1. Cosmology intertwined: A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies
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Elcio Abdalla, Guillermo Franco Abellán, Amin Aboubrahim, Adriano Agnello, Özgür Akarsu, Yashar Akrami, George Alestas, Daniel Aloni, Luca Amendola, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Richard I. Anderson, Nikki Arendse, Marika Asgari, Mario Ballardini, Vernon Barger, Spyros Basilakos, Ronaldo C. Batista, Elia S. Battistelli, Richard Battye, Micol Benetti, David Benisty, Asher Berlin, Paolo de Bernardis, Emanuele Berti, Bohdan Bidenko, Simon Birrer, John P. Blakeslee, Kimberly K. Boddy, Clecio R. Bom, Alexander Bonilla, Nicola Borghi, François R. Bouchet, Matteo Braglia, Thomas Buchert, Elizabeth Buckley-Geer, Erminia Calabrese, Robert R. Caldwell, David Camarena, Salvatore Capozziello, Stefano Casertano, Geoff C.-F. Chen, Jens Chluba, Angela Chen, Hsin-Yu Chen, Anton Chudaykin, Michele Cicoli, Craig J. Copi, Fred Courbin, Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine, Bożena Czerny, Maria Dainotti, Guido D'Amico, Anne-Christine Davis, Javier de Cruz Pérez, Jaume de Haro, Jacques Delabrouille, Peter B. Denton, Suhail Dhawan, Keith R. Dienes, Eleonora Di Valentino, Pu Du, Dominique Eckert, Celia Escamilla-Rivera, Agnès Ferté, Fabio Finelli, Pablo Fosalba, Wendy L. Freedman, Noemi Frusciante, Enrique Gaztañaga, William Giarè, Elena Giusarma, Adrià Gómez-Valent, Will Handley, Ian Harrison, Luke Hart, Dhiraj Kumar Hazra, Alan Heavens, Asta Heinesen, Hendrik Hildebrandt, J. Colin Hill, Natalie B. Hogg, Daniel E. Holz, Deanna C. Hooper, Nikoo Hosseininejad, Dragan Huterer, Mustapha Ishak, Mikhail M. Ivanov, Andrew H. Jaffe, In Sung Jang, Karsten Jedamzik, Raul Jimenez, Melissa Joseph, Shahab Joudaki, Marc Kamionkowski, Tanvi Karwal, Lavrentios Kazantzidis, Ryan E. Keeley, Michael Klasen, Eiichiro Komatsu, Léon V.E. Koopmans, Suresh Kumar, Luca Lamagna, Ruth Lazkoz, Chung-Chi Lee, Julien Lesgourgues, Jackson Levi Said, Tiffany R. Lewis, Benjamin L'Huillier, Matteo Lucca, Roy Maartens, Lucas M. Macri, Danny Marfatia, Valerio Marra, Carlos J.A.P. Martins, Silvia Masi, Sabino Matarrese, Arindam Mazumdar, Alessandro Melchiorri, Olga Mena, Laura Mersini-Houghton, James Mertens, Dinko Milaković, Yuto Minami, Vivian Miranda, Cristian Moreno-Pulido, Michele Moresco, David F. Mota, Emil Mottola, Simone Mozzon, Jessica Muir, Ankan Mukherjee, Suvodip Mukherjee, Pavel Naselsky, Pran Nath, Savvas Nesseris, Florian Niedermann, Alessio Notari, Rafael C. Nunes, Eoin Ó Colgáin, Kayla A. Owens, Emre Özülker, Francesco Pace, Andronikos Paliathanasis, Antonella Palmese, Supriya Pan, Daniela Paoletti, Santiago E. Perez Bergliaffa, Leandros Perivolaropoulos, Dominic W. Pesce, Valeria Pettorino, Oliver H.E. Philcox, Levon Pogosian, Vivian Poulin, Gaspard Poulot, Marco Raveri, Mark J. Reid, Fabrizio Renzi, Adam G. Riess, Vivian I. Sabla, Paolo Salucci, Vincenzo Salzano, Emmanuel N. Saridakis, Bangalore S. Sathyaprakash, Martin Schmaltz, Nils Schöneberg, Dan Scolnic, Anjan A. Sen, Neelima Sehgal, Arman Shafieloo, M.M. Sheikh-Jabbari, Joseph Silk, Alessandra Silvestri, Foteini Skara, Martin S. Sloth, Marcelle Soares-Santos, Joan Solà Peracaula, Yu-Yang Songsheng, Jorge F. Soriano, Denitsa Staicova, Glenn D. Starkman, István Szapudi, Elsa M. Teixeira, Brooks Thomas, Tommaso Treu, Emery Trott, Carsten van de Bruck, J. Alberto Vazquez, Licia Verde, Luca Visinelli, Deng Wang, Jian-Min Wang, Shao-Jiang Wang, Richard