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Voltage source inverters (VSIs) with vector control based on phase-locked loop (PLL) suffer instability when connecting to a very weak AC grid (short circuit ratio (SCR) $ < $ 1.3). The conventional inductive grid impedance compensation for the PLL by virtually reducing the grid impedance can stabilize this connection. However, the analysis in this paper indicates that its stabilization effectiveness is sensitive to grid impedance variance and, indeed, overcompensation causes the PLL instability. Therefore, in this paper, an improved grid impedance compensation for the PLL is proposed to achieve the same stabilization for very-weak-grid connection and possess a good tolerance of grid impedance variance and overcompensation. A comprehensive small-signal model of the VSI using the proposed PLL’s grid impedance compensation is derived for stability analysis and parameter design. The time-domain simulation for this VSI is built to validate the stability analysis. Comparison studies for both proposed and conventional PLL’s grid impedance compensation are conducted including the stability effectiveness, VSI performance and grid impedance variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, considering the architecture of monolithic 3-D integration, we evaluate and benchmark the performance of 3-D logic circuits and stability/performance of 3-D 6T SRAM cells with monolayer and few-layer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) devices based on ITRS 2028 (5.9 nm) technology node. The impact of random variations on the cell stability is also investigated. With the possibility of adopting monolayer or few-layer TMDs for nFET- and pFET-tiers enabled by monolithic 3-D integration, this paper indicates that the trilayer TMD device may substantially degrade the performance of 3-D logic circuits in spite of its higher mobility. This paper also reveals that stacking the monolayer pFET-tier over the bilayer nFET-tier may provide better nominal stability and read/write performance for 6T superthreshold SRAM compared with the planar technology, whereas the optimum 3-D configuration for near-/sub-threshold operations appears to be the monolayer pFET-tier over the monolayer nFET-tier. Besides the 6T cell structure, 8T SRAM cells are also investigated with monolithic 3-D integration for near-threshold/subthreshold operation. The monolayer nFET-tier over the bilayer pFET-tier configuration is shown to be the optimum 3-D 8T near-threshold/subthreshold cell design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connection of an LC filter to the output of voltage source inverter (VSI) in squirrel cage induction motor (SQIM) drive converts the pulse-width modulated (PWM) voltages into smooth sinusoidal voltages. However, this connection may lead to closed-loop instability in the rotor flux-oriented (RFO) vector-controlled (VC) SQIM system. The closed-loop stability of the combined SQIM + LC filter (SQLC) system is complex and has not been analyzed properly in the literature. In this paper, a detailed closed-loop stability analysis of the SQLC system has been presented based on stability region (SR) and accordingly the PI gains of VC has been designed. The SR method is adopted to derive the common stability regions for the SQIM system and SQLC system. Thereby, the paper proves that connecting an LC filter in-between the VSI and the SQIM system does not always destabilize the closed-loop system. Further, for an SQLC system, the complete range of current controller gains is obtained at various operating points. The frequency-domain specifications have been used to select a proper stabilizing set and the effect of parametric variation of LC filter on the stabilizing set has also been discussed. The experimental results are provided to validate the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with low switching current, high thermal stability, and small device size are strongly preferred for low-power, high-reliability, and high-density spintronic memory and logic applications. The research of MTJs from shape in-plane magnetic anisotropy to interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (i-PMA) has successfully paved the way down to 20-nm scale, below which, however, the i-PMA approach reaches a physical limit in sustaining sufficient thermal stability while achieving low-power spin transfer torque switching. Recently, studies have been reported a new approach to pave the way toward sub-10-nm MTJs satisfying the requirements by revisiting shape perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (s-PMA). In this paper, we present a compact model of the sub-10-nm s-PMA MTJ device, which captures both the static and dynamic physical behaviors. This model is SPICE-compatible for hybrid MTJ/CMOS circuit designs. This paper is expected to push forward the development of sub-10-nm-scale MTJ-based spintronic memory and logic circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LCL-based filter has been widely applied to mitigate the size of the inductor in the high-power converter, but it usually leads to resonance in the system. Therefore, an active damping technique based on the virtual resistor is provided in this paper for the LCL-filter system. The literature papers only suppressed the resonance of the LCL-filter and focused on the