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Despite their wide use in past sea-ice reconstructions, the seasonal, habitat and species-based sources of sedimentary sea-ice proxies are poorly understood. Here, we conduct direct observations of the community composition of diatoms, dinoflagellate cysts and highly branched isoprenoid lipids within the sea ice, water column, sediment traps and sediment surface in the Belcher Islands Archipelago, Hudson Bay throughout spring 2019. We find that Arctic diatom and dinoflagellate cysts species commonly used as sea-ice proxies appear to be only indirectly linked to sea-ice conditions, and that the sediment assemblages of these groups overrepresent summertime pelagic blooms. Species contributing to the diverse sea-ice diatom communities are rare in the sediment. Dinoflagellate cysts form a typical Arctic assemblage in the sediment, although they are virtually absent in the sea ice and water column in spring. We also find that certain highly branched isoprenoid lipids that were previously considered indicators of open water, can be produced in sea-ice. We conclude that contextual knowledge and a multiproxy approach are necessary in reconstruction, encouraging further studies on the sources and controls of sea-ice proxy production in different geographic areas. Sedimentary assemblages of biogenic sea-ice proxies incorporate limited representation of the diverse sea-ice connected communities, according to direct springtime observations in the Belcher Islands Archipelago, Hudson Bay, Canada.Despite their wide use in past sea-ice reconstructions, the seasonal, habitat and species-based sources of sedimentary sea-ice proxies are poorly understood. Here, we conduct direct observations of the community composition of diatoms, dinoflagellate cysts and highly branched isoprenoid lipids within the sea ice, water column, sediment traps and sediment surface in the Belcher Islands Archipelago, Hudson Bay throughout spring 2019. We find that Arctic diatom and dinoflagellate cysts species commonly used as sea-ice proxies appear to be only indirectly linked to sea-ice conditions, and that the sediment assemblages of these groups overrepresent summertime pelagic blooms. Species contributing to the diverse sea-ice diatom communities are rare in the sediment. Dinoflagellate cysts form a typical Arctic assemblage in the sediment, although they are virtually absent in the sea ice and water column in spring. We also find that certain highly branched isoprenoid lipids that were previously considered indicators of open water, can be produced in sea-ice. We conclude that contextual knowledge and a multiproxy approach are necessary in reconstruction, encouraging further studies on the sources and controls of sea-ice proxy production in different geographic areas.

International audience; The migration and reengineering of existing variants into a software product line (SPL) is an error-prone and time-consuming activity. Many extractive approaches have been proposed, spanning different activities from feature identification and naming to the synthesis of reusable artefacts. In this paper, we explore how large language model (LLM)-based assistants can support domain analysts and developers. We revisit four illustrative cases of the literature where the challenge is to migrate variants written in different formalism (UML class diagrams, Java, GraphML, statecharts). We systematically report on our experience with ChatGPT-4, describing our strategy to prompt LLMs and documenting positive aspects but also failures. We compare the use of LLMs with state-of-the-art approach, BUT4Reuse. While LLMs offer potential in assisting domain analysts and developers in transitioning software variants into SPLs, their intrinsic stochastic nature and restricted ability to manage large variants or complex structures necessitate a semiautomatic approach, complete with careful review, to counteract inaccuracies.

International audience; Programming variability is central to the design and implementation of software systems that can adapt to a variety of contexts and requirements, providing increased flexibility and customization. Managing the complexity that arises from having multiple features, variations, and possible configurations is known to be highly challenging for software developers. In this paper, we explore how large language model (LLM)-based assistants can support the programming of variability. We report on new approaches made possible with LLM-based assistants, like: features and variations can be implemented as prompts; augmentation of variability out of LLM-based domain knowledge; seamless implementation of variability in different kinds of artefacts, programming languages, and frameworks, at different binding times (compile-time or run-time). We are sharing our data (prompts, sessions, generated code, etc.) to support the assessment of the effectiveness and robustness of LLMs for variability-related tasks.

The EWMA Sign control chart is a distribution-free scheme used for monitoring shifts in the location parameter during process monitoring. In this work, we propose a modified Phase II EWMA chart based on a general Sign statistic, capable of monitoring shifts in the process variability. Regarding the determination of the proposed chart's in-and out-of-control Run Length properties, Markov chain methods are used in combination with a continuous transformation of the suggested general Sign statistic. Our results show the power of the proposed method regarding the proposed chart's exact Run Length properties and its efficiency in detecting shifts in the process variability.

International audience; Sediment routing systems in fluvial catchments are primarily governed by intertwined climatic, tectonic and man-induced drivers at the centennial/millennial timescales. Among the various geomor-phological and geochemical approaches developed to trace sediment dynamics, the scientific commu-nity has recently explored the potential of (palaeo-)dosimetric methods, which are extensively used to date e.g. Quaternary alluvial environments. Recently, Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) signals have been successfully transposed to decipher sediment prove-nance and transport in fluvial catchments. In this context, the French ANR QUARTZ research project aims at using quartz grains as an ubiquitous marker of sediment dynamics to understand (i) how each quartz grain holds a source-specific signature, and (ii) how this signature evolves along sediment routing systems. This contribu-tion specifically focuses on the first research topic.Quartz-bearing rocks located upstream in catchments deliver the material that is usually dated by OSL and/or ESR in fluvial sequences/deposits for geological or archaeological purposes. Here, we ana-lyzed with ESR and OSL methods quartz grains originating from different source rocks in the Streng-bach and Séveraisse catchments (France), draining a low mountain range (Vosges Mountains) and the Alps (Ecrins Massif), respectively. These rocks comprise magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary lithologies of distinct age and composition, and provide quartz minerals present in the transposed and deposited sediments. The quartz grains were analyzed with ESR and OSL methods on the quartz min-erals from different quartz-bearing rock formations in both catchments, i.e. mostly granites, gneisses and sandstones of distinct ages and/or compositions. The source-specific signature of the different ESR signals (Ti/Al ratio, signal shape, non-optically bleachable intensity of the Al centre) was investigated. The bleaching kinetics of the different ESR centres used in dating and present in these quartz from different rock types were also investigated. Depending on the history of the quartz-bearing rock and therefore of the quartz nature (magmatic, metamorphic or sedimentary), we suggest that the ESR re-sponse varies in terms of signal shapes and intensity ratios of the different centres measured. Similar-ly, quartz OSL characteristics have been investigated (OSL signal intensities, contributions of fast/medium/slow OSL components, dose-response curves and saturation behavior) between rocks of different origins, as well as the bleaching potential (residual doses) between different quartz origins. These analyses are currently complemented in a near future by quantified trace element analyses on quartz samples from the same sources. This will allow us not only to provide encouraging results in terms of tracing quartz in fluvial deposits, but also a better understanding of the processes at the origin of ESR and OSL signals variability. This will constitute a first step towards understanding the dosi-metric behaviour of the sediments to be dated, and towards even more reliable dating techniques.

International audience; Dealing with a large configuration space is a complex task for developers, especially when configurations must comply with both functional constraints and non-functional goals. In this paper, we introduce an approach to optimize any set of performance indicators for an existing configuration, while meeting functional requirements. The efficiency of this approach is assessed by exhaustively optimizing a configurable system, and by analyzing how the algorithm navigates through the configuration space. This approach proves especially efficient at optimizing configurations through a minimal number of changes, thus limiting the impact on their functional behavior.

The building of a tree is the result of wood growth through successive division, expansion and maturation of living cells at the periphery of the trunk and branches. During this process, diameter growth is combined with sapwood pre-stress to allow posture control by the generation of growth forces in the living wood cells. These mechanical aspects of tree building can be characterised at each peripheral position by parameters describing the amount of material produced, wood rigidity and the strain induced by the maturation process. In-situ assessment of maturation strains at the trunk periphery of beech trees, combined with laboratory measurements of ring width (RW), wood density (D) and wood specific modulus (SM), was used to examine biomechanical aspects of juvenility corresponding to young stages of the tree, as well as the correlation or trade-off between sapwood pre-stressing and the generation of forces in the living wood layer used to control tree posture. The radial variations of RW, D and SM, averaged over 86 trees, were close to the “typical radial pattern” of juvenile wood for softwood plantation trees: decrease in RW and increase in D and SM from pith to bark in the juvenile phase. But D only increased in the very first rings, then remained more or less constant. Furthermore, for all three parameters there were many discrepancies in the pattern of variation between trees and even between plots. This is a good indication that the mechanical juvenility of the wood was more related to the biomechanical conditions experienced by the trees in the young ages than to the age of the tree as such (which is the case for fibre length). The level of pre-stress and posture control forces were strongly dependent on the maturation strain as the first explanatory factor. But pre-stress is independent of RW, whereas posture control force is strongly dependent on this growth parameter. This opens the way to trade-offs between these two biomechanical functions of wood fibres.; La construction d'un arbre est le résultat de la croissance du bois par division, expansion et maturation successives des cellules vivantes à la périphérie du tronc et des branches. Au cours de ce processus, la croissance en diamètre est combinée à la précontrainte de l'aubier pour permettre le contrôle de la posture par la génération de forces de croissance dans les cellules vivantes du bois. Ces aspects mécaniques de la construction des arbres peuvent être caractérisés à chaque position périphérique par des paramètres décrivant la quantité de matière produite, la rigidité du bois et la déformation induite par le processus de maturation. L'évaluation in situ des contraintes de maturation à la périphérie du tronc des hêtres, combinée à des mesures en laboratoire de la largeur des cernes (RW), de la densité du bois (D) et du module spécifique du bois (SM), a été utilisée pour examiner les aspects biomécaniques de la juvénilité correspondant aux jeunes stades de l'arbre, ainsi que la corrélation ou le compromis entre la précontrainte de l'aubier et la génération de forces dans la couche de bois vivant utilisée pour contrôler la posture de l'arbre. Les variations radiales de RW, D et SM, moyennées sur 86 arbres, étaient proches du "schéma radial typique" du bois juvénile pour les arbres de plantation de résineux : diminution de RW et augmentation de D et SM de la moelle à l'écorce dans la phase juvénile. Mais D n'a augmenté que dans les tout premiers cernes, puis est resté plus ou moins constant. En outre, pour les trois paramètres, il existe de nombreuses divergences dans le schéma de variation entre les arbres et même entre les parcelles. Cela indique bien que la juvénilité mécanique du bois était davantage liée aux conditions biomécaniques subies par les arbres dans les jeunes âges qu'à l'âge de l'arbre en tant que tel (ce qui est le cas pour la longueur des fibres). Le niveau de précontrainte et les forces de contrôle de la posture dépendent fortement de la contrainte de maturation, qui est le premier facteur explicatif. Mais la précontrainte est indépendante du RW, alors que la force de contrôle de la posture est fortement dépendante de ce paramètre de croissance. Cela ouvre la voie à des compromis entre ces deux fonctions biomécaniques des fibres de bois.

