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Being an offline measurement technique, Polarization Depolarization Current (PDC) data is conventionally measured after the oil-paper insulation of the equipment reaches thermal equilibrium. Depending on the condition of the insulation, PDC data measurement time typically ranges from several minutes to few hours. It is understood that atmospheric conditions controls the value of ambient temperature. During field measurement, these conditions may not remain constant throughout the PDC recording process. Variation in ambient temperature disturbs the thermal equilibrium that the equipment may have attained at the start of the measurement procedure. Such a condition invariably affects the recorded dielectric response data. However, methods that are available for analyzing relaxation current assume that temperature equilibrium is maintained throughout the measurement period. Results presented in this paper show that dielectric response data is indeed affected if the ambient temperature increases/decreases monotonically. A method is also proposed in this paper using which the effect of such temperature variation on the recorded relaxation current data can be eliminated. This also ensures correct interpretation of PDC data for condition assessment. Analysis presented shows that the value of the equilibrium temperature does not affect the performance of the proposed technique. The applicability of the proposed methodology is first tested on laboratory samples. Thereafter, it is applied to data collected from a real life power transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation energy is popularly used for the estimation of remaining life of transformer insulation. It is defined as the average rate of all reactions that happen with cellulose. Existing literature shows that the activation energy of oil–paper insulation can be obtained from polarization depolarization current (PDC) and return voltage measurement (RVM) data that are measured at a specific temperature. It is practically difficult to ensure the same measurement temperature for both PDC and RVM data. On the other hand, PDC data and its analysis get influenced by de-trapping current. This de-trapping current is generated by ionic charge carriers that get freed from trap sites during PDC measurement process. Formation of these trap sites is related to physical, chemical reactions that happen at oil–paper interface. This paper proposes a methodology which uses de-trapped charge, dislodged from deep and shallow traps, to assess insulation condition and for the prediction of activation energy. Thus, eliminating the need of RVM data. The proposed method is tested using data collected from various real-life in-service transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductivity is an important parameter which has definite correlation with the amount of moisture present within the transformer insulation. However, in existing methods conductivity is usually estimated from time domain (PDC) measurement, which is inadvertently noise prone and time consuming. Considering this issue, in this article presents a novel technique for conductivity estimation for moisture sensing of oil-paper insulation using frequency domain spectroscopy measurement (FDS). To this end, FDS measurement of oil-paper insulation was performed from 50mHz to 1kHz to obtain the imaginary complex permittivity $\varepsilon ''$ ($\omega$), which is a function of conductivity ($\sigma$) as well as imaginary complex susceptibility $\chi ''$ ($\omega$). From the knowledge of frequency variation of both $\sigma $ and $\chi ''$ ($\omega$), we developed an electrical equivalent model of the insulation. The equivalent model parameters were optimized until $\varepsilon ''$ ($\omega$) computed from the proposed model and that obtained from original FDS measurement were almost identical. The conductivity values obtained from the equivalent model showed good agreement when compared with PDC measurement. To validate the practicability of the proposed method, experiments were conducted on various test samples and also on a few real life transformers. Most importantly, the measurement time was found to be reduced by 78.5%, enabling diagnosis of transformer insulation at a significantly reduced time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the development of an oxygen sensor using a simple device made from a film of ZnO crystals dispersed over a paper surface. Due to the high porosity of this kind of device made from paper and ZnO, a large photoconductive effect is observed as result of the fast absorption and desorption of oxygen from the ZnO surface. To detect oxygen, we propose to use ultraviolet (UV) illumination over the photoconductive surface of the sensor, the applied UV light produces oxygen desorption causing current variations through the sensor that are proportional to the oxygen presence nearby the sensor surface. The sensor developed in this paper is attractive because it is remarkably easy to fabricate, employs only very low-cost materials for its construction, and shows a better sensitivity at low concentration of oxygen at partial vacuum environments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Utilities prefer to perform a condition-based assessment of power transformer insulation in the least possible shutdown time. It is essential to estimate the values of various insulation condition sensitive performance parameters with higher accuracy. In the present work, a technique for the estimation of performance parameters, moisture content of paper, dissipation factor of the entire oil-paper insulation, paper conductivity, and activation energy is proposed. The evaluation of these parameters using reported techniques requires complete measurement of polarization and depolarization current profile, which requires around 20000 s of measurement time. The present method uses a forecasted polarization current profile obtained from 600 s of measured polarization current data. Detrended Fluctuation Analysis is applied to the forecasted polarization current data obtained from various in-service power transformers to obtain a suitable parameter. It is shown that this parameter maintains well-defined relationships with parameters; moisture content of paper, dissipation factor of oil-paper insulation, paper conductivity, and activation energy. The proposed technique is beneficial for utilities as it eliminates the requirement of measuring depolarization current and return voltage measurement for estimating activation energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transistor