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In this paper we study dynamical systems of intervals moving on incommensurable metric graphs. They can be generally viewed as congruent intervals moving around some graph with unit velocity and propagating on all respective incident edges whenever sliding through any vertex. In particular, we analyse the phenomenon of saturation: a state of the system when the entire graph is covered by these moving intervals. Our main contributions are the following: (1) we prove the existence of the finite moment of permanent saturation for any incommensurable metric graph and any positive length of these intervals; (2) we present an upper bound for the moment of permanent saturation. To show the validity of our results, we reduce the system of moving intervals to the system of dispersing moving points for the analysis of which we primarily use methods of discrepancy theory and number theory, specifically Kronecker sequences and the celebrated Three Gap Theorem.

Extending the formalism of Phys. Rev. X 9, 041017, we aim to provide an operator growth hypothesis in certain open quantum systems. Our results are based on the study of the dissipative $q$-body Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK$_q$) model, governed by the Markovian dynamics. We introduce a notion of ''operator size concentration'' which allows a diagrammatic and combinatorial proof of the asymptotic linear behavior of the two sets of Lanczos coefficients ($a_n$ and $b_n$) in the large $q$ limit. Our results corroborate with the semi-analytics in finite $q$ in the large $N$ limit, and the numerical Arnoldi iteration in finite $q$ and finite $N$ limit. As a result, Krylov complexity exhibits exponential growth following a saturation at a time that grows logarithmically with the inverse dissipation strength. The growth of complexity is suppressed compared to the closed system results, yet it upper bounds the growth of the normalized out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC). We conjecture this to be generic for any dissipative (open) quantum systems and may generalize the chaos bound in such cases. We also provide a plausible explanation of the results from the dual gravitational side.

International audience; The thermal properties of volcanic materials are required for modelling and for understanding volcanic surface heat fluxes and timescales for cooling magma. However, compared to volcanic rocks, there are relatively few thermal property data for unlithified granular volcanic materials. Here, we measured the thermal properties of a suite of hydrothermally altered powders from La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Eastern Caribbean) as a function of water saturation degree. Our data show, under dry conditions, that thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity decrease, and that specific heat capacity does not change systematically, as a function of the degree of alteration of the unlithified granular material. For example, thermal conductivity decreases from ~0.3 to ~0.2 W·m−1·K−1 as the quantity of alteration minerals in the samples increases from ~10 to ~70 wt%. We interpret the decrease in thermal conductivity with increasing alteration as the result of the lower thermal conductivity of the alteration mineral assemblage relative to the unaltered assemblage. Our data also show that thermal conductivity increases from ~0.2–0.3 to ~0.8–1.1 W·m−1·K−1 as saturation degree increases from dry to at, or close to, complete saturation, due to the higher thermal conductivity of water compared to air. We show that an empirical model for variably saturated granular media is in general agreement with our data and provides a framework to predict the thermal conductivity of unlithified granular volcanic materials as a function of saturation degree. The data and modelling provided herein can help improve heat flux calculations designed to inform on volcanic and geothermal processes.

We introduce a new approach for solving quantum many-body systems called wave function matching. Wave function matching transforms the interaction between particles so that the wave functions at short distances match that of an easily computable interaction. This allows for calculations of systems that would otherwise be impossible due to problems such as Monte Carlo sign cancellations. We apply the method to lattice Monte Carlo simulations of light nuclei, medium-mass nuclei, neutron matter, and nuclear matter. We use interactions at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order in the framework of chiral effective field theory and find good agreement with empirical data. These results are accompanied by new insights on the nuclear interactions that may help to resolve long-standing challenges in accurately reproducing nuclear binding energies, charge radii, and nuclear matter saturation in ab initio calculations., 24 pages, 10 figues, 13 tables

The typical transverse momentum $Q_s(t)$ (or "saturation" momentum) acquired by a hard particle propagating through a $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM plasma increases over time like $t^\gamma$, with an anomalous exponent $\gamma>1/2$ characteristic of super-diffusion. This anomalous exponent is a function of the 't Hooft coupling $\lambda=g^2N_c$. Recently, a method has been proposed to systematically compute the perturbative series of $\gamma(\lambda)$ at weak coupling. This method relies on the traveling wave interpretation of the time evolution of $Q_s(t)$ and on the dominance of soft-collinear radiative corrections at large times. In this paper, we compute $\gamma(\lambda)$ up to $\mathcal{O}(\lambda^{2})$ using the double logarithmic behaviour of the BFKL equation in planar $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM at three loops. This calculation allows us to discuss the transition towards the strong coupling regime where AdS/CFT calculations predict $\gamma\to 1$., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, contribution to the proceedings of the "XVth International Conference on Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum"

The nuclear symmetry energy, together with the other saturation properties of symmetric nuclear matter, plays an important role in low energy nuclear structure of terrestrial systems, as well as astrophysical objects. In particular, its density dependence, both in sub- and supra-saturation regions in high density matter in neutron stars, is of utmost significance and has been a subject of active research for decades, usually within a mean-field framework. We report results obtained using the latest version of Quark-Meson-Coupling Model (QMC-A) with just three variable parameters, the baryon-meson coupling constants in free space. It is shown that these parameters can be determined directly using nuclear matter (NM) properties at saturation; two parameters of symmetric nuclear matter (SNM), the baryon number density and the energy per particle, and the symmetry energy coefficient of asymmetric nuclear matter (ANM). The effects of uncertainties in the these parameters and propagation of these uncertainties through the calculation of properties of dense hyperonic matter and cold neutron stars are demonstrated. This approach leads to new limits on both the NM parameters and the QMC coupling constants. The results, which exploit the unique features of the QMC model, are discussed and future prospects are outlined.

Carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a powerful technology to reduce the quantity of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. Generally, [dollar]ext{CO}_2[dollar] is stored in geological underground structures such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifer. Once injected into formations, [dollar]ext{CO}_2[dollar] is trapped underground by means of various trapping mechanisms. The formation heterogeneities and changes in wettability are involved in one of them. The discontinuities thus created are at the basis of the capillary barrier phenomenon, which plays a crucial role for flows in porous media and in fractured ones in particular.For Darcy flows, capillary pressure is often modeled as a function of fluid saturation and rock type. Each lithology corresponds to a capillary pressure-saturation curve which displays strong variations embodied by asymptotes. The change of curve induced by the change of rock requires to define precisely the interface conditions between two different lithologies in order to model the flow or the trapping of the fluids accurately through this interface. In view of these characteristics and constraints, numerical difficulties may arise when simulating these flows, especially during Newton iterations. Some choices of primary variables may be more appropriate than others.In this thesis, we aim at improving Newton robustness in order to overcome the above-mentioned difficulties and at proposing strategies to enforce transmission conditions at interfaces in heterogeneous domains. Our work follows an order of increasing difficulties. First, we start considering the easier model, the Richards equation, in a homogeneous medium. Then, we introduce heterogeneities in the domain. Finally, we turn to the complete model in a challenging configuration: the immiscible incompressible two-phase system in a heterogeneous domain.To improve robustness, we propose a strategy based on variable switch and it is easily implemented thanks to a fictitious variable that enables us to describe both the saturation and the pressure and that we call parametrization technique. The numerical tests performed confirm the potentiality of this technique, which allows the Richards equation to be solved without caring about the choice of the primary unknown and without any convergence problems.In a heterogeneous domain, a naive scheme without explicit inclusion of heterogeneities suffers from a lack of accuracy in the predicted results. This motivates the introduction of a specific treatment of the interfaces. Thus, we propose and compare several approaches to deal with the interface transmission condition, analyzing their pros and cons when confronted to different physical settings for the Richards equation as well as the two-phase Darcy flow model.; La séquestration du dioxyde de carbone (CCUS) constitue une technique puissante pour réduire la quantité de gaz à effet de serre émis dans l'atmosphère. En général, le CO2 est stocké dans des structures géologiques souterraines telles que des réservoirs de pétrole et de gaz épuisés ou des aquifères salins. Une fois injecté dans les formations, le CO2 est piégé en sous-sol au moyen de divers mécanismes de piégeage. Les hétérogénéités de la formation et les changements de mouillabilité interviennent dans l'un d'entre eux. Les discontinuités ainsi créées sont à la base du phénomène de barrière capillaire, qui joue un rôle crucial pour les écoulements en milieu poreux et en particulier dans les milieux fracturés.Pour les écoulements de Darcy, la pression capillaire est souvent modélisée comme une fonction de la saturation du fluide et du type de roche. Chaque lithologie correspond à une courbe de pression capillaire-saturation qui présente de fortes variations matérialisées par des asymptotes. Le changement de courbe induit par le changement de roche nécessite de définir précisément les conditions d'interface entre deux lithologies différentes afin de modéliser précisément l'écoulement ou le piégeage des fluides à travers cette interface. Compte tenu de ces caractéristiques et contraintes, des difficultés numériques peuvent apparaître lors de la simulation de ces écoulements, notamment lors des itérations de Newton. Certains choix de variables primaires peuvent être plus appropriés que d'autres.Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à améliorer la robustesse de la méthode de Newton afin de surmonter les difficultés mentionnées ci-dessus et à proposer des stratégies pour renforcer les conditions de transmission aux interfaces en domaines hétérogènes. Notre travail suit un ordre de difficultés croissantes. Tout d'abord, nous commençons par considérer le modèle le plus simple, l'équation de Richards, dans des milieux homogènes. Ensuite, nous introduisons des hétérogénéités dans le domaine. Enfin, nous considérons le modèle complet dans une configuration difficile : le système diphasique incompressible immiscible dans un domaine hétérogène.Afin d'améliorer la robustesse, nous proposons une stratégie basée sur une bascule de la variable primaire. Elle est facilement implémentée grâce à une variable fictive permettant de décrire à la fois la saturation et la pression, que nous appelons technique de paramétrisation. Les tests numériques effectués confirment le potentiel de cette technique, qui permet de résoudre l'équation de Richards sans se soucier du choix de l'inconnue primaire et sans problème de convergence.Dans un domaine hétérogène, un schéma naïf sans prise en compte explicite des hétérogénéités souffre d'un manque de précision dans les résultats simulés. Cela motive l'introduction d'un traitement spécifique des interfaces. Ainsi, nous proposons et comparons plusieurs approches pour traiter la condition de transmission d'interface, analysant leurs avantages et inconvénients lorsqu'ils sont confrontés à différents paramètres physiques pour l'équation de Richards ainsi que le modèle d'écoulement diphasique de Darcy.

Hadron production in proton-nucleus (pA) collisions was previously shown to be suppressed by medium-induced fully coherent energy loss (FCEL). We show that the quenching of $D$ and $B$ mesons in pPb collisions at the LHC due solely to FCEL is, at least, on par with other nuclear effects such as gluon shadowing or saturation. This is consistent with previous findings for both quarkonium and light hadron production in pA collisions, emphasising that FCEL effects need to be included for a reliable understanding of hadron production measurements in pA collisions., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures

In this thesis, we study the problem of boundary stabilization of general hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations. More precisely, the analysis focuses on systems where the transport term is scalar and for which the information propagates in a fixed direction. In addition, the chosen control is most of the time a state feedback law for which a saturation is possibly applied. The work is divided into two distinct parts, one focusing on Lyapunov techniques while the other one uses the linearity of the problem. In the first part of the thesis, two main works are presented. In the first one, only linear transport equations with positive velocities are considered. The main goal is to design a saturated linear feedback in order to stabilize exponentially the open-loop system in L 8 . The method consists of using classical Lyapunov techniques to exhibit a basin of attraction for which a fine estimate is given. We also extend this work to nonlinear scalar conservation laws in a BV framework. In the other work, thanks to a slope limiter scheme, a system of scalar conservation laws is discretized. Inspired by "continuous" Lyapunov methods, a discrete Lyapunov functional is studied to prove the exponential BV stabilization of the discrete solution using a linear feedback. In the second part of the thesis, two works are exposed as well, this time in a full linear framework. On the one hand, we study systems of linear transport equations of arbitrary dimension, coupled on the domain and at the boundary. Designing a controller from a pole placement algorithm, the exponential stabilization is proved in L 2 . On the other hand, we develop a numerical Backstepping theory in order to stabilize in finite time a numerical scheme modeling a 2 × 2 linear system with in domain and boundary couplings.; Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le problème de stabilisation au bord de systèmes généraux d'équations aux dérivées partielles hyperboliques. Plus précisément, l'étude se focalise sur des systèmes où le transport est uniquement scalaire et où le sens de propagation de l'information est fixé. En outre, le contrôle choisi sera la plupart du temps sous la forme d'une loi de retour d'état (ou feedback) linéaire que l'on perturbera éventuellement par l'effet d'une saturation. Le travail est séparé en deux parties bien distinctes ; l'une se concentre sur des méthodes de Lyapunov, tandis que l'autre va plutôt utiliser des techniques propres au linéaire. Pour la première partie, deux travaux principaux sont présentés. Dans un premier temps, nous ne considérons que des équations de transport linéaires à vitesses positives et cherchons à stabiliser exponentiellement le système dans L8 grâce à un feedback linéaire saturé. La méthode consiste à utiliser des techniques classiques de Lyapunov afin d'exhiber un bassin d'attraction et d'en donner une estimation fine. On généralise ensuite ce travail dans un cadre BV pour les systèmes de lois de conservation scalaires couplées au bord. Secondement, un système de lois de conservation scalaires à vitesses positives est discrétisé en utilisant un schéma à limiteur de pente. En s'inspirant des méthodes issues du cadre continu, une fonctionnelle de Lyapunov discrète est étudiée pour prouver la stabilisation exponentielle BV par feedback linéaire de la solution discrète. Pour la seconde partie, deux études sont également exposées mais cette fois-ci, dans un cadre totalement linéaire. D'une part, il s'agit d'établir la possibilité de construire un feedback issu d'un placement de pôles pour stabiliser exponentiellement des edps hyperboliques linéaires avec couplage au bord et dans le domaine. D'autre part, nous développons une théorie du backstepping discrétisé pour stabiliser en temps fini un schéma numérique modélisant un système 2 × 2 avec couplage au bord et au sein du domaine.

This paper is concerned with the analysis of a one dimensional wave equation ztt − zxx = 0 on [0, 1] with a Dirichlet condition at x = 0 and a damping acting at x = 1 which takes the form (zt(t, 1), −zx(t, 1)) ∈ Σ for every t ≥ 0, where Σ is a given subset of ℝ2. The study is performed within an Lp functional framework, p ∈ [1, +∞]. We aim at determining conditions on Σ ensuring existence and uniqueness of solutions of that wave equation as well as strong stability and uniform global asymptotic stability of its solutions. In the latter case, we also study the decay rates of the solutions and their optimality. We first establish a one-to-one correspondence between the solutions of that wave equation and the iterated sequences of a discrete-time dynamical system in terms of which we investigate the above mentioned issues. This enables us to provide a simple necessary and sufficient condition on Σ ensuring existence and uniqueness of solutions of the wave equation as well as an efficient strategy for determining optimal decay rates when Σ verifies a generalized sector condition. As an application, we solve two conjectures stated in the literature, the first one seeking a specific optimal decay rate and the second one associated with a saturation type of damping. In case the boundary damping is subject to perturbations, we derive sharp results regarding asymptotic perturbation rejection and input-to-state issues.