Dealing with large configuration spaces is a complex task for developers, especially when manually searching for the configuration that best suits some given requirements. In this paper, we present the ICO tool suite, a set of software components designed to help developers optimize their configuration w.r.t a set of performance indicators. This tool suite can be used through a command-line client or an Eclipse plugin, while the loose coupling with its core library make it flexible-enough to be integrated into existing tools. ICO is assessed by evaluating the time it saves to users over a manual optimization.

Due to war conditions, the local farmers had to largely rely on their own crop production, mainly by subsistence farming, in Tigray, North Ethiopia. We assessed the crop stands in 2021 and evaluated the level of resilience of the indigenous farming system. Quantitative data were collected from 161 farm parcels in various ecoregions of this tropical mountain region, in order to detect the share of sown land, crop types, and their status. This participatory monitoring was accompanied by semi-structured interviews. Farmers cultivated their farms late, left it uncultivated or marginally sowed oil crops as improved fallow (28%), due to lack of farming tools, oxen, fertilizer, seeds, or manpower. As compared to peace years, only few lands were sown with sorghum as there was active warfare in the sorghum planting period. The relatively good stands of wheat and barley (47%) are in line with the farmers’ priority given to cereals. Teff got a large land share because it could be sown up to the middle of the main rainy season and because farmers had consumed the seeds of their major cereal crops (wheat and barley) when hiding for warfare. Seeds left from consumption were only sown by late June, when troops had retreated, and the communities could revive. With almost no external support, the local farming system has proven to be remarkably resilient, relying on indigenous knowledge and local practices, block rotation, manure, improved fallow, changes in relative importance of crops, seed exchange, and support for one another. This is the first analysis of the socio-agronomic roots of the 2021–2022 Tigray hunger crisis, with a cereal harvest that could not at all sustain the local population as the planting season had been largely missed. The ability of the indigenous farming system to partially rebounce in times of autarky is another novel finding.

Dealing with large configuration spaces is a complex task for developers, especially when manually searching for the configuration that best suits some given requirements. In this paper, we present the ICO tool suite, a set of software components designed to help developers optimize their configuration w.r.t a set of performance indicators. This tool suite can be used through a command-line client or an Eclipse plugin, while the loose coupling with its core library make it flexible-enough to be integrated into existing tools. ICO is assessed by evaluating the time it saves to users over a manual optimization.

International audience; Feature Toggles (often also referred to as Feature Flags) are a powerful technique, providing an alternative to maintaining multiple feature branches in source code. A condition within the code enables or disables a feature at runtime, hence providing a kind of runtime variability resolution. Several works have already identified the proximity of this concept with the notion of Feature found in Software Product Lines. In this paper, we propose to go one step further in unifying these concepts to provide a seamless transition between design time and runtime variability resolutions. We propose to model all the variability using a feature model. Then this feature model can be partially resolved at design time (yielding an incomplete product derivation), the unresolved variability being used to generate feature toggles that can be enabled/disabled at runtime. We first demonstrate these ideas on the toy example of the Expression Product Line, and then show how it can scale to build a configurable authentication system, where a partially resolved feature model can interface with popular feature toggle frameworks such as Togglz.

The thesis focuses on the study of the origins and effects of a number of variabilities within a carbon/Epoxy composite structure with geometric singularities. The first chapter is a bibliographical study in which it is shown that the study of variabilities in composite parts remains an open problem that can be approached in several ways and at several scales. For the analysis and manufacture of composite structures, there are a large number of methods, multi- scale or not, which allow the influence of variabilities to be taken into account in the study of composite structures. It is well established that the properties of a composite structure depend on both the choice of raw materials and the manufacturing process. These properties are influenced by several types of variability such as variation in the position of ply stops, fibre misalignment and the presence of porosities. These three issues are addressed in this thesis. To illustrate the proposed methodology, we consider as an example of a structure with complex geometry, a prototype of a composite stringer inspired by an aeronautical fuselage. In this work, it constitutes the receptacle of a certain number of manufacturing constraints such as the presence of convex and concave radii, vertical walls, changes in thickness and the association of several materials. The second chapter is dedicated to the presentation of the experimental protocol used and the observations of variability for the analysis of ply stops, porosity and fibre misalignment. The observations are carried out throughout the manufacturing process, using a wide range of measurement techniques such as optical, micrographic, tomographic observations, etc. Each observation is dedicated to the monitoring of one or more types of variability studied for different phases of the manufacturing process. The third chapter includes the mathematical study of the observation results and the representation of statistical trends. The acquired data are sorted according to their position with respect to geometric singularities, and analysed in order to propose relevant mathematical models. The originality of the work lies mainly in the desire to do not limit itself to statistical analyses, by characterising realistic spatial evolution trends for each type of variability observed, in relation to the presence or absence of a geometric singularity nearby. Once the representative mathematical laws have been identified, statistical analyses are carried out on the parameters driving these laws, mainly in the form of means and standard deviations. The aim of the 4th chapter is to propose a numerical approach to evaluate the influence of these variabilities on the properties of the structure. It is shown how it is possible to create a family of numerical models representing virtual parts (not yet manufactured) in a realistic way. The realism sought targets both the amplitude of the simulated variabilities and the spatial evolution of this variability within the part. The numerical simulations must make it possible to propose ranges of variation of the properties and behaviour of the structures according to the variability studied. The model uses 2D shell elements to be able to carry out a large number of simulations based on random draws of the parameters of the mathematical laws studied. Finally, another numerical study is proposed. It concerns the effect of variabilities within a fuselage skin composed of UD plies, based on results from a previous thesis. In conclusion, this work has set up an approach allowing the evaluation of uncertainty effects in mechanical calculations applied to composite structures with complex geometry. The question addressed is to ensure the robustness of a result in a more physical way than by using safety factors. The perspectives of this work are then presented.; La thèse porte sur l'étude des origines et des effets d'un certain nombre de variabilités, au sein d'une structure composite carbone/Epoxy présentant des singularités géométriques. Le 1er chapitre est une étude bibliographique où on montre que l'étude des variabilités sur des pièces composites reste un problème ouvert qui peut être abordé de plusieurs manières et à plusieurs échelles. Il est bien établi que les propriétés d'une structure composite dépendent à la fois du choix des matières premières comme de celui du procédé de fabrication. Ces propriétés sont influencées par plusieurs types de variabilités comme la variation de la position des arrêts de pli, le désalignement des fibres et la présence de porosités. Ces trois questions sont abordées dans le cadre de cette thèse. Pour illustrer la méthodologie proposée, nous considérons comme exemple de structure avec géométrie complexe, un prototype de lisse composite inspiré d'un fuselage aéronautique. Elle constitue dans ce travail le réceptacle d'un certain nombre de contraintes de fabrication comme la présence de rayons convexes et concaves, de parois verticales, de changements d'épaisseur et d'association de plusieurs matériaux. Le 2ème chapitre est dédié à la présentation du protocole expérimental utilisé et des observations de variabilité pour l'analyse des arrêts de plis, de la porosité et de désalignement des fibres. Les observations sont réalisées tout au long du processus de fabrication, et font appel à un large éventail de techniques de mesures comme les observations optiques, micrographiques, tomographiques, etc. Chaque observation est dédiée au suivi d'un ou plusieurs types de variabilité étudiée pour des phases différentes du processus de fabrication. Le 3ème chapitre comporte l'étude mathématique des résultats d'observation et la représentation des tendances statistiques. Les données acquises sont triées en regard de leur position vis-à-vis des singularités géométriques, et analysées afin d'en proposer des modélisations mathématiques pertinentes. L'originalité du travail porte principalement sur la volonté de ne pas se limiter à des analyses statistiques, en caractérisant des tendances d'évolutions spatiales réalistes pour chaque type de variabilité observée, en lien avec la présence ou non d'une singularité géométrique à proximité. Une fois les lois mathématiques représentatives identifiées, des analyses statistiques sont menées sur les paramètres qui pilotent ces lois, principalement sous la forme de moyennes et d'écarts types. Le but du 4ème chapitre est de proposer une approche numérique pour évaluer l'influence de ces variabilités sur les propriétés de la structure. On montre en quoi il est possible de créer une famille de modèles numériques représentant des pièces virtuelles (non encore fabriquées) de façon réaliste. Le réalisme recherché cible autant l'amplitude des variabilités simulées que l'évolution spatiale de cette variabilité au sein de la pièce. Les simulations numériques doivent permettre de proposer des gammes de variation des propriétés et du comportement des structures en fonction de la variabilité étudiée. Le modèle fait appel à des éléments coques 2D, pour être en capacité de mener un grand nombre de simulations basées sur des tirages aléatoires des paramètres des lois mathématiques étudiées. Enfin une autre étude numérique est proposée. Elle concerne l'effet des variabilités au sein d'une peau de fuselage composée de plis UD à partir de résultats issus d'une thèse précédente. En conclusion, ce travail a mis en place une approche permettant l'évaluation des effets d'incertitude dans des calculs mécaniques appliqués aux structures en matériaux composites à géométrie complexe. La question abordée est de s'assurer de la robustesse d'un résultat de manière plus physique qu'en ayant recours à des facteurs de sécurité. Les perspectives de ces travaux sont ensuite présentées.