random threshold voltage variations due to process fluctuations seriously affects the stability of Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). In this paper, a SRAM bit transistors threshold voltage $({Vth})$ deviation monitoring scheme and system is proposed. This scheme ingeniously achieves on-chip measurement of all transistors threshold voltages without altering compact SRAM bit array layout. Control signal strategies and Transistor ${Vth}$ Determination Circuit (TVDC) for different types of Devices Under Test (DUTs) have been proposed. The system is implemented using a 65 nm CMOS process with a core area of 0.01875mm2. Through Monte Carlo analysis, the Weighted Average (WA) difference of the proposed scheme and the direct measurement method is not more than 10mV, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) difference is not more than 3mV. This system can also effectively detect the cell position of the transistor threshold voltage mismatch simulated by modifying the substrate voltage. For SRAM arrays of different scales, the method proposed in this paper has area efficiency and flexible reconfigurability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of insulation condition by sensing and subsequent analysis of oil-impregnated paper response at periodic intervals is necessary for reliable operation of transformers. Sensing frequency domain insulation response requires the application of either a sinusoidal excitation voltage (over a wide range) or a custom excitation waveform. This not only requires a specially designed variable-frequency variable-amplitude excitation voltage source but also makes measurement practically problematic. Measurement of low-frequency data is time-consuming and the data tends to get affected by field noise. In comparison, a simpler and cheaper alternative is the analysis of time-domain insulation response. This involves the measurement of low amplitude polarization and depolarization current. A pico-ammeter or Electrometer is generally used for this purpose. The available interpretation scheme of time domain response sensed using Electrometer does not consider the de-trapping charge’s polarity. The result presented in the paper shows that such an assumption inadvertently leads to inaccurate diagnosis. This, in turn, generates doubt regarding the current sensing capability of the Electrometer involved. In the present work, a better interpretation scheme of the data sensed by the Electrometer is discussed. The significance and influence of de-trapped charge polarity on polarization and depolarization currents are investigated. The analysis is tested on data collected from real-life in-service power transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation of electric field transients in HVDC cables can be a fundamental tool to support insulation system design when operation dynamics, which includes voltage polarity inversions and load variation, becomes significant during the expected cable life. The field behavior during voltage and temperature transients is associated with intrinsic and extrinsic ageing processes that can affect the cable design life. Traditional models employed for electric field simulations consider only the non–linear, steady–state dependence of conductivity on temperature and field magnitude, but they neglect the transient behavior of permittivity and conductivity, that is, polarization and charge trapping phenomena. These processes impact on the duration of the field transient and thus ageing. This paper discusses the numerical implementation of an electro–quasistatic model that can be used to perform transient simulations of electric fields in HVDC cables insulation. With respect to the model traditionally employed, the presented one is extended with Debye's equations for dielectric polarization processes. The model is implemented numerically using finite differences, or the Occhini equivalent circuit: this paper demonstrates that the two approaches are equivalent. Numerical simulations show that, during transients, polarization processes slow down the electric field dynamics and reduce its maximum intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the initial stage and the return stroke current waveform parameters of rocket-triggered lightning flashes to the ground and to the distribution line have been analyzed. The results show that the average current, the charge transferred and the action integral associated with the Initial Stage with return strokes are greater than the corresponding values without return strokes. For the initial stage, the presence of the distribution line greatly reduces the maximum current, average current, charge transfer, and action integral by a factor of 0.35, 0.42, 0.51, and 0.19, respectively. For the return stroke, the presence of the distribution line has little effect on the other parameters except for a 2.4-fold increase in the 10-90% risetime. The presence of the distribution line affects the initial stage parameters more significantly than the return stroke parameters, probably because the lightning channel equivalent impedance of the initial stage is much smaller than that of the return stroke. The lightning channel equivalent impedance of the initial stage estimated in this paper is about 145 ohms and the estimated lightning channel equivalent impedance for the return stroke is greater than 2000 ohms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an online method to monitor the conditions of the substation grounding grid. The proposed method utilizes phase-to-ground faults occurring in downstream feeders as test current sources and the neutral of a specially selected feeder as the electrode for GPR (ground potential rise) measurement. The measured fault currents and GPRs are then used to estimate substation grounding grid impedance. The method, once established, can monitor the grounding grid impedance continuously and automatically, and the trend of the impedance change can be observed. As a result, the proposed method can yield much more reliable information on the substation grounding conditions. The method also overcomes many disadvantages of the offline methods. The proposed idea, algorithm, and hardware setup are described in the paper. Factors contributing to measurement errors are investigated in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber, especially false data injection attacks (FDIAs), are gradually becoming a kind of severe threat to modern power grids. This paper proposes a blind FDIA approach against the state estimation of power grids based on matrix reconstruction