International audience; The CMS High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) imposes extremely challenging specifications for the front-end electronics: high dynamic range, low noise, high-precision time information and low power consumption, as well as the need to select and transmit trigger information with a high transverse and longitudinal granularity. HGCROC2 is the second prototype of the readout chip embedding almost all the final functionalities. It has 72 channels of the full analog chain: low noise and high gain preamplifier and shapers, a 10-bit 40 MHz SAR-ADC which provides the charge measurement over the linear range of the preamplifier, after the preamplifier saturation a discriminator and TDC provide the charge information from ToT (200 ns dynamic range and 50 ps binning), and a fast discriminator and TDC provide timing information to 25 ps accuracy. This paper reports on the performance in terms of noise, charge and timing, the DAQ and Trigger paths, as well as results from radiation qualification with total ionizing dose (TID) and heavy ions for single-event effects (SEE).

If known, the spectrum of heavy-hadron molecules will be a key tool to disentangle the nature of the exotic states that are being discovered in experiments. Here we argue that the general features of the molecular spectrum can be deduced from the idea that the short-range interaction between the heavy hadrons is effectively described by scalar and vector meson exchange, i.e. the $\sigma$, $\omega$ and $\rho$ mesons. By means of a contact-range theory where the couplings are saturated by the aforementioned light mesons we are indeed able to postdict the $X(3872)$ (as a $D^* \bar{D}$ molecule) from the three $P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$ pentaquarks (as $\bar{D}\Sigma_c$ and $\bar{D}^* \Sigma_c$ molecules). We predict a $J^{PC} = 1^{--}$ $D \bar{D}_1$ molecule at $4240-4260\,{\rm MeV}$ which might support the hypothesis that the $Y(4260)$ is at least partly molecular. The extension of these ideas to the light baryons requires minor modifications, after which we recover approximate SU(4)-Wigner symmetry in the two-nucleon system and approximately reproduce the masses of the deuteron and the virtual state., Comment: 13 pages, 1 table; corresponds to the published version

International audience; We propose a redesign paradigm for stable estima-tors by introducing a saturation or a dead-zone nonlinearity with adaptive thresholds on the output injection term. Such nonlin-earities allow improving the sensitivity to measurement noise in different scenarios (impulsive disturbances or persistent noise such as sensor bias), while preserving the asymptotic convergence properties of the original observer. These redesigns apply to a broad class of state estimators, including linear observers, observers for input-affine systems, observers for Lipschitz systems , observers based on the circle criterion, high-gain observers, standard and extended Kalman filters. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of both the stubborn and dead-zone redesigns.

International audience; A novel type of resistive Micromegas combining a Bulk mesh and a resistive pad board is presented. Readout pads are covered by a thin insulating layer with a top resistive coating segmented into resistive pads. Readout and resistive pads are electrically connected by means of planar resistors embedded in the insulator, enabling fast clearance of the avalanche charge from the resistive surface. The maximum gas gain achieved by these resistive detectors is similar to that of non-resistive Micromegas. A possible saturation of the gain for large energy deposits in the gas was investigated by means of $^{55}$Fe quanta and electromagnetic showers in the 30–200 GeV energy range, but no significant deviation from a proportional response was found. With a suitable choice of the resistance, these detectors demonstrate negligible gain drop and no sparking up to X-ray fluxes of ∼ 1 MHz / mm$^2$ which constitutes a major improvement over non-resistive Micromegas. Spark suppression was also verified in a hadron beam for prototypes with a pad resistance as low as 40 k Ω or above. Passive protections of the front-end electronics against sparks (diodes on a printed circuit board) are therefore not required for these resistive detectors.

We study lepto- and hadroproduction of a heavy-quark pair in the ITMD factorization framework for dilute-dense collisions. Due to the presence of a nonzero quark mass and/or nonzero photon virtuality, new contributions appear compared to the cases of photo- and hadroproduction of dijets, for which the ITMD framework was originally derived. The extra terms are sensitive to gluons that are not fully linearly polarized. At small $x$ those gluons emerge only when saturation effects are taken into account, and in a proper way. As a result, in linear small-$x$ frameworks where gluon are fully linearly polarized, such contributions are absent. We show however that they are not always negligible, even for large gluon transverse momentum, due to the behavior of the off-shell hard factors., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures

International audience; Lockdowns put in place in response to the COVID-19 health crisis have changed daily functioning for families and potentially the emotional experience of individuals in their parenting role. Our study aimed to highlight the importance of the environmental consequences associated with lockdowns on parental burnout. We compared data on parental burnout levels from two French samples: the first collected in 2018 (N = 1332) and the second collected during the last month of lockdown (N = 522). Our results show that parents included during the lockdown period reported significantly, but slightly, higher saturation (a dimension of the parental burnout construct) than parents included 2 years earlier. However, the number of children per age group, maintaining employment, and having to provide schooling at home are not variables that explain differences in the level of parental burnout between our two samples. Our results are discussed with regard to the risk factors identified and the French context.

International audience; In this work, the problem of stabilization of general systems of linear transport equations with indomain and boundary couplings is investigated. It is proved that the unstable part of the spectrum is of finite cardinal. Then, using the pole placement theorem, a linear full state feedback controller is synthesized to stabilize the unstable finite dimensional part of the system. Finally, by a careful study of semigroups, we prove the exponential stability of the closed-loop system. As a by product, the linear control constructed before is saturated and a fine estimate of the basin of attraction is given.

International audience; We preliminarily investigated the function and the capacity of auditory short-term memory, using the verbal transformation effect. The verbal transformation effect is the phenomenon where a person hears a repeated single word without pause, and illusory changes (perceptual transition) of the physically unchanging word are induced. This no pause between words causes verbal transformation effect in general. We found, however, that verbal transformation effect occurs even though there are pauses between words. In this study, we changed the Inter Stimulus Interval (ISI) and measured the time when the perceptual transition arose. ISI was 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 sec. The subjects were 12 native speakers of Japanese. The stimulus consisted of a Japanese word with 3 syllables. As a result, the perceptual transition time changed with ISI change. ?The number of perceived stimuli? until perceptual transition occurred (i.e. =perceptual transition time / (stimulus length + ISI)) were 30.3 in ISI 0, 40.4 in ISI 0.1, 20.7 in ISI 0.2, 34.5 in ISI 0.3, and 54.8 in ISI 0.4 sec. Namely, as the ISI became longer, the number of perceived stimuli increased. In general, it is said that verbal transformation effect may be caused by the satiation of subjects. We think that satiation might imply the saturation of auditory short term memory. A longer pause, i.e. longer ISI, causes the delay of auditory short-term memory saturation. This may be an expression of the capacity of auditory short-term memory.

International audience; Recent developments in orchestration and machine learning have made network automation more feasible, allowing the transition from error-prone and time-consuming manual manipulations to fast and refined automated responses in areas such as security and management. This article investigates the capabilities of a deep reinforcement learning agent to learn how to automatically share prefix announcements of an Autonomous System to its neighbors, in order to mitigate undesired network behaviors and therefore increase network resiliency and security. Our work focuses on network saturation, tackling the problem of network responsiveness in today's massive content delivery context. Results not only prove feasibility of such an agent, but also demonstrate its ability to minimize traffic loss as well as the number of actions to be performed by the automation process.

