmSM26 in DH51302 and Shimai 26, respectively. These genes were placed in the same genetic interval where Pm52 resides. Analysis of gene-linked molecular markers indicated that PmDH51302 and PmSM26 differed from other powdery mildew resistance genes on chromosome arm 2BL, such as Pm6, Pm33, Pm51, MlZec1, MlAB10, and Pm64. Based on the results of reaction patterns to different Bgt isolates and molecular marker localization, together with the pedigree information, DH51302 and Shimai 26 carried the same gene, Pm52, which confers their resistance to powdery mildew.

Several new stripe rust pathogen races emerged in the wheat growing regions of China in recent years. These races were virulent to most of the designated wheat seedling resistance genes. Thus, it is necessary and worthwhile to identify new valuable resistant materials for the sake of diversifying resistant sources, pyramiding different resistance genes and achieving durable resistance. Here, we identified the resistance gene, temporarily designated as YrH9017, in wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H9017-14-16-5-3. A total of 146 F2 plants and their derived F2:3 families in a cross of Mingxian 169 and H9017-14-16-5-3 were used to evaluate seedling stripe rust response and as a mapping population. Finally, we constructed a genetic map including eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. YrH9017 was located on the long arm of chromosome 2A and closely linked with two EST-sequence tagged site (EST-STS) markers BG604577 and BE471201 at 1.3 and 1.8 cM distance, respectively. The two closest markers could be used for marker-assisted selection of YrH9017 in breeding.

One of the most widely applicable and used markers considered in plant research is simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The Gy14 cucumber genome provided information for the development of SSR marker in this species which might be used in other related species additionally. We, therefore, developed genome-wide SSR markers from cucumber, which were used for genetic diversity analysis in 16 different cucurbits species and comparative mapping with melon and watermelon. A total of 2171 SSR motifs were identified from seven cucumber chromosomes. Out of them, 1749 markers belong to melon while 442 markers to watermelon. We experimentally validated 70 SSR markers to check their cross-species transferability among 16 different cucurbits species belongs to six genera. Maximum% polymorphism has been recorded for Momordica charantia (82%) followed by Momordica cochinchinesis (78.18%) and Luffa harmaphrodita (73.68%) while Benincasa hispida (49.21%) exhibited minimum% polymorphism. The large number of cucumber SSR markers developed in the present study provides a valuable resource for genetic linkage map construction, molecular mapping, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in cucumber. Furthermore, the cross-species transferable SSR markers could also be useful in various molecular markers related studies in other closely related species in the Cucurbitaceae family in which draft genomes are not yet available.

Summary Over the last several decades, plasmonic nanoparticles, in particular those of gold have been extensively employed in biological investigations due to their unique optical and physical properties as well as their safe use in the biological environment. In this review, the utility of gold nanoparticles to probe intracellular environments and reveal dynamic measurements in real-time at the single-cell level is described. The fundamental principles and their associated methodologies behind their unique interaction with light and the associated methodologies are discussed. Gold nanoparticle synthesis and functionalization with organelle-targeting ligands is also highlighted. The review ends with an outlook on the challenges and efforts that need to be taken in order to fully realize the potential of utilizing gold nanoparticles in the real-time molecular mapping of single cells.

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ( Pst ), is one of the most widespread diseases of wheat worldwide. Resistance breeding is constantly pursued for decades to tackle the variations of prevalent Pst races. Zhongliang 16 has wide adaptability, strong resistance to abiotic stresses, excellent biological characteristics, and higher resistance to stripe rust. In this study, Zhongliang 16 was crossed with a susceptible genotype, Mingxian 169, to identify the resistance gene(s). Seedlings of the parents, F 1 , F 2 , F 2:3 , and BC 1 progenies were tested for resistance with Chinese Pst race CYR29 and CYR30 in greenhouse conditions. Zhongliang 16 possessed different dominant genes for resistance to each race, temporarily designated as Yrzhong16-1 and Yrzhong16-2 . Yrzhong16-1 conferring resistance to CYR29 was flanked by Xbarc212 and Xwmc177 on the short arm of 2A at genetic distances of 5.4 and 6.6 cM; and Yrzhong16-2 conferring resistance to CYR30 was flanked by Xgwm644 and Xbarc95 on the long arm of 7B at genetic distances of 2.3 and 3.5 cM, respectively. Chromosomal locations and race and allelism tests indicated that the two genes are different from previously reported stripe rust resistance genes. These genes and their flanking markers should be useful in marker assisted selection-breeding programs against wheat stripe rust.

Leaf rust (LR), caused by Puccinia triticina , is one of the most widespread diseases of common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. The LR resistance gene LrBi16 has been mapped on chromosome arm 7BL in Chinese wheat cultivar Bimai 16 and was closely linked to SSR loci Xcfa2257 and Xgwm344 with genetic distances of 2.8 cM and 2.9 cM, respectively. In the present study, a total of 304 AFLP primer pairs were used to screen Bimai 16 and Thatcher and resistant and susceptible DNA bulks. The polymorphic AFLP marker P-ATT/M-CGC 173 bp was used to genotype F 2 and F 3 populations to identify markers more closely linked to LrBi16 . Marker P-ATT/M-CGC 173 bp was tightly linked to LrBi16 with a genetic distance of 0.5 cM. As LrBi16 was mapped near the Lr14a locus, 809 F 2 plants from the Bimai 16/RL6013 ( Lr14a ) cross were inoculated with the Pt pathotype FHNQ to test the allelism of Lr14a and LrBi16 . All of the F 2 plants were resistant to FHNQ (IT between; and 2), suggesting that Lr14a and LrBi16 are allelic.