and subspace estimation. As a blind FDIA method, it requires no information about the system parameters and topology, but only needs a limited period of measurement data. In particular, this paper investigates the interference of random measurement noise for subspace based blind FDIA methods, and designs a scheme to alleviate the influence of this random noise in the process of FDIA. Compared with previous blind FDIA methods, the proposed method overcomes the shortcoming that measurement noise is difficult to address when data is not abundant. Thus the presented approach performs high successful rate of FDIA, and it is able to operate when measurement data is very limited. Besides, it performs great robustness to large-scale power grids and high-level measurement noise. Numerous cases demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a measurement method for the railgun current and the armature’s speed and initial position for electromagnetic launch systems. The measurement device consists of several parts: a current B-dot probe, several speed B-dot probes, the data acquisition system, and a computer. A calibration experiment was done by comparing with another commercial Rogowski coil. The measured instantaneous continuous speed curve of the armature has a characteristic of extrapolation and shows clear physical meaning. At the same time, the method can also give us the main transient railgun current and the armature’s initial position data. The results show that the method can get the railgun transient main current waveform, the armature’s instantaneous continuous speed waveform, and the initial position data simultaneously. It would benefit the electromagnetic launch system design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the current distribution and AC loss of BSCCO/REBCO hybrid tapes. Based on their geometry and E-J character of superconductors, a one-dimensional model is established to compute the current distribution and AC loss under an AC operating current in self-magnetic field. The current distributions of hybrid tapes with different number of REBCO tapes and one BSCCO tape are studied. The numerical and experimental results are in good agreement. According to the current distribution characteristics, AC loss of each tape in the hybrid tape is analyzed and calculated. AC losses of 3 kinds of hybrid tapes are measured and discussed. The method proposed in this paper for AC loss simulation is quite effective for hybrid tapes composited by two or more types of superconducting tapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical mechanisms involved in the trapping and de-trapping processes associated with surface donor traps in gallium nitride (GaN) transistors are discussed in this paper. The paper challenges the conventional transient techniques adopted for extrapolating the trap energy level via experiments and TCAD simulations. Transient TCAD simulations were employed to reproduce the time-dependent electrical behavior of a metal-on-insulator field-effect transistor and explain the influence of the electric field and energy barrier on the transient time associated with the trapping and de-trapping mechanisms of surface traps. The comparison between three test structures and the relative variation of the trapping and de-trapping times with the bias and trap parameters leads to the suggestion of a proposed test structure and bias configuration to accurately extrapolate the energy level of surface traps in GaN transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For achieving the aging characteristic parameters of transformer oil-paper insulation, oilimpregnated pressboard samples are acceleratedly thermally aged at high temperature (~ 150 °C) in laboratory, and on the same sample before and after being aged, polarization and depolarization current (PDC) tests are performed at different temperatures (30, 40, 50 and 60 °C), respectively. Besides analyzing the PDC results, the differential time-domain spectroscopy (DTDS) technique is introduced to investigate the aging status of oil-paper insulation and the influence of measurement temperature. The DTDS parameters such as polarization component Qn, polarization response time Tn and line-shape parameter αn are extracted with DTDS unscrambling method based on PDC data. It is revealed that DTDS represents similar polarization process and mechanism to PDC, and all the DTDS curves calculated with the obtained parameters Qn, Tn, αn) are in good fit with those measured. By analyzing the effect of temperature and aging, two types of relaxation polarization mechanism are observed, i.e., the interfacial polarizations between oil and paper insulation and inside the pressboard. The polarization components, response speeds and line-shape parameters of both the polarization mechanisms increase evidently on the whole with temperature rising or sample aging. It is demonstrated that, the DTDS theory is suitable for oil-paper insulation material, the DTDS unscrambling method is effective and objective, and such DTDS parameters are sensitive and can quantitatively reflect the changing of temperature and aging condition with regularity. Consequently, the parameters (Qn, Tn, αn) can be considered as the novel characteristic parameters for aging condition estimation of oil-paper insulation to upgrade the application effect of PDC curves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Energy consumption has become one of the main parameters in evaluating sensor systems in the IoT market. Long range sensor systems are not an exception. Their application in the outdoor environment makes them an ideal candidate to combine energy harvesting mechanisms with the low power features. Using just low power electric components is not enough to ensure energy efficiency. Techniques and mechanisms for harvesting and saving energy are presented in this paper and in its core, a low power, energy efficient communication protocol is described. The proposed protocol optimizes the way in which information is collected from the environment, packed and transmitted over long distances with minimum energy. It is specially designed for energy constrained sensor modules which rely on energy harvesting. The gathered information is transmitted in a form of two different packet types called Teach-in and Data telegrams, respectively. A detailed structure of these packets and the energy required for transmission is explained in this paper, along with a deeper protocol physical layer analysis. In addition, this paper demonstrates the huge potential for mass market, as a result of the many proposed solutions that