Watkins, Scott Watson, John K. Webb, Neal Weiner, Amanda Weltman, Samuel J. Witte, Radosław Wojtak, Anil Kumar Yadav, Weiqiang Yang, Gong-Bo Zhao, Miguel Zumalacárregui, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Pierre Binétruy (CPB), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsinki Institute of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. EDP - Equacions en Derivades Parcials i Aplicacions, European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, Generalitat Valenciana, Generalitat de Catalunya, Abdalla, Elcio, Abellán, Guillermo Franco, Aboubrahim, Amin, Agnello, Adriano, Akarsu, Özgür, Akrami, Yashar, Alestas, George, Aloni, Daniel, Amendola, Luca, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Anderson, Richard I., Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Barger, Vernon, Basilakos, Spyro, Batista, Ronaldo C., Battistelli, Elia S., Battye, Richard, Benetti, Micol, Benisty, David, Berlin, Asher, de Bernardis, Paolo, Berti, Emanuele, Bidenko, Bohdan, Birrer, Simon, Blakeslee, John P., Boddy, Kimberly K., Bom, Clecio R., Bonilla, Alexander, Borghi, Nicola, Bouchet, François R., Braglia, Matteo, Buchert, Thoma, Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth, Calabrese, Erminia, Caldwell, Robert R., Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Casertano, Stefano, Chen, Geoff C. -F., Chluba, Jen, Chen, Angela, Chen, Hsin-Yu, Chudaykin, Anton, Cicoli, Michele, Copi, Craig J., Courbin, Fred, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, Czerny, Bożena, Dainotti, Maria, D'Amico, Guido, Davis, Anne-Christine, de Cruz Pérez, Javier, de Haro, Jaume, Delabrouille, Jacque, Denton, Peter B., Dhawan, Suhail, Dienes, Keith R., Di Valentino, Eleonora, Du, Pu, Eckert, Dominique, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnè, Finelli, Fabio, Fosalba, Pablo, Freedman, Wendy L., Frusciante, Noemi, Gaztañaga, Enrique, Giarè, William, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Hazra, Dhiraj Kumar, Heavens, Alan, Heinesen, Asta, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Hill, J. Colin, Hogg, Natalie B., Holz, Daniel E., Hooper, Deanna C., Hosseininejad, Nikoo, Huterer, Dragan, Ishak, Mustapha, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Jaffe, Andrew H., Jang, In Sung, Jedamzik, Karsten, Jimenez, Raul, Joseph, Melissa, Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Kazantzidis, Lavrentio, Keeley, Ryan E., Klasen, Michael, Komatsu, Eiichiro, Koopmans, Léon V. E., Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lazkoz, Ruth, Lee, Chung-Chi, Lesgourgues, Julien, Levi Said, Jackson, Lewis, Tiffany R., L'Huillier, Benjamin, Lucca, Matteo, Maartens, Roy, Macri, Lucas M., Marfatia, Danny, Marra, Valerio, Martins, Carlos J. A. P., Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Mertens, Jame, Milaković, Dinko, Minami, Yuto, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Moresco, Michele, Mota, David F., Mottola, Emil, Mozzon, Simone, Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Mukherjee, Suvodip, Naselsky, Pavel, Nath, Pran, Nesseris, Savva, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Ó Colgáin, Eoin, Owens, Kayla A., Özülker, Emre, Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Androniko, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Perez Bergliaffa, Santiago E., Perivolaropoulos, Leandro, Pesce, Dominic W., Pettorino, Valeria, Philcox, Oliver H. E., Pogosian, Levon, Poulin, Vivian, Poulot, Gaspard, Raveri, Marco, Reid, Mark