International audience; Sleep disturbances are typical symptoms of acute episodes of bipolar disorder (BD) and differentiate euthymic BD cases from healthy controls (HC). Researchers often employ objective recordings to evaluate sleep patterns, such as actigraphy, whilst clinicians often use subjective ratings, such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). As evidence suggests the measures may disagree, we decided to compare subjective (PSQI) and objective (3 weeks of actigraphy) sleep profiles in BD cases and HC (n = 154). We examined whether a dimensional approach helps to illustrate different patterns of sleep disturbances and whether the concordance between subjective and objective recordings varies according to clinical status (BD versus HC). Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted two factors from the PSQI, and separate PCAs of actigraphy recordings extracted two factors for mean values of sleep parameters and one factor for intra-individual variability. Correlational and linear regression analyses of PCA-derived dimensions demonstrated that, in both BD and HC, a PSQI "Sleep duration-efficiency" factor was significantly correlated with an actigraphy "Sleep initiation-duration" factor. Furthermore, in BD cases only, the PSQI total score and a PSQI "Sleep Impairments" factor were each significantly correlated with an actigraphy "Sleep Variability" factor. Overall, we found that subjective experiences of sleep may be modulated by different components of objectively recorded sleep in BD compared with HC. Also, the use of PCA enabled us to consider the multi-dimensional nature of subjective sleep, whilst the inclusion of intra-individual sleep variability afforded a more subtle evaluation of objective sleep.

International audience; Building software is a crucial task to compile, test, and deploy software systems while continuously ensuring some quality assurance of a project. As software is more and more configurable, building multiple configurations is a stressing need, yet, costly and challenging to instrument. The current state of practice is to build independently (a.k.a., clean build) a software for a subset of configurations. While incremental build has been considered for software evolution and relatively small modifications of the source code, it has not been surprisingly investigated for software configurations. In this first novel exploratory study, we investigate the benefits and limits to incrementally build software configurations, instead of always clean building them. By using five real-life configurable systems as subjects, we explore whether incremental build works, outperforms a sequence of clean builds, is correct w.r.t. clean build, and can be used to find an optimal ordering for building configurations. Our results showed that incremental build is feasible in 100% of the time in four subjects and in 78% of the times in one subject. In average, 88.5% of the configurations could be built faster with incremental built while also finding several alternative faster incremental builds. However, only 60% of faster incremental builds are correct. Still, when considering those correct incremental builds with clean builds, we could always find an optimal order that is faster than just a collection of clean builds with a gain up to 11.76%. CCS CONCEPTS • Software and its engineering → Maintaining software.

International audience; The hen's egg (Gallus gallus) is an animal product of great agronomic interest, with a world production of 70.9 million tonnes in 2018. China accounted for 35% of world production, followed by North America (12% of world production), the European Union (7.0 million tonnes, 10% of world production) and India (5.0 million tonnes, 7% of world production). In France, 16–17 billion eggs are produced annually (14.5 billion for table eggs) and more than 1 200 billion worldwide. In 2019, egg production increased by 3.3% compared to 2018, mainly due to the increase in Asian production, which has risen by 42% since 2000. Chicken eggs are widely used either as a low-cost, high nutritional quality food cooked by the consumer (more than 100 billion eggs consumed in Europe), or incorporated as an ingredient in many food products. The various production methods have changed considerably over the last 15 years with the consideration of animal welfare and changes in European regulations. In Europe, fewer and fewer eggs are produced in confinement and there has been a strong growth in the number of systems giving access to an outdoor run. In this review, we describe the different ways in which eggs are produced and processed into egg products to meet the growing demand for ready-to-use food products. We analyse the effect of this evolution of hen-rearing systems on the set of characteristics of eggs and egg products that determine their quality. We describe the risks and benefits associated with these new production methods and their influence or lack of influence on commercial, nutritional, microbial and chemical contamination risk characteristics, as well as the evolution of the image for the consumer. The latter covers the ethical, cultural and environmental dimensions associated with the way the egg is produced.

The study of two new scorpion specimens from Cretaceous Burmite leads to the descriptions of a new species of Cretaceoushormiops Lourenço, 2018, confirming therefore the validity of this genus, previously known by a single species. The new species shows quite distinct characters, particularly a possible majorante trichobothriotaxy. The validity of Betaburmesebuthus joergi Lourenço & Rossi, 2017 (Family Palaeoburmesebuthidae) is also confirmed and the male is characterized for the first time., L’étude de deux nouveaux spécimens de scorpions de l’ambre du Crétacé inférieur du Myanmar conduit à la description d’une nouvelle espèce de Cretaceoushormiops Lourenço, 2018 et confirme ainsi la validité de ce genre, connu auparavant par une seule espèce. La nouvelle espèce présente des caractères très distincts, notamment une trichobothriotaxie possiblement majorante. La validité de Betaburmesebuthus joergi Lourenço & Rossi, 2017 (Family Palaeoburmesebuthidae) est également confirmée et le mâle diagnostiqué pour la première fois.

International audience; This work is devoted to 3-point bending tests performed on tropical specimens of Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma) from Gabon. The beams are formerly subjected to long-term loading in three media (air-conditioned, unsheltered and sheltered outdoor) in a tropical environment. The beams were sawn into nine 340 mm long sections and subdivided into three sections in the vertical direction (top section, middle section and bottom section). From each section, two specimens were extracted for the bending test, two for the tensile test and four for the compression test. In the present study, 81 bending specimens with a cross-section of 15 x 15 mm2 and a length of 300 mm were used. The tests for the determination of the local modulus of elasticity and failure strength in bending were carried out according with NF EN 408. The results obtained show a strong influence of time and exposure environments on the mechanical parameters (bending strength and modulus of elasticity). There is also a strong variability of these mechanical parameters along the length of the beams with a clear correlation between the sampling areas and the level of exposure; this confirms quite well the level of complexity of the wood material.

International audience

International audience; The characterization and treatment management of industrial wastewater are rarely studied in the scientific and technical literature, due to the diversity of industries and the industrial secret regarding waste production. In this chapter the characteristics of wastewaters of different industrial activities such as petrochemistry, refinery, textile, pulp and paper, or food industry are studied from their UV–visible spectra. The influence of industry nature, the variability of effluents quality and the estimation of some aggregate or specific parameters are considered. A large part is dedicated to the monitoring of treatment processes and to waste management, including treatability tests, spill detection, and shock load management. Finally, the monitoring of the environmental impact (discharge or leaks to groundwater) is briefly considered through some examples.

Objectives The study aims to better understand the rhythmic abilities of people who stutter and to identify which processes potentially are impaired in this population: (1) beat perception and reproduction; (2) the execution of movements, in particular their initiation; (3) sensorimotor integration. Material and method Finger tapping behavior of 16 adults who stutter (PWS) was compared with that of 16 matching controls (PNS) in five rhythmic tasks of various complexity: three synchronization tasks ― a simple 1:1 isochronous pattern, a complex non-isochronous pattern, and a 4 tap:1 beat isochronous pattern ―, a reaction task to an aperiodic and unpredictable pattern, and a reproduction task of an isochronous pattern after passively listening. Results PWS were able to reproduce an isochronous pattern on their own, without external auditory stimuli, with similar accuracy as PNS, but with increased variability. This group difference in variability was observed immediately after passive listening, without prior motor engagement, and was not enhanced or reduced after several seconds of tapping. Although PWS showed increased tapping variability in the reproduction task as well as in synchronization tasks, this timing variability did not correlate significantly with the variability in reaction times or tapping force. Compared to PNS, PWS exhibited larger negative mean asynchronies, and increased synchronization variability in synchronization tasks. These group differences were not affected by beat hierarchy (i.e., “strong” vs. “weak” beats), pattern complexity (non-isochronous vs. isochronous) or presence versus absence of external auditory stimulus (1:1 vs. 1:4 isochronous pattern). Differences between PWS and PNS were not enhanced or reduced with sensorimotor learning, over the first taps of a synchronization task. Conclusion Our observations support the hypothesis of a deficit in neuronal oscillators coupling in production, but not in perception, of rhythmic patterns, and a larger delay in multi-modal feedback processing for PWS.