have been tested and implemented in a fully developed functioning prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for the first time, the record high-performance top-gated graphene technology platform is used for electrostatic discharge (ESD) physics exploration while investigating the implications of various design and technology options. Impact of diffusive versus ballistic carrier transport on the failure mechanism in top-gate as well as back-gate graphene FET (GFET) is investigated. A unique contact limited failure in graphene transistors is reported. Physical insights on current saturation in GFET and unique step-by-step failure in dielectric capped transistors are presented for the first time. Moreover, device degradation under ESD timescales and its implications on current saturation are revealed. Finally, the influence of various top-gate designs on the ESD performance is reported. New physical insights and matured GFET technology has eventually enabled record high ESD robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation energy represents the average rate of interaction between aging by-products and cellulose. Activation energy is a crucial parameter that can be used to identify the remaining life of insulation in high voltage (HV) equipment. Existing noninvasive methods take a significantly longer time to sense activation energy for given insulation. This is primarily due to the volume of data required for such analysis, which generally takes significant time to measure. This work reports a noninvasive and effective approach to predict activation energy of oil–paper insulation using a dielectric response that is recorded for a very short span of time. The proposed method requires polarization current data sensed for a few seconds (15–20 s) to operate. The initial decay rate (DR) of the sensed data is found to be sensitive to the activation energy. This feature of the initial DR is utilized to sense the value of activation energy within a short duration. The proposed technique utilizes the current sensor (present within an electrometer) more efficiently. This facilitates the measurement of a highly accurate polarization profile and ensures reliable activation energy estimation. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied to data collected from a few real-life transformers. Reported results show that the suggested method provides satisfactory results with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel technique to improve the fault detection sensitivity in a three-phase transformer using the tank current method is reported. The tank current method was first published by the first author in recent past for single isolated transformer winding. A fault in single isolated transformer winding was uniquely identified employing the typical resonance behavior of tank current, but for three-phase transformer, such implementation is yet to be explored. The present scope of this paper is only for uniformly wound three-phase transformer windings. Implementing the tank current method for such a three-phase transformer may not be very simple, since the neighboring windings, unlike in the case of isolated winding, strongly influence the measurement of the tank current. Therefore, this paper appropriately considers the effect of neighboring windings in a three-phase transformer and investigates the resonance behavior of its tank current to propose a promising innovative extension approach of the method. Experimental results on actual transformers are also presented for practical validation of the proposed method. Results imply that the tank current method is indeed very sensitive to identify the fault in an actual transformer compared to the conventional neutral current method. The authors also believe that the method needs to be reinforced by field measurements on several transformers to ascertain its viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization and depolarization current measurements are promising on-site, off-line, non-destructive, non-invasive diagnostic tool for condition assessment of paper-oil insulation of transformers. Interpretation of the results of polarization and depolarization current is complex and hence not practiced as a routine diagnostic method for condition monitoring of transformers. This paper discusses various factors affecting polarization and depolarization current measurements with a deeper insight into the theoretical and practical aspects of this technique. Some of the concerns of PDC measurement are explained with support from simulation and experimental studies on paper oil insulation of a laboratory model transformer. Few case studies are discussed to highlight the difficulties in interpretation of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this response, we show that the paper by Kim et al. by our group has a different research purpose and uses different modeling processes, which was not described in the previous work by Ortiz-Conde et al. The comments issued by Ortiz-Conde et al., who claim that our paper corresponds to a particular case of their previous work, are in our opinion overgeneralized. Differences compared to Ortiz-Conde’s previous work are discussed in detail. We also explain how the problem on threshold voltage pointed out by Ortiz-Conde et al. can be solved through a semiempirical method from measured data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound techniques for flow investigation have been extensively developed for several years. Many methods have reached a level of maturity that allows widespread and still growing clinical use. Recently, new exciting developments have been introduced by the combination of Doppler techniques with advanced (e.g. plane wave) imaging methods. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the current state-of-the-art ultrasound methods applied to flow measurement and imaging becomes relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a novel methodology to estimate the saturation curve parameters of single-phase transformers, using minimum information from inrush and no-load tests. Only the value of the first current peak and the decay time are used from a unique inrush test, and only the third and fifth current harmonics from a unique no-load test. The proposed methodology is based on the existence of a signature for each transformer which can be easily obtained and characterize all possible inrush currents. This is the main contribution of the paper. Different transformers with different parameters have been tested in the laboratory. Experiments and simulations are carried out to validate the methodology. First, the respective no-load and inrush tests are made. Second, the parameters of each transformer are estimated. Third, the performance and accuracy of the proposed methodology are verified by a close agreement between the measured and the estimated saturation curves and between the simulated and the recorded inrush waveforms. Some remarkable advantages of the proposed methodology are: (a) considers the deep saturation, (b) avoids the need to know the residual flux (or to demagnetize the transformer) and the switching angle from the inrush test, and (c) it is computationally straightforward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topology and breakpoints of the grounding grid will directly affect its working performance. This paper proposed a resistivity reconstruction method based on magnetic detection electrical impedance tomography (MDEIT) to measure the topology and breakpoints of the grounding grid. First, this paper describes the forward problem of grounding grid detection in MDEIT, and calculates the magnetic-field distribution above the grounding grid. Then, the resistivity reconstruction method based on the least squares method is proposed. Finally, this paper verifies the feasibility of the proposed method by a numerical example, which shows that the proposed method can be applied to measure the topology and breakpoints of the grounding grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of implementing real-time state estimators for active distribution networks in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) by presenting an operational prototype. The prototype is based on a linear state estimator that uses synchrophasor measurements from phasor measurement units. The underlying algorithm is the sequential discrete Kalman filter (SDKF), an equivalent formulation of the DKF for the case of uncorrelated measurement noise. In this regard, this paper formally proves the equivalence of SDKF and the DKF, and highlights the suitability of the SDKF for an FPGA implementation by means of a computational complexity analysis. The developed prototype is validated using a case study adapted from the IEEE 34-node distribution test feeder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The performances of a model predictive control algorithm largely depend on the knowledge of the system model. A model-free predictive control approach skips all the effects of parameters variations or mismatches, as well as of model nonlinearity and uncertainties. A finite-set model-free current predictive control is proposed in this paper. The current variations predictions induced by the eight base inverter voltage vectors are estimated by means of the previous measurements stored into lookup tables. To keep the current variations information up to date, the three current measurements due to the three most recent feeding voltages are combined together to reconstruct all the others. The reconstruction is performed by taking advantage of the relationships between the three different base voltage vectors involved in the process. In particular, 210 possible combinations of three-state voltage vectors can be found, but they can be gathered together in six different groups. A light and computationally fast algorithm for the group identification is proposed in this paper. Finally, the current reconstruction for the prediction of future steps is thoroughly analyzed. A compensation of the motor rotation effect on the input voltages is proposed, too. The control scheme is evaluated by means of both simulation and experimental evidences on two different synchronous reluctance motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network parameters error may seriously affect the accuracy of fault location results, even making them unacceptable in extreme cases. This paper proposes a new method that incorporates these errors in wide area fault location problem using phasor measurement units to estimate inaccurate network parameters employing robust state estimation. Our proposed method is composed of two stages. The first stage or the primary stage provides an initial point for the second stage, which is the main contribution of this paper. Additionally, the set of measurements contaminated with bad data could be obtained from the first stage, and its intersection with leverage measurements are then eliminated from the measurement set before feeding it into the second stage. Finally, fault point and faulted line parameters are estimated by the main (second) stage of the method. The proposed method has been applied to two test systems, namely Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus systems, to evaluate its accuracy. Simulation results indicate high accuracy and consistency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging kinetic damage weapon system, railgun has attracted much attention due to its remarkable advantages such as high initial speed, high kinetic energy, high shooting speed, high emission density, low cost, and antijamming. However, there are currently degradations of electromagnetic railgun launch performance and reliability, the limited service life as well, resulting from rail damage such as the transition erosion and grooving damage. Based on 24 consecutive shots, this paper presents the statistical analysis of B-dot probe data, aiming to show the working stability and reliability of the electromagnetic rail launch system when consecutive firing. On the basis of current data and B-dot probe data, the speed–displacement curve was obtained by simulation, through which it is easy to get the movement state of the armature in the launch track. Finally, by checking the disassembly of the launch rail, this paper analyses the damage states of launching rail after the 24 consecutive launch experiments. Through the above three aspects of research and analysis, this paper could be the reference for the further research and analysis on the performance and lifetime of railgun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging sensitive parameters like dissipation factor, oil and paper conductivity and paper moisture can be estimated from insulation model parameterized using polarization current to assess the condition of transformer insulation. However, polarization current measurement is a time-consuming offline technique. During measurement, variation of environmental conditions (especially temperature) affects the monotonically decreasing nature of recorded data. Analysis of such affected data lead to incorrect conclusion regarding insulation condition. Power transformer being a crucial equipment, utility