J., Renzi, Fabrizio, Riess, Adam G., Sabla, Vivian I., Salucci, Paolo, Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sathyaprakash, Bangalore S., Schmaltz, Martin, Schöneberg, Nil, Scolnic, Dan, Sen, Anjan A., Sehgal, Neelima, Shafieloo, Arman, Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Skara, Foteini, Sloth, Martin S., Soares-Santos, Marcelle, Solà Peracaula, Joan, Songsheng, Yu-Yang, Soriano, Jorge F., Staicova, Denitsa, Starkman, Glenn D., Szapudi, István, Teixeira, Elsa M., Thomas, Brook, Treu, Tommaso, Trott, Emery, van de Bruck, Carsten, Vazquez, J. Alberto, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Wang, Shao-Jiang, Watkins, Richard, Watson, Scott, Webb, John K., Weiner, Neal, Weltman, Amanda, Witte, Samuel J., Wojtak, Radosław, Yadav, Anil Kumar, Yang, Weiqiang, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zumalacárregui, Miguel, Abdalla E., Abellan G.F., Aboubrahim A., Agnello A., Akarsu O., Akrami Y., Alestas G., Aloni D., Amendola L., Anchordoqui L.A., Anderson R.I., Arendse N., Asgari M., Ballardini M., Barger V., Basilakos S., Batista R.C., Battistelli E.S., Battye R., Benetti M., Benisty D., Berlin A., de Bernardis P., Berti E., Bidenko B., Birrer S., Blakeslee J.P., Boddy K.K., Bom C.R., Bonilla A., Borghi N., Bouchet F.R., Braglia M., Buchert T., Buckley-Geer E., Calabrese E., Caldwell R.R., Camarena D., Capozziello S., Casertano S., Chen G.C.-F., Chluba J., Chen A., Chen H.-Y., Chudaykin A., Cicoli M., Copi C.J., Courbin F., Cyr-Racine F.-Y., Czerny B., Dainotti M., D'Amico G., Davis A.-C., de Cruz Perez J., de Haro J., Delabrouille J., Denton P.B., Dhawan S., Dienes K.R., Di Valentino E., Du P., Eckert D., Escamilla-Rivera C., Ferte A., Finelli F., Fosalba P., Freedman W.L., Frusciante N., Gaztanaga E., Giare W., Giusarma E., Gomez-Valent A., Handley W., Harrison I., Hart L., Hazra D.K., Heavens A., Heinesen A., Hildebrandt H., Hill J.C., Hogg N.B., Holz D.E., Hooper D.C., Hosseininejad N., Huterer D., Ishak M., Ivanov M.M., Jaffe A.H., Jang I.S., Jedamzik K., Jimenez R., Joseph M., Joudaki S., Kamionkowski M., Karwal T., Kazantzidis L., Keeley R.E., Klasen M., Komatsu E., Koopmans L.V.E., Kumar S., Lamagna L., Lazkoz R., Lee C.-C., Lesgourgues J., Levi Said J., Lewis T.R., L'Huillier B., Lucca M., Maartens R., Macri L.M., Marfatia D., Marra V., Martins C.J.A.P., Masi S., Matarrese S., Mazumdar A., Melchiorri A., Mena O., Mersini-Houghton L., Mertens J., Milakovic D., Minami Y., Miranda V., Moreno-Pulido C., Moresco M., Mota D.F., Mottola E., Mozzon S., Muir J., Mukherjee A., Mukherjee S., Naselsky P., Nath P., Nesseris S., Niedermann F., Notari A., Nunes R.C., O Colgain E., Owens K.A., Ozulker E., Pace F., Paliathanasis A., Palmese A., Pan S., Paoletti D., Perez Bergliaffa S.E., Perivolaropoulos L., Pesce D.W., Pettorino V., Philcox O.H.E., Pogosian L., Poulin V., Poulot G., Raveri M., Reid M.J., Renzi F., Riess A.G., Sabla V.I., Salucci P., Salzano V., Saridakis E.N., Sathyaprakash B.S., Schmaltz M., Schoneberg N., Scolnic D., Sen A.A., Sehgal N., Shafieloo A., Sheikh-Jabbari M.M., Silk J., Silvestri A., Skara F., Sloth M.S., Soares-Santos M., Sola Peracaula J., Songsheng Y.-Y., Soriano J.F., Staicova D., Starkman G.D., Szapudi I., Teixeira E.M., Thomas B., Treu T., Trott E., van de Bruck C., Vazquez J.A., Verde L., Visinelli L., Wang D., Wang J.-M., Wang S.-J., Watkins R., Watson S., Webb J.K., Weiner N., Weltman A., Witte S.J., Wojtak R., Yadav A.K., Yang W., Zhao G.-B., and Zumalacarregui M.