The study of three new scorpion specimens from Cretaceous Burmite leads to the descriptions of a new genus and new species which once again can be associated to the buthoid lineage and to the family Buthidae. The new species equally shows quite distinct characters, particularly a minorante trichobothriotaxy, when compared to other previous known Burmite elements, confirming therefore the existence of an important diversity within this fauna. The validity of two previously described species is also confirmed: Spinoburmesebuthus pohli Lourenço, 2017 (Family Palaeoburmesebuthidae) and Chaerilobuthus serratus Lourenço, 2016 (Family Chaerilobuthidae)., L’étude de trois nouveaux spécimens de scorpions de l’ambre du Crétacé inférieur du Myanmar conduit à la description d’un nouveau genre et d’une nouvelle espèce qui peuvent, une fois de plus, être associés à la lignée des Buthoidea ainsi que à la famille des Buthidae. La nouvelle espèce présente également des caractères très distincts, notamment une trichobothriotaxie minorante, lorsque comparée à d’autres éléments préalablement trouvés dans l’ambre Crétacé du Myanmar, et confirme ainsi l’existence d’une importante diversité au sein de cette faune. La validité de deux espèces préalablement décrites est également confirmée : Spinoburmesebuthus pohli Lourenço, 2017 (Famille Palaeoburmesebuthidae) et Chaerilobuthus serratus Lourenço, 2016 (Famille Chaerilobuthidae).

PURPOSE: Does semi-automated vitrification have lower inter-operator variability and better clinical outcomes than manual vitrification? METHODS: Retrospective analyses of 282 patients whose embryos had been cryopreserved, manually with Irvine®-CBS® (MV) or semi-automatically vitrified with the GAVI® method (AV) (from November 2017 to September 2020). Both techniques were performed during the same period by 5 operators. Inter-operator variability was statistically analyzed between operators who performed the vitrification and those who performed the warming process to compare the intact survival rate (% embryos with 100% intact blastomeres) and the positive survival rate (at least 50% intact blastomeres). Additionally, the complete vitrification time was assessed for the 2 techniques according to the number of vitrified embryos. RESULTS: Manual vitrification involved warming 338 embryos in 266 cycles for 181 couples compared to 212 embryos in 162 AV cycles for 101 patients. The positive survival rate was higher (p

The increasing use of plant fibres in industrial applications requires a better understanding of their morphologies. Experimental observations have shown that these fibres are characterized by a complex geometry which could affect their mechanical behaviour. Indeed, it is well known that the size and shape of plant fibres cross-section vary from bundle to bundle and along their length. In this study, the technique of Fraunhofer diffraction was used to characterize this morphological heterogeneity of flax fibre bundles. The analysis of the results showed a large scattering of the cross-section area (CSA). Lengthwise morphological variations of the bundles were examined and reveal that the CSA varies by a factor of 3.4 over a length of 75 mm. It also appears that the cross-section shape of flax fibre bundle can be better approximated by an elliptical model than by a circular model. The ratio between the maximum and minimum cross-section shape factor was found to be approximately 2 over a length of 75 mm. Moreover, the occurrence of cross-section rotations has been shown in case of fibre bundles, i.e., the orientation of the major-axis of the ellipse corresponding to the cross-section may be different from one point to another, causing sometimes visible twists along the bundle. These different results allowed us to build a numerical 3D volume considering the evolution of flax fibre bundles outer contour.

International audience; Resistive RAM (RAM) intrinsic variability is widely recognized as a major hurdle for widespread adoption of the technology. Moreover, the deeper we go into the High Resistance State (HRS), the higher the variability. In this context, this paper proposes circuit level design strategies to mitigate HRS variability. During the RESET operation, the programming current is strictly controlled while the voltage across the RRAM cell is regulated. From a design standpoint, a write termination circuit is used to constantly sense the programming current and stop the RESET pulse when the preferred RESET current is reached. The write termination is combined with a voltage regulator which provides a strict control of the RESET voltage. The paper first reviews the RRAM variability phenomenon. Then, an optimized programming scheme is developed to control the HRS state to approach zero-variability. Compared to the classical fixed-pulse programming scheme, variability is reduced by 99%.

International audience; Carboxylesterases (CES) are an important class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of a range of chemicals and show large inter-individual variability in vitro. An extensive literature search was performed to identify in vivo probe substrates for CES1 and CES2 together with their protein content and enzymatic activity. Human pharmacokinetic (PK) data on Cmax, clearance, and AUC were extracted from 89 publications and Bayesian meta-analysis was performed using a hierarchical model to derive CES-related variability distributions and related uncertainty factors (UF). The CES-related variability indicated that 97.5% of healthy adults are covered by the kinetic default UF (3.16), except for clopidogrel and dabigatran etexilate. Clopidogrel is metabolised for a small amount by the polymorphic CYP2C19, which can have an impact on the overall pharmacokinetics, while the variability seen for dabigatran etexilate might be due to differences in the absorption, since this can be influenced by food intake. The overall CES-related variability was moderate to high in vivo (

Animals have to continuously adapt to their environment. Spontaneous behavior is thus modulated by sensory cues extracted from its environment, but shows an intrinsic variability, both between individuals and within individuals. The regulation of the internal state that defines the observed behavior at each moment, and how it is modulated by environmental conditions, remains elusive. In this thesis, we use zebrafish larva, a vertebrate amenable to whole-brain imaging, to probe these internal dynamics. Temperature allows the modulation of individual internal dynamics and serves as a lever for the study of variability in this animal. A behavioral study allowed us to establish how the paramaters that control fish navigation were dependent on both absolute temperature and its temporal variation, allowing the animal to confine itself to a temperature range of 22--28\degree{C}. We also mapped whole-brain neural response to brief thermal stimuli. These demonstrate that regions involved in processing hot and cold signals are distinct and both widely distributed throughout the brain. In a second part, we focused on exploratory behavior and its variability for larvae swimming in water at different temperatures without thermal gradient. We showed that the swimming dynamics is constrained within a fixed space defined by the statistical structure of the different kinematic parameters, a space probed by the animal over several tens of minutes. We then focused on a neural circuit controlling the orientation of the swim (right vs left), whose activity shows a persistence property over long times. We showed that behavioral and neural orientational persistence times evolve consistently with bath temperature. These neural recording data were used to train a network model (Ising model) able to reproduce the observed neural dynamics. In conclusion, this work has provided a quantitative description of the spontaneous exploratory dynamics of larval zebrafish, its stochastic and variable character, and the influence of temperature on this behavior. Functional imaging, coupled with neural circuit modeling, has allowed us to shed light on some of the neural mechanisms behind these oberservations., Les animaux doivent constamment s'adapter à leur environnement pour survivre. Le comportement spontané de l'animal est donc modulé par les informations sensorielles qu'il extrait de son environnement, mais présente une variabilité intrinsèque, à la fois entre individus et au sein d'un même individu. La régulation de l'état interne qui définit à chaque instant le comportement observé, et comment celui-ci peut être modulé par les conditions environnementales, reste mal comprise. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous utilisons la larve de poisson-zèbre, un vertébré permettant l’enregistrement de l’ensemble du cerveau, pour sonder cette dynamique interne. La température permet la modulation des dynamiques internes individuelles et sert de levier pour l'étude de la variabilité chez cet animal. Une étude comportementale nous a permis d’établir comment les paramètres qui contrôlent la navigation du poisson dépendaient à la fois de la température absolue et de sa variation temporelle, permettant à l’animal de se confiner dans une plage de température de 22--28\degree C. Nous avons par ailleurs établi les cartes de réponses neuronales à l'échelle du cerveau entier à de brefs stimuli thermiques. Elles démontrent que les régions impliquées dans le traitement des signaux chauds et froids sont distinctes et toutes deux largement distribuées dans l'ensemble du cerveau. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés au comportement exploratoire et à sa variabilité pour des larves nageant dans de l'eau à différentes températures en l’absence de gradient thermique. Nous avons montré que la dynamique de nage est contrainte à un espace fixe défini par la structure statistique des différents paramètres cinématiques, espace sondé par l’animal sur des temps caractéristiques de plusieurs dizaines de minutes. Nous nous sommes ensuite focalisés sur un circuit neuronal qui contrôle l'orientation de la nage (droite vs gauche), dont l'activité présente une propriété de persistance sur des temps longs. Nous avons montré que les temps de persistance orientationnelle comportementaux et neuronaux évoluent de manière cohérente avec la température du bain. Ces données d’enregistrement neuronaux ont servi à entraîner un modèle sur réseau (modèle d'Ising) capable de reproduire la dynamique neuronale observée. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de fournir une description quantitative de la dynamique exploratoire spontanée de la larve de poisson zèbre, son caractère stochastique et variable, et l’influence de la température sur ce comportement. L’imagerie fonctionnelle, couplée à la modélisation des circuits neuronaux, nous a permis d’éclairer certains des mécanismes neuronaux à l’origine de ces observations.

International audience; Static Random-Access Memories (SRAMs) are an integral part of the chip industry, occupying a noticeable share of the memory market due to their high performance and compatibility with CMOS technology. Traditional SRAMs do not have the capacity to retain data after power-off, preventing their use in non-volatile applications. This paper presents a novel Non-Volatile SRAM (NVSRAM) device based on Resistive RAM (RRAM) technology. A comparison between SRAM and the proposed NVSRAM performances is proposed at both cell and memory array level. The comparison covers several metrics such as energy consumption, area and static noise margin (SNM). Moreover, this work proposes a deep analysis of the impact of RRAM variability as well as the CMOS subsystem variability on the NVSRAM performances. The proposed structure demonstrates robust NVSRAM performances in terms of stability and reliability despite RRAM variability.

