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In this chapter, the authors review the benefits of saliva and the destructive consequences of its loss. It is hoped that this will help their colleagues identify and treat patients before development of symptoms. Xerostomia is the subjective complaint of dry mouth or sensation of oral dryness. Hyposalivation is the actual decrease in measured salivary outflow. The authors discuss a compiled list of highly cited medications commonly used today that are linked with xerostomia and hyposalivation. There are numerous treatment modalities that are present, such as saliva substitutes, mouth rinses, sugar-free candy, and pilocarpine among others.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:41:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Purpose: This study assessed whether caffeine mouth rinsing affects 10-km run performance and vertical jump in recreational runners. Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted. Ten well-trained volunteers performed two trials, following caffeine or placebo mouth rinse, separated by seven days. Immediately before the 10-km run, a 10-second mouth rinse with either 300 mg of caffeine (1.2%) or microcrystalline cellulose (placebo) diluted in 25 mL of water was performed. Pre- and post-exercise, participants performed a vertical jump test. A Garmin Forerunner (R) GPS, was used to measure 10-km running time and an 11-point Borg scale was used post-exercise to measure ratings of perceived exertion. Blood samples were also collected during the visit in the laboratory in the afternoon period to classify individuals according to their CYP1A2 genotype. Vertical jump performance was evaluated using a force plate. Results: Nine runners (90%) were CC homozygotes and one (10%) was an AC heterozygote for CYP1A2. There was no difference in 10-km time-trial performance (Placebo: 47.07 +/- 5.18 vs. CAF: 47.45 +/- 6.34 min, p = 0.89), ratings of perceived exertion (Placebo: 17 +/- 1 vs. CAF: 16 +/- 2, p = 0.34) or vertical jump power (Placebo, Pre: 4.5 +/- 0.6 W.kg-1 and Post: 4.5 +/- 0.7 W.kg-1; CAF: Pre: 4.4 +/- 0.7 W.kg-1 and Post: 4.4 +/- 0.8 W.kg-1, d = 0.21, p = 0.66) between trials. Conclusion: Acute caffeine mouth rinsing (1.2%) did not improve 10-km performance and showed similar null effects on vertical jump performance in CYP1A2 C-allele carriers. (C) 2021 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Univ Fed Goias, Fac Nutr, Clin & Sports Nutr Res Lab, Goiania, Go, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Phys Educ, Exercise & Immunometab Res Grp, Presidente Prudente, Brazil Univ Fed Goias, Inst Biol Sci, Goiania, Go, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med FMUSP, Sch Phys Educ & Sport, Appl Physiol & Nutr Res Grp,Rheumatol Div, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med FMUSP, Inst Orthoped & Traumatol, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Phys Educ, Exercise & Immunometab Res Grp, Presidente Prudente, Brazil FAPESP: 2016/50438-0

Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate solution has been suggested as a means to enhance aspects of both physical and cognitive performance. However, evidence in support of these assertions is relatively weak. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a carbohydrate mouth rinse solution on motor speed, inhibition, and sustained attention as indexed by both behavioral and neuroelectric measures. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects crossover design, 50 college-aged young adults performed a battery of cognitive tasks both before and after rinsing their mouth for 10 s with 20 mL of either a carbohydrate mouth rinse solution or a sensory-matched placebo control solution. A simple tapping task was used as a measure of motor speed, a modified Eriksen flanker task was used to index inhibition, and a rapid visual information processing task was used as a measure of sustained attention. Participants demonstrated longer reaction times in the Flanker task after rinsing their mouths with the carbohydrate mouth rinse, relative to pretest. No differences in reaction time were observed for the placebo control condition. P3 latency in the Flanker task as an index of attentional processing speed was shorter at posttest than at pretest in the placebo control – but not the carbohydrate mouth rinse – condition. These results suggest that despite claims of cognitive enhancement, carbohydrate mouth rinses do not appear to alter motor speed, inhibition, or sustained attention as compared to a placebo control in non-physically-fatigued college-aged adults.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of two types of mouth rinse sprays (Periogard and Plax) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on toothbrush bristles used by children. Methods: An experimental comparative study was performed. The sample included 60 children aged 6–8 years with high caries index. Children were divided randomly into 3 groups (20 each) according to materials applied on toothbrush. Each group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups A and B (10 each) according to the laboratory standards for processing microbiological specimens. Each toothbrush was placed in phosphate buffered saline, vortexed then serially diluted. Mitis salivarius bacitracin (MSB) agar plates were inoculated and incubated for 48 h. S. mutans colonies were identified by morphology, gram stain and biochemical tests. Results: Statistically, significant difference was observed between the three groups either when toothbrushes were processed immediately or when processed after 24 h. Group I showed highest bacterial count followed by group III whereas group II showed least bacterial count. Bacterial counts were significantly decreased by time in group I and group III while in group II no significant decrease as both subgroups showed very low bacterial count. Conclusions: Although both mouth rinses were effective against S. mutans toothbrush contamination, chlorhexidine gluconate proved to be better. Keywords: Mouth rinse sprays, Streptococcus mutans, Toothbrush, Children, Chlohexidine gluconate

