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Abstract:Background: The original developers of motivational interviewing (MI) describe the foundation of their therapeutic method in the person-centered tradition of Carl Rogers. Although MI is sometimes interpreted as a cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), it did not derive from learning theory and has from the beginning been understood and expounded as a person-centered approach (PCA). Method: Narrative and conceptual review. Results: As with Rogers's original method, the development of MI has been guided by empirical science based on the close observation of clinical practice. It is a behavioral approach in the broad sense of behavioral science. The underlying attitude or spirit with which MI is practiced is unambiguously humanistic in emphasizing partnership, acceptance, compassion, and empowerment. MI focuses on specific observable elements of therapeutic relationship that predict better client outcomes. Various behavioral scientists have distinguished MI from CBT both conceptually and with distinct clinical procedures. The psychological content of MI overlaps substantially with PCA practices such as accurate empathy and also with therapist skills often described as common or nonspecific factors in psychotherapy. Its component processes are engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning. The evoking process of MI distinguishes it from both CBT and nondirective PCA, involving MI-specific technical skills focused on specific client language known as change talk and sustain talk. Conclusions: Like PCA more generally, MI has found broad applications in helping professions well beyond counseling and psychotherapy such as health care, education, pastoral care, conflict resolution, and leadership. Possible historic reasons for confusing MI with CBT are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs during childhood and adolescence. In many cases, however, the disorder persists into adulthood. In addition to the core symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and restlessness, the adult disorder is also characterized by affective dysregulation and impairment of executive functions. Patients show functional limitations in their daily lives and an increased risk of comorbid disorders. The German S3 guidelines suggest a combination of medication and psychosocial interventions. In controlled studies, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in particular showed positive effects in compensating for functional impairments and treating comorbid internalizing symptoms in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To work on the client's cognitions is central to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). No matter what wave (or generation) of approaches we are looking at. In this introduction to the current special issue, the different approaches presented in the issue are briefly outlined and common features are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main characteristics of binge-eating disorder (BED) are binge-eating episodes during which affected individuals experience loss of control, accompanied by the consumption of large amounts of food in a limited period of time. Binge-eating episodes in BED are not followed by compensatory behavior. Binge-eating is associated with a high degree of distress and in many cases accompanied by overweight. Manualized cognitive-behavioral single and group therapy programs for the treatment of BED have shown high efficacy in controlled studies. Based on a manualized face to face treatment, a self-help book was published and evaluated in the present guided self-help treatment program (gsh-program) in a naturalistic clinical study setting. 22 participants (21 female, 1 male, mean age 35.82 years (SD = 10.35)) followed the 8-week gsh-program with three booster sessions (1, 3 and 6 months after the active treatment). Two participants (9.1 %) prematurely terminated the gsh-program during the treatment phase (dropout). The number of weekly binges and eating disorder pathology (restraint eating, shape- and weight concern and eating concern) significantly decreased until the end of the active treatment. The number of weekly binges and eating disorder pathology remained stable during follow-up. General psychopathology (depressive- and anxiety symptoms) significantly decreased until the end of follow-up, 6 months after the end of active treatment. Findings suggest that the present gsh-program is an efficacious option for the treatment of BES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet and mobile interventions have the potential to transform depression care. This assumption is supported by a rapidly growing number of randomized controlled trials that evaluate the efficacy of mostly CBT-based self-help programs for the treatment of depressive symptoms under experimental conditions. However, fewer research has focused on the use of internet-based interventions in the treatment of clinical depression in real-life settings of depression care, ranging from prevention to primary and secondary care, and to inpatient treatment. Thus, it remains unclear if the current evidence translates to clinical settings. The present paper discusses studies on internet-based interventions that have been conducted under these conditions of care. The focus is on studies that have been conducted in clinical populations of patients formally diagnosed with a major depression. In conclusion, the review indicates that in many of these areas the current research lacks clear evidence for the effectiveness of internet-based interventions yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on theoretical background, treatment rationales, possibilities, variaties, and benefits of psychotherapy of late life depression. We ask which basic principles can be differentiated, what theoretical rationales are helpful, and what kind and forms of psychotherapy are available to treat depression. Based on relevant references and research, clinically relevant and evidence-based psychotherapies are described, to understand their goals, their procedure and main strategies. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Problem-solving Therapy, Life Review Therapy, Interpersonal Psychotherapy are available to treat various psychological problems, in particular depressive disorders in late life. Only Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Problem-solving Therapy, and Life Review Therapy are evidence based and empirically validated. Evidence for Interpersonal Psychotherapy is mixed and for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy is missing. Psychotherapy with old and very old patients suffering of depression is possible, well received, and successful. Age per se is no longer considered to be a relevant variable for indication of psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By addressing the early phase of first episode psychosis, we focus on the "critical period" in the development of schizophrenia. Treatment success during this vulnerable period of development of schizophrenia sets the course for the future long-term development of the illness (partial remission, role functioning). This indicates the need not only for an optimization of the cost-benefit-ratio of antipsychotic treatment with more recent atypicals and newer formulations, but also the need to supplement disorder-specific, problem-specific and phase-specific cognitive-behavioral interventions within a more individualized approach which focuses on developmental tasks and the more evaluative dimension of self-concept. Preventing neurotoxic relapse as well as partial remission in schizophrenia and enhancing role functioning in education and work (i. e. social integration) are the most important goals of early interventions in this early phase of the course of schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lack of work-related drive and motivation is an important aspect of depression for many affected persons. However, the goal of increasing work motivation was never given central priority in the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach elaborated by Beck. This essay describes what CBT has to say about work motivation and inquires into possible consequences for motivation when using CBT to treat common forms of depression. It recommends taking an expectancy-value approach and a domain specific analysis to motivation. In order to develop a systematic strategy for increasing work motivation within the CBT framework in the future we recommend, fi rst, focusing on the concepts of intrinsic work motivation and interest and, second, using or adapting strategies from educational psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressive disorders are among the most common forms of mental disorders. Due to their high prevalence and wide-ranging complications they have a special clinical-cal, health policy and health economics importance. In particular, for the affected patients, the disease associated with the depression and stress effects are significant. Therefore all research into near-patient characteristics is important that may influence the course of the disease, to improve the fit between treatment need and treatment offer. These patient-related characteristics have to be discussed in terms of their importance for treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective attention allocation towards bodily sensations and a catastrophic symptom attribution bias are central components of cognitive-behavioral models of hypochondriasis. We investigated whether the effectiveness of a specific cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (CBT) for patients with hypochondriasis can be enhanced by adding a specific 2-weeks electronic-diary based training (EDT) in order to correct the symptom attribution bias. Thirty-five patients with hypochondriasis were randomly assigned to two intervention groups: Group 1 (N = 16) received the EDT that was explained and supervised in four therapeutic sessions. Group 2 (N = 19) received four therapeutic sessions without the EDT. After these four sessions, both groups received CBT for health anxiety. The level of health anxiety was assessed with the Short Health Anxiety Inventory. After therapy, in both groups, a significant reduction of health anxiety was observed. The EDT group showed a faster (d = .75) and stronger (d = .76) reduction of health anxiety compared to the control group. Additionally, the EDT group showed a stronger habituation to threatening symptom words compared to the control group. Future studies with larger sample sizes and the investigation of long-term effects are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed EDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study was to identify neuropsychological predictors of the clinical response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with major depression. 19 unmedicated patients underwent neuropsychological testing at baseline and subsequently were assigned randomly to CBTover 3 weeks either as monotherapy or combined with sleep deprivation (SD) therapy (two nights of total SD / week). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that parameters of declarative verbal memory and a word fluency task predicted the clinical response (percentage improvement of Hamilton depression scores) to CBT monotherapy, whereas no such prediction was obtained in the combination group. The results suggest that certain cognitive performances have a unique predictive value for the response to CBT, which appears to be abolished by additive treatments with cognitive side effects (e.g. SD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]