International audience; Conceptual Graphs (CGs) are a formalism to represent knowledge. However producing a CG database is complex. To the best of our knowledge, existing methods do not fully use the expressivity of CGs. It is particularly troublesome as it is necessary to have CG databases to test and validate algorithms running on CGs. This paper proposes CG2A, an algorithm to build synthetic CGs exploiting most of their expressivity. CG2A takes as input constraints that constitute ontological knowledge including a vocabulary and a set of CGs with some label variables, called γ-CGs, as components of the generated CGs. Extensions also enable the automatic generation of the set of γ-CGs and vocabulary to ease the database generation and increase variability.; Les graphes conceptuels (GC) sont un formalisme permettant de représenter les connaissances. Cependant, la production d'une base de données de GC est complexe. À notre connaissance, les méthodes existantes n'utilisent pas pleinement l'expressivité des GC. Cela est particulièrement gênant car il est nécessaire de disposer de bases de données de GC pour tester et valider les algorithmes fonctionnant sur les GC. Cet article propose CG2A, un algorithme permettant de construire des GC synthétiques en exploitant au maximum leur expressivité. CG2A prend en entrée des contraintes qui constituent des connaissances ontologiques, comprenant un vocabulaire et un ensemble de GC particuliers incluant des variables, appelées GC-γ, comme composants des GC générés. Des extensions permettent également la génération automatique de l'ensemble des GC-γ et du vocabulaire pour faciliter la génération de la base de données et augmenter la variabilité.

International audience; RRAM density enhancement is essential not only to gain market share in the highly competitive emerging memory sector but also to enable future high-capacity and power-efficient brain-inspired systems, beyond the capabilities of today’s hardware. In this paper, a novel design scheme is proposed to realize reliable and uniform multi-level cell (MLC) RRAM operation with- out the need of any read verification. RRAM quad-level cell (QLC) capability with 4 bits/cell is demonstrated for the first time. QLC is implemented based on a strict control of the cell program- ming current of 1T-1R HfO2-based RRAM cells. From a design standpoint, a self-adaptive write termination circuit is proposed to control the RESET operation and provide an accurate tuning of the analog resistance value of each cell of a memory array. The different resistance levels are obtained by varying the compliance current in the RESET direction. Impact of variability on resistance margins is simulated and analyzed quantitatively at the circuit level to guarantee the robustness of the proposed MLC scheme. The minimal resistance margin reported between two consecutive states is 2.1 kΩ along with an average energy consumption and latency of 25 pJ/cell and 1.65 μs, respectively.

International audience; As its variability management architecture is complex, the Linux kernel is a constant subject of study for analyzing different aspects of its variability. It relies on a configuration-aware build system, preprocessor directives in the code, and a configuration tool. While many studies have focused on detecting anomalies within these parts or between them, all concepts and denominations are different among contributions, with similar properties devised with varied formalisms, or with no easy relationship between them. This actually hampers the understanding of all variability issues and proposed analyses, as well as their application to other highly configurable systems. In this paper, we analyse the different properties that have been studied on the variability of the kernel and propose a formalism based on the generic concepts of configurator and derivator. We instantiate them to represent the Kconfig, the Kbuild, and CPP in a unified model that enables to represent all the consistency properties. With this model, we manage to categorize the main related studies, establishing their coverage on the defined properties, showing also overlapping and divergences between studies.

International audience; VMC is a research tool for model checking variability-rich behavioural models specified as a modal transition system (MTS) with variability constraints (MTSu). In this tutorial, we introduce a tool chain built on VMC that allows to perform an efficient kind of family-based model checking in absence of deadlocks. It accepts as input either an MTSu or a featured transition system (FTS).

International audience; A number of drugs are given in drinking water in piglet farming, although this way of administering drugs leads to significant and uncontrolled variability in exposures. Three main explanations for this variability have been described in the literature: (1) the drinking behavior of animals, (2) the drug concentration in water, and (3) the inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. This article assesses the relative importance of these three sources of exposure variability for doxycycline and amoxicillin using pharmacokinetic simulations and by observing watering behavior, and analyzes the consequences of this exposure variability. The water consumption behavior was by far the most important factor as it led to a variation in exposures of up to a factor of 7 between piglets. The second most influential factor was the drug concentration in the drinking water with variations ranging from −43.3% to +48.7% at the beginning and the end of the pipeline. Finally, the between-individual variation in PK parameters depends on the drug, but had a low impact on exposure variability. In the most variable case (doxycycline), the mean ratio between the 10% less exposed and the 10% most exposed piglets varied from 3.7 without PK parameters variability to 6 with PK variability. For both drugs, this study also showed that only a small percentage of the piglets (36%) could be considered as well exposed in case of infection by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae or Pasteurella multocida. There may be some existing technical ways to reduce this important variability. However, their cost and ease of implementation merit examination.

Early experience can prepare offspring to adapt their behaviors to the environment they are likely to encounter later in life. In several species of ants, colonies show ontogenic changes in the brood-to-worker ratio that are known to have an impact on worker morphology. However, little information is available on the influence of fluctuations in the early social context on the expression of behavior in adulthood. Using the ant Lasius niger, we tested whether the brood-to-worker ratio during larval stages influenced the level of behavioral variability at adult stages. We raised batches of 20 or 180 larvae in the presence of 60 workers until adulthood. We then quantified the activity level and wall-following tendency of callow workers on 10 successive trials to test the prediction that larvae reared under a high brood-to-worker ratio should show greater behavioral variations. We found that manipulation of the brood-to-worker ratio influenced the duration of development and the size of individuals at emergence. We detected no influence of early social context on the level of between- or within-individual variation measured for individual activity level or on wall-following behavior. Our study suggests that behavioral traits may be more canalized than morphological traits.

International audience; Beyond apparent simplicity, visuomotor dexterity actually requires the coordination of multiple interactions across a complex system that links the brain, the body and the environment. Recent research suggests that a better understanding of how perceptive, cognitive and motor activities cohere to form executive control could be gained from multifractal formalisms applied to movement behavior. Rather than a central executive “talking” to encapsuled components, the multifractal intuition suggests that eye-hand coordination arises from multiplicative cascade dynamics across temporal scales of activity within the whole system, which is reflected in movement time series. Here we examined hand movements of sport students performing a visuomotor task in virtual reality (VR). The task involved hitting spatially arranged targets that lit up on a virtual board under critical time pressure. Three conditions were compared where the visual search field changed: whole board (Standard), half-board lower view field (LVF) and upper view field (UVF). Densely sampled (90 Hz) time series of hand motions captured by VR controllers were analyzed by a focus-based multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Multiplicative rather than additive interactions across temporal scales were evidenced by testing comparatively phase-randomized surrogates of experimental series, which confirmed nonlinear processes. As main results, it was demonstrated that: (i) the degree of multifractality in hand motion behavior was minimal in LVF, a familiar visual search field where subjects correlatively reached their best visuomotor response times (RTs); (ii) multifractality increased in the less familiar UVF, but interestingly only for the non-dominant hand; and (iii) multifractality increased further in Standard, for both hands indifferently; in Standard, the maximal expansion of the visual search field imposed the highest demand as evidenced by the worst visuomotor RTs. Our observations advocate for visuomotor dexterity best described by multiplicative cascades dynamics and a system-wide distributed control rather than a central executive. More importantly, multifractal metrics obtained from hand movements behavior, beyond the confines of the brain, offer a window on the fine organization of control architecture, with high sensitivity to hand-related control behavior under specific constraints. Appealing applications may be found in movement learning/rehabilitation, e.g., in hemineglect people, stroke patients, maturing children or athletes.