Drowning is one of the leading causes of accidental death worldwide. Pulse oximetry is a measure to guide the management of respiratory distress, however it has not been evaluated in an ocean environment after immersion. The objective of our study is to evaluate the impact of 15 min of immersion in the Atlantic Ocean, under real conditions, on pulse oximetry in healthy lifeguards ‘subjects. The secondary objective is to evaluate the remote measurement of saturation at the water outlet as well as skin temperature, as a reflection of vasoconstriction. The data were collected during the summer of 2020, during the daily training of the lifeguards, using a standardized data collection form and a protocol established with the lifeguards. The results showed a low proportion of abnormal saturation after immersion, immediately and at a distance from the water outlet, despite a drop-in skin temperature. Nevertheless, it appears from this study that oxygen saturation in healthy subjects on the Gironde coast during the summer appears to be a reliable measure that should be taken into account. Further research should be undertaken, on the general population and under different temperature and immersion conditions., La noyade représente une des premières causes de décès par accident dans le monde. L’oxymétrie de pouls est une mesure permettant d'orienter la prise en charge des détresses respiratoires cependant, elle n’a pas été évaluée dans un environnement océanique après immersion. L'objectif de notre étude est d’évaluer l’impact de 15 min d’immersion dans l’océan atlantique, en condition réelle, sur l’oxymétrie de pouls chez les sujets sains nageurs sauveteurs (MNS). L’objectif secondaire est d’évaluer la mesure de saturation à distance de la sortie d’eau ainsi que la température cutanée, comme reflet de la vasoconstriction. Les données ont été recueillies durant l'été 2020, pendant l'entrainement quotidien des maitres-nageurs, grâce à une fiche de recueil standardisée et à un protocole établi avec les MNS. Les résultats ont montré une faible proportion de saturation anormale après immersion, immédiatement et à distance de la sortie de l’eau, et cela, malgré une chute de la température cutanée. Il ressort néanmoins de cette étude que la saturation d’oxygène chez le sujet sain sur la côte girondine, durant l’été, parait être une mesure fiable et à prendre en compte. Des travaux de recherche ultérieurs doivent être entrepris, sur la population générale et dans des conditions de température et d’immersion différentes.

Non-destructive assessment methods providing access to the measurement of electrical resistivity and dielectric permittivity are very sensitive to the degree of saturation of concrete. When inverted and calibrated independently, these measurements provide profiles of saturation degree gradients as a function of depth. In this thesis, we develop a joint inversion approach for resistivity and permittivity measurements to improve the reliability and accuracy of the estimated saturation degree profiles. We model the measurements on a concrete slab in 3D by the finite element method, the concrete being considered as a homogeneous medium with respect to aggregates but having a saturation profile with depth, represented by a continuous model taking the form of a Weibull distribution with four parameters. For the inversion of measurements to estimate the profile of S, we have developed a non-linear least-squares algorithm of the Levenberg-Marquardt type. Taking into account the uncertainties associated with each set of measurements is an integral part of the method developed in order to refine its reliability, which also makes it possible to propagate these uncertainties over the estimated parameters. Two experimental campaigns, one of drying, the other of imbibition, on concrete slabs, are organized to test the algorithm of joint inversion. Significant progress has been made with the estimation of profiles by the new joint inversion approach. These profiles, also compared to other independent methods, appear to be more stable and more consistent with the evolution due to the drying and the imbibition of concrete than those estimated by separate inversion of the observables; Les méthodes d’évaluation non destructives donnant accès à la mesure de la résistivité électrique et de la permittivité diélectrique sont très sensibles au degré de saturation du béton. Inversées et calibrées indépendamment, ces mesures permettent d’obtenir des profils de gradients de degré de saturation en fonction de la profondeur. Dans cette thèse, nous développons une méthode d’inversion conjointe des mesures de résistivité et de permittivité pour améliorer la fiabilité et la précision des profils de degré de saturation estimés. Nous modélisons les mesures sur une dalle de béton en 3D par la méthode des éléments finis, le béton étant considéré comme un milieu homogène vis-à-vis des granulats mais présentant un profil de saturation avec la profondeur, représenté par un modèle continu prenant la forme d'une distribution de Weibull à quatre paramètres. Pour inverser les mesures pour estimer le profil de S, nous avons développé un algorithme de moindres carrés non linéaires de type LevenbergMarquardt. La prise en compte des incertitudes associées à chaque jeu de mesures fait partie intégrante de la méthode développée afin d’affiner sa fiabilité, permettant en outre de propager ces incertitudes sur les paramètres estimés. Deux campagnes expérimentales, l’une de séchage, l’autre d’imbibition, sur des dalles de béton, sont organisées pour tester l’algorithme de l’inversion conjointe. Des avancées notables sont constatées avec l’estimation des profils par la nouvelle approche d’inversion conjointe. Ces profils, par ailleurs comparés à plusieurs autres méthodes indépendantes, se montrent plus stables et plus cohérents avec l’évolution due au séchage et à l’imbibition du béton que ceux estimés par inversion séparée des observables.

Xenon dual-phase time projection chambers designed to search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles have so far shown a relative energy resolution which degrades with energy above $\sim$200 keV. This has limited their sensitivity in the search for rare events like the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe at its $Q$-value, $Q_{\beta\beta}\simeq$ 2.46 MeV. For the XENON1T dual-phase time projection chamber, we demonstrate that the relative energy resolution at 1 $\sigma/\mu$ is as low as (0.79$\pm$0.02) % in its one-ton fiducial mass, and for single-site interactions at $Q_{\beta\beta}$. We achieve this by using a signal correction method to rectify the saturation effects of the signal readout system. The very good energy resolution from keV to MeV energies demonstrated in XENON1T opens up new windows for the xenon dual-phase dark matter detectors to simultaneously search for other rare events.

In this paper, we investigate the BV exponential stability of general networks of scalar conservation laws with positive velocities 4 and under dissipative boundary conditions. The paper is divided in two parts, the first one focusing on linear controls while the last one deals 5 with saturated laws. For the linear case, the global exponential BV stability is proven. For the saturated case, we argue that we cannot expect 6 to have a basin of attraction larger than the region of linearity in a BV context. We rather prove an L ∞ local stability result. An explicit 7 estimate of the basin of attraction is given. The Lyapunov functional is inspired from Glimm's seminal work [13] reconsidered in [7]. 8

This paper considers a diagonal semilinear system of hyperbolic partial differential equations with positive and constant velocities. The boundary condition is composed of an unstable linear term and a saturated feedback control. Weak solutions with initial data in L2([0, 1]) are considered and well-posedness of the system is proven using nonlinear semigroup techniques. Local L∞ exponential stability is tackled by a Lyapunov analysis and convergence of semigroups. Moreover, an explicit estimation of the region of attraction is given.

International audience; Quelle place pour les temps d'arrêt, les vides, les friches, l'ombre et le silence, la vacance et l'ennui, le mystère et les opacités dans une société du 24/7, de l'accélération et de la transparence ? Quelles sont les dynamiques à l'oeuvre dans ce remplissage ? Quelles formes de citadinité se construisent et se recomposent dans ce jeu de saturations ? Quels sont les risques de cette saturation des temps, des espaces et des parts de cerveaux disponibles ? Quels impacts sur la santé, les organisations, les territoires et la démocratie ? Quelle place pour les invisibles et les territoires périphériques ? Quelles formes d'adaptations et de résistances ? Comment habiter ces saturations ? Jusqu'où doit-on remplir et densifier ? Quelles résistances et stratégies à l'échelle des individus, des communautés, des organisations et des territoires ? Comment improviser ? Qui sont les « creuseurs de trous » dans ces permanences et continuités ? Où sont les fêlés et les fêlures qui laissent passer un peu de lumière ? Face aux exigences de réduction des risques et de mise en garantie des qualités urbaines, comment penser les marges de manoeuvre et d'appropriation de la ville ? Quelle place laisser à la création, au lâcher prise, à la rencontre, à la non-organisation, aux émergences et aux joyeux « désordres » ? Enfin, comment imaginer une « rythmologie », un « urbanisme des temps », un « design des politiques publiques », voire une « écologie existentielle » ? Peut-on simplement penser politique et espace public sans écart ? Ce sont là quelques-unes des questions abordées dans cet ouvrage international et « indisciplinaire ». Elyas Editions 17 avenue du Vercors 38170 SEYSSINET-PARISET 20,00 € ELYA ÉDITIONS