stability of the internal current control loop with an inductive grid impedance. Therefore, these previous stability analysis methods cannot be suitable for offshore wind farm applications due to the multiple resonance frequency characteristic of the transmission cable and multiparalleled converters. Therefore, this paper analyzes the control stability with both of the internal resonance (LCL-filter) and external resonance (between the grid impedance and current controller). Besides, the behavior of multiparalleled converter and the multiple resonance frequency of long transmission cable are discussed and analyzed for the offshore wind farm applications. Finally, the laboratory and simulation results are for the proposed method verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of unstable subsynchronous oscillations (SSO) in DFIG-based wind parks radially connected to transmission lines with series capacitive compensation is typically assessed with numerous electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations, which is a time-consuming process. However, not all operating scenarios present risk of SSO and require such a detailed investigation. This paper proposes two charts based on impedance equivalents of wind generators obtained through frequency scans to quickly map which combinations of parameters can create unstable SSOs and which combinations are risk-free. With the information, engineers can immediately filter out scenarios with no risk of instability and conduct detailed studies on fewer scenarios that are truly critical. These charts can be obtained with simple equations that use only information readily available in practice to engineers, without the need to run any computer simulation. The charts also reveal the key operating conditions that can increase the risk of an unstable SSO and provide real-time quantitative insights into how close a wind park is to an instability. Application examples are provided to illustrate how this approach can help engineers speed up studies to identify the risk of SSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase–locked loop (PLL) is commonly used for the grid-connected voltage-source converter (VSC) to synchronize with the grid. Under weak grid conditions, it has been found that the frequency-dependent characteristic of the network impedance inherently introduces a positive feedback loop into PLL. Previous studies focused on the PLL analysis intuitively believe that the positive feedback loop will deteriorate the dynamic performance of the PLL. However, this conclusion is not rigorous since only the dynamic of the PLL is considered and the theoretical analysis is insufficiency to reveal the influence of the positive feedback loop on system stability. In this paper, the impact of the frequency-dependent network on VSC stability is quantified in terms of the overall system based on the damping torque analysis. It is found that the influence of the positive feedback loop on stability depends on the parameters of the PLL and the damping of the dominant eigenvalues. Besides, an angular frequency feedback scheme is proposed to eliminate the adverse effect of the frequency-dependent network and enhance the stability of the VSC under weak grid conditions. Time-domain numerical simulations and reduced-scale experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case-by-case study in the literature has found from the results of numerical computation and simulation that a grid-connected virtual synchronous generator (VSG) can maintain the stability under the condition of extremely weak grid connection. This paper presents the theoretical proof to the finding and thus, generally concludes that the grid-connected VSG is immune to the instability risk under the condition of weak grid connection. In addition, the paper extends the theoretical proof to the case of a grid-connected PMSG wind farm with multiple VSGs. An example grid-connected PMSG wind farm with twenty VSGs is presented to demonstrate and evaluate the theoretical analysis and conclusion made in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As large-scale offshore wind farms are integrated into the power grid, a hybrid multi-infeed HVDC (HMIDC) system including both LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC links is facing a critical steady-state voltage stability problem which mainly stems from a weak AC system under high-level DC power injections. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes a general steady-state voltage stability analysis to accurately measure the critical voltage stability point of HMIDC systems. In this paper, a typical HMIDC system is firstly modeled as a general dual-infeed system composed of an LCC-HVDC, a VSC-HVDC, and a virtual equivalent voltage source behind a virtual equivalent impedance at the AC side. Then a hybrid power sensitive factor (HPSF) is established to indicate the critical voltage stability point with the consideration of dynamic power-voltage characteristics of HVDC links, as well as operational changes in AC system (e.g. dynamics of excitation voltage control in generator and network topology change). Finally, a general voltage stability index, called hybrid generalized short circuit ratio (HGSCR), is further derived to effectively explain the critical voltage stability point of HMIDC systems. Moreover, multiple