The prediction of the durability of structures is strongly linked to the quality of the prediction of degradation due to cracking of cementitious materials. However, cracking appears from the formation of the solid skeleton and continues through the desiccation shrinkage, influencing the mechanical behavior and the water transfers. At the microscopic scale, the permeability is directly related to the characteristics of the cracks such as their spacing, their length, their opening or their tortuosity. At the macroscopic scale, the degradation of the material impacts the stiffness, the stress distribution and the bearing capacity. It is therefore important to use models adapted to the scale of observation to correctly represent cracking. Non-linear mechanisms related to concrete degradation such as cracking and frictional contact have been introduced in previous works with the particle-lattice model DEAP, developed at LMT. Thus, this model allows to simulate the behavior of quasi-brittle materials under multi-axial and cyclic loading. It is now necessary to enrich these approaches by taking into account the hydro-mechanical effects related to the drying of concrete inducing a state of stress and cracking prior to the occurrence of any mechanical loading.This work consists in taking into account the cracking resulting from the desiccation shrinkage to analyze the variability generated by the model, based on the data of the experimental campaign carried out.First, experimental tests, divided into four campaigns, allow to quantify the variability resulting from the hydric transfers and the mechanical properties, mainly through drying and three points bending tests. The variability induced by the heterogeneity of the cementitious material, led to the realization of a statistical study, allowing to estimate the number of tests to be realized to be representative of the average behavior of the material.In a second step, the modeling of the drying shrinkage is implemented in the particle-lattice model, allowing to represent explicitly the kinematic discontinuities. These results show that the micro-cracking resulting from the water transfers, alone, does not allow to predict the influence of the desiccation shrinkage on the mechanical behavior of the material. Therefore, taking into account the capillary pressure, leads to a relaxation of the stresses, by limiting the shrinkage cracking.; La prédiction de la durabilité des structures est fortement liée à la qualité de la prédiction des dégradations dues à la fissuration des matériaux cimentaires. Or, la fissuration apparaît dès la formation du squelette solide et se poursuit à travers le retrait de dessiccation, en influençant le comportement mécanique et les transferts hydriques. A l'échelle microscopique, la perméabilité est directement liée aux caractéristiques des fissures comme leur espacement, leur longueur, leur ouverture ou leur tortuosité. A l'échelle macroscopique, la dégradation du matériau impacte la raideur, la distribution des efforts et la capacité portante. Il est donc important d'utiliser des modèles adaptés à l'échelle d'observation pour représenter correctement la fissuration. Les mécanismes non-linéaires liés à la dégradation du béton comme la fissuration et le contact frottant, ont été introduits dans des travaux précédents avec le modèle particulaire-lattice DEAP, développé au LMT. Ainsi, ce modèle permet de simuler le comportement des matériaux quasi-fragiles sous chargements multi-axiaux et cycliques. Il s'avère aujourd'hui nécessaire d'enrichir ces approches par la prise en compte des effets hydro-mécaniques liés au séchage du béton induisant un état de contrainte et de fissuration préalable à la survenue de tout chargement mécanique.Ce travail consiste à prendre en compte la fissuration issue du retrait de dessiccation pour analyser la variabilité générée par le modèle, en s'appuyant sur les données de la campagne expérimentale réalisée.Dans un premier temps, des essais expérimentaux, répartis en quatre campagnes, permettent de quantifier la variabilité issue des transferts hydriques et des propriétés mécaniques, principalement à travers des essais de séchage et de flexion trois points. La variabilité induite par l'hétérogénéité du matériau cimentaire, a conduit à la réalisation d'une étude statistique, permettant d'estimer le nombre d'essais à réaliser pour être représentatif du comportement moyen du matériau.Dans un second temps, la modélisation du retrait de dessiccation est implémentée dans le modèle particulaire-lattice, permettant de représenter explicitement les discontinuités cinématiques. Ces résultats montrent que la micro-fissuration issue des transferts hydriques, à elle seule, ne permet pas de prédire l'influence du retrait de dessiccation sur le comportement mécanique du matériau. Par conséquent, la prise en compte de la pression capillaire, conduit à une relaxation des contraintes, en limitant la fissuration de retrait.

International audience; Process Performance Indicators (PPIs) are quantifiable metrics to evaluate the business process performance providing essential information for decision-making as regards to efficiency and effectiveness. Nowadays, customizable process models and PPIs are usually modeled separately, especially when dealing with PPIs variability. Likewise, modeling PPI variants with no explicit link with the related customizable process generates redundant models, making adjustment and maintenance difficult. The use of appropriate methods and tools is needed to enable the integration and support of PPIs variability in customizable process models. In this paper, we propose a method based on the Process Performance Indicator Calculation Tree (PPICT), which allows to model the PPIs variability linked to customizable processes modeled on the Business Process Feature Model (BPFM) approach. The Process Performance Indicator Calculation (PPIC) method supports PPIs variability modeling through five design stages, which concerns the PPICT design, the integration of PPICT-BMFM and the configuration of required PPIs aligned with process activities. The PPIC method is supported by a metamodel and a graphical notation. This method has been implemented in a prototype using the ADOxx platform. A partial usercentered evaluation of the PPICT use was carried out in a real utility distribution case to model PPIs variability linked to a customizable process model.

From the 17th century until the arrival of hybrids in 1960s, maize landraces were cultivated in the South-West of France, a traditional region for maize cultivation. A set of landraces were collected in this region between the 1950s and 1980s and were then conservedex situin a germplam collection. Previous studies using molecular markers on approx. twenty landraces fo this region showed that they belonged to a Pyrenees-Galicia Flint genetic group and originated from hybridization between Caribbean and Northern Flint germplasms introduced in Europe. In this study, we assessed the structure and genetic diversity of 194 SWF maize landraces to elucidate their origin, using a 50K SNP array and a bulk DNA approach. We identified two weakly differentiated genetic groups, one in the Western part and the other in the Eastern part. We highlighted the existence of a longitudinal gradient along the SWF area that was probably maintained through the interplay between genetic drifts and restricted gene flows, rather than through differential climatic adaptation. The contact zone between the two groups observed near the Garonne valley may be the result of these evolutionnary forces. We found only few significant cases of hybridization between Caribbean and Northern Flint germplasms in the region. We also found gene flows from various maize genetic groups to SWF landraces. Thus, we assumed that SWF landraces had a multiple origin with a slightly higher influence of Tropical germplasm in the West and preponderance of Northern Flint germplasm in the East.

International audience; The Red River is an Asian river system strongly affected by global changes. This paper aims to characterize and quantify the suspended sediment flux (SF) over the basin under the influences of short-term climate variability and dam constructions. SF was evaluated at the outlets of main tributaries and along the main course of the Red River from 2000 to 2013 based on daily simulations from a modelling study. A reference scenario (without dams) was carried out to disentangle the impacts of short-term climate variability and damming by comparing to actual conditions. Without dams (reference scenario), the basin would generate 106.9 Mt yr−1 of SF to the downstream delta from 2000 to 2013, with a specific sediment yield (SSY) of 778.8 t km−2 yr−1. However, under the impacts of short-term climate variability and dams, the mean annual SSY decreased to 84.5 t km−2 yr−1. At the outlet of the basin, the annual mean SF of 2008–2013 (after new dam constructions) got reduced by 90% (10% related to short-term climate or atmospheric variability and 80% to dam constructions) compared to the reference scenario (without dams) during 2000–2007. The Thao tributary is the most sensitive to short-term climate variability while the Da tributary is mostly affected by the huge-capacity dams. Mean annual retentions of sediment by dams ranged from 7.1 to 111.0 Mt yr−1. Simple rating curves between monthly mean discharge (Q) and SF were established for estimating SF at the outlet of the tributaries and the Red River. High soil erosion (above 2000 t km−2 yr−1) occurred in the middle Thao and the lower Da tributaries. Precipitation, slope and agriculture practices are the key influence factors for soil erosion in the basin.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is to analyze variability activities in secondary education textbooks, which are provided free of charge by the Chilean Ministry of Education, in accordance with the Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education endorsed by the American Statistical Association and the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics. A qualitative methodology is followed, using content analysis as a method. Sampling was intentional and included eight textbooks of secondary education (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior), which are in accordance with the current math curriculum in Chile. Results show that, in general, these textbooks do not use real data and do not mention the types of variability, whether natural, induced, or sample variability, to summarize information. In addition, contents are frequently approached in a procedural manner, which restricts teaching to using formulas and, in specific cases, to clarifying certain notations. There is no pedagogical use of computational tools like Excel or GeoGebra. The study evidenced textbook flaws to teach variability, including a lack of clear definitions and their role in statistics. Therefore, teachers should complement what has been indicated in the textbook with new readings and scientific articles on these topics, such as the introduction of appropriate methodologies to teaching statistics and probability, teaching through projects, and case studies with problematic situations in which this concept plays a fundamental role in the decision making.; El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las actividades sobre variabilidad en los libros de texto de educación secundaria, que proporciona gratuitamente el Ministerio de Educación chileno, de acuerdo con las directrices entregadas por la Asociación Americana de Estadística para la Evaluación e Instrucción en Estadística Educacional y los Estándares Estatales Comunes Americanos de Matemática. Se sigue una metodología cualitativa, utilizando el análisis de contenido. La muestra fue de tipo intencionada y conformada por ocho libros de texto de enseñanza secundaria (de 1.º a 4.º año), los que se encuentran en concordancia con las actuales bases curriculares para matemática en Chile. Los resultados evidencian que, en general, estos libros de texto no emplean datos reales y no mencionan los tipos de variabilidad presentes en la captura de información para su resumen, como la variabilidad natural, inducida y muestral. Asimismo, los contenidos son frecuentemente abordados de manera procedimental, lo cual restringe la enseñanza a la aplicación de fórmulas y, en casos puntuales, a aclarar ciertas notaciones. Además, no se hace un uso pedagógico de las herramientas computacionales como Excel o GeoGebra. El estudio evidenció las falencias que presentan los libros de texto para la enseñanza de la variabilidad, como entregar definiciones claras y su rol en estadística. Por ello, el profesorado debe complementar lo indicado en esas obras con nuevas lecturas y artículos científicos en los que se traten estos temas, como la introducción de metodologías adecuadas para la enseñanza de la estadística y la probabilidad; la enseñanza mediante proyectos; el estudio de casos en el cual intervengan situaciones problemáticas, donde este concepto juegue un rol fundamental en la toma de decisiones.; Este trabalho tem como propósito analisar as atividades sobre variabilidade nos livros de texto do ensino médio, proporcionados gratuitamente pelo Ministério de Educação no Chile, de acordo com as orientações entregues pela Associação Americana de Estatística para a Avaliação e Instrução em Estatística Educacional e pelas Diretrizes Estaduais Comuns Americanas de Matemática. Segue-se uma metodologia qualitativa, utilizando a análise de conteúdo. A amostragem foi intencional e conformada por oito livros de texto do ensino médio (do 1.º ao 4.º ano), que estão de acordo com as atuais bases curriculares para matemática no Chile. Os resultados evidenciam que, em geral, esses livros de texto não empregam dados reais e não mencionam os tipos de variabilidade presentes na captação de informação para seu resumo, como a variabilidade natural, induzida e de amostragem. Igualmente, os conteúdos são frequentemente abordados de maneira procedimental, restringindo ao ensino à aplicação de fórmulas e, em casos pontuais, a esclarecer certas notações. Além disso, não se faz um uso pedagógico das ferramentas tecnológicas como Excel ou GeoGebra. O estudo evidenciou as falências apresentadas nos livros de texto para o ensino da variabilidade, como entregar definições claras e seu papel em estatística. Por isso, o professorado deve complementar o indicado nesses textos com novas leituras e artigos científicos que tratem desses temas, como a introdução de metodologias adequadas para o ensino da estatística e da probabilidade; o ensino por meio de projetos; o estudo de casos no qual intervenham situações problemáticas, onde este conceito desempenhe um papel fundamental na tomada de decisões.