International audience; Quelle place pour les temps d'arrêt, les vides, les friches, l'ombre et le silence, la vacance et l'ennui, le mystère et les opacités dans une société du 24/7, de l'accélération et de la transparence ? Quelles sont les dynamiques à l'oeuvre dans ce remplissage ? Quelles formes de citadinité se construisent et se recomposent dans ce jeu de saturations ? Quels sont les risques de cette saturation des temps, des espaces et des parts de cerveaux disponibles ? Quels impacts sur la santé, les organisations, les territoires et la démocratie ? Quelle place pour les invisibles et les territoires périphériques ? Quelles formes d'adaptations et de résistances ? Comment habiter ces saturations ? Jusqu'où doit-on remplir et densifier ? Quelles résistances et stratégies à l'échelle des individus, des communautés, des organisations et des territoires ? Comment improviser ? Qui sont les « creuseurs de trous » dans ces permanences et continuités ? Où sont les fêlés et les fêlures qui laissent passer un peu de lumière ? Face aux exigences de réduction des risques et de mise en garantie des qualités urbaines, comment penser les marges de manoeuvre et d'appropriation de la ville ? Quelle place laisser à la création, au lâcher prise, à la rencontre, à la non-organisation, aux émergences et aux joyeux « désordres » ? Enfin, comment imaginer une « rythmologie », un « urbanisme des temps », un « design des politiques publiques », voire une « écologie existentielle » ? Peut-on simplement penser politique et espace public sans écart ? Ce sont là quelques-unes des questions abordées dans cet ouvrage international et « indisciplinaire ». Elyas Editions 17 avenue du Vercors 38170 SEYSSINET-PARISET 20,00 € ELYA ÉDITIONS

International audience; Quelle place pour les temps d'arrêt, les vides, les friches, l'ombre et le silence, la vacance et l'ennui, le mystère et les opacités dans une société du 24/7, de l'accélération et de la transparence ? Quelles sont les dynamiques à l'oeuvre dans ce remplissage ? Quelles formes de citadinité se construisent et se recomposent dans ce jeu de saturations ? Quels sont les risques de cette saturation des temps, des espaces et des parts de cerveaux disponibles ? Quels impacts sur la santé, les organisations, les territoires et la démocratie ? Quelle place pour les invisibles et les territoires périphériques ? Quelles formes d'adaptations et de résistances ? Comment habiter ces saturations ? Jusqu'où doit-on remplir et densifier ? Quelles résistances et stratégies à l'échelle des individus, des communautés, des organisations et des territoires ? Comment improviser ? Qui sont les « creuseurs de trous » dans ces permanences et continuités ? Où sont les fêlés et les fêlures qui laissent passer un peu de lumière ? Face aux exigences de réduction des risques et de mise en garantie des qualités urbaines, comment penser les marges de manoeuvre et d'appropriation de la ville ? Quelle place laisser à la création, au lâcher prise, à la rencontre, à la non-organisation, aux émergences et aux joyeux « désordres » ? Enfin, comment imaginer une « rythmologie », un « urbanisme des temps », un « design des politiques publiques », voire une « écologie existentielle » ? Peut-on simplement penser politique et espace public sans écart ? Ce sont là quelques-unes des questions abordées dans cet ouvrage international et « indisciplinaire ». Elyas Editions 17 avenue du Vercors 38170 SEYSSINET-PARISET 20,00 € ELYA ÉDITIONS

We single out the role of fully coherent induced gluon radiation on light hadron production in pA collisions. The effect has an interesting color structure, as the induced radiation depends on the global color charge of the partonic subprocess final state. Baseline predictions for light hadron nuclear suppression in pPb collisions at the LHC are provided, taking into account only the effect of fully coherent energy loss, which proves of the same order of magnitude as gluon shadowing or saturation. This underlines the need to include fully coherent energy loss in phenomenological studies of hadron production in pA collisions., 5 pages, 4 figures

International audience; This paper deals with the maintenance phase control of general anesthesia during surgery, involving saturated input and noisy output. The objective is to maintain the patient to some given depth of hypnosis, measured by the BIS. The control law is an observer-based control, where a dead-zone observer is built in order to mitigate the presence of the output noise. The global exponential stability of the complete closed-loop system in the noise-free case is guaranteed thanks to a linear matrix inequality condition and an input-to-state property in presence of the noise is also proven. A three-steps optimization algorithm is proposed to determine the parameters of the control law and then evaluated on a patient case.

International audience; Quelle place pour les temps d'arrêt, les vides, les friches, l'ombre et le silence, la vacance et l'ennui, le mystère et les opacités dans une société du 24/7, de l'accélération et de la transparence ? Quelles sont les dynamiques à l'oeuvre dans ce remplissage ? Quelles formes de citadinité se construisent et se recomposent dans ce jeu de saturations ? Quels sont les risques de cette saturation des temps, des espaces et des parts de cerveaux disponibles ? Quels impacts sur la santé, les organisations, les territoires et la démocratie ? Quelle place pour les invisibles et les territoires périphériques ? Quelles formes d'adaptations et de résistances ? Comment habiter ces saturations ? Jusqu'où doit-on remplir et densifier ? Quelles résistances et stratégies à l'échelle des individus, des communautés, des organisations et des territoires ? Comment improviser ? Qui sont les « creuseurs de trous » dans ces permanences et continuités ? Où sont les fêlés et les fêlures qui laissent passer un peu de lumière ? Face aux exigences de réduction des risques et de mise en garantie des qualités urbaines, comment penser les marges de manoeuvre et d'appropriation de la ville ? Quelle place laisser à la création, au lâcher prise, à la rencontre, à la non-organisation, aux émergences et aux joyeux « désordres » ? Enfin, comment imaginer une « rythmologie », un « urbanisme des temps », un « design des politiques publiques », voire une « écologie existentielle » ? Peut-on simplement penser politique et espace public sans écart ? Ce sont là quelques-unes des questions abordées dans cet ouvrage international et « indisciplinaire ». Elyas Editions 17 avenue du Vercors 38170 SEYSSINET-PARISET 20,00 € ELYA ÉDITIONS

International audience; Les saturations constituent un révélateur des trop-pleins, des congestions et plus largement de l’intensification des rythmes qui marquent les sociétés contemporaines. Elles sont également des révélateurs de formes d’étouffement, de suffocation et de dépossession pour celles et ceuxqui tentent d’habiter le monde, un indicateur de situations et de moment limites pour les individus, les organisations et les territoires.L’idée défendue ici est que les états de la saturation qui touchent, les espaces, les agendas et les esprits constituent un nouveau champ de recherche des sciences sociales. La saturation apparaît comme une notion clé pour penser l’impact spatial et social des transformations sociétales majeures telles l’accélération sociale, l’accroissement des mobilités, la festivalisation des villes et l’omniprésence des sollicitations associées aux technologies de l’information.

International audience; Fluorescence-based techniques are commonly implemented to characterize droplet sprays in flows at temperature above 293 K. Nevertheless, in the case of gas turbine altitude relight, aeroengines are exposed to critical operating conditions where the liquid fuel temperature can reach values as low as -40°C. As a result, it is necessary to address the influence of this parameter on fluorescence intensity for temperatures below room values. In this paper, an innovative SLIF (Saturated Laser-Induced Fluorescence) excitation scheme is proposed in order to overcome the strong temperature dependence of fluorescence in liquid kerosene seeded with a dye. The findings of this work are based on gated sequential images recorded with an intensified camera during and after the laser pulse duration so as to sample the temporal evolution of the fluorescence emission. The results show that, for low laser excitation intensity, the fluorescence intensity remains proportional to the laser power. However, a non-linear response is observed in the case of high excitation intensity. This difference can be used to limit the fluorescence dependence on temperature by carefully selecting the temporal window where fluorescence is detected. Finally, although the method presented in this paper is applied to cold liquid kerosene, its range of application can be extended to other liquids and other temperature ranges.