Introduction Streptococcus mutans is the prime microbe responsible for caries. Mouthwashes represent an effective means for decreasing their count. To ascertain this, three commercially available mouthrinses were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Materials and method Chlorhexidine, Sodium fluoride and Herbal mouth rinse were evaluated for their efficacy against S. mutans in 60 children aged 6–12 years old. Plain water acted as the control group. Results The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. ANOVA test, student-t test and paired t-test were used for evaluation. Chlorhexidine and fluoride showed statistically significant reduction in S. mutans count as compared to herbal rinse. Conclusion All the mouthrinses used in the present study have shown a definite decline in S. mutans count.

Routine brushing protocols might not suffice to reduce the increased plaque accumulation in orthodontic patients. Antimicrobial mouth rinses are favorable in this regard. This two-phase study evaluated the effects of orthodontic treatment and the application of two mouthwashes not studied before on oral health indices.In this two-phase study (a prospective cohort followed by a parallel randomized controlled trial), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and pocket probing depth (PPD) were measured in 54 orthodontic patients before orthodontic treatment and 4 months later. Then patients were randomized into three groups of mouthrinses: Persica (herbal), Ortho-Kin (containing diluted chlorhexidine), and Placebo (n=18×3). The effects of orthodontic treatment and mouthrinses were analyzed statistically (α=0.05).All the 4 indices increased between the baseline and 4th month of treatment (P values0.01, paired t-test). They decreased back to baseline levels or below them, after one month of mouthwash application (P values0.002). Both mouthwashes showed therapeutic effects compared to placebo in terms of PI and GBI. In the case of GI, only Persica showed significantly better results compared to placebo. Regarding PPD, only Ortho-Kin acted better than placebo (P values≤0.05, Tukey).Lack of positive control (regular chlorhexidine mouth rinse) and negative control (a group with no mouthwashes, even without the placebo). Lack of sample size predetermination based on a priori power calculations. The difference between the regime of Persica with that of Ortho-Kin and placebo (which had similar application protocols) disallowed perfectly effective blinding of the patients (hence, single-blind).Fixed orthodontic treatment might disrupt gingival health. Antimicrobial mouthwashes might reverse this. Both evaluated mouthwashes might have therapeutic effects.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Mouth rinses are known to stain tooth surfaces. However, their staining effect on different ceramics after prolonged use and the effect of polishing after staining are still unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the stainability of different ceramic materials against different mouth rinses and the effect of polishing on staining. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty disk-shaped specimens were prepared from each material (total of 160 specimens): lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD), zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate (VITA SUPRINITY PC), leucite-reinforced feldspar (GC Initial LRF), and resin matrix ceramic (CERASMART). Baseline color measurements (T0) were recorded with a clinical spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade V). The specimens were immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) 0.2% mouth rinse (Klorhex), (KLO) chlorhexidine gluconate 0.1% mouth rinse (Eludril) (ELU), a daily mouth rinse (LISTERINE Cool Mint) (LIS), artificial saliva (CON) continuously for 7 days (T1), 14 days (T2), and 28 days (T3). Discoloration values (ΔE) between the immersion time points (T0,T1,T2,T3) were calculated by using the following formula: ΔE= ([ΔL∗]2 + [Δa∗]2 + [Δb∗]2)1/2. After the immersion process, specimens were polished and ΔE values remeasured. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed (α=.05) and were adjusted by postanalysis Bonferroni testing. RESULTS KLO caused the highest ΔE values in all groups. IPS e.max CAD had the lowest ΔE values, and CERASMART showed the highest ΔE values against all of the solutions (P

Introduction Mouthrinses play an important role as adjuncts in the prevention of dental caries. In recent times, there has been an increase in the use of naturally occurring products. Aims To determine the effect of extracts prepared using neem and mango twigs on Streptococcus mutans count in vitro and to assess the effect of mouthrinse prepared using the extracts on the salivary S. mutans count in children. Materials and Methods The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for neem and mango extracts on S. mutans were evaluated. The effective MICs were used to prepare the respective neem and mango mouthrinses which was given to 90 children, 8–13 years of age for a period of 21 days. The effectiveness of the prepared mouth rinses were compared to chlorhexidine in a three arm double blind randomised controlled trial. The salivary S. mutans count was assessed at baseline, 7th day and 21st day. Results The MIC achieved was at 25 % concentrations with both the extracts. There was a statistically significant reduction in salivary S. mutans count in all the three study groups after 21 days. (P Conclusions Neem and Mango mouthrinses could be used as an effective alternative to chlorhexidine in children.