Anatomically and biophysically detailed data-driven neuronal models have become widely used tools for understanding and predicting the behavior and function of neurons. Due to the increasing availability of experimental data from anatomical and electrophysiological measurements as well as the growing number of computational and software tools that enable accurate neuronal modeling, there are now a large number of different models of many cell types available in the literature. These models were usually built to capture a few important or interesting properties of the given neuron type, and it is often unknown how they would behave outside their original context. In addition, there is currently no simple way of quantitatively comparing different models regarding how closely they match specific experimental observations. This limits the evaluation, re-use and further development of the existing models. Further, the development of new models could also be significantly facilitated by the ability to rapidly test the behavior of model candidates against the relevant collection of experimental data. We address these problems for the representative case of the CA1 pyramidal cell of the rat hippocampus by developing an open-source Python test suite, which makes it possible to automatically and systematically test multiple properties of models by making quantitative comparisons between the models and electrophysiological data. The tests cover various aspects of somatic behavior, and signal propagation and integration in apical dendrites. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we applied our tests to compare the behavior of several different rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell models from the ModelDB database against electrophysiological data available in the literature, and evaluated how well these models match experimental observations in different domains. We also show how we employed the test suite to aid the development of models within the European Human Brain Project (HBP), and describe the integration of the tests into the validation framework developed in the HBP, with the aim of facilitating more reproducible and transparent model building in the neuroscience community., Author summary Anatomically and biophysically detailed neuronal models are useful tools in neuroscience because they allow the prediction of the behavior and the function of the studied cell type under circumstances that are hard to investigate experimentally. However, most detailed biophysical models have been built to capture a few selected properties of the real neuron, and it is often unknown how they would behave under different circumstances, or whether they can be used to successfully answer different scientific questions. To help the modeling community develop better neural models, and to make the process of model building more reproducible and transparent, we developed a test suite that enables the comparison of the behavior of models of neurons in the rat hippocampus and their evaluation against experimental data. Applying our tests to several models available in the literature enabled us to assess and compare how precisely each of these models is able to match various electrophysiological properties of the real neurons. We also use the test suite in the model development workflow of the European Human Brain Project to aid the construction of better models of hippocampal neurons and networks.

International audience; The emergence of precision livestock farming (PLF), and with it the increasing capacity to record behaviour and production parameters automatically, makes it possible to monitor feeding behaviour of individual animals over time. This study reports some of the first quantifications of feeding behaviour variables for individual dairy goats whilst group housed. The feeding behaviour of 16 non-lactating goats (NoLact), 32 goats in the middle of their first lactation (MidLact) and 24 goats (including 20 goats from MidLact) at the end of their first lactation (EndLact) from two breeds (Alpine and Saanen) was recorded. The goats were housed in groups of four individuals and each had access to one weight-monitored feeding station where they received a total mixed ration ad libitum twice a day. Following a habituation period, feeding behaviour was measured for nine days (NoLact), 10 days (MidLact) and six days (EndLact). After merging feeder visits into meals (≥8-min inter-meal-interval), six variables were calculated for each individual: meal frequency (number of daily meals, NDM), size (feed intake per meal, FIM) and duration (DUM), as well as feeding rate (FR), daily feeding time (DFT) and daily feed intake (DFI). The inter- and intra-individual variabilities of these six variables were investigated and the intra-class correlation coefficients calculated. Particular attention was paid to the first meal following feed distribution and to the stability of individual feeding behaviour between lactation stages. Effects of body weight, breed, and stage of lactation on the six feeding behaviour variables were analysed using a general linear model. Our study confirmed previous findings from individually housed dairy goats that feeding behaviour variables are relatively stable within an individual but show greater variability between individuals. Although there were differences between the lactation stages studied, the feeding behaviour of individuals tested in two lactation stages (mid- and end of lactation) remained relatively stable. The feeding behaviour variables were normally distributed, and smaller meals were linked with a higher meal frequency and vice versa. The first meal after a feed distribution, in addition to being positively correlated with the DFI, appeared to be stable in size for individual goats with a larger variability among individuals and could potentially be used to characterize the individuals, whereas time-related feeding behaviour variables appeared less useful for this purpose. Characterization of individuals based on their feeding behaviour can potentially be used to refine individual management for disease prevention or as a trait used in genetic selection.

WOS:000662773400001; International audience; Sharks exhibit varied demographic strategies depending on both the species and the population location, which make them more or less vulnerable to fishing. Accurate evaluation of local age and growth parameters is therefore fundamental for the sustainable management of their stocks. Although demographic parameters have been assessed for bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) populations in several locations of the world, this information is missing so far around Reunion Island, in the south-west Indian Ocean. To fill this gap of knowledge, age and growth data were gathered from the vertebrae of 140 individuals of C. leucas (77 females and 63 males, mostly adults) fished around the island between 2012 and 2019. After verification of the annual deposition of growth band pairs on these structures using relative marginal increment analysis on 40 individuals, band pairs were counted along the vertebral centrum for each individual. Thanks to this approach, growth was shown to significantly differ between male and female C. leucas around Reunion Island, with respective von Bertalanffy growth model equations of L-t = 314 (1 - e-(0.0814(t+5.45)) and L-t = 321.5 (1 - e(-0.0999(t+3.420))). Indeed, the females of the species fished in this area were significantly (P \textless 0.001) larger than local males, with an estimated difference in size of similar to 16.1 cm at 20 years old. They also apparently reach older ages, with an estimated maximum age of 33.50 years, against 29.75 years only for the males. The estimated size at birth around the island is larger than elsewhere in the world, varying from 92.30 to 100.00 cm depending on the method used. These results confirm that the population of C. leucas around Reunion Island exhibits a K-selected strategy, which makes it highly vulnerable to fishing pressure.

Howfar domarine larvae disperse in the ocean? Decades of population genetic studies have revealed generally low levels of genetic structure at large spatial scales (hundreds of kilometres). Yet this result, typically based on discrete sampling designs, does not necessarily imply extensive dispersal. Here, we adopt a continuous sampling strategy along 950 km of coast in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea to address this question in four species. In line with expectations, we observe weak genetic structure at a large spatial scale. Nevertheless, our continuous sampling strategy uncovers a pattern of isolation by distance at small spatial scales (few tens of kilometres) in two species. Individual- based simulations indicate that this signal is an expected signature of restricted dispersal. At the other extreme of the connectivity spectrum, two pairs of individuals that are closely related genetically were found more than 290 km apart, indicating long-distance dispersal. Such a combination of restricted dispersal with rare long-distance dispersal events is supported by a high-resolution biophysical model of larval dispersal in the study area, and we posit that it may be common in marine species. Our results bridge population genetic studies with direct dispersal studies and have implications for the design of marine reserve networks, RESERVEBENFIT, SI

International audience; Localization of atrial flutter circuits is tedious. Knowledge of this information beforehand will aid clinicians assess and plan ablation operations in advance to improve efficacy. In this article, we develop a novel classifier to determine flutter circuit localization by exploiting the variability contained in beat-to-beat series of vectorcardiographic flutter loop parameters, related to the variability of the activation circuit. Resulting classifier performance is satisfactory (maximum accuracy 0.93 for sample size of 56, sensitivity and specificity of 0.87 and 1.00 using logistic regression). Using an original method for selection of the most relevant features, it is shown that right and left AFL variability is different (right AFL has larger variability compared to left AFL) regarding higher-order statistics. On the other hand, it is hypothesized that respiratory motion alongside physical location of the two atria introduces variability in different amounts in right and left flutter circuits. This constitutes a confounding source of variability and may explain differences between right and left variability. We verify this hypothesis by removing this variability related to respiratory motion and analyzing the changes in classifier performance and variability feature values. It was concluded that respiratory motion is not the origin of discriminatory variability, and that this variability possibly originates from the AFL itself.