- Subjects
Planck ,cosmological model ,Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Física::Astronomia i astrofísica::Cosmologia i cosmogonia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,anomaly ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,cosmic background radiation ,Gamma ray bursts ,large-scale structure ,Gravitational waves ,NO ,High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph) ,gravitation: lens ,Cosmic physics ,energy: density ,fine-structure constant ,structure ,dark energy survey ,Cosmologia ,Hubble constant ,matter: energy ,new physics ,PE9_14 ,large-angle correlations ,Astrophysics -- Mathematical models ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,universal rotation curve ,tension ,oscillation spectroscopic survey ,115 Astronomy, Space science ,redshift ,Cosmology, astrophysics, cosmological tensions ,Cosmology ,High Energy Physics - Phenomenology ,microwave-anisotropy-probe ,calibration: geometrical ,Dark matter (Astronomy) ,Space and Planetary Science ,[PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph] ,matter power spectrum ,baryon acoustic-oscillations ,hubble-space-telescope ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,statistical ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
E. Abdalla, G. F. Abellán, A. Aboubrahim et al., The standard Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model provides a good description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a few big open questions that make the standard model look like an approximation to a more realistic scenario yet to be found. In this paper, we list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant H0, the σ8–S8 tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the 5.0σ tension between the Planck CMB estimate of the Hubble constant H0 and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the H0 evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the Planck CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density Ωm, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure (σ8, fσ8). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the H0–S8 tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals. Finally, we give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these open questions., Amin Aboubrahim is supported by the BMBF under contract 05P21PMCAA and by the DFG through the Research Training Network 2149 “Strong and Weak Interactions - from Hadrons to Dark Matter”. Adriano Agnello is supported by a Villum Experiment Grant, project number 36225. Özgür Akarsu acknowledges the support by the Turkish Academy of Sciences in the scheme of the Outstanding Young Scientist Award (TÜBA-GEBİP). Yashar Akrami is supported by Richard S. Morrison Fellowship and LabEx ENS-ICFP: ANR-10-LABX-0010/ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*. George Alestas is supported by the project “Dioni: Computing Infrastructure for Big-Data Processing and Analysis” (MIS No. 5047222) co-funded by European Union (ERDF) and Greece through Operational Program “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation”, NSRF 2014-2020. Luca Amendola acknowledges support from DFG project 456622116 and from the CAPES-DAAD bilateral project “Data Analysis and Model Testing in the Era of Precision Cosmology”. Luis A. Anchordoqui and Jorge F. Soriano are supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF Grant PHY-2112527). Mario Ballardini acknowledges financial support from the contract ASI/INAF for the Euclid mission n.2018-23-HH.0. Micol Benetti acknowledges the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), sezione di Napoli, iniziativa specifica QGSKY. David Benisty acknowledges the support the supports of the Blavatnik and the Rothschild fellowships. John Blakeslee is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the US National Science Foundation. Thomas Buchert has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement ERC advanced grant 740021–ARTHUS, PI: Thomas Buchert). Erminia Calabrese acknowledges support from the STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellowship ST/M004856/2, STFC Consolidated Grant ST/S00033X/1 and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 849169). Salvatore Capozziello acknowledges the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche QGSKY and MOONLIGHT2. Javier de Cruz Pérez is supported by a FPI fellowship associated to the project FPA2016-76005-C2-1-P. Peter Denton acknowledges support from the US Department of Energy under Grant Contract DE-SC0012704. Eleonora Di Valentino is supported by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship. Keith R. Dienes was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-13ER41976 / DE-SC0009913, and also by the U.S. National Science Foundation through its employee IR/D program. Celia Escamilla-Rivera is supported by DGAPA-PAPIIT UNAM Project TA100122 and acknowledges the Royal Astronomical Society as FRAS 10147 and the Cosmostatistics National Group (CosmoNag) project. Noemi Frusciante is supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-OUT/29048/2017, CERN/FIS-PAR/0037/2019 and the personal FCT grant “CosmoTests – Cosmological tests of gravity theories beyond General Relativity” with ref. number CEECIND/00017/2018 and the FCT project “BEYLA–BEYond LAmbda” with ref. number PTDC/FIS-AST/0054/2021. Adrià Gómez-Valent is funded by the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) through the project “Dark Energy and Modified Gravity Models in the light of Low-Redshift Observations” (n. 22425/2020). Asta Heinesen has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement ERC advanced grant 740021–ARTHUS, PI: Thomas Buchert). J. Colin Hill acknowledges support from NSF grant AST-2108536. The Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation. Mustapha Ishak acknowledges that this material is based upon work supported in part by the Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Award Number