The sense of taste enables evaluation of food and is an important regulator of food consumption. In general, sweet is an attractive taste modality that leads to ingestion of nutritive food, while sour and bitter are aversive taste modalities that lead to avoidance of spoiled and toxic food. Recent studies suggest inter-connections between taste, emotion and cognition. Here we test the potential effects of two prototypical taste modalities, bitter and sweet, on emotions and on generalized avoidance behaviors, such as risk aversion and mistrust. Three experiments included over 250 participants who tasted, without swallowing, one of the following stimuli: water control, quinine solution, sucrose solution, quinine-sucrose mixture solution, or propylthiouracil (PROP) solution. The participants had to identify the taste, rank its intensity, perform seemingly unrelated behavioral tasks, and fill a PANAS mood questionnaire. Our results indicate that oral exposure to bitter compounds negatively correlates with mood scores; that the effect depends on perceiving the solution as bitter; that bitter mouth rinse can lower PANAS mood score and that there is a potential asymmetry in the effects of bitter and sweet taste modalities on mood.

SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, has caused a worldwide spread of COVID-19 mainly by coughing, sneezing, droplet inhalation, and contact Studies have found vir

OBJECTIVE To assess the in vivo amount of BPA released from a visible light-cured orthodontic adhesive, immediately after bracket bonding. METHODS 20 orthodontic patients were recruited after obtaining informed consent. All patients received 24 orthodontic brackets in both dental arches. In Group A (11 patients), 25 ml of tap water were used for mouth rinsing, whereas in Group B (9 patients) a simulated mouth rinse formulation was used: a mixture of 20 ml de-ionized water plus 5 ml absolute ethanol. Rinsing solutions were collected before, immediately after placing the orthodontic appliances and after washing out the oral cavity and were then stored in glass tubes. Rinsing was performed in a single phase for 60s with the entire volume of each liquid. The BPA analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS An increase in BPA concentration immediately after the 1st post-bonding rinse was observed, for both rinsing media, which was reduced after the 2nd post-bonding rinse. Water exhibited higher levels of BPA concentration than water/ethanol after 1st and 2nd post-bonding rinses. Two-way mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA showed that the primary null hypothesis declaring mean BPA concentration to be equal across rinsing medium and rinsing status was rejected (p-value

Initial acts of self-control have repeatedly been shown to reduce individuals’ performance on a consecutive self-control task. In addition, sugar containing drinks have been demonstrated to counteract this so-called ego-depletion effect, both when being ingested and when merely being sensed in the oral cavity. However, since the underlying evidence is less compelling than suggested, replications are crucially required. In Experiment 1, 70 participants consumed a drink containing either sugar or a non-caloric sweetener between two administrations of delay-discounting tasks. Experiment 2 (N = 115) was designed to unravel the psychological function of oral glucose sensing by manipulating the temporal delay between a glucose mouth rinse and the administration of the consecutive self-control task. Despite applying powerful research designs, no effect of sugar sensing or ingestion on ego depletion could be detected. These findings add to previous challenges of the glucose model of self-control and highlight the need for independent replications.

Systematic evaluation of plant extracts and their combinations offers new insights into the development of innovative drugs from plants. The authors evaluated the antiplaque and antimicrobial efficacy of a polyherbal mouth rinse, using 0.2% chlorhexidine as positive and saline based mouth rinse as negative controls among adult human volunteers. Thirty eligible adult human volunteers were recruited and pre intervention prophylaxis was carried out to reduce their plaque scores to zero. Participants were randomly assigned to three different categories and given coded mouth rinse bottles containing either saline, a poly herbal mouth rinse containing Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii Linn Sprengel, Eucalyptus hybrid, and Psidium Guajava combined extracts at 1%, or 0.2% chlorhexidine. Participants were requested to use 10 ml of their assigned mouth rinse twice a day and refrain from oral hygiene practices for four days. On the fifth day following intervention, plaque buildup was assessed by a blinded investigator and supragingival plaque samples were collected. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected before and 60 min after mouth rinsing. Plaque samples were used in microbial assay, while saliva samples were used for assessing change in salivary pH. Post intervention plaque build-up, S. mutans and total viable counts were significantly higher in saline users compared to others, with no difference in salivary flow and pH. However, the difference between the polyherbal and chlorhexidine groups was not statistically significant. The authors conclude that the polyherbal mouth rinse merits further investigation as a potential alternative to chlorhexidine for preventing and controlling dental caries and plaque induced dental diseases.