We describe a new Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF SIMS) setup for MeV SIMS application, which is constructed and installed at the heavy ion microbeam facility at the Ruđer Boskovic Institute in Zagreb. The TOF-SIMS setup is developed for high sensitivity molecular imaging using a heavy ion microbeam that focuses ion beams (from C to I) with sub-micron resolution. Dedicated pulse processing electronics for MeV SIMS application have been developed, enabling microbeam-scanning control, incoming ion microbeam pulsing and molecular mapping. The first results showing measured MeV SIMS spectra as well as molecular maps for samples of interest are presented and discussed.

This article is part of a Special Issue Energy Balance. Over the past two decades, and in particular over the past 5–7 years, there has been a tremendous advancement in the understanding of the metabolic control of reproductive physiology. This has been in large part due to the advancement and refinement of gene targeting tools and techniques for molecular mapping. Yet despite the emergence of exciting and often times thought-provoking data through the use of new mouse models, the heavy reliance on gene targeting strategies has become fundamental in this process and thus caution must be exercised when interpreting results. This minireview article will explore the generation of new mouse models using genetic manipulation, such as viral vector delivery and the use of the Cre/loxP system, to investigate the role of circulating metabolic hormones in the coordination of reproductive physiology. In addition, we will also highlight some of the pitfalls in the use of genetic manipulation in the current paradigms. However, it has become clear that metabolic cues employ integrated and plastic neural circuits in order to modulate the neuroendocrine reproductive axis, and despite recent advances much remains to be elucidated about this circuitry.

Triticum aestivum-Hayaldia villosa translocation line V3 has shown effective all-stage resistance to the seven dominant pathotypes of Puccinia striiforms f. sp. tritici prevalent in China. To elucidate the genetic basis of the resistance, the segregating populations were developed from the cross between V3 and susceptible genotype Mingxian 169, seedlings of the parents and F_2 progeny were tested with six prevalent pathotypes, including CYR29, CYR31, CYR32-6, CYR33, Sun11-4, and Sun11-11, F_1 plants and F_3 lines were also inoculated with Sun11-11 to confirm the result further. The genetic studied results showed that the resistance of V3 against CYR29 was conferred by two dominant genes, independently, one dominant gene and one recessive gene conferring independently or a single dominant gene to confer resistance to CYR31, two complementary dominant genes conferring resistance to both CYR32-6 and Sun11-4, two independently dominant genes or three dominant genes (two of the genes show cumulative effect) conferring resistance to CYR33, a single dominant gene for resistance to Sun11-11. Resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) and simple-sequence repeat (SSR) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to the single dominant gene (temporarily designated as ＂YrV3＂) for resistance to Sun11-11. A linkage map of 2 RGAP and 7 SSR markers was constructed for the dominant gene using data from 221 F2 plants and their derived F2:3 lines tested with Sun11-11 in the greenhouse. Amplification of the complete set of nulli-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring with a RGAP marker RG1 mapped the gene on the chromosome 1B, and then the linked 7 SSR markers located this gene on the long arm of chromosome 1B. The linkage map spanned a genetic distance of 25.0 cM, the SSR markers ＂Xgwm124＂ and ＂Xcfa2147＂ closely linked to ＂YrV3＂ with genetic distances of 3.0 and 3.8 cM, respectively. Based on the linkage map, it concluded that the resistance gene ＂YrV3＂ was located on chromosome arm 1BL. Given chromosomal location, the reaction patterns and pedigree analysis, ＂YrV3＂ should be a novel gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat. These closely linked markers should be useful in stacking genes from different sources for wheat breeding and diversification of resistance genes against stripe rust.

The inheritance of tolerance to high temperature stress during the grain filling period was investigated via a QTL analysis based on 138 doubled haploid progeny of a cross between the wheat cultivars Berkut and Krichauff. Performance data were collected from three seasons, in each of which the material was planted both at the conventional time and a month later. A heat sensitivity index (HSI) was also used to monitor the effect of high temperature on grain yield, thousand grain weight, grain filling duration and canopy temperature. Using composite interval mapping, seven stable QTL were identified for HSI of traits, mapping to chromosomes 1D, 6B, 2D and 7A. Three of the QTL related to HSI of grain filling duration, two to thousand grain weight and one each to grain yield and canopy temperature. A region of chromosome 1D harbored a QTL determining HSI of both thousand grain weight and canopy temperature. The QTL analysis for the direct traits GY, TGW, GFD and CT led to detection of 22 QTLs spread over to 17 chromosomal regions. Of these 13 QTLs were shown under normal sown, while 9 under the heat stress. A QTL for TGW on chromosome 6B under normal sown co-located with HSI(TGW) QTL QHTgw.bhu-6BL. QTL × environment interactions were not observed for any of the grain filling duration associated loci.