prefer to reduce its shut down time to minimum amount. In this paper a technique is discussed through which the polarization current measurement time can be reduced significantly. Several transformer data are used for verification of developed method. Presented results show that measurement data corresponding to only 10 minutes is sufficient to estimate the remaining data through the application of discussed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esaki diodes based on interband tunneling have the characteristics of negative differential resistance (NDR) and ultrafast transient time, which lead to broad applications including oscillators, multivalue memories, and terahertz detectors. In this paper, we present the first demonstration of Esaki diodes based on 2-D/3-D heterojunctions—more specifically, chemical vapor deposition MoS2 on degenerately doped silicon. As compared to traditional 3-D heterostructures, these 2-D/3-D heterostructures have the following advantages: dislocation-free 2-D crystals even when the lattices are mismatched, dangling bond-free surface, and capability for large-scale synthesis at low cost. In this paper, monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer MoS2 are synthesized directly on degenerated Si substrate, forming the ultraclean heterostructures without surface contamination from tape and resist. Based on these pristine heterostructures, we are able to observe prominent NDR effect at room temperature. This NDR effect is attributed to the degenerately p-type doping in silicon and the natural n-type doping in MoS2. We also found that the peak voltage corresponding to the local maximum tunneling current depends on the MoS2 thickness. While MoS2 is changing from the monolayer (0.7 nm) to bulk (9.5 nm), the peak voltage increases from 0.8 to 1.6 V. This phenomenon can be explained by the energy-level differences between the monolayer and bulk MoS2. This paper provides the experimental groundwork for the synthesis of transition metal dichalcogenides on degenerately doped Si substrates and opens up new and exciting opportunities for electronic applications of 2-D/3-D heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-D resistive sensor arrays (RSAs) appear in many applications to measure physical quantities in a surface. However, they suffer from a crosstalk problem when the simplest configuration is used to address a row-column. Thus, the value of a single cell cannot be measured directly. Several hardware solutions have been proposed to solve it totally or partially but all of them make the circuit more complex. In a previous paper we proposed an innovative numerical solution to eliminate crosstalk after a complete scan of the matrix, which is named in this paper as Inverse of Equivalent Conductance Method (IECM). In the current study, we have analyzed the implications of the method for the uncertainty of the calculated cell resistance by first deriving the sensitivity of the solution and then applying uncertainty propagation theory. The theoretical results have been tested in simulated arrays and in a real $6 \times 6$ RSA with known values of resistances with good agreement. The uncertainty analysis is able to predict which values are reliable. In general, the lowest resistances of the array are better solved by IECM as expected. In addition, it is also shown that IECM has the potential to be adapted to other hardware configurations that reduce crosstalk, helping to overcome some of its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the measurement and calculation of unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) in a wound rotor induction machine. A new rig for measuring UMP is presented. To our knowledge, this type of rig has not been tested before. This paper details the force calculation method and a method for splitting the UMP and torque. Wound rotor induction machines are now popular as generators in wind turbines. It is important to maintain good operation and low bearing wear, and the UMP in these machines is higher than that of the cage-rotor equivalent because the cage damps the UMP. There is little literature on the UMP in a wound rotor machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second of a two-paper series, in which the field-data-based analytical method proposed in Part I has been extended to determine the amount of harmonic currents absorbed by the shunt harmonic filters of the iron and steel (I&S) plants from the rest of the system. The nonlinear characteristics of the plants and the utility are modeled as harmonic current sources, whereas the linear parts of the proposed extended model consist of passive circuit elements, with the harmonic filter $RLC$ circuit parameters also integrated into the model. This extended method, which can be also used for harmonic contribution assessments, requires sample-by-sample time-synchronized harmonic current measurements inside the plants and at the point of common coupling (PCC). It eliminates the need for harmonic voltage measurements at the expense of the need for inside-plant measurements. It has been verified both by computer simulations and by application on field data. The results have shown that the proposed method is a successful tool to determine the magnitude of harmonic currents that are absorbed by the harmonic filters of I&S plants connected to the PCC, particularly when measured harmonic currents of I&S plants exceed the actual contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the induced voltage measured at the terminal of a 10 kV distribution line when triggered lightning taking place at a distance of 40 m. It is shown that the induced voltage waveforms exhibit three components including a slow increase preceding the initial negative peak, following a rapid polarity reversal and the attenuated oscillations. The waveform parameters are defined in this paper. The observed negative peak value ranges from −47.1 kV to −7.5 kV. The positive peak value ranges from 5.3 kV to 20.9 kV, and the peak to peak value ranges from 12.8 kV to 63.2 kV. The test results show that the negative peak value of the induced voltage at the terminal of distribution generated by nearby negative triggered lightning generally exceeds the positive peak value, and in some cases the negative peak value even reaches twice the positive peak value. The negative 10%-90% rise time ranges from 2.3 μs to 88.5 μs, and the average oscillation period is about 18 μs. Both negative and positive peaks of induced voltages show good linear relationship with the peaks of lightning return stroke current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the