At the heart of this work lies an analysis of a stratified sequence of three Magdalenian occupations: the D71 units at Étiolles (Essonne). The exceptional configuration of these units allows us to advance the hypothesis of their reoccupation by one Magdalenian band, perhaps even a single family, over the course of a few years. The comparative study of these three successive occupations allows us to broach behavioural variability at three scales: that of cultural mutations during the Late Glacial, already explored in depth via the palaeohistoric approach; that of the discrete nuances that appear at the level of individuals, which falls within the palaeosociological domain; and, most of all, that which operates within a cultural group and shifts as a function of differing occupational circumstances. This intermediary scale is rarely accessible for these time periods, but it allows us to distinguish between behavioural variability of a cultural nature from circumstantial variability. These three scales of variability are put into perspective here through two research axes: on the one hand, the technological analysis of stone knapping sequences, and on the other, the reconstitution of the activities, the operation, and the function of each occupational unit, which is made possible by the significant preservation of the occupation floors. The results of these analyses form the basis of a broader discussion, touching upon both the diversity of blade production methods during the Magdalenian, and the use of space within nomadic hunter-gatherer campsites., Le cœur de ce travail est formé par l’analyse d’une séquence stratifiée de trois occupations magdaléniennes : les unités d’occupation D71, à Étiolles (Essonne). La configuration exceptionnelle de ces unités d’occupation permet de proposer l’hypothèse d’une réoccupation par une même bande de Magdaléniens, voire par une même famille, à l’échelle de quelques années. L’étude com- parée des vestiges de chacun des trois séjours successifs de ces individus permet par conséquent d’aborder la variabilité des comportements préhistoriques à trois échelles : celle, déjà largement explorée via une démarche dite paléohistorique, des mutations culturelles du Tardiglaciaire ; celle des nuances discrètes entre les comportements de chaque individu, propre aux approches paléosociologiques ; celle, surtout, qui opère au sein d’un même groupe culturel, au gré des cir- constances de chaque occupation. C’est cette échelle intermédiaire qui nous est rarement accessible pour ces périodes anciennes, et qui permet de distinguer, au sein de la variabilité des com- portements, celle d’ordre culturel de celle plus circonstancielle. Ces trois échelles de variabilité sont mises en perspective à travers deux axes de travail : d’une part, l’analyse technologique des chaînes opératoires de taille, et d’autre part la reconstitution des activités, du fonctionnement, et de la fonction de chaque unité d’occupation, permise par la grande qualité de préservation des sols d’occupation. Les résultats de cette étude constituent la base d’une discussion plus large, à la fois sur la diversité des méthodes de débitage laminaire au Magdalénien et sur les modes d’occupation dans les campements de chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades.

An improved high-resolution ground-to-thermosphere version of the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) Venus General Circulation Model (VGCM), including non-orographic gravity waves (GW) parameterization and fine-tuned non-LTE parameters, is presented here. We focus on the validation of the model built from a collection of data mostly from Venus Express experiments and coordinated ground-based telescope campaigns, in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere of Venus. These simulations result in an overall better agreement with temperature observations above 90 km, compared with previous versions of the VGCM. Density of CO2 and light species (CO and O) are also comparable with observations in terms of trend and order of magnitude. Systematic biases in the temperature structure are found at about 80-100 km and above 130 km at the terminator, possibly due to assumptions on the CO2 mixing ratio made for stellar/solar occultation retrievals and uncertainties on the collisional rate coefficients used in the non-LTE parameterization, respectively. Diurnal and latitudinal distribution of dynamical tracers are also analyzed. Overall, our simulations indicate that a weak westward retrograde wind is present up to about 120 km, producing the CO bulge displacement toward 2h-3h in the morning, instead of piling up at the anti-solar point, as for an idealised SS-AS circulation. This retrograde imbalance is suggested to be produced by perturbations of about 5 days Kelvin wave impacting the mesosphere up to 110 km (see the companion paper Navarro et al. 2021), combined with GW westward acceleration mostly above 110 km. On the whole, these model developments point to the importance of the inclusion of the lower atmosphere, higher resolution and finely tuned parameterizations in GCM of the Venusian upper atmosphere, in order to shed light on existing observations., Comment: Icarus (2021), in press, 24 pages, 17 Figures

WOS:000670940100001; International audience; Sea surface salinity (SSS) is a key variable for ocean-atmosphere interactions and the water cycle. Due to its climatic importance, increasing efforts have been made for its global in situ observation, and dedicated satellite missions have been launched more recently to allow homogeneous coverage at higher resolution. Cross-shore SSS gradients can bear the signature of different coastal processes such as river plumes, upwelling or boundary currents, as we illustrate in a few regions. However, satellites performances are questionable in coastal regions. Here, we assess the skill of four gridded products derived from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites and the GLORYS global model reanalysis at capturing cross-shore SSS gradients in coastal bands up to 300 km wide. These products are compared with thermosalinography (TSG) measurements, which provide continuous data from the open ocean to the coast along ship tracks. The comparison shows various skills from one product to the other, decreasing as the coast gets closer. The bias in reproducing coastal SSS gradients is unrelated to how the SSS biases evolve with the distance to the coast. Despite limited skill, satellite products generally agree better with collocated TSG data than a global reanalysis and show a large range of coastal SSS gradients with different signs. Moreover, satellites reveal a global dominance of coastal freshening, primarily related to river runoff over shelves. This work shows a great potential of SSS remote sensing to monitor coastal processes, which would, however, require a jump in the resolution of future SSS satellite missions to be fully exploited.

This thesis aimed to show how vibrational spectroscopy including near infrared (NIR), mid infrared (MIR), Raman and NIR hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) coupled with advanced chemometrics can highlight the variability and heterogeneity of both, raw apples and processed purees. Experimental trials were designed to modulate several factors in orchard (varieties, agricultural practices), during post-harvest storage (4°C) and processing (temperature, grinding and refining) in order to modify properties and composition of apples and purees. An efficient approach using NIR-HSI allowed illustrating the distribution of total sugars and dry matter inside apples. The inter-batch variability of apples and the intra-batch variability between individual apples intensively changed the cooked purees. MIR spectroscopy was the best tool to detect the variability of purees and assess their biochemical (soluble solids, acidity, dry matter, fructose, sucrose and malic acid), rheological (viscosity and viscoelastic moduli) and textural (particle size and volume) properties. Good linear correlations were found between apple texture and puree viscosity, as well as between apple and puree acidity, soluble solids and dry matter. Therefore, VIS-NIR and NIR techniques allowed to predict the taste and texture of purees from the non-destructive spectra of apples. Besides, MIR spectroscopy can guide puree formulation from spectra of single-variety purees. Our innovative approaches could provide objective data to better manage apples and to adapt processing conditions according to their initial properties. The ultimate goal is to improve the quality of fresh and processed fruits while reducing losses., Cette thèse visait à montrer comment la spectroscopie vibrationnelle incluant le proche infrarouge (NIR), le moyen infrarouge (MIR), le Raman et l'imagerie hyperspectrale (NIR-HSI) couplée à la chimiométrie pouvait mettre en évidence la variabilité et l'hétérogénéité des pommes et des purées après transformation. Des essais expérimentaux ont été conçus pour moduler plusieurs facteurs, au verger (variétés, pratiques agricoles), pendant le stockage post-récolte (4°C) et la transformation (température, broyage et raffinage) afin de faire varier les propriétés et la composition des pommes et des purées. Une approche efficace utilisant la NIRS-HSI a permis d'illustrer la répartition des sucres totaux et de la matière sèche à l'intérieur des pommes. Les variabilités inter-lots et intra-lots des pommes ont profondément modifié les purées. La spectroscopie MIR a été le meilleur outil pour détecter la variabilité des purées et évaluer leurs propriétés biochimiques (solides solubles, acidité, matière sèche, fructose, saccharose et acide malique), rhéologiques (viscosité et modules viscoélastiques) et texturales (taille et volume des particules). Des corrélations linéaires ont été trouvées entre la texture de la pomme et la viscosité de la purée, ainsi qu’entre les pommes et les purées pour l'acidité, les solides solubles et la matière sèche. Ainsi, les techniques VIS-NIR et NIR ont permis de prédire le goût et la texture des purées à partir des spectres acquis sur les pommes intactes. De plus, la spectroscopie MIR a pu guider la formulation des purées à partir des spectres des purées monovariétales. Nos approches innovantes pourraient fournir des données objectives pour mieux gérer les pommes et adapter les conditions de transformation en fonction de leurs propriétés initiales. L'objectif ultime est d'améliorer la qualité des fruits frais et transformés tout en réduisant les pertes.

Monitoring the biodiversity of key habitats and understanding the drivers across spatial scales is essential for preserving ecosystem functions and associated services. Coralligenous reefs are threatened marine biodiversity hotspots that are challenging to monitor. As fish sounds reflect biodiversity in other habitats, we unveiled the biogeography of coralligenous reef sounds across the north-western Mediterranean using data from 27 sites covering 2000 km and 3 regions over a 3-year period. We assessed how acoustic biodiversity is related to habitat parameters and environmental status. We identified 28 putative fish sound types, which is up to four times as many as recorded in other Mediterranean habitats. 40% of these sounds are not found in other coastal habitats, thus strongly related to coralligenous reefs. Acoustic diversity differed between geographical regions. Ubiquitous sound types were identified, including sounds from top-predator species and others that were more specifically related to the presence of ecosystem engineers (red coral, gorgonians), which are key players in maintaining habitat function. The main determinants of acoustic community composition were depth and percentage coverage of coralligenous outcrops, suggesting that fish-related acoustic communities exhibit bathymetric stratification and are related to benthic reef assemblages. Multivariate analysis also revealed that acoustic communities can reflect different environmental states. This study presents the first large-scale map of acoustic fish biodiversity providing insights into the ichthyofauna that is otherwise difficult to assess because of reduced diving times. It also highlights the potential of passive acoustics in providing new aspects of the correlates of biogeographical patterns of this emblematic habitat relevant for monitoring and conservation.