comparative studies with existing voltage stability indices are conducted in this paper to verify the effectiveness of the proposed general steady-state voltage stability analysis by using both PSCAD/EMTDC™ power flow and time-domain simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel class of networks named as quaternion-valued inertial memristor-based neural networks (QVIMNNs) by introducing inertial term and memristor into traditional quaternion-valued neural networks (QVNNs). The problem of fixed-time synchronization of the QVIMNNs is investigated based on the variable transformation and Lyapunov functional method. It is shown that two types of activation functions are considered and a novel criteria guaranteeing fixed-time synchronization for each cases are then achieved by designing different types of controllers. This paper attempts to pave a new way to investigate neural networks classes with numerical simulations support to demonstrate the correctness of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modal analysis in the continuous-time state-space is a mature and effective method for analyzing the subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) problems of power systems. But it has limitations on oscillation traceability analysis due to the loss of system topology information. To address this issue, a discrete-time domain modal analysis method is developed in this paper. It represents the target system as a networked discrete-time equivalent circuit and uses the nodal method to generate the state matrix, from which the discrete-time eigenvalues in the z-plane can be solved. Based on the oscillation frequency and damping ratio defined in the discrete-time domain, the stability of the oscillatory mode can be quantitatively analyzed. Then, participation factors analysis is carried out similarly to the continuous-time method to locate the contributive components. Most importantly, the distribution coefficients of branch currents/ node voltages are finally defined and derived for in-depth analysis of the oscillatory mode. With this index, the propagation path of the oscillation in the mesh power system is expected to be identified.The proposed method has been applied in several case systems with wind farms integrated. Theoretical analysis results are highly consistent with the electromagnetic transient simulation results in PSCAD/ EMTDC, thus verifying its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability problem of low-voltage multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems has drawn much interest. This paper focuses on the oscillation instability phenomenon of low-voltage MTDC systems and analyzes the interaction behavior between each voltage-source converter and the DC network oscillation mode. The typical structure and control strategy of a low-voltage MTDC system under master-slave control is first described, and its equivalent circuit is established. Then, an interaction behavior analytical model is proposed, and the source-network and network-load interaction characteristics are studied. Furthermore, a system stability analysis method is built based on the modularized modeling, which can solve the problem of how to address the complexity of high-order low-voltage MTDC systems. The transfer function of the whole system is conveniently established, revealing the system instability mechanism. The proposed method can provide effective stability assessment for low-voltage MTDC systems. Finally, the results are verified using electromagnetic transient simulation and experimentally validated using a low-voltage three-terminal DC system test platform with AC 0.4 kV/DC 800 V. This research can be flexibly extended to high-order systems for controller design and performance optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mal-operation of distance protection relays during power swing (PS) condition can endanger the power system stability. Therefore, it is crucial to distinguish between short-circuit faults and PS by a power swing blocking (PSB) function to prevent undesired tripping of distance relay. This paper develops a novel and straightforward PSB method based on the rate of impedance angle change (RIAC). Not only can the proposed approach fairly discriminate both symmetrical and asymmetrical faults from PS, but also it can appropriately preserve protection scheme security during PS under single-pole tripping (SPT) on a transmission line. Furthermore, there is no need to perform extensive dynamic stability studies for setting the PSB function parameters. Unlike the rate of impedance change approaches utilized two blinders, the developed approach only needs an inner blinder. Thus, it can be used for networks running near their operational limits. The proposed method is evaluated through a modified IEEE-PSRC benchmark system in PSCAD/EMTC environment. The obtained results verify superior performance of the proposed method to traditional impedance rate of change method under different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the transient stability of power systems co-dominated by different types of grid-forming (GFM) devices. Synchronous generators (SGs and VSGs) and droop-controlled inverters are typical GFM devices in modern power systems. SGs/VSGs are able to provide inertia while droop-controlled inverters are generally inertialess. The