traditional current transformer with magnetic core, Rogowski coil has more advantages, such as non-saturation, high measurement accuracy, wide measurement range, simple fabrication technique and low cost. In recent years, Rogowski coil become an extremely popular method of measuring current in power grid. Rogowski coil is widely used to measure three - phase current in circuit breaker space. However, Rogowski coil brings the problems of low mutual inductance and phase angle difference. Integral circuit can address the issue of phase angle difference. But Rogowski coil with low mutual inductance has low signal-to-noise ratio and vulnerable to interference from external magnetic field. The design of Rogowski coil with large mutual inductance and integral circuit is required. This paper theoretically analyzes how to design a PCB Rogowski coil with many turns and large mutual inductance in the limited space. A modified integral circuit with excellent amplification and integration is proposed. Although the PCB Rogowski coil designed in this paper only occupies 1.435cm3 in volume, the value of mutual inductance is 89nH. The output voltage of PCB Rogowski coil is 0.023mV/A. In the range of 50Hz-1kHz, the integration and amplification of the circuit is reliable. The amplitude of the integral circuit is 62.2dB at power frequency and the crosstalk coefficient of the PCB Rogowski coil is no more than 0.26%. The temperature drift of the modified integral circuit is less than 0.16% and has no influence on the measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement points supporting data high-speed communication in complex dc distribution networks are insufficient, meanwhile, fault characteristics are greatly affected by control strategies of power electronic equipment. These may cause failure of traditional fault location methods when applied to complex dc distribution networks. Thus, this paper proposes a novel dc pole-to-pole short-circuit fault location algorithm for complex dc distribution networks. First, according to the high frequency transient current loops, this paper constructs the high frequency impedance equivalent models of module multilevel converter (MMC) and dc/dc converter, which are not affected by the control strategies and offer stable impedance values during fault process. Then high frequency transient voltages of sparse measurement points are extracted by wavelet transform to form the node high frequency transient voltage equation. Finally, the node high frequency transient current sparse vector is solved to locate fault position by the node high frequency transient voltage equation combined with the Bayesian compressed sensing (BCS) theory. The proposed algorithm has low requirements on the number of measurement points and does not require data to be measured strictly synchronously. It is also not affected by converter’s control strategies and transition resistances. A 32-node dc distribution network is built in PSCAD/EMTDC and simulation results verify the accuracy of the proposed location algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution system state estimation (DSSE) is a core task for monitoring and control of distribution networks. Widely used algorithms such as Gauss–Newton perform poorly with the limited number of measurements typically available for DSSE, often require many iterations to obtain reasonable results, and sometimes fail to converge. DSSE is a non-convex problem, and working with a limited number of measurements further aggravates the situation, as indeterminacy induces multiple global (in addition to local) minima. Gauss–Newton is also known to be sensitive to initialization. Hence, the situation is far from ideal. It is therefore natural to ask if there is a smart way of initializing Gauss–Newton that will avoid these DSSE-specific pitfalls. This paper proposes using historical or simulation-derived data to train a shallow neural network to “learn to initialize,” that is, map the available measurements to a point in the neighborhood of the true latent states (network voltages), which is used to initialize Gauss–Newton. It is shown that this hybrid machine learning/optimization approach yields superior performance in terms of stability, accuracy, and runtime efficiency, compared to conventional optimization-only approaches. It is also shown that judicious design of the neural network training cost function helps to improve the overall DSSE performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed physics of the third quadrant electrical characteristics of 1.2-kV rated 4H-SiC accumulation (Acc) and inversion (Inv) channel MOSFETs, based on experimentally measured data and TCAD numerical simulations, are described in this paper for the first time. The power MOSFETs with various channel lengths (0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.1 $\mu \text{m}$) used in this paper were fabricated in a 6-in commercial foundry. Numerical simulations verified that there are two current paths in the third quadrant: 1) through the base region and 2) through the p-n body diode. This paper demonstrates that the Acc MOSFETs have a smaller third quadrant knee voltage (${V}_{{\text {knee}}})$ of −1.2 V compared with −1.9 V for the Inv MOSFETs (at ${V}_{g} = {0}$ V and room temperature). Numerical simulations show that this difference is due to a smaller potential barrier for electron transport from the drain to the source in the base region for accumulation channel devices than inversion channel devices. Acc devices are shown to have a lower voltage drop in the third quadrant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of gamma rays on two kinds of GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been investigated in this paper. We have identified a gate degradation using a combination of optical and electrical measurements. We have demonstrated that the channel current under the degradation position is outside of the gate’s control. This degradation prevents the gate from fully pinching off the channel, creating a current concentration region when applying a reverse gate voltage. An integrated analysis, including ${I}$ – ${V}$ characterization, the emission microscope (EMMI) technique, and temperature-dependent measurements, was applied to study its mechanism. It is attributed to an irradiation-induced degradation in the Schottky contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new signal representation called frequency invariant transformation of periodic signals (FIT-PSs) in the context of non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). Compared