International audience; Car traffic growth has temporarily stopped during the 2000's, before coming back to growth after 2010, in relation with economic recovery and decreasing fuel prices. However, there are strong reasons to believe that car traffic growth is potentially limited, among which close completion of the diffusion process for car ownership, limited travel time budgets in relation with stable or declining travel speeds, decreasing marginal returns of additional car travel and infrastructure capacity restrictions. Representing car ownership as the result of an equilibrium between potential demand and economic constraints, and assuming additional car travel to be of decreasing marginal utility, one can implement a model to estimate saturation thresholds and describe the convergence path towards saturation. The model is disaggregated by household type and vehicle rank to account for heterogeneous choice sets and structural change in demographics and activity rates. It highlights the existence of an incomplete diffusion process for some groups and allows to break down potential demand between negotiable and non-negotiable needs. Projection results for France prove the existence of residual potential growth for car equipment among non-working adults which is nonetheless limited, while population ageing and changing cohabitation patterns will have a downwards effect on demand. By combining these results with car mileage projections, we find average car traffic per adult to increase gently until 2040, and remain almost stable afterwards. From this date, traffic trends would be essentially determined by demographic factors.

International audience; Synonymous with immediacy, with recognition that is a click away, and with a sense of security, openness and escape, information and communications technology (ICT) has, in the past three decades, become the tool for a sort of quasi-permanent communication. However, this same technology has also proven to be a carrier of unwanted information, inopportune calls, overwork, a confusion between urgency and importance, new addictions, and unauthorized forms of control. Being confronted with these negatively experienced effects can gradually lead to a desire for disconnection, silence, and even non-communication. Since ICT is the means by which information overload, emergency, and surveillance are conveyed, the hope of escaping from some of them by setting the others aside, at least temporarily, emerges. Disconnecting becomes the equivalent of catching one’s breath and getting some distance, of getting back to one’s own pace and sense of timing. It is thus a perfect indication of the figure of the ultramodern human, who is not content to go along with the acceleration of modern movement by plunging into constant communication, but seeks instead to take a small step away from it, so as to question its forms and meaning.; Synonymes d’immédiateté, de reconnaissance à portée de clics, de sécurité, d’ouverture et d’évasion, les TIC sont en moins de trois décennies devenues les outils d’une communication quasi permanente. Mais ces mêmes technologies s’avèrent aussi porteuses d’informations non désirées, d’appels intempestifs, de surcharge de travail, de confusion entre urgence et importance, de nouvelles addictions et de contrôles non autorisés. C’est face à ces effets induits négativement vécus qu’un désir de déconnexion, de silence et même de non-communication est peu à peu apparu. Les TIC étant le vecteur par lequel la surinformation, l’urgence ou la surveillance transitent, l’espoir d’échapper aux unes en mettant au moins provisoirement les autres de côté se développe. La déconnexion équivaut alors à reprendre souffle et distance, à retrouver son rythme et un temps à soi. Elle est ainsi parfaitement révélatrice de la figure de l’homme hypermoderne qui ne se contente pas de suivre l’accélération du mouvement moderne en baignant dans une communication continue, mais qui cherche aussi à s’en éloigner partiellement afin d’en interroger les formes et le sens.

In this paper, using the Higgs production in forward rapidity region in proton-nucleus collisions as an example, we demonstrate that we can construct a systematic formalism for the threshold resummation for forward rapidity particle productions in the saturation formalism. The forward threshold jet function, which satisfies the corresponding renormalization group equation, is introduced into the new factorization formula. This calculation can be easily generalized to other processes, such as single forward hadron productions at forward rapidity region, and have important phenomenological implications., 11 pages, 1 figure

International audience; Aim: Understanding the drivers of community diversity and composition is a major question in ecology, which is of particular significance for the conservation of narrowly distributed taxa facing habitat alteration. In this study, we examined three ecological processes (environmental and biotic filtering, and dispersal limitation) hypothesized to drive community assembly in the island biodiversity hotspot of New Caledonia, and whether the relative importance of these processes changes along environmental gradients. Methods: First, we assessed environmental filtering by stacking binary presence/absence species distribution models generated for 678 tree species from c. 40,000 occurrences. Second, we acknowledged the influence of dispersal limitation by applying a buffer around each occurrence. Third, we modelled a local hierarchy of performances by ranking species in decreasing order of their predicted habitat suitability, up to the predicted local species richness. Predictions of stacked species distribution models (S-SDMs) accounting for different combinations of the filtering processes were compared with the composition of 12 forest plots. Results The three filters appear to be important driving forces. Accounting for environmental filtering provided fairly accurate assemblage predictions but species richness was overestimated. Considering dispersal limitation increased assemblage specificity (the proportion of correctly predicted absences) while considering differences in local performances increased assemblage sensitivity (the proportion of correctly predicted presences). The predictive ability of all S-SDMs decreased with elevation, which suggests that unpredictable stochastic processes influenced biodiversity dynamics in more productive mountain habitats. Main conclusions: New Caledonian tree communities appear to be similar to those of other tropical regions in their structuring processes (important role of dispersal and biotic filtering, increasing role of neutral processes with productivity). Our findings stress the potential of using S-SDMs to understand and predict current and future biodiversity patterns.

This study focusses on examining the behaviour of an innovative asphalt pavement which is created as a solar energy collector, using non‐destructive testing involving ground‐penetrating radar. The concept of heat exchanger is based on the use of drainage asphalt in the bonding layer through which a heated fluid flows via gravity to de‐ice the roadway. In order to develop hydrothermal models for a test site representing such a pavement, the saturated porous layer assumption was required when the water level in each tank (up‐ and downstream of the structure) was same as the top of the porous layer. Two ground‐penetrating radar techniques were tested at this test site: a ground‐coupled impulse radar and an air‐coupled stepped‐frequency radar. The impulse ground‐penetrating radar, a high‐efficiency non‐destructive testing technique which is widely used in civil engineering, provides accurate geometric information, especially for pavement investigation. In the second innovative approach, air‐coupled stepped‐frequency radar was combined with full‐waveform inversion to obtain quantitative information, while retrieving the electromagnetic properties of the successive pavement layers. We concentrated on the early‐stage water imbibition in the pavement structure using the impulse ground‐penetrating radar to estimate the fluid transfer velocity and both ground‐penetrating radar techniques to verify the saturated porous layer assumption in the steady state. Ground‐coupled radar enabled us to follow the water front and to capture different water‐transfer behaviours in the porous asphalt layer. Our observation could be explained by the vertical topology of the upper watertight interface. Air‐coupled stepped‐frequency ground‐penetrating radar presented similar results to ground‐coupled ground‐penetrating radar but provided a quantitative estimate of the changes within the porous layer during the test.