Medicinal plants represent important therapeutic resources to health restoration, including the use of herbal products in the mouth conditions treatment. A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of mouth rinse with pomegranate and chamomile plant extracts, against chlorhexidine 0.12% in the gingiva bleeding condition. The mouth rinses with the herbal products were effective for this case, showing thus, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties similar to that of chlorhexidine 0.12%.

Cross-cultural differences exist in the typical temperature of water served with meals. North American people typically drink iced water/beverages while eating, whereas European or Asian people show a preference for room temperature water or hot water/tea, respectively. It has been reported that food perception and acceptance are influenced by oral temperature, as well as by serving temperature of food. Based on the fact that the iced or hot water served with meals can alter the oral temperature, the present study aimed to determine whether the temperature of served water can affect the sensory perception and acceptance of food subsequently consumed. Following a mouth rinse with water served at 4, 20, and 50 °C for 5 s, two different types of food, dark chocolate and cheddar cheese, were evaluated in terms of sensory intensity and overall liking. For the dark chocolate, the intensity ratings for sweetness, chocolate flavor, and creaminess were significantly lower when following water at 4 °C than when following water at either 20 or 50 °C. However, the modulatory effect of water temperature on sensory perception was not obtained with cheddar cheese. In addition, the temperature of served water altered the acceptance for the foods subsequently presented. Specifically, the overall liking for the dark chocolate was significantly lower when following water at 4 °C than when following water at either 20 or 50 °C. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates new empirical evidence that the consumption of iced water can decrease perceived intensities of sweetness, chocolate flavor, and creaminess for subsequently consumed chocolate. Our findings may provide one of plausible answers to the question of why North American people, who are more used to drinking iced water, show a strong preference for more highly sweetened foods.

Objectives The aims were to compare self-perceived with clinical oral malodor and to examine risk factors of oral malodor. Study Design The study was performed on 565 dental patients. Information on sociodemographics, dental health behavior, and self-perceived oral malodor was collected. Clinical oral malodor, oral health status, and the proteolytic activity of the N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-napthilamide (BANA) test in tongue coating were assessed. Results The sensitivity and specificity of self-perceived oral malodor were 47.2% and 59.2%, respectively. Risk factors for self-perceived oral malodor were smoking habit and alcohol consumption, whereas those for clinical oral malodor were level of education, dental visit frequency, tongue-brushing frequency, mouth rinse use, deep periodontal pockets, gingivitis, tongue coating, and a high BANA test score. Conclusions Self-perception was considered an invalid method of judging one's own oral malodor. Factors related to self-perceived oral malodor were different from those found in clinical oral malodor.

Objectives: To test the short term clinical effectiveness of commercially available 0.07%.cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment as compared to a placebo mouth rinse and patients using toothbrush and toothpaste. Method: Forty-five subjects for this double blind study were assigned randomly into three groups of 15 each. Gingival inflammation, plaque accumulation, and bleeding on probing, were recorded at baseline (10 days after prophylaxis), and at the end of one month in all the three groups and compared. Results: Paired t test showed significant differences in bleeding index for pre and post treatment recordings for cetylpyridinium group. Modified gingival index showed no significant difference in the cetylpyridinium group. For plaque index significant difference was found for cetylpyridinium and control groups. Conclusion: Cetylpyridinium mouth rinse 0.7% was found to be effective in reducing the bleeding and plaque index scores. It was not effective in reducing the modified gingival index scores. Cetylpyridinium mouth rinse 0.07% improves the oral hygiene of orthodontic patients when used as an adjunct to normal oral hygiene measures. Keywords: Cetylpyridinium chloride, Fixed orthodontics, Gingival index, Placebo, Control group