to former approaches where a conglomeration of different signal forms are used, the presented approach is based on a single signal form containing all information. The core idea of this paper is to use the original current waveform relative to the reference voltage as a signature for NILM. In general, the relation of sampling and grid frequency is subject to continuous fluctuations. Therefore, FIT-PS converts uncorrelated sample data to a fixed multiple of the grid frequency. The advantages are that the information of the current signal, as well as the phase shift between voltage and current signal, are completely contained in the FIT-PS signal representation. For classification, a neural net was applied to the home equipment laboratory dataset 1. Features created by FIT-PS are superior to the standard features. With 18 different devices, a detection rate of up to 90% is achieved. In particular, when several consumers are active at the same time, the new signal representation is much more robust and leads to a better detection rate. However, a long short-term memory net with FIT-PS signal representation provides the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large software defined networks use a cluster of distributed controllers to process flow requests from a massive number of switches. To cope with traffic dynamics, this paper studies a new problem of how to improve the residual capacity available at the controllers to handle request bursts experienced at the switches. While the total residual capacity is a constant under a given total capacity of all controllers and a given total workload from all switches, this paper considers the residual capacity available to each individual switch, which depends on how the switches are mapped to the controllers for management. We focus on how to maximize the minimum residual capacity available to any switch. The prior work either provides poor residual capacity or incurs heavy synchronization overhead by simulation results. This paper proposes a new method called indirect multi-mapping that achieves both high residual capacity and low synchronization cost. We formally define a non-linear integer optimization problem for max-min residual capacity under indirect multi-mapping. We then approximate the problem as two sub-problems: switch-controller mapping selection and weight assignment for each switch-controller mapping. We solve these sub-problems and formally analyze their approximate factor. We implement the proposed solution on an SDN testbed for experimental studies and use simulations for large-scale investigation. Our evaluation shows that indirect multi-mapping improves the minimum residual capacity by 49.8% on average and reduces the synchronization cost by 41.9-60.3% on average when compared with the alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Rogowski coil, as the current carrier passes through the coil center, it fails to locate the lightning current. With the aim of measuring and locating the lightning current at the same time, this paper developed a lightning current sensor. In this paper, the physical model, geometric parameters, and manufacturing process of the lightning current sensor were introduced, and then a novel sensor coil was developed. To verify the reliability of the sensor, experiments were also performed. The good response characteristics of the sensor were also demonstrated. Last but not least, the sensitivity of the sensor was calibrated, and the formula was determined, which demonstrated sensor output voltage and derived by current and distance, providing theoretical and experimental evidence for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complexity of sequences plays an important role in pseudorandom sequences and cryptography. In this paper, we present a construction of sequences with high nonlinear complexity from function fields. The main idea is to make use of function fields with many rational places as well as an automorphism of large order. We illustrate our construction through rational function fields and cyclotomic function fields in which there exist some automorphisms of large order. It turns out that we are able to: 1) slightly increase the length of the inversive sequence without losing nonlinear complexity and 2) obtain sequences with much larger nonlinear complexity than random sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the newly proposed heating method named “secondary current heating method” to reduce the iron loss on laminated electrical steel sheet cores for high-efficiency electrical motors. It is well known that the magnetic properties of electrical steel sheets, which are used for electrical motor cores, are deteriorated by the residual stress during manufacturing of the electrical motors, and then the iron loss of the laminated electrical steel sheet cores of the electrical motors increases inevitably. The newly proposed secondary current heating method can improve the magnetic properties on laminated electrical steel sheet cores and reduce the iron loss of them in the very short time in comparison with conventional methods. In this paper, the electromagnetic and heating characteristics of the specimens by the proposed method were confirmed, and then it was applied into the laminated cores to reduce iron loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wafer-scale, CMOS compatible graphene transfer has been established for device fabrication and can be integrated into a conventional CMOS process flow back end of the line. In Part I of this paper, statistical analysis of graphene FET (GFET) devices fabricated on wafer scale is presented. Device yield is approximately 75% (for 4500 devices) measured in terms of the quality of the top gate, oxide layer, and graphene channel. Statistical evaluation of the device yield reveals that device failure occurs primarily during the graphene transfer step. In Part II of this paper, device statistics are further examined to reveal the primary mechanism behind device failure. The analysis from Part II suggests that significant improvements to device yield, variability, and performance can be achieved through mitigation of compressive strain introduced in the graphene layer during the graphene transfer process. The combined analyses from Parts I and II present an overview of mechanisms influencing GFET behavior as well as device yield. These mechanisms include residues on the graphene surface, tears, cracks, contact resistance at the graphene/metal interface, gate leakage as well as the effects of postprocessing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]