transient stability of power systems dominated by homogeneous GFM devices has been extensively studied. Regarding the hybrid system jointly dominated by heterogeneous GFM devices, the transient stability is rarely reported. This paper aims to fill this gap. It is found that the synchronization behavior of the hybrid system can be described by a second-order motion equation, resembling the swing equation of SGs. Moreover, two significant differences from conventional power systems are discovered. The first is that the droop control dramatically enhances the damping effect, greatly affecting the transient stability region. The second is that the frequency state variable exhibits a jump at the moment of fault disturbances, thus impacting the post-fault initial-state location and stability assessment. The underlying mechanism behind the two new characteristics is clarified and the impact on the transient stability performance is analyzed and verified. The findings provide new insights into transient stability of power systems hosting heterogeneous devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength concept is an important tool for voltage stability evaluation of emerging hierarchical-infeed LCC-UHVDC (HIDC) systems. However, the complex inter-inverter interactions in such systems have caused significant difficulties for the strength assessment. This makes the accuracy of earlier strength assessment indices limited due to empirical analysis rather than rigorous theoretical reasoning. Thus in this paper, the hierarchical-infeed voltage interaction factor (HVIF) index is firstly utilized to quantitatively depict the complex inter-inverter interactions in HIDC systems. The use of the HVIF enables these interactions to be effectively incorporated into the subsequent strength assessment by proposing the hierarchical-infeed interactive effective short-circuit ratio (HIESCR) strength index. The critical HIESCR (CHIESCR) defined to delineate the voltage stability limit also evaluates to consistently 1.0 such that the distance between the HIESCR and CHIESCR is naturally an accurate stability margin. Since the HIESCR is developed based on the rigorous theoretical reasoning, it is more accurate than earlier indices for voltage stability evaluation. Moreover, the parametric dependence analysis of the HIESCR versus various system parameters and rated operation variables is conducted. This offers a comprehensive perspective for better understanding of the strength variation characteristics. Finally, case study in the modified IEEE 118-bus system validates the HIESCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eight-FinFET fully differential SRAM cell is proposed in this paper to achieve stronger data stability and enhanced write ability. The p-type transistors are used for data access during read operations and transmission gates are employed to force new data into the cell during write operations. At the nominal process corner, the proposed SRAM cell enhances the read data stability, write voltage margin, and write data transfer speed by up to $2.7\times $ , 15.8%, and 76%, respectively, while consuming similar leakage power as compared with the previously published six-FinFET fully differential SRAM cells in 15-nm FinFET technology. Under isodata stability, the proposed SRAM cell allows the lowering of the power supply voltage by up to 44.3% as compared with the other SRAM cells that are investigated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the dynamic interaction of multi active power filters (APFs) paralleled with a weak power grid. In order to analyze the dynamic interaction from multi APFs, the output impedance of an APF is solved. The influences of both circuit and control parameters on the output impedance are analyzed. Based on the output impedance of an APF, the dynamic influences of an APF on the other APF connected to the weak grid are discussed. As shown in this paper, the stability of an APF is improved with an increased output filter inductance and some control parameters to reduce its bandwidth. The proposed analysis methods can be used not only for multi APFs but also for the other multi-inverters connected to a weak grid. Experimental tests are carried out using two paralleled three-phase 10-kVA inverters to confirm the validity of the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A constant on-time (COT) controller for dc converters has received much attention recently because of its unique feature of high light-load conversion efficiency. In this paper, a control model is developed for the boost converters with the current-mode COT controller. Models are developed for predicting the loop stability and the step-load transient response. Based on the model, a compensation design is proposed to achieve desired stability margin and step-load transient response. Simulations and experiments are used to verify the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various options for dc grid protection strategies are currently investigated which differ in terms of speed and selectivity. In order to compare these options fairly, the impact on the connected ac grid needs to be studied. This paper analyzes the ac grid impact in terms of frequency stability and calculates the reserve capacity necessary to retain the stability. Assuming fast frequency reserves as a possible