International audience; Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world and represents a major challenge for public health, notably in terms of morbidity and mortality. It remains largely under-diagnosed due to the low level of exploration and the absence of international harmonization for biological tests and thresholds. We performed a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, which allowed us to identify 41 publications within the scope of this review. This analysis shows the benefit of using transferrin saturation in addition to ferritin, in the diagnosis of iron deficiency and even in first-line analysis for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

Fixed points of scalar field theories with quartic interactions in $d=4-\varepsilon$ dimensions are considered in full generality. For such theories it is known that there exists a scalar function $A$ of the couplings through which the leading-order beta-function can be expressed as a gradient. It is here proved that the fixed-point value of $A$ is bounded from below by a simple expression linear in the dimension of the vector order parameter, $N$. Saturation of the bound requires a marginal deformation, and is shown to arise when fixed points with the same global symmetry coincide in coupling space. Several general results about scalar CFTs are discussed, and a review of known fixed points is given., 29 pages, 4 figures; see section 3 for a prize problem. v2: small correction in appendix, typos fixed. v3: minor additions. v4: some next-to-leading order results added, typos fixed

Purpose A product colour plays an important role in consumers’ preferences. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the impact of the three-dimensional character of colour (brightness, saturation and vividness) on children’s behaviour towards a food product and as a source of well-being. Design/methodology/approach Two experiments were conducted. Study 1 was conducted with 62 children and used four visuals of syrup presenting two colours (red/green) and two variations of vividness (vivid/dim). Study 2 was conducted with 70 children and used four pictures of stewed apples and four pictures of pouches to test the influence of each dimension of colour on children’s preferences for the product and the product packaging. Findings Results show that the three-dimensional character of colour plays an important role in children’s gustatory inferences and well-being. Research limitations/implications The study is restricted to one food product (in each study) habitually consumed by children. Other products could be investigated to show how colour can contribute to children’s well-being. Practical implications The paper addresses the issue of well-being as a potential brand-positioning element. Social implications The paper suggests new avenues to use the brightness/saturation or vividness of a product or packaging colour as a potential element to arouse positive sensations that generate children’s well-being even when the product is not a preferred one. Originality/value This works initiates creative thinking concerning the impact of a product colour on children consumers.

The research presented in this thesiswas carried out in the research and developmentproject between Leroy Somer and the Group ofElectrical Engineering of Paris (GeePs). Theirobjective is to simulate the phenomena observedin the transient states of electrical machines.These simulations are particularly oriented bythe new Grid Code requirements for alternatorsconnected to the power network. Two types ofmodels have been principally developed. Thefirst one is based on a magnetic description ofthe machine where each flux is expressed as afunction of the currents flowing through thedifferent machine windings. The second oneregroups the different winding currents by usingthe magnetizing currents on axes d and qassociated to saturation coefficients for eachflux linkage and simplifies the magneticdescription, especially when taking into accountthe damper windings. With a sufficiently precisemodelling of the non-linear magnetic behaviourof the machine, it is possible to better predict thecurrents and the electromagnetic torque underfault conditions such as voltage drops. The workcarried out in this thesis has made possible,starting from the descriptions of the saturationeffects found in a machine, to define methodsfor incorporating saturation into circuit models.Finally, one can make a choice of the dynamicnon-linear model for a given machine. Thanks toshort computation time, it also led to theSimulink integration of the machine andexcitation system models paving the way forstability and control studies., Les travaux de recherche présentésdans cette thèse ont été effectués dans le cadred'une collaboration entre Leroy Somer et lelaboratoire de génie électrique et électronique deParis (GeePs). Ils ont pour objectif lessimulations des phénomènes observés en modetransitoire des machines électriques. Cessimulations sont particulièrement orientées parles nouvelles exigences issues du Grid Code pourles alternateurs connectés au réseau.Principalement, deux types de modèles ont étédéveloppés. Le premier se base sur unereprésentation de l’état magnétique de lamachine où chaque flux est exprimé en fonctiondes courants des différentes bobines. Le secondmodèle regroupe les courants en utilisant descourants magnétisants sur les axes d et q associésà des coefficients de saturation pour chaque fluxet simplifie la représentation magnétique,notamment pour la prise encompte du circuit amortisseur. Avec unemodélisation suffisamment précise ducomportement magnétique non linéaire de lamachine, ils permettent de mieux prédire lescourants et le couple électromagnétique lors desdéfauts tels que les creux de tension. Les travauxeffectués présentés dans ce mémoire ont permis,en partant des descriptions des saturationstrouvées dans une machine, de définir desméthodes pour incorporer la saturation dans lesmodèles de type circuit et finalement d’aboutirau choix du modèle non-linéaire pour unemachine électrique donnée. Grâce à un temps decalcul réduit, ils ont aussi conduit à l'intégrationsous Simulink de modèles de la machine et dusystème d'entrainement pour la réalisationd'études de stabilité et pour créer unenvironnement de mise au point de la commandedu système.

The research presented in this thesiswas carried out in the research and developmentproject between Leroy Somer and the Group ofElectrical Engineering of Paris (GeePs). Theirobjective is to simulate the phenomena observedin the transient states of electrical machines.These simulations are particularly oriented bythe new Grid Code requirements for alternatorsconnected to the power network. Two types ofmodels have been principally developed. Thefirst one is based on a magnetic description ofthe machine where each flux is expressed as afunction of the currents flowing through thedifferent machine windings. The second oneregroups the different winding currents by usingthe magnetizing currents on axes d and qassociated to saturation coefficients for eachflux linkage and simplifies the magneticdescription, especially when taking into accountthe damper windings. With a sufficiently precisemodelling of the non-linear magnetic behaviourof the machine, it is possible to better predict thecurrents and the electromagnetic torque underfault conditions such as voltage drops. The workcarried out in this thesis has made possible,starting from the descriptions of the saturationeffects found in a machine, to define methodsfor incorporating saturation into circuit models.Finally, one can make a choice of the dynamicnon-linear model for a given machine. Thanks toshort computation time, it also led to theSimulink integration of the machine andexcitation system models paving the way forstability and control studies.; Les travaux de recherche présentésdans cette thèse ont été effectués dans le cadred'une collaboration entre Leroy Somer et lelaboratoire de génie électrique et électronique deParis (GeePs). Ils ont pour objectif lessimulations des phénomènes observés en modetransitoire des machines électriques. Cessimulations sont particulièrement orientées parles nouvelles exigences issues du Grid Code pourles alternateurs connectés au réseau.Principalement, deux types de modèles ont étédéveloppés. Le premier se base sur unereprésentation de l’état magnétique de lamachine où chaque flux est exprimé en fonctiondes courants des différentes bobines. Le secondmodèle regroupe les courants en utilisant descourants magnétisants sur les axes d et q associésà des coefficients de saturation pour chaque fluxet simplifie la représentation magnétique,notamment pour la prise encompte du circuit amortisseur. Avec unemodélisation suffisamment précise ducomportement magnétique non linéaire de lamachine, ils permettent de mieux prédire lescourants et le couple électromagnétique lors desdéfauts tels que les creux de tension. Les travauxeffectués présentés dans ce mémoire ont permis,en partant des descriptions des saturationstrouvées dans une machine, de définir desméthodes pour incorporer la saturation dans lesmodèles de type circuit et finalement d’aboutirau choix du modèle non-linéaire pour unemachine électrique donnée. Grâce à un temps decalcul réduit, ils ont aussi conduit à l'intégrationsous Simulink de modèles de la machine et dusystème d'entrainement pour la réalisationd'études de stabilité et pour créer unenvironnement de mise au point de la commandedu système.

International audience; En 25 ans, l'internet a considérablement changé, étant presque confisqué par l'industrie de la surveillance. Nous pouvons nous consoler enconsidérant les transformations des méthodes et problématiques des SHS en liaison avec le «numérique». Nous pouvons aussi aller plus loin, en réalisant une philosophie politique du numérique, suite à ces appropriations industrielles de notre vie privée et de notre jugement qui s'accorde avec une épistémologie qui cerne l'évolution des disciplines et de leurs rapports les unes avec les autres. Une façon de faire consiste à se demander qui a les moyens d'écrire le monde aujourd'hui, et donc à penser les dimensions culturelles et intellectuelles de l'écriture.