Introduction Effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse solutions on torsional properties of a miniscrew implant were investigated. Methods As-received Ti-6Al-4V miniscrew implants (AbsoAnchor [Dentos, Inc., Daigu, Korea]) were immersed in 0.1% or 0.2% NaF mouth rinse solution (pH 5.12 and 5.14, respectively) for 1 hour or 24 hours. Miniscrew implants selected as controls were not immersed. Each implant was subjected to increasing torque until fracture (n = 5 in sample groups). Mean moment and twist angle for fracture were compared using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Surfaces of implants after immersion were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electron microprobe and micro-x-ray diffraction analyses were performed to obtain composition information about deposits on implant surfaces. Results Pits and cracks formed on the implant surfaces after immersion in both NaF mouth rinse solutions. Corrosion products, probably sodium aluminum fluoride (Na3AlF6), were observed on the implants after immersion in both NaF solutions for both time periods. There were no significant differences for mean torque (P = 0.063) and twist angle (P = 0.696) at fracture compared with control implants. Conclusions Although titanium alloy miniscrew implants corroded slightly from immersion in 0.1% or 0.2% NaF solutions, mouth rinsing by patients with the same fluoride solution concentrations should not cause deterioration of their torsional performance.

Objective The purpose of this study was to find the most effective fluoride recharging protocol for orthodontic adhesives. Methods Five orthodontic adhesives were used: a non-fluoride-releasing composite, a fluoride-releasing composite, a polyacid-modified composite (compomer), and two resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs). Each specimen was placed into deionized water (DW) and the initial fluoride ion release was measured for 2 months. Each specimen was then subjected to four different treatments to simulate a fluoride recharge: 1000 ppm NaF solution, acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF), fluoride-containing dentifrice and DW (control). After topical fluoride treatment, each specimen was submitted to fluoride re-release tests. Results Fluoride-containing adhesives initially showed higher rates of fluoride ion release, but significantly declined to lower levels. The overall cumulative fluoride ion release during the initial period was RMGICs > compomer > fluoride-containing composite > non-fluoride-releasing composite. After topical fluoride treatment, the amount of fluoride ion re-released was proportional to the amount of fluoride ion previously released from the adhesives. However, the amount of fluoride ions released only lasted for 2 days and then returned to the levels before fluoride application. The overall cumulative fluoride ion re-release according to the fluoride treatments was APF and NaF solution > dentifrice. Conclusion This study suggests that using the combination of RMGICs and a fluoride-containing mouth rinse solution is the most effective protocol for long-term fluoride re-release from orthodontic adhesives, given the difficulty of routine use of APF at home, although all topical fluoride treatments can recharge fluoride ion in adhesives.

Aim Mouth rinses containing enzymes are designed for patients suffering from xerostomia. The objective of the present in situ study was to investigate the efficacy of these rinses for targeted accumulation and immobilisation of protective enzymes in the acquired pellicle. Methods A number of six healthy subjects carried bovine enamel slabs fixed on individual upper jaw splints for pellicle formation in situ. After 1 min, they rinsed with biotene or BioXtra for 10 min, respectively. Enzyme activities of lysozyme, peroxidase and glucoseoxidase in the in situ pellicle and in the saliva were assayed before as well as 0, 20 and 40 min after the rinses. The assays for the respective enzyme activities were based on fluorogenic substrates. Separate experiments were performed for the different enzymes and mouth rinses, respectively. Statistical evaluation was carried out with the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results None of the investigated rinses had any significant impact on the activities of lysozyme, peroxidase and glucoseoxidase detectable in the in situ pellicle or in the saliva (Kruskal–Wallis test, p > 0.05). Despite the fact that both products should contain lactoperoxidase activity according to manufacturers’ instructions, no peroxidase activity was measurable in the pure mouth rinses. Conclusion With the tested enzymatic mouth rinses targeted accumulation and immobilisation of protective enzymes in the in situ pellicle did not seem possible.

Poor oral hygiene and sugar/pop consumption practices are detrimental to one's overall health. College women were hypothesized to have better oral hygiene habits and to consume less sugar/pop than men and that the students' habits would be different from those the students had before college. These habits of students at a Midwestern university were evaluated by sex. The volunteers included 105 men and 91 women. Three quarters of the students reported brushing their teeth at least the recommended twice daily, with women brushing their teeth more often. About a third of the students flossed at least the recommended once daily. Not quite a third of the students reported brushing and flossing their teeth more often than they did before college. More than a third reported using mouth rinses 4 or more times weekly, with 13% reporting using a fluoride-containing mouth rinse. More than 60% reported using fluoride-containing toothpaste. Slightly more than a third reported drinking fluoridated water in their younger years. A larger percentage of women than men reported that diet pop was their pop of choice. More than two thirds of the students that drank pop indicated that regular pop was their favorite. Most of the students reported consuming sugary foods more than once daily, but they indicated that most of these sugars were not sticky. Few differences were observed in oral hygiene and sugar/pop consumption habits of these college students by sex. Nutritionists and other health professionals should work cooperatively in helping individuals improve their oral hygiene and sugar/pop consumption habits.

