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Apparently healthy mares with conception failure or embryonic loss may have subclinical endometritis (SE). Our objective was to document evidence of systemic immune responses against SE in mares. In apparently healthy (control) mares as well as those with chronic endometritis (ChE) or subacute suppurative endometritis (SSE), both considered classes of SE, serum concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), chemokines (IL-8), acute phase protein (SAA), and plasma concentrations of prostaglandins (PGF2α and PGE2) were measured using validated enzyme linked immunoassays (EIA). Mixed-breed mares of known reproductive history, were used. Based on an endometrial cytological examination, mares were allocated into the following groups: healthy (control), ChE, and SSE (12, 26 and 11 mares, respectively). Serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 and plasma PGF2α concentrations were increased (P

A total of 138 pairs of slaughterhouse ovaries were collected from pregnant (n = 46) and non-pregnant (n = 92) she-camels. Oocytes (n = 150) and related granulosa cells (GCs) were retrieved from the growing follicles (3–8 mm) to study the effect of pregnancy status on the expression pattern of genes regulating follicles population and follicular fluid (FF) levels of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4). The mRNA fold changes of STAR, PTEN, and BCL2 genes were greater (p

The dynamic changes across pregnancy affect sleep and wakefulness producing sleep disturbances, which causes sleep disorders in some cases. This review will identify common sleep disorders in pregnancy, related maternal-fetal outcomes, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and potential therapies to guide clinicians in serving this population.