The analysis of clinical breast samples using biomarkers is integral to current breast cancer management. Currently, a limited number of targeted therapies are standard of care in breast cancer treatment. However, these targeted therapies are only suitable for a subset of patients and resistance may occur. Strategies to prevent the occurrence of invasive lesions are required to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the development of cancer. In theory, application of targeted therapies to pre-invasive lesions will prevent their progression to invasive lesions with full malignant potential. The diagnostic challenge for pathologists is to make interpretative decisions on early detected pre-invasive lesions. Overall, only a small proportion of these pre-invasive lesions will progress to invasive carcinoma and morphological assessment is an imprecise and subjective means to differentiate histologically identical lesions with varying malignant potential. Therefore differential biomarker analysis in pre-invasive lesions may prevent overtreatment with surgery and provide a predictive indicator of response to therapy. There follows a review of established and emerging potential druggable targets in pre-invasive lesions and correlation with lesion morphology.

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) , is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To diversify stripe rust-resistant resources for wheat breeding programs, a CIMMYT synthetic wheat line CI110 was identified to be resistant to 28 isolates of Pst , including 6 Chinese prevalent races CYR28-CYR33. Genetic analysis indicated that a single dominant gene was responsible for the stripe rust resistance in CI110, temporarily designated YrC110 . A molecular map, harboring YrC110 and 9 linked SSR markers, was constructed through simple sequence repeat (SSR), and bulked segregant analysis. These linked markers and YrC110 were assigned on the short arm of chromosome 1B using the Chinese Spring nullisomic-tetrasomic and ditelosomic stocks. Gene postulation based on seedling reaction patterns to 30 Pst isolates suggested that the resistance gene YrC110 seemed different from the other known resistance genes tested, such as Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24 , and Yr26/YrCH42 . Four SSR markers Xbarc187 150 , Xgwm18 227 , Xgwm11 223 , and Xbarc240 292 distinguished YrC110 from Yr10, Yr15, Yr24 , and Yr26/YrCH42 , and could be used as diagnostic ones for YrC110 in wheat resistant breeding programs against stripe rust.

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line Tian 95HF2 shows low infection to most of current Chinese pathotypes of Puccinia triticina at seedling stage. With the objective of identifying leaf rust resistance genes in Tian 95HF2, F1 and F2 plants from a cross between resistant line Tian 95HF2 and susceptible line Zhengzhou 5389 were inoculated with pathotypes FHTT and PHTS in the greenhouse. The infection types were scored 15 d after inoculation and molecular markers were used for mapping the resistance genes. When inoculated with pathotype FHTT, only one resistance gene was detected. After screening 1274 primer pairs in the parents and the resistant and susceptible bulks, the resistance gene was located between a sequence tag site for Lr1 (WR003) and a simple sequence repeat locus Xwmc443 on chromosome arm 5DL. The genetic distances to WR003 and Xwmc443 were 2.9 cM and 3.1 cM, respectively. This resistance gene was likely to be Lr1. The segregation of infection type showed that there were 2 resistance genes in Tian 95HF2. One was inferred as Lr1, and the other was likely to be LrZH84, which is located on chromosome 1BL.

We have carried out a comprehensive molecular mapping of PG-M/versican isoforms V0-V3 in adult human tissues and have specifically investigated how the expression of these isoforms is regulated in endothelial cells in vitro. A survey of 21 representative tissues highlighted a prevalence of V1 mRNA; demonstrated that the relative frequency of expression was V1V2V3or= V2; and showed that15% of the tissues transcribed significant levels of all four isoforms. By employing novel and previously described anti-versican antibodies we verified a ubiquitous versican deposition in normal and tumor-associated vascular structures and disclosed differences in the glycanation profiles of versicans produced in different vascular beds. Resting endothelial cells isolated from different tissue sources transcribed several of the versican isoforms but consistently failed to translate these mRNAs into detectable proteoglycans. However, if stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or vascular endothelial growth factor, they altered their versican expression by de novo transcribing the V3 isoform and by exhibiting a moderate V1/V2 production. Induced versican synthesis and de novo V3 expression was also observed in endothelial cells elicited to migrate in a wound-healing model in vitro and in angiogenic endothelial cells forming tubule-like structures in Matrigel or fibrin clots. The results suggest that, independent of the degree of vascularization, human adult tissues show a limited expression of versican isoforms V0, V2, and V3 and that endothelial cells may contribute to the deposition of versican in vascular structures, but only following proper stimulation.

Molecular mapping is rapidly being extended to more species as one result of the current emphasis on genome initiatives. The choice of the population used for mapping can have important consequences on the efficiency and accessibility of the mapping information. Recombinant inbred lines offer certain advantages over other mapping populations for many species. These more or less permanent populations permit many geneticists to contribute to the mapping effort and to profit from each other's work. Recombinant inbred lines are used extensively in mouse genetics and have been used in maize to compile a detailed molecular map.