Objectives The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the efficacy of various experimental tin- and fluoride-containing mouth rinses with stepwise reduced concentrations of the active agents on erosion progression in enamel. Methods Human enamel specimens were subjected to a cyclic demineralisation and remineralisation procedure for 10 days with 6 demineralisation periods per day, 5 min each. Erosive demineralisation was performed with 0.05 M citric acid (pH 2.3). Except in the control groups, the specimens were treated for 2 min with experimental mouth rinses after the first and sixth demineralisations. The tin concentrations ranged between 800 and 2800 ppm, and fluoride concentrations of 500 and 250 ppm were used. All preparations were adjusted to pH 4.5. As positive control, a commercially available, tin-containing mouth rinse was used (pH 4.2, 409 ppm Sn 2+ , 250 ppm F − ). Tissue loss was determined profilometrically. Results and conclusion As expected, the highest tissue loss was found in the negative control group. All experimental mouth rinses were able to reduce tissue loss significantly ( p ≤ 0.001). The best reduction was achieved by the 2800 ppm Sn 2+ , 500 ppm F − solution (80%). The lowest reduction was achieved by the 800 ppm Sn 2+ , 250 ppm F − solution (54%). Amongst the 500 ppm F − solutions, in the Sn 2+ concentration range of 2800–800 ppm, only small differences in efficacy were observed, meaning that the tin concentration can probably be reduced without losing efficacy. This factor is particularly important if one regards the possible clinical applicability of such mouth rinses.

Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) has been used to measure tooth stain in vitro; however the current analysis method cannot be used in vivo, as it requires regions of interest to be surrounded by unstained tissue. In this study, an algorithm was developed to detect stain on QLF images of teeth captured in vivo. It uses convex hulls to reconstruct an image of the tooth, without stain, based on clean areas of the image, and subtracts the captured image from the reconstruction to find areas darkened by stain. A tooth outline (mask) must be provided to guide the reconstruction. Three versions of the algorithm are tested on images taken during a stain development study, using a range of values for the threshold parameter. The stain employed was produced using Chlorhexidine mouth rinse. The software output correlates well with manual scoring (Pearson's>0.7; p

Objective This paper was designed to confirm the efficacy of chewing carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCTS)-containing gum in suppressing the growth of oral bacteria when compared to a CMCTS-containing mouth rinse. Methods Fourteen healthy subjects were recruited from among the staff and students of Qingdao University Dentistry Department. Before the experiments saliva was collected from all subjects and bacteria counts determined. For the gum study, the subjects chewed CMCTS-containing gum for 5 min and then rested for 5 min. When testing the CMCTS mouth rinse, the subjects gargled with 10 mL of solution for 30 s, followed by resting for 9min 30 s. These protocols were repeated five times over a 50 min period on the same day. Post-experiment saliva samples were then collected at the following times: 0, 30 and 60 min. Results Chewing gum containing CMCTS or rinsing with a CMCTS-containing rinse significantly decreased oral bacteria counts. The total bacteria counts, total Streptococci counts, and mutans streptococci counts of saliva from subjects who chewed CMCTS-containing gum were significantly lower than saliva from subjects in the rinse group in all three sampling periods, except in the case of the total bacteria count in the 60 min samples. Conclusion CMCTS-containing gum chewing has a greater antibacterial effect than using a CMCTS-containing mouth rinse. The present findings strongly indicate that the application of natural materials such as chitosan and its derivatives is useful for better oral health.

Decalcifications in the form of white spot lesions appear frequently in orthodontic patients as small lines along the bracket periphery and in a few patients as large decalcifications with or without cavitations. Improper oral hygiene around the appliance induces a low resting pH plaque that may reduce the cariostatic properties of fluoride therapy. Optimal oral hygiene and daily use of a fluoride toothpaste and mouth rinse are essential and have a synergistic effect. Recent advances in fluoride research have shown that fluoride agents like stannous fluoride and titanium fluoride deposit reservoirs on the tooth surface that may resist even low pH and severe caries challenges.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Use of alcohol-free antimicrobial mouth rinse is associated with decreased incidence of preterm birth in a high risk population. Jeffcoat M, Parry S, Gerlach RW, Doyle MJ. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011:205:382.e1-6. Epub 2011 Jul 20. Reviewer David P. Cappelli, DMD, MPH, PhD Purpose/Question To determine if treatment of periodontal disease during pregnancy with an alcohol-free antimicrobial mouth rinse containing 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) affects the incidence of preterm birth (PTB) in a high-risk population Source of Funding Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio (educational grant) Type of Study/Design Controlled clinical trial Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable

White demineralized areas after the removal of orthodontic appliances remain a problem for clinicians and patients. The main objective of this study is to assess clinical photography as a method for the evaluation of caries and white spots and the in vivo study of remineralization of carious lesions. The secondary objective was to compare the effect of different levels of both experimental and commercial fluoride solutions on the remineralization of enamel carious lesions. White spot lesions were created with an acid solution on extracted permanent human teeth, and the lesions were remineralized in remineralizing solutions with or without fluoride ions. The changes in the enamel surface during the demineralization and the remineralization processes were recorded with a 35 mm clinical camera. Photographs were taken of the experimentally created white spots, the samples were sectioned for microradiography testing, and the actual mineral contents of the white spot lesions were calculated from the microradiographs. The enamel lesions were further analyzed by powder x-ray diffraction to confirm whether fluoride was incorporated into the lesions during the remineralization period. From this experiment it can be concluded: (1) clinical photography as currently practiced is not an adequate method of monitoring the remineralization of white spots with large lesion depths and (2) the experimental solution that contains 50 ppm fluoride had a higher efficacy for remineralization than the control solution or the commercial mouth rinse, which contained 225 ppm fluoride.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information A Meta-Analysis of Six-Month Studies of Antiplaque and Antigingivitis Agents Gunsolley JC. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(12):1649-57 Level of Evidence 1 Strength of Recommendation A Purpose/Question Evaluate the efficacy of dentifrices and mouthrinses as antigingivitis and antiplaque agents in adults. Source of Funding Supported in part by a grant from Pfizer. Type of Study/Design Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of 6-Month RCT that Evaluated Both the Antiplaque and Antigingivitis Properties of Dentifrices or Mouth Rinses in Adults

The oral retention of chlorhexidine-digluconate from rinsing solutions of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 per cent was measured by means of [ 24 C]-chlorhexidine. Corrections were made for the fraction swallowed by the use of [ 51 Cr]-EDTA. The retention was essentially proportional to the concentration, with a slight deviation towards less retention at the 0.4 per cent concentration. Approximately half of the chlorhexidine retained after a 60-sec rinse was retained within the first 15 sec, and about 75 per cent within 30 sec. Increasing the temperature of the rinsing solution from 22 to 60 °C had little effect on retention. Increasing the pH of the rinsing solution from 6.4 to 9.0 did not change the retention. At pH 3.0 and 1.5 the retention was less than half of that at pH 6.4.

The oral retention of chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (a component of cetrimide) was measured by means of 14C-labelled compounds in 7 subjects after 10-ml 2.2 mM mouth rinses for 1 min. The oral retention of chlorhexidine was 32 ± 6 per cent, of cetylpyridinium chloride 65 ± 5 per cent and of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide 70 ± 7 per cent of the administered dose. The salivary concentration was measured after similar mouth rinses in 3 subjects and calculated according to the 14C-activity of saliva samples from 0.5 to 24 h after the rinsing. Although the concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compounds were usually higher than those of chlorhexidine shortly after rinsing, their concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those of chlorhexidine from 4 h and onwards. The plaque-inhibiting effect was assessed in subjects who rinsed with 2.2 mM test solutions twice daily for 3 days, using sucrose rinses to provoke plaque formation. The plaque-inhibiting effect of the quaternary ammonium compounds was also tested when used in a mouth rinse four times daily. A moderate degree of plaque inhibition was obtained when the quaternary ammonium compounds were used twice daily. When the frequency was increased to four times daily, the plaque-inhibiting effect of the quaternary ammonium compounds seemed to approach that of chlorhexidine.