DE-SC0022184. Michael Klasen is supported by the BMBF under contract 05P21PMCAA and by the DFG through the Research Training Network 2149 “Strong and Weak Interactions - from Hadrons to Dark Matter”. Suresh Kumar gratefully acknowledges support from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Govt. of India (File No. CRG/2021/004658). Ruth Lazkoz is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through research projects FIS2017-85076-P (comprising FEDER funds), and also by the Basque Government and Generalitat Valenciana through research projects GIC17/116-IT956-16 and PROMETEO/2020/079 respectively. Benjamin L'Huillier would like to acknowledge the support of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1I1A1A01063740) and the support of the Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS) grant funded by the government of Korea. Jackson Levi Said would like to acknowledge support from Cosmology@MALTA which is supported by the University of Malta. Roy Maartens is supported by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory and the National Research Foundation (Grant No. 75415). Valerio Marra thanks CNPq (Brazil) and FAPES (Brazil) for partial financial support. The work of Yuto Minami was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Grants No. JP20K14497. The work of Carlos Martins was financed by FEDER—Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020—Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), and by Portuguese funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987 and PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017. Olga Mena is supported by the Spanish grants PID2020-113644GB-I00, PROMETEO/2019/083 and by the European ITN project HIDDeN (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019//860881-HIDDeN). Cristian Moreno-Pulido is funded by PID2019-105614GB-C21 and FPA2016-76005-C2-1-P (MINECO, Spain), 2017-SGR-929 (Generalitat de Catalunya) and CEX2019-000918-M (ICCUB) and partially supported by the fellowship 2019 FI_B 00351. Michele Moresco acknowledges support from MIUR, PRIN 2017 (grant 20179ZF5KS) and grants ASI n.I/023/12/0 and ASI n.2018-23-HH.0. Suvodip Mukherjee is supported by the Simons Foundation. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported in part by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Colleges and Universities. Pran Nath is supported in part by the NSF Grant PHY-1913328. Savvas Nesseris acknowledges support from the Research Project No. PGC2018-094773-B-C32 and the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program No. CEX2020-001007-S. Rafael Nunes acknowledges support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, São Paulo Research Foundation) under the project No. 2018/18036-5. Eoin Ó Colgáin was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2020R1A2C1102899). Supriya Pan acknowledges the financial supports from the Science and Engineering Research Board, Govt. of India, under Mathematical Research Impact-Centric Support Scheme (File No. MTR/2018/000940) and The Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, under the Scheme “Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure (FIST)” [File No. SR/FST/MS-I/2019/41]. Santiago E. Perez Bergliaffa acknowledges partial support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)- Código de Financiamento 001, and Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Leandros Perivolaropoulos acknowledges support by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.), under the “First call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Faculty members and Researchers and the procurement of high-cost research equipment Grant” (Project Number: 789). Fabrizio Renzi is supported by the NWO and the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW), and from the D-ITP consortium, a program of the NWO that is funded by the OCW. Nils Schöneberg acknowledges the support of the following Maria de Maetzu fellowship grant: Esta publicación es parte de la ayuda CEX2019-000918-M, financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Anjan A Sen acknowledges the funding from SERB, Govt of India under the research grants no: CRG/2020/004347 and MTR/20l9/000599. Arman Shafieloo would like to acknowledge the support by National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2021M3F7A1082053, and the support of the Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS) grant funded by the government of Korea. M.M. Sheikh-Jabbari acknowledges the support by SarAmadan grant No. ISEF/M/400122. Joan Solà Peracaula is funded by PID2019-105614GB-C21 and FPA2016-76005-C2-1-P (MINECO, Spain), 2017-SGR-929 (Generalitat de Catalunya), CEX2019-000918-M (ICCUB) and also partially supported by the COST Association Action CA18108 “Quantum Gravity Phenomenology in the Multimessenger Approach (QG-MM)”. Denitsa Staicova is supported by Bulgarian NSF grant KP-06-N 38/11. Glenn Starkman is partly supported by a Department of Energy grant DESC0009946 to the particle astrophysics theory group at CWRU. Brooks Thomas is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant PHY-2014104. Luca Visinelli has received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement “TALeNT” No. 754496 (H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016 FELLINI). Shao-Jiang Wang is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China Grant No. 2021YFC2203004, No. 2021YFA0718304, the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant No. 12105344, and the China Manned Space Project with NO.CMS-CSST-2021-B01. Weiqiang Yang has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 12175096 and No. 11705079, and Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program under Grant no. XLYC1907098. Gong-Bo Zhao is supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFA0404503), NSFC Grants 11925303, 11720101004, and a grant of CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team.
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