Introduction : La surveillance active (SA) est un des standards pour la prise en charge descancers de prostate de faible risque. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer les sorties de protocole entre des patients ayant eu initialement un protocole de biopsies de saturation (supérieur ou égal à 18 biopsies) contre un protocole étendu (inférieur ou égal à 17 biopsies). Méthodes : de janvier 2008 à juin 2018, 157 patients consécutifs inclus dans un protocole de SA pour un cancer de prostate localisé de faible risque (PSA

International audience; Week VII of the INT program 2018 “Probing Nucleons and Nuclei in High Energy Collisions” was dedicated to topics at the interface of the electron-ion collider (EIC), heavy ion and proton-nucleus collisions. The EIC will provide complementary tools to investigate and constrain the initial state in HIC collisions, as well as transport properties of QCD matter which can be extracted from observables that are sensitive to final states interactions such as pt-broadening and energy loss. The contributed talks and discussions covered a variety of physics topics from saturation physics and the origin of multi-particle correlations in HIC to jet quenching and the strong coupling regime of high energy scattering.

International audience; We report the nonlinear absorption and refraction of Ag29 nanocluster aqueous suspensions using the open and closed aperture Z-scan method at 532 nm. The stoichiometry of the atomically precise silver nanoclusters has been determined by mass spectrometry, and their formula is Ag29DHLA12 where the ligand is dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA). Using different concentration of nanoclusters, we observe beyond the expected linear absorption saturation and nonlinear absorption a clear saturation of the nonlinear absorption, a feature so far not described for nanoclusters. The nonlinear refraction is also determined and exhibits a regular behavior with a negative n2 value. A figure of merit is discussed in view of potential applications.

International audience; An experimental chamber (CIME2) has been specially designed to simulate wet atmospheric deposition on limestones used inParis cultural heritage. This instrument is a complementary tool to CIME, a previously developed chamber dedicated to thesimulation of dry atmospheric deposition on monuments and artifacts. The aim of this paper is to describe CIME2 and characterizethe wet deposits produced inside it. Mist (fog), drizzle, and rainfall are differentiated in order to document their ability tosaturate the limestones most currently used in Paris monuments: The Saint-Maximin’s limestone, the Liais of Saint-Maximin, andthe Chauvigny’s limestone are tested. The comparison between normalized and environmental petrophysical data shows that inthe wet deposition simulations, limestones are not systematically water-saturated. Moreover, the realistic experimental conditionschosen favor a more rapid evaporation of the stone water. The quantification of the non-saturation state is a first step that has to betaken into account to improve the geochemical models used to predict the alteration.

Fluctuations play an important role in diffractive production of vector mesons. It was in particular recently suggested, based on the Impact-Parameter dependent Saturation model (IPSat), that geometrical fluctuations triggered by the motion of the constituent quarks within the protons could explain incoherent diffractive processes observed at HERA. We propose a variant of the IPSat model which includes spatial and symmetry correlations between constituent quarks, thereby reducing significantly the number of parameters needed to describe diffractive vector meson production. The application to $J/\Psi$ diffractive photoproduction cross sections in coherent and incoherent channels reveals the r\^ole of correlations and their interplay with perturbative DGLAP evolution implemented up to NNLO.

International audience; For the purpose of estimating the state of a linear time-invariant system with measurements subject to outliers, we propose an observer with a saturated output injection in such a way to mitigate the effect of abnormal and isolated measurement noise on the error dynamics. Stability conditions in both the continuous-time and the discrete-time cases are derived, which ensure global exponential stability to the origin for the error dynamics. Such conditions can be expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities, allowing for a viable design by using convex optimization. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by means of simulations in comparison with the Luenberger observer.

National audience; At high angles of attack or low Reynolds number, aircraft wings or blades of helicopters or even wind turbines may encounter separation of the ow which can eventually lead to aeroelastic couplings such as utter. These instabilities can be particularly destructive and are limiting for numerous applications. This thesis aims at considering the aeroelastic modeling and control of a pitching wing in utter conditions and at providing a general approach to tackle this problem. First, an aeroelastic model is developed based on previous works. This model provides an extension of the model proposed by Goman-Khrabrov, and modied by Williams, using the ONERA BH model. If the rst component of the model captures the hysteresis of the aerodynamic load of a pitching wing, the second one allows us to capture the vortex shedding and dynamic stall model which can be observed. This second component is particularly challenging to predict, while it plays an important role in the dynamics of the wing. The aerodynamic model is then trained and successfully compared to experimental data for a NACA 0018 rigid wing undergoing pitch oscillations at low Reynolds number. This model, like many aeroelastic or aerodynamic models, suers from its inherent complexity and nonlinearities which make its analysis and control highly complicated with respect to the automatic control point of view. For this reason, the set of equations is conveniently manipulated to encapsulate the nonlinearities in a polytopic formulation with unknown parameters. Then, control strategies dedicated to linear time invariant systems are derived to account for this polytopic formulation. In addition, rate and magnitudes saturations are a major and recurrent issue in ight control and are also considered as an additional constraint in the control loop. Based on linear quadratic regulation theory, several theorems are developed using framework of linear matrix inequalities and allow not only to synthesize a stabilizing controller but also to dene the region of attraction. The theorems are then applied to solve the problem of stall utter and successfully stabilize the closed-loop system in presence of rate and magnitude saturations, which demonstrate the potential of the contributions developed within this PhD approach.; A fort angles d'attaque ou à faible nombre de Reynolds, l'écoulement sur les ailes d'avion ou les pales d'hélicoptères ou d'éoliennes peut se séparer, ce qui peut éventuellement mener à des couplages aéroélastiques tels que le phénomène de flottement (flutter). Ces instabilités peuvent être particulièrement limitantes pour de nombreuses applications, voire destructrices. L'objectif de cette thèse est de s'intéresser à la modélisation et au contrôle d'une aile oscillant dans des conditions de flutter ainsi que de fournir une approche générale pour aborder ce problème. Tout d'abord, un modèle aéroélastique est développé en s'appuyant sur de précédents travaux. Le modèle est une extension de celui proposé par Goman-Khrabrov, et modifié par Williams, par l'utilisation du modèle ONERA BH. Si la première composante de ce modèle permet de rendre compte du phénomène d'hystérésis des charges aérodynamiques d'une aile en oscillation, la seconde permet d'inclure le détachement des tourbillons ainsi que le phénomène de décrochage dynamique qui peut être observé. Cette seconde composante est particuli èrement délicate à prédire alors qu'elle joue un rôle important dans la dynamique de l'aile. Le modèle aérodynamique est alors entraîné et comparé avec succès aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus pour une aile rigide de type NACA 0018 oscillant autour de son axe de tangage. Ce modèle, comme de nombreux modèles aéroélastiques ou aérodynamiques, souffre d'une complexité inhérente et de non-linéarités qui rendent son analyse et son contrôle particulièrement compliqués du point de vue de l'automatique. Pour cette raison, l'ensemble d'équations a été modiffié afin d'inclure les non-linéarités dans une formulation polytopique dont les paramètres sont incertains. Des stratégies dédiées aux systèmes à temps invariant sont alors étendues aux systèmes polytopiques. De plus, les saturations en vitesse ou en position qui sont un problème majeur et récurent de la dynamique du vol, sont considérées comme une contrainte supplémentaire dans la boucle d'asservissement. S'appuyant sur la théorie de la commande linéaire quadratique, plusieurs théorèmes sont alors développés en utilisant une formulation à partir des inégalités des matrices linéaires, afin de permettre non seulement de synthétiser un correcteur stabilisant mais aussi de définir une région d'attraction. Les théorèmes sont alors appliqués avec succès au cas du ottement de décrochage (stall utter), stabilisant le système en boucle fermée en présence de saturations en position et en vitesse, ce qui montre le potentiel des contributions développées dans ce travail de thèse.