mitigation, a probabilistic method is provided to determine a trade-off between under frequency load shedding and additional reserve requirement. In general, non-selective strategies require higher and faster reserves compared to their fully selective counterparts for both cases analyzed in this paper. Both the selectivity and the speed of protection have an influence on the reserve requirement. The dc grid topology also plays an important role in the reserve sizing by determining the impact of dc contingencies on the ac grid. The concept of reserve sizing based on temporary loss of supply shows value in terms of lower capacity requirement. A grid specific CBA study shows that it is possible to compensate the higher investment cost associated with dc breakers by the benefit of lower reserve procurement cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of the linearized state-space model is the key step of eigenvalue analysis for SSO study of power systems with large-scale renewable power generation (RPG) integrated. This paper proposes a novel method to construct the state matrix of the AC/DC hybrid power system with RPG within the discrete-time domain. The continuous-time state-space model of each AC/DC component as well as RPG units in the power system, is discretized together with their corresponding control. The discretized equation of each component is then represented by an equivalent circuit consisting of parallel historical current and conductance. According to the power system configuration, the discrete-time equivalent circuit of the whole AC/DC hybrid system is established, and the nodal analysis method is applied for the construction of the discrete-time state-space model of the power system. In this way, the state matrix can be acquired much more conveniently than that of continuous-time state-space method, which needs topology analysis to find independent state variables of the network from the proper tree. The proposed method has been applied in the eigenvalue analysis for the SSO study of a case system adapted from the AC/DC hybrid transmission system in northwest China. Eigenvalue results are in high accordance with time-domain simulation results in PSCAD/EMTDC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low voltage (5 kV) ladder-type circuit is designed for the compact W-band extended interaction Klystron (EIK). Characteristics of the low voltage circuit are studied, synchronism relationship and electric field distribution are analyzed and optimized, and discussions on the circuit stability are embedded in the circuit design. In this paper, efficiency decline of the low voltage circuit is studied; two competing modes (2π cavity mode and upper π/8 mode) are observed, analyzed and suppressed. All of these efforts resulted in a low voltage W-band ladder-type EIK circuitwith high stability and feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operation of static random access memory (SRAM) in the subthreshold region reduces both leakage power and access energy. Subthreshold operation is one of the proficient techniques to accomplish low-power and high performance system on chip. But the challenge, in subthreshold SRAM design, is the SRAM stability. The sensitivity to process variations increases with technology scaling resulting in reduced stability. In this paper, SRAM write stability is analyzed in the subthreshold region. The semi-analytical model of write static noise margin (WSNM) for 6T SRAM (subthreshold region) has been given in this paper. The results obtained from the analytical model are verified through simulations in Cadence using GPDK 45-nm, UMC 65-nm, and UMC 130-nm technology files. The model is based on the subthreshold current equations of the transistor. Further, the write stability of the SRAM is analyzed with the varying supply voltage and the sizing ratios. The process corner analyses is also accomplished to verify the write stability of the SRAM cell using the model at the worst process corners. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first model to analyze the WSNM based on the traditional butterfly static noise margin approach. It has been observed that the model is valid for all of the technology nodes, i.e., at 45 nm, 65 nm, as well as 130 nm. Also the model holds well for 8T and 10T SRAM configurations in addition to 6T SRAM cell. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grids, system parameter and/or topology changes following HVDC grid protection actions affect system dynamics and in combination with the existence of line inductors in series with HVDC circuit breakers (DCCB), pose a challenge to designing converter controls that satisfy desired performance and stability requirements. To date, several methods have been proposed for evaluating the influence of the line inductors on system stability; however, tuning of the MMC controls considering system parameter and/or topology changes following HVDC grid protection actions haven’t been studied in detail. This paper presents a systematic tuning procedure for a robust operation of MMCs in any HVDC grid configuration. The proposed method analyzes the impact of variations in HVDC grid system parameters and control bandwidths (BWs) using small-signal based stability analysis and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)-based performance analysis methods. In addition, it considers the impact of line outages associated with HVDC grid protection actions in order to select optimal control gains that fulfill performance and stability requirements of the HVDC grid for given HVDC Circuit Breakers (DCCBs) line inductor values. To illustrate the proposed methodology, a detailed step-by-step stability analysis in a 4-terminal HVDC grid test system is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically investigates the frequency stability of a radial-contour-mode micromechanical disk resonators with high quality factor ( $Q$ -factor) and high resonance frequency. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based oscillator prototype consisting of the resonator and off-chip circuit is realized for frequency reference. The sustaining circuit is designed using impedance matching networks and two op-amp stages with automatic gain control circuit. The oscillator reaches a short-term frequency stability of ±1 ppm and a medium-term frequency stability of ±5 ppm over industrial temperature range (−40 °C–85 °C), which outperforms some of the best MEMS oscillators. Meanwhile, the phase noise is −95 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset and 149-MHz carrier. This paper also presents a simple and effective compensation scheme by combining built-in microoven and bias voltage tuning, which can achieve a frequency stability range of 2 ppm at temperature ranges from 20 °C to 100 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the publication of the original paper on power system stability definitions in 2004, the dynamic behavior of power systems has gradually changed due to the increasing penetration of converter interfaced generation technologies, loads, and transmission devices. In recognition of this change, a Task Force was established in 2016 to re-examine and extend, where appropriate, the classic definitions and classifications of the basic stability terms to incorporate the effects of fast-response power electronic devices. This paper based on an IEEE PES report summarizes the major results of the work of the Task Force and presents extended definitions and classification of power system stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weak grids are gaining considerable attention since power generation resources are remote from constant power loads (CPLs), which results in low-frequency/harmonic oscillation. Meanwhile, due to the play, and plug demand of modern power system, the line inductance of weak grids often changes, which is also regarded as the variation regarding short circuit ratio (SCR). Based on this, the conventional impedance-based stability operation point assessment approaches should be expanded into stability domain assessment approach considering the line inductance variation. Therefore, the stability-oriented line inductance stability domain assessment approach for weak grids with CPLs is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the source impedance matrix of weak grid, and load admittance matrix of CPLs are separately built. Secondly, an improved stability forbidden domain criterion is proposed through related mapping transformation process, which has lower conservatism than two previous improved stability criteria. Thirdly, the improved stability forbidden domain criterion is switched into the condition that the intermediate matrices are Hurwitz. Meanwhile, the line inductance stability domain is directly obtained through these intermediate matrices, and guardian map theory. Finally, the simulation, and experiment results illustrate that the proposed approach has less conservatism, and high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the stability and failure of a tungsten-based microhotplate (W-MHP) fabricated with 0.5- $\mu \text{m}$ standard CMOS technology. Resistance measurements and three-dimensional optical profilometer results combined with scanning electron microscopy observations were used to analyze the failure mechanisms of the W-MHP at operation temperatures up to 1000 °C. The electro-stress migration of the W film, recrystallization of the polycrystal W thin film, and breakage of the dielectric membrane were the dominant stability-failure mechanisms observed. The W-MHP had recoverable deformation and no evident resistance drift when the working temperature was below 450 °C. Correspondingly, at the operating temperature range of 500 °C– $850~^{\circ }\text{C}$ , the W-MHP showed unrecoverable deformation and regular resistance drift caused by the electro-stress migration of the W heater and the interdiffusion of atoms between the W, Ti/TiN and SiO2. At temperatures higher than $1000~^{\circ }\text{C}$ , the recrystallization of the polycrystalline W film caused a sharp drop in resistance. In addition, sudden and large heat pulses were more likely to cause the suspended membrane to rupture, which resulted from the rapid accumulation of internal thermal stress and lack of time to release, indicating that the operating temperature of the MHP should slowly increase or decrease. One million cycles of thermal pulse between $25~^{\circ }\text{C}$ and 300 °C did not cause performance degradation of the device. Self-heating high-temperature rapid thermal annealing significantly improved the high-temperature stability of the MHP. [2022-0135] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]