Eight healthy male volunteers received 16 doses of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets (0.4 mg). After 8 minutes, each subject rinsed out his mouth to halt the drug absorption process. The mouth rinses were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography for residual nitroglycerin content. Each subject also received intravenous infusions of nitroglycerin so that the absolute bioavailability could be evaluated. Plasma nitroglycerin concentrations were determined using a specific and sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method capable of quantifying 25 pg/ml of nitroglycerin. The mean bioavailability (+/- standard deviation) of sublingual nitroglycerin, estimated from plasma concentrations, was 36.2 +/- 24.9% (range 2.6 to 113%). The amount of drug not absorbed after 8 minutes, as determined from the analysis of the mouth rinses, varied from 2.7 to 65.8% (mean 31.4 +/- 18.9%) of the administered sublingual dose. Mean nitroglycerin peak concentrations of 1.89 +/- 1.64 ng/ml were obtained at a mean peak time of 5.3 +/- 2.3 minutes. Thus, sublingual absorption is not instantaneous and can be relatively slow, with peak times of as long as 10 minutes. These data indicate that nitroglycerin pharmacokinetic values should not be estimated only from sublingual doses. Additionally, attempts to correlate pharmacodynamic measurements to sublingual doses must take into account the low and variable bioavailability and the potentially long peak times after sublingual nitroglycerin administration to patients.

Acid production from glucose and sorbitol in dental plaque suspensions and the pH changes in dental plaque in vivo after mouth rinses with 10 per cent solutions of glucose and sorbitol were studied before and after 4–6 weeks of frequent daily mouth rinses with sorbitol in 18 subjects. The mean acid production from sorbitol, in per cent of that from glucose, increased about 21 per cent (p

Eighteen leukemic patients were examined for the presence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity. Fifteen patients were found to be Candida "carriers." Nine of the patients were put on a chlorhexidine mouth rinse regimen. Although chlorhexidine was clearly fungicidal in vitro, no decrease in Candida titer was obtained with the mouth rinse. The ineffectiveness of the drug in vivo might be due to the specific location of Candida organisms in the oral mucosa.

Defects in complete denture impressions resulting from the effect of palatal mucus secretion were discussed. Various methods for minimizing the defects were reviewed. A method requiring the administration of an antisialogogue in conjunction with mouth rinses and gauze packs was presented. The combination procedure minimizes effectively the defects due to mucus secretions by: (1) suppressing ordinary secretion (Pro-Banthine and ice water), and (2) removal of excess mucus secretions from the oral cavity with an astringent mouthwash.

After a mouth rinse or ingestion of a sucrose solution the resulting rapid stimulation of salivary secretion is accompanied by a slight increase in the salivary calcium, whereas the inorganic phosphorus simultaneously decreases significantly. The pH of the saliva at the same time is almost unchanged. In vitro studies show that the uptake of radio-phosphorus by the plaque microorganisms from the saliva is significantly increased by sucrose if the pH is kept about neutral by means of an extra buffer; without the buffer the rise is not significant.

Two groups of fifty young male subjects rinsed their mouths once daily for 5 days with 15 ml. of a prescribed liquid mouthwash. Group I received a placebo and Group II received a new antibacterial agent, 0.035 per cent Alexidine with 18 per cent alcohol. Plaque scores were recorded for pretreatment and posttreatment examinations, and their incremental difference was tested for significance. The treatment group's improvement was statistically significant. There was no statistical difference in plaque reductions between those teeth receiving a prophylaxis and those left with preformed plaque. Carry-over effect after cessation of treatment was not significant.

The effect of the antiplaque agent QR-711 on the existing plaque has been investigated in sixteen subjects. As determined by three methods, plaque deposits, following 5 days' rinsing with QR-711, have been reduced by 47.3 to 63.3 per cent. The reductions and correlations between methods have been shown to be statistically significant.

Saliva at four buccal sites [between the upper (UC) and lower (LC) central incisors, and between the upper (UM) and lower (LM) second premolar and first molar], and also whole saliva, was collected from 10 subjects at 0.5, 2.5, 5.5 and 10.5 min after a rinse with 10 ml of 0.3 mol/l sucrose solution. After 0.5 min, unstimulated salivary flow rate was inversely correlated with sucrose concentration in whole saliva (p less than 0.05). Sucrose concentration decreased faster at LC than at other sites. Sucrose dilution at UC and LC was inversely correlated (p less than 0.05) with salivary flow rate at times after 0.5 min. At 10.5 min, the sucrose concentration at all sites was significantly correlated (p less than 0.05) with the salivary flow rate.

Cariogenic substances such as foodstuffs are treated to incorporate a soluble source of calcium or phosphate ions to provide a product of calcium and phosphate ion concentrations in fluids of salivary retention areas preclusive of carious dissolution of dental enamel. In non-aqueous foodstuffs, the calcium or phosphate ion source should be at least as rapidly soluble as cariogenic, e.g., carbohydrate, components therein. Also provided are mouth rinse solutions comprising a soluble source of calcium or phosphate ions and an osmotically active agent effective in delivering such